ACEE 434 Environmental Systems Design

Week 3 September 16, 16 2009

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Overview Guri WWTP

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Screen, Grit Removal

Influent

Primary Clarifiers

Aeration Tanks

Dewatering Facilities Effluent Anaerobic Digesters Ozone Disinfection

Secondary Clarifiers

Satellite image obtained from NAVER

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Pretreatments

Screen

Grit removal chamber

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Primary Treatments

Primary clarifier

Buoyant solids

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Secondary Treatments

Aeration tank

Secondary clarifier

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Advanced Treatments

Ozone disifection

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Wastewater Constituents
Physical characteristics Inorganic I i characteristics h t i ti Organic characteristics Biological characteristics
http://www.co.allen.oh.us/san/htmlPPT/american2/images/16.jpg

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Physical Constituents
Solids S lid Particle size distribution Turbidity Color Transmittance Temperature Conductivity Density Specific gravity Specific weight
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Solids
105oC

105oC Imhoff cone

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-5

500oC

Filter unit

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-3 Interrelationships of solids found in water and wastewater. In much of the water quality literature, the solids passing through the filter are called dissolved solids.

Glass fiber filter Aluminum dish

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MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-4

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Size Range

0.45 -2.0m: filter size for TSS determination

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-7 Size ranges of organic contaminants in wastewater and size separation and measurement techniques used for their quantification

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Example 2 2-4
Analysis of solids data Sample size = 50 mL Tare mass of evaporation dish = 53.5433 g Mass of evaporating p g dish p plus residue after evaporation p at 105oC = 53.5794 g Mass of evaporating dish plus reside after ignition at 550oC = 53.5625 g Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105oC = 1.5433 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter and reside after drying at 105oC = 1.5554 g Mass of Whatman GF/C and residue after ignition at 550oC = 1.5476 g

Determine total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and volatile dissolved solids (VDS), respectively.

MetCalf and Eddy Example 2-4 Analysis of solids data

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Temperature
Very V important i t t parameter t because b of f its it effect ff t on chemical h i l reactions ti and d reaction rates, aquatic life, and the suitability of the water for beneficial uses. Most important in wastewater treatment - Dissolve oxygen solubility as temperature - Biological activity as temperature (optimum range 25-35oC) - Chemical activity as temperature

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Temperature
Effects Eff t on reaction ti rates t (vant ( t Hoff-Arrhenius H ff A h i relationship) l ti hi )

d (ln k ) E = dT RT 2
ln k 2 E (T2 T1 ) E = = (T2 T1 ) k1 RT 1T2 RT1T2 k ln 2 = C (T2 T1 ) k1 k2 = eC (T2 T1 ) eC = k1
C

k2 = (T2 T1 ) k1
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Temperature
Th effect The ff t of f temperature t t on the th maximum i growth th rate t of f Nitrosomonas Nit

N = 0.47e 0.098(T 15)

Maxi imum spe ecific growth rate (d day-1) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Temperature (oC)
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Inorganic Constituents
pH H Nitrogen Phosphorus Alkalinity Chlorides Sulfur Other inorganic constitutents Gases Odors

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pH
The concentration range suitable for the existence of most biological life is quite narrow and critical (typically 6 to 9).

pH H = log l 10 [ H + ]

H 2O H + + OH
[ H + ][OH ] =K H 2O
http://www.techneusa.com/ph/3510.jpg

[ H + ][OH ] = K w = 110 14 @ 25o C

pH + pOH = 14

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Nitrogen
Nitrogen species

Oxidation states
-3 0 +1 +2 +3

MetCalf and Eddy Table 2-7 Definition of the various terms used to define various nitrogen species

NH3 N2 N2O NO N2O3 NO2 N2O5

+4 +4

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Nitrogen
Nitrogen cycle

denitrification

nitrification

http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/images/463_1.jpg

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Phosphorus
A essential nutrient for the growth of algae and other biological organisms Forms: Orthophosphate, polyphosphate, organic phosphate

eutrophication
http://www.waterwatchadelaide.net.au/uploads/imag es/wetlands/blue_green.jpg

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Gases
N2, O2, CO2, H2S, S NH3, CH4
atmosphere decomposition of organic matters

Solubility of gases in water

- The ideal gas law

PV = nRT

P = absolute pressure, atm V = volume occupied by the gas, L, m3 n = mole of gas, mole R = universal i l gas l law constant, t t 0 0.082057 082057 atmL/moleK t L/ l K T = temperature, K Pg = mole fraction of gas in air, mole gas/mole of air H = Henrys law constant, atm (mole gas/mole air)/(mole gas/mole water) PT = total pressure, pressure usually 1 1.0 0 atm xg = mole fraction of gas in water, mole gas/mole water
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- Henrys law

H Pg = xg PT

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Metals

MetCalf and Eddy Table 2-13

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Organic Constituents
BOD TOC COD ThOD Priority pollutants Volatile organic pollutants Disinfection byproducts Pesticides Emerging organic compounds
Individual organic constituents Aggregate gg g organic g constituents

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BOD
The importance of measuring BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) - To determine the approximate pp q quantity y of oxygen yg that will be required q to biologically stabilize the organic matter present - To determine the size of wastewater facilities - To measure the efficiency of some treatment process - To determine compliance with wastewater discharge permit

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BOD
Three main activities of aerobic decomposition of organic wastes - Oxidation COHNS + O2 + bacteria CO2 + H2O + NH3 + other products + energy
Organic waste

- Synthesis COHNS + O2 + bacteria + energy C5H7O2N - Endogenous respiration C5H7O2N + 5O2 5CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O
New cell tissue

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BOD
Filling dilution water saturated Adding test in oxygen sample

Incubating 5 days @ 20oC

BOD bottle D1 = DO conc conc. @ t = 0 day

BOD incubator D2 = DO conc. conc @ t = 5 day

BOD5 , mg / L =

D1 D2 P

Fraction of wastewater sample volume to total combined volume

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BOD
BOD, mg / L = D1 D2 P

( D1 D2 ) ( B1 B2 ) f BOD, mg / L = P
Fraction of seeded dilution water volume in sample to volume of seeded dilution water in seed control
MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-19 Procedure for setting up BOD test bottles: (a) with unseeded dilution water and (b) with seeded dilution 27 water.

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BOD
Example 2-8 15 mL of the waste sample was added directly into a 300-mL BOD incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8 mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 1 1.9 9 mg/L mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution was 9.1 and 7.9, respectively. What is the 5-day BOD of the wastewater sample?

MetCalf and Eddy Example 2-8 Determination of BOD from laboratory data

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BOD
The rate of BOD oxidation (exertion) is modeled based on the assumption that the amount of organic material remaining at any time t is governed by a first-order first order kinetic reaction reaction.

dBODr = k1 BODr dt
BODr = UBOD(e k1t )

BODt = UBOD(1 e k1t )

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BOD
Nitrification in the BOD test

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MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-22 Definition sketch for the exertion of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand in a waste sample. 30

Biological Constituents
Bacteria B t i Archaea Fungi Protozoa Algae Viruses

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Indicator Organisms
Total T t l coliform lif bacteria b t i Fecal coliform bacteria Klebsiella E. coli Bacteroides Fecal streptococci Enterococci Clostridium perfringerns P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila

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Indicator Organisms

MetCalf and Eddy Figure 2-33 Schematic illustration of the methods used to obtain bacterial counts: (a) Multiple tube fermentation technique using a liquid medium

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Toxicity Test
Acute toxicity: exposure that will result in significant response shortly after exposure (typically a response is observed within 48 or 96 h) Chronic toxicity: exposure that will result in sublethal response over a long term, often 1/10 of the life span or more

http://sflabs.com/testing/images/Picture029 000.jpg http://sflabs.com/testing/images/Picture029_000.jpg

http://evodevo.uoregon.edu/ima ges/daphnia gif ges/daphnia.gif

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Summary
Guri G i wastewater treatment plant l Wastewater characteristics - Physical characteristics - Inorganic characteristics - Organic characteristics - Biological characteristics

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