The First Law of Thermodynamics: Open System

Consider a fluid flowing in steady flow with mass flow rate m through an apparatus The boundary is called a control surface, and the system is called a control volume
Inlet 1 Control surface

W
Z1

Outlet 2

Z2 datum

Assume that for the system A steady rate of flow of net heat Q A net work output W Mass flow through a cross section area per unit time is

& = C n dA m
A

Cn is the velocity normal to the cross sectional flow area. For constant fluid density and velocity

C1 A1 C2 A2 & = CA = m = v1 v2
where is the density, (kg/m3 )( = 1/), A is the cross-sectional area, m2, and C is the fluid velocity, m/s.
2

Energy is required to push the fluid element across the boundary

Wflow w flow

A = FdL = FdL = PdV = Pvm A Wflow = = Pv m

Then energy entering the the system

. c = m(u1 + P + gz1 ) + Q 1v1 + 2
KE PE

2 1

The energy leaving the system 2

c2 = m(u2 + P2v2 + + gz2 ) + W 2

. .

during a steady-state, steady-flow process

E in = E out
Qnet Wnet 1 2 2 = m (u 2 u1 ) + ( p 2 v2 p1v1 ) + c2 c1 + g ( z 2 z1 ) 2

Since h = u + pv, it can be written as

Qnet Wnet

1 2 2 = m (h2 h1 ) + c2 c1 + g ( z 2 z1 ) 2

Also known as Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)

Common S.F.E.E Devices

Nozzles and Diffusers one entrance and one exit heat transfer(adiabatic), work, and PE are normally neglected The SFEE is reduced to
2 C12 . C2 m h1 + 2 = m h2 + 2 .

since Q=0, W=0 and PE=0

Then

C2 = 2( h1 h2 ) + C

2 1
6

Turbines only one entrance and one exit fluid flows through an adiabatic turbine neglect changes in KE & PE

m1
adiabatic expansion

Control Surface

Wout
2

& in = m & out m &1 = m &2 = m & m & in = E & out E &out & 1h1 = m & 2 h2 + W m &out = m & (h1 h2 ) W

m2

Compressors Compressors and fan are essentially the same devices Compressors operate over larger pressure ratios than fans Neglect the changes in KE & PE.

min

Win
2

mout

&net = m & (h2 h1 ) W &in ) = m & (h2 h1 ) ( W & =m & (h2 h1 ) W in

8

Valves / Throttling Devices fluid flows through a one-entrance, one-exit experiences a pressure drop as it flows through the process is adiabatic & no net work is done by the fluid. the KE & PE are neglected

Orifice plate / plug

&i = m &e m & i hi = m & e he m

hi = he