Minor Project Report

On

INFRARED WIRELESS VOICE COMMUNICATION

Bachelor Of Technology Electronics & Communication Engineering By MAHENDRA KUMAR MEENA (ROLL NO.140920)

Under the guidance Mrs. BHAWNA SHUKLA (HOD, ECE)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BILASPUR (C.G)

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the minor project entitled Infrared Wireless Voice Communication is record of work carried out by MAHENDRA KUMAR MEENA under my guidance and supervision for award of the degree of bachelor of technology in the faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering ,Institute Of technology Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya ,Bilaspur (C.G) To the best of my knowledge & belief they have completed their project work in specified time & their work is creditable for the award of B.TECH degree.

(Mrs. BHAWNA SHUKLA) ITGGU BILASPUR(C.G)

CERTIFICATE OF MERIT This is to certify that the project work entitled Protocol Infrared Wireless Voice Communication is carried out by students of B.Tech (E.C.E.) MAHENDRA KUMAR MEENA This project is for the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering, Institute of Technology, Bilaspur (C.G.), India. The project embodies the work carried out by them under the supervision of Mrs. Bhawna Shukla . (Head of Department, Electronics & Comm. Engineering, ITGGV)

Mrs. BHAWNA SHUKLA HEAD OF DEPARTMENT,ECE ITGGU BILASPUR(C.G)

CERTIFICATE BY EXAMINER
This is certify that the minor project entitled Infrared Wireless Voice Communication is record of work carried out by MAHENDRA KUMAR MEENA have been completed under the guidance of Mrs. BHAWNA SHUKLAhas been examined by the undersigned as a part of examination for the award of B.TECH degree in the faculty of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute Of technology Guru Ghasidas University,Bilaspur (C.G).

Internal Examiner Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work of our project is an arduous involvement and it can not be accomplished without some superior guidance.we would like to mention the name of the person and our sincere thanks are attributed for the invaluable guidance and help in completion of this project.first of all, we express special thanks to our helpful guidance Mrs. BHAWNA SHUKLA(HOD,Electronics and Communication Engineering).the supervision and support that she gave truly help the progression and smoothness. All project during the program would be nothing without the enthusiasm and imagination from you.

MAHENDRA KUMAR MEENA

ABSTRACT infrared transmission systems are good alternatives for short distance network connections (less than 2 miles) in an international market. This is particularly true when right-of-way is difficult or extremely expensive to obtain. Each system requires line-of-sight and has its advantages and disadvantages. The ease of obtaining frequency spectrum licensing, various weather and atmospheric conditions, topology of the area, and security should be evaluated to determine which system is used. It is not within the scope of this paper to discuss each unique situation that occurs internationally. Only to impart enough knowledge to assist in making an intelligent decision based upon the site specific information available. When frequency spectrum licensing is difficult and expensive to obtain, infrared transmission systems have a distinct advantage. Infrared systems are also advantageous if the weather is normally rainy but not foggy and there is little smog; when the conditions require spanning a large body of water; and the area has high amounts of electromagnetic interference (EMI). Also, an infrared transmission system is less inclined to be intercepted. Each situation in an international market presents a uniquely different environment and must be looked at individually to determine which system is appropriate. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and its operating chara characteristics within the environmental constraints described, an intelligent decision can be made.

INDEX
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION VOICE COMMUNICATION INFRARED COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM WIRELESS INFRARED COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IC 741 PRINCIPAL OF DETECTION WORKING OF CIRCUIT CHAPTER 4: ADVANTAGES& FUTURE CHAPTER 5: COMPONENTSC0NCLUSION& REFERENCE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Wireless infrared communications refers to the use of free-space propagation of light waves in the near infrared band as a transmission medium for communication. The communication can be between one portable communication device and another or between a portable device and a tethered device, called an access point or base station. Typical portable devices include laptop computers, personal digital assistants, and portable telephones, while the base stations are usually connected to a computer with other networked connections.

CHAPTOR 2

COMMUNICATION

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
The term wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is accomplished without the use of a "hard wired" connection.Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires".The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications

INFRARED COMMUNICATION
Infrared (IR) technology addresses a broad variety of wireless applications, especially in the areas of sensing and remote control. Todays newest products, such as cell phones, digital cameras, and DVD players as well as remote controls for every market segment, rely on IR sensing and control devices. For more than 40 years, ROHM Semiconductor has been driving technology advances that have led to a growing number of IR sensing and communication application.

To understand infrared technology, the best starting point is the electromagnetic spectrum. The frequency range and wavelengths of the entire spectrum are shown in Figure 1. The IR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is usually divided into three regions: the near-, mid- and far- infrared. The wavelengths for these regions are shown in Table 1. Infrared wavelengths range from red to violet. The frequencies are higher than microwave but shorter than visible light.

Focusing on near-infrared devices and applications, PhotoOptic technologies are used for optical sensing and optical communications with numerous general market applications, since light is less complex than RF when implemented as the signal source. Optical sensors are used in industrial, consumer and other applications for sensing movement, position, proximity, ambient light, speed, anddirection.

Figure : Infrared signals are near the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum, above radio and well below gamma ray. IR-A: 700 nm1400 nm (0-7 m 1.4 Near - fiber optic, IR m) sensors IR-B: 1400 nm3000 nm (1.4 m 3 m) Mid - heat sensing IR-C: 3000 nm1 mm (3 m 1000 m) Far - thermal imaging Table : Wavelengths and frequencies for the IR spectrum.

Optical wireless communication uses IR data transmission for short range applications, such as computer peripherals and PDAs (personal digital assistants). For optical communication, a modulated IR light beam transmitted by an emitter LED is received by a silicon photodiode. Infrared Data Association (IrDA) standards provide the protocol for these types of communication. Since IR does not penetrate walls, it does not interfere

with other signals in indoor environments. IR technology is the most commonly used technique for remotely controlling appliances Some general applications for IR components include:

Office Automation (OA) equipment such as copiers, fax machines, and printers Vending machines Gaming products Home entertainment products Medical / health care equipment Banking terminals such as ATMs Testing equipment such as IC/LSI testers, encoders, and more

A brief explanation of each shows the commonalities and differences. An IR Emitter is a light emitting diode (LED). Different types of IR LEDs are specified based on their packaging.IR Receivers are also called sensors since they detect the wavelength and spectral radiation of the light from the IR emitter. IR receivers are specified by optic features, packaging, special circuitry such as an ambient light filter, wide viewing angle, and more. A photointerrupter is a photosensor that integrates an optical receiver and emitter in a single U-shaped package. In a transmission type photointerrupter, the light emitting and detecting elements are placed facing each other (Figure 2). Shape and size are two of the main differentiating features of a photointerrupter

Figure : A photointerrupter integrates an emitter and receiver in a single

Specific IR applications
IR sensors have numerous applications in several market segments. A brief summary of markets and applications includes:

Security movement/motion detection, fire alarms/smoke detectors Industrial (including automotive) - measurement, counters, motor encoders Medical - blood/oxygen/temperature measurement Consumer - TVs/STBs, proximity sensors, cell phones, tilt sensors, ATMs/kiosks, and cameras Computers - keyboards/mice Printers - paper/media/door detection Game and Toys - remote control modules

Using IR in wireless applications

As a wireless technology, IR has advantages and disadvantages when compared to RF and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) (902-928 MHz) band technologies. Advantages include: 1. Higher security: beam directionality helps ensure that data isnt detected or leaked to nearby devices as its transmitted 2. High noise immunity: not as susceptible to signal interference from other devices 3. Few international regulatory constraints 4. Relatively low power requirements: ideal for laptops, cell phones, and personal digital assistants 5. Simple design implementation

The disadvantages of IR technology are: 1. Line of sight: transmitters and receivers must be almost directly aligned 2. Blocked by common materials: people, walls, plants, and other objects can block transmission 3. Short range: performance drops off with longer distances 4. Light and weather sensitive: direct sunlight, rain, fog, dust, and pollution can affect transmission 5. Speed: data rate transmission is lower than typical wired and RF transmission Despite these disadvantages, many applications are well-suited to IR technology. IrDA infrared communication modules feature a number of advantages, such as: high communication speed, high level of security, increased design freedom (compatibility for future redesigning of feature set), and more.

IR Emitters
ROHM Semiconductor IR optical sensor technology covers infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs). Several products are available in both surface mount (SMD) and through-hole

(THD) configurations. Breakthrough IR wavelength emitter technology has resulted in the development of IR emitters that operate near 850 nm. As shown in Figure 6, phototransistors have a wide bandwidth but with a peak sensitivity at around 800 nm. The 850 nm level is much closer to this peak sensitivity (compared with conventional emitters that operate close to 950 nm), resulting in higher output efficiency and an energy savings of 66percent. The new SIM-040ST demonstrates an improved peak wavelength (870 nm) and high IR power output (maximum of 100 mW/sr) in a 1.6 x 2.25 x 3.1 mm SMD package. The SIM-030ST, with similar performance, is offered in an even thinner (0.9 mm) and smaller (2.3 x 1.95 mm) form factor.

IR phototransistors/sensors
ROHM Semiconductor IR phototransistors feature high gain and high collector current in a variety of packaging options. For example, the SCM-014TB is a top-view molded type with lens designed for automatic mounting and SMD reflow assembly, while the SML810TB is a molded type lens design compatible with reverse mounting. The RPM012PB is a high sensitivity, side-view sensor offered in an ultra-small 2 x 3 x 2 mm surface mount package featuring an ambient light filter, making it an ideal match with the SIM-012SB photoemitter

Figure :Unlike conventional IR emitters that operate near 950 nm, the 850 nm operationof ROHM Semiconductors IR wavelength emitter technology is much closer to the wavelength of phototransistors resulting in reducedenergy losses

Tilt sensors
Optimized for digital camera applications, the RPI-1040 is an optical surface mount 4way detection sensor consisting of an IR LED and two phototransistors (see Figure 9). The 3.1 x 3.1 x 0.8 mm package - the thinnest in the industry - includes a novel light shield that ensures silent operation, avoiding noise frequently exhibited by other designs during rotation. In addition, the tilt sensor is not susceptible to vibration or external energy (RF, magnetic) fields. Ideal applications include orientation/fall/shock detection and image rotation

IrDA communication modules

ROHM Semiconductors IrDA communication modules are among the smallest in the industry. Offered for SIR, MIR and FIR data rates, these units feature ultra-low power consumption. Some

models offer adjustableLED current. Figure : RPM871 IrDA communication module.

For example, the RPM871 is a micro infrared module based on the IrDA1.2 (Low Power) standard. This SIR-compliant product can operate at distances up to 60 cm and includes an infrared LED, PIN photodiode, and LSI circuitry in an ultra-compact, 8-pin package. In addition to low power consumption (73 A typ.), the module features a power down function that reduces current consumption to 0.01 A during standby.

Figure : Input noise capacity range vs noise frequency

VOICE COMMUNICATION
Interchange of any information between two points when source and destination both are having voice signals as input/output . This type of communication is called voice communication.There are two types of voice communication system 1.Wired communication-For wired communication we need pairs of copper wires or a solid medium to transmit the signal. 2.Wireless communication=signals are transmitted through RF/IF/MICROWAVE transmission Wired Networks Wired networks, also called Ethernet networks, are the most common type of local area network (LAN) technology. A wired network is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and other devices linked by Ethernet cables. Ethernet is the fastest wired network protocol, with connection speeds of 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to 100 Mbps or higher. Wired networks can also be used as part of other wired and wireless networks. To connect a computer to a network with an Ethernet cable, the computer must have an Ethernet adapter (sometimes called a network interface card, or NIC). Ethernet adapters can be internal (installed in a computer) or external (housed in a separate case). Some computers include a built-in Ethernet adapter port, which eliminates the need for a separate adapter (Microsoft). There are three basic network topologies that are most commonly used today. The star network, a general more simplistic type of topology, has one central hub that connects to three or more computers and the ability to network printers. This type can be used for small businesses and even home networks. The star network is very useful for applications where some processing must be centralized and some must be performed locally. The major disadvantage is the star network is its vulnerability. Alldata must pass through one central host computer and if that host fails the entire network will fail. On the other hand the bus network has no central computer and all computers are linked on a single circuit. This type broadcasts signals in all directions and it uses special software to identify which

computer gets what signal. One disadvantage with this type of network is that only one signal can be sent at one time, if two signals are sent at the same time they will collide and the signal will fail to reach its destination. One advantage is that there is no central computer so if one computer goes down others will not be affected and will be able to send messages to one another. The third type of network is the ring network. Similar to the bus network, the ring network does not rely on a central host computer either. Each computer in the network can communicate directly with any other computer, and each processes its own applications independently. A ring network forms a closed loop and data is sent in one direction only and if a computer in the network fails the data is still able to be transmitted. Typically the range of a wired network is within a 2,000-foot-radius. The disadvantage of this is that data transmission over this distance may be slow or nonexistent. The benefit of a wired network is that bandwidth is very high and that interference is very limited through direct connections. Wired networks are more secure and can be used in many situations; corporate LANs, school networks and hospitals. The biggest drawback to this type of network is that it must be rewired every time it is moved. Wireless Networks A wireless network, which uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to communicate between nodes, is another option for home or business networking. Individuals and organizations can use this option to expand their existing wired network or to go completely wireless. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networking cable which increases mobility but decreases range. There are two main types of wireless networking; peer to peer or ad-hoc and infrastructure.

An ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network consists of a number of computers each equipped with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can communicate directly with all of the other wireless enabled computers. They can share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN using special software. An infrastructure wireless network consists of an access point or a base station. In this type of network the access point acts like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect or bridge the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN resources, such as file servers or existing Internet Connectivity. There are four basic types of transmissions standards for wireless networking. These types are produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). These standards define all aspects of radio frequency wireless networking. They have established four transmission standards; 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g. The basic differences between these four types are connection speed and radio frequency. 802.11 and 802.11b are the slowest at 1 or 2 Mbps and 5.5 and 11Mbps respectively. They both operate off of the 2.4 GHz radio frequency. 802.11a operates off of a 5 GHz frequency and can transmit up to 54 Mbps and the 802.11g operates off of the2.4 GHz frequency and can transmit up to 54 Mbps. Actual transmission speeds vary depending on such factors as the number and size of the physical barriers within the network and any interference in the radio transmissions. Wireless networks are reliable, but when interfered with it can reduce the range and the quality of the signal. Interference can be caused by other devices operating on the same radio frequency and it is very hard to control the addition of new devices on the same frequency.

Usually if your wireless range is compromised considerably, more than likely, interference is to blame. A major cause of interference with any radio signals are the materials in your surroundings, especially metallic substances, which have a tendency to reflect radio signals. Needless to say, the potential sources of metal around a home are numerous--things like metal studs, nails, building insulation with a foil backing and even lead paint can all possibly reduce the quality of the wireless radio signal. Materials with a high density, like concrete, tend to be harder for radio signals to penetrate, absorbing more of the energy. Other devices utilizing the same frequency can also result in interference with your wireless. For example, the 2.4GHz frequency used by 802.11b-based wireless products to communicate with each other. Wireless devices don't have this frequency all to themselves. In a business environment, other devices that use the 2.4GHz band include microwave ovens and certain cordless phones. On the other hand, many wireless networks can increase the range of the signal by using many different types of hardware devices. A wireless extender can be used to relay the radio frequency from one point to another without losing signal strength. Even though this device extends the range of a wireless signal it has some drawbacks. One drawback is that it extends the signal, but the transmission speed will be slowed. There are many benefits to a wireless network. The most important one is the option to expand your current wired network to other areas of your organization where it would otherwise not be cost effective or practical to do so. An organization can alsoinstall a wireless network without physically disrupting the current workplace or wired network. (Wi-Fi.org) Wireless networks are far easier to move than a wired network and adding users to an existing wireless network is easy. Organizations opt for a wireless network in conference rooms, lobbies and offices where adding to the existing wired network may be too expensive to do so.

Wired vs. Wireless Networking

The biggest difference between these two types of networks is one uses network cables and one uses radio frequencies. A wired network allows for a faster and more secure connection and can only be used for distances shorter than 2,000 feet. A wireless network is a lot less secure and transmission speeds can suffer from outside interference. Although wireless networking is a lot more mobile than wired networking the range of the network is usually 150-300 indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors depending on the terrain. The cost for wired networking has become rather inexpensive. Ethernet cables, hubs and switches are very inexpensive. Some connection sharing software packages, like ICS, are free; some cost a nominal fee. Broadband routers cost more, but these are optional components of a wired network, and their higher cost is offset by the benefit of easier installation and built-in security features. Wireless gear costs somewhat more than the equivalent wired Ethernet products. At full retail prices, wireless adapters and access points may cost three or four times as much as Ethernet cable adapters and hubs/switches, respectively. 802.11b products have dropped in price considerably with the release of 802.11g Wired LANs offer superior performance. A traditional Ethernet connection offers only 10 Mbps bandwidth, but 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet technology costs a little more and is readily available. Fast Ethernet should be sufficient for file sharing, gaming, and high-speed Internet access for many years into the future.Wired LANs utilizing hubs can suffer performance slowdown if computers heavily utilize the network simultaneously. Use Ethernet switches instead of hubs to avoid this problem; a switch costs little more than a hub. Wireless networks using 802.11b support a maximum bandwidth of 11 Mbps, roughly the same as that of old, traditional Ethernet. 802.11a and 802.11g LANs support 54 Mbps, that is approximately one-half the bandwidth of Fast Ethernet. Furthermore, wireless networking

performance is distance sensitive, meaning that maximum performance will degrade on computers farther away from the access point or other communication endpoint. As more wireless devices utilize the 802.11 LAN more heavily, performance degrades even further. The greater mobility of wireless LANs helps offset the performance disadvantage. Mobile computers do not need to be tied to an Ethernet cable and can roam freely within the wireless network range. However, many computers are larger desktop models, and even mobile computers must sometimes be tied to an electrical cord and outlet for power. This undermines the mobility advantage of wireless networks in many organizations and homes. For any wired network connected to the Internet, firewalls are the primary security consideration. Wired Ethernet hubs and switches do not support firewalls. However, firewall software products like Zone Alarm can be installed on the computers themselves. Broadband routers offer equivalent firewall capability built into the device, configurable through its own software. In theory, wireless LANs are less secure than wired LANs, because wireless communication signals travel through the air and can easily be intercepted. The weaknesses of wireless security are more theoretical than practical. Wireless networks protect their data through the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard that makes wireless communications reasonably as safe as wired ones. No computer network is completely secure. Important security considerations for organizations tend to not be related to whether the network is wired or wireless but rather ensuring that the firewall is properly configured, employees are aware of the dangers of spoof emails, they are away of spy ware and how to avoid and that anyone outside the organization does not have unauthorized access to the network

CHAPTOR3

METHODOLOGY

BLOCK DIAGRAM

MIKE: It convertssound signals into electrical signals. AMPLIFIER (A): Signals from mike are amplified so that it can drive to infrared-LED. INFRARED-LED: It carries signals. PHOTO TRANSISTOR: The electrical signals are regained from the optical signals. AMPLIFIER (B): Energy of signals is amplified to drive the speaker. SPEAKER: Electrical signals which are amplified are reconverted into sound signals at the speaker.

IC 741: General Description:

The IC 741 is a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed using the planer epitaxial process. High common mode voltage range and absence of latch-up tendencies make the IC 741 ideal for use as voltage follower. The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide superior performance in integrator, summing amplifier and general feed back applications

Block Diagram of Op-Amp:

Pin Configuration:

Features:
1. No frequency compensation required. 2. Short circuit protection 3. Offset voltage null capability 4. Large common mode and differential voltage ranges 5. Low power consumption 6. No latch-up

Specifications:
1. Voltage gain A = typically 2,00,000 2. I/P resistance RL = , practically 2M 3. O/P resistance R =0, practically 75 4. Bandwidth = Hz. It can be operated at any frequency 5. Common mode rejection ratio = (Ability of op amp to reject noise voltage) 6. Slew rate + V/sec (Rate of change of O/P voltage) 7. When V1 = V2, VD=0 8. Input offset voltage (Rs 10K) max 6 mv 9. Input offset current = max 200nA 10. Input bias current : 500nA 11. Input capacitance : typical value 1.4pF 12. Offset voltage adjustment range : 15mV 13. Input voltage range : 13V 14. Supply voltage rejection ratio : 150 V/V 15. Output voltage swing: + 13V and 13V for RL> 2K

16. Output short-circuit current: 25mA 17. supply current: 28mA 18. Power consumption: 85mW 19. Transient response: rise time= 0.3 s Overshoot= 5%

Applications:
1. AC and DC amplifiers 2. Active filters 3. Oscillators 4. Comparators 5. Regulators

PRINCIPAL OF DETECTION

IN CASE OF TRANSMISSION:

The main part of Circuit is an amplifier. This sound signals (even at a distance of 2 meters from the mic) are picked up by the condenser microphone and converted into electrical variation, which are amplified by the op-amp. (Operational amplifier) IC- 741 is use in the inverting mode with a single supply using divider network of resistor the gain of IC can be set be varying the feed back through R5/6 resistance (can place a 1M variable) here the output of IC is further amplified buy the push-pull amplifier using transistor BC.548/558 pair, in this circuit are R2 is feed back resistance with R1/8 and C1/3 to connected IC-741. The ICs pin 2 is connect VR1 (variable resistance) through connect to O/P of T1 (transistor) also use 6volt DC. The microphone should be placed near the circuit with the shield wire to suppress tune. The output of the amplifier is taken from emitter of two transistors, with a filter C5 from speaker. Same process continues in the second amplifier.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF SWITCH SECTION:

This project was based on photo diodes and photo transistor. Photo diodes had been used as a transmitter and photo transistor as a receiver. This project had been divided in two part, First part

transmitter section and second part receiver section. Slide switch selected to voice communication.

IN transmission sectionwhen switch key is pressed, circuit is energised. The output of The transmit IR beams modulated at same frequency 1KHz. The receiver uses infrared module. The IR- signal form the transmitter is sensed by the receiver sensor.

VOICE FORMAT IN TRANSMISSION SECTION:

IN CASE OF RECEPTION:

This section is worked as a Flip-flop (Bistable). BY the use of photo transistor it get signal from transmitter section(by IR LED). Then this signal is applied to the OP-AMP(IC 741).At this time there are modulation in the pulse which we get from transmitter section.In dectect pulse there are pulse width modulation by pulse width modulator.By the use of OP-AMP our received signal is amplified.At pin no 6 we get output of the signal.Then signal is further applied to push-pull (NPN &PNP)transistor.by push pull amplifier signal is amplified . then at this side pulse is demodulated and we get electrical signal. Then this electric singnal is converted in to voice signal by the use of MIKE. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip-flop, to switch ON or switch OFF a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR-signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 6 goes low and switched LED. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor LED is switched OFF. When another signal arrives, LED is switched ON. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6-9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V regulated supply

VOICE FORMAT IN RECEIVER SECTION:

WORKING OF PHOTO DIODE:

A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p-n junction, to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias

FIG: PHOTO DIODE

FIG: Symbol

for photodiode.

PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION:
.To know how a diode works, we will need to understand its V-I characteristics. V-I characteristics is the graph plotted between the voltage and the current, at which the diode is working. A diode is a voltage controlled device. In a diode, current flows in the forward biased mode, while there is no flow of charge, when the diode is reverse biased. A diode is said to be in the forward biased mode when the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-terminal and negative side of the diode is connected to the n-terminal. Once the voltage is applied to the diode in the forward biased mode, the diode immediately does not allow the charge to flow. On increasing the voltage, such that it reaches the breakdown voltage, the current flow starts increasing and reaches its maximum. This breakdown voltage is different for different semiconductor materials. For silicon, the breakdown voltage is 0.7 volt. On applying the voltage, the positively charged holes are repelled by the positive terminal of the battery and the negatively charged electrons are repelled by the negative terminal of the battery and start flowing in the opposite directions. This causes flow of charge in the positive to negative direction. A photodiode is a p-n junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron, thereby creating a free electron (and a positively charged electron hole). This mechanism is also known as the inner photoelectric effect. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced. This photocurrent is the sum of both the dark current (without light) and the light current, so the dark current must be minimized to enhance the sensitivity of the device. Recombination of the electrons and holes takes place at the junction and a small region is developed at the junction. It consists of minority carriers, electrons in the p-layer and majority carriers, holes in the n layer. This limited region on both sides of the junctions is known as the depletion region. Once the depletion region is formed, the current flow becomes practically constant. Further increase in voltage can destroy the depletion region and hence the diode. Most diodes when operated in the reverse biased mode, get destroyed on increasing the voltage to a large extent. When a diode is operated in the reverse biased mode, there is practically no flow of charge initially. When the voltage is increased and reaches the reverse threshold voltage, current increases indefinitely and flows in the reverse direction, destroying the diode. However, zener diode is operated in the reverse biased mode and finds a wide range of applications.

MATERIAL USED IN PHOTODIODE:

The material used to make a photodiode is critical to defining its properties, because only photons with sufficient energy to excite electrons across the material's bandgap will produce significant photocurrents. Materials commonly used to produce photodiodes include
Electromagnetic spectrum wavelength range (nm)

Material

Silicon

1901100

Germanium

4001700

Indium gallium arsenide 8002600

Lead(II) sulfide

<10003500

WORKING OF PUSH-PULL AMPLIFIER (PNP &NPN TRANSISTOR):

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT or bipolar transistor) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor for its operation. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators. BJTs can be found either as individual discrete components, or in large numbers as parts of integrated circuits. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes. These two kinds of charge carriers are characteristic of the two kinds of dopedsemiconductor material. In contrast, unipolar transistors such as the field-effect transistors have only one kind of charge carrier. Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional diffusion of charge carriers across a junction between two regions of different charge concentrations. The regions of a BJT are called emitter, collector, and base. A discrete transistor has three leads for connection to these regions. By design, most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high-concentration emitter into the base where there are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector, and so BJTs are classified as minority-carrier devices. BJTs come in two types, or polarities, known as PNP and NPN based on the doping types of the three main terminal regions.

An NPN transistor comprises two semiconductor junctions that share a thin pdoped anode region, and a PNP transistor comprises two semiconductor junctions that share a thin n-doped cathode region. In typical operation, the baseemitter junction is forward biased, which means that the p-doped side of the junction is at a more positive potential than the n-doped side, and the basecollector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN transistor, when positive bias is applied to the baseemitter junction, the equilibrium is disturbed between the thermally generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the n-doped emitter depletion region. This allows thermally excited electrons to inject from the emitter into the base region. These electrons diffuse through the base from the region of high concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type, which makes holes the majority carrier in the base. To minimize the percentage of carriers that recombine before reaching the collectorbase junction, the transistor's base region must be thin enough that carriers can diffuse across it in much less time than the semiconductor's minority carrier lifetime. In particular, the thickness of the base must be much less than the diffusion length of the electrons. The collectorbase junction is reverse-biased, and so little electron injection occurs from the collector to the base, but electrons that diffuse through the base towards the collector are swept into the collector by the electric field in the depletion region of the collectorbase junction. The thin shared base and asymmetric collectoremitter doping is what differentiates a bipolar transistor from two separate and oppositely biased diodes connected in series.

REGION OF OPERATION:

Applied voltages

B-E Junction B-C Junction Bias (NPN) Bias (NPN)

Mode (NPN)

E<B<C E<B>C E>B<C E>B>C

Applied voltages

Forward Forward Reverse Reverse

Reverse Forward Reverse Forward

Forward-active Saturation Cut-off Reverse-active

Mode (PNP)

B-E Junction B-C Junction Bias (PNP) Bias (PNP)

E<B<C E<B>C E>B<C E>B>C

Reverse Reverse Forward Forward

Forward Reverse Forward Reverse

Reverse-active Cut-off Saturation Forward-active

CHAPTER4

ADVANTAGE &FUTURE

ADVANTAGES OF INFRARED VOICE COMMUNICATION:

1.When frequency spectrum licensing is difficult and expensive to obtain, infrared transmission systems have a distinct advantage

2.Infrared systems are also advantageous if theweather is normally rainy but not foggy and there is little smog; when the conditions requirespanning a large body of water; and the area has high amounts of electromagnetic interference(EMI). Also, an infrared transmission system is less inclined to be intercepted. 3.Low power requirement 4.Higher security: directionality of the beam helps ensure that data isn't leaked or spilled to nearby devices as it's transmitted 5.High noise immunity: not as likely to haveinterference from signals from other devices 6. Portable 7. more appropriate choice under certain environmental conditions 8. short-term cable-less connectivity for informationexchange

FUTURE:
A variety of techniques have been considered to improve upon the performance of wireless infrared communication systems. At the transmitter, the radiation pattern can be optimized to improve performance characteristics such as range. Some optical techniques for achieving this are diffusing screens, multiple-beam transmitters, and computer-generated holographic images. At the receiver, performance is ultimately determined by signal collection (limited by the size of the photo detector and by ambient noise filtering. Optical interference filters can be used to reduce the impact of background noise; the primary difficulty is in achieving a wide field-of-view. This can be done using non-planar filters or multiple narrow FOV receiving elements.

COMPONENT LIST

RESISTANCE: 1.R1-150W 2.R2,R11,R12 100kW 3.R3, R7 10KW 4.R4, R8 4.7kW 5.R5,R6,R9,R10 15KW 6.R13 220K W 7.R14 1KW 8.R15-R22 150W CAPACITOR: C1,C2,C4,C5 0.1 mfd (104 pf) C3 220 mfd MIKE Condensor Microphone SEMICONDUCTOR: IC1.IC2- 741(OP-AMP) T1,T3 NPN BC548 T2,T4 PNP BC558D1,D2 IN4007 LED Light Emitting Diode Pt. Photo Transistor

MISCELLANEOUS: IC Base 8 Pin (2pcs.) Speaker 8 ohms PCB General purpose Battery 6 volt DC

COCLUSION

Wireless infrared communication systems providea useful complement to radio-based systems, particularly for systems requiring low cost, light weightmoderate data rates, and only requiring short ranges.When LOS paths can be assured, range can be dramatically improved to provide longer links.Short-range wireless networks are poised fortremendous market growth in the next decade, andwireless infrared communications systems will com-pete in a number of arenas. Infrared systems have al-ready proven their effectiveness for short-range temporary communications and in high data rate longerrange point-to-point systems. It remains an open question whether infrared will successfully competein the market for general-purpose indoor wireless access.

REFERENCES

1.http://physics.tutorvista.com/electricityand magnetism/transistors.html 2.http://talkingelectronics.com/projects/OP-AMP/OP-AMP-1.html 3.http://cictr.ee.psu.edu/research/wc/index.html 4.http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/ir_intro/ir_intro.htm 5.http://www.digikey.com/us/en/techzone/sensors/resources/articles/usinginfrared-technology-for-sensing.html 6.http://electronicdesign.com/article/communications/infrared-still-dominatesshort-range-wireless-communications