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INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS CHAPTER 13 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Noam Chomsky (1968), In Language and Mind, proposed that linguistics might best be considered a branch of cognitive psychology. - Language is learned ability, and only through a study of psycholinguistics can we ever hope to understand it - Psycholinguistics is concerned with the acquisition, perception, and production of language. - Psycholinguistics must develop: 1. A verifiable theory of the mental processes and strategies involved in understanding speech 2. A specification of how these processes and strategies relate to the formal theory of grammar 3. A theory of language acquisitionone that will be consistent with what we know about universal aspects of language 4. Psycholinguistics are searching for a better understanding of what semantic representation are like The Psychological Reality of Transformations and Constituent Structure

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Competence and Performance The standard interpretive theory of transformational-generative grammar-Model of competence It attempts to describe and explain what an ideal speaker/hearer knows about his/her language. Psycholinguistics-performances Human employ to utilize their competence.

Transformations 1. 2. 3. 4. Kernel sentence A sentence that is simple, affirmative, active, and declarative The result of the earliest psycholinguistics experiments : Sentence Its negative Passive Negative Passive The following examples of a kernel sentence:

1. John hits the ball. 2. John does not hit the ball. 3. The ball is hit by John. 4. The ball is not hit by John.

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Constituents The grammatical relationship of words that fit together a unitdeserve a closer look. The Psychological Reality of Phonological and Semantic Representation Reality of the phoneme was assumed even before birth of psycholinguistics and transformational-generative The modern transformational-generative conception of the phoneme as a bundle of distinctive features

Distinctive Features and Markedness Greenberg and Jenkins found that sounds differing in only one distinctive features The most important feature in judgment of similarity is voicing The marked/unmarked distinction appears to have psychological significance

The Lexicon and Memory Brown and McNeills (1966) investigation of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Some typical guesses would be astrolabe and compass or two-syllable words such as secant and sextet

Other Approaches: The Quantification Approach and Semantic Space The quantificational approach attempts to quantify and graph semantic relations as expressed by speakers Semantic space : words are plotted as points along basic axes, representing such dimensions as power and affect, and the words that lie closest to each other in the space are regarded as being most similar semantically

Phonological Acquisition By the age of six months, the child has entered a babbling period, or prelanguage state, in which almost any sound an conceivably be produced. Normally, the first vowel produced with regularity is a low, somewhat fronted vowel such as [] or [a]; and the first consonant is generally a bilabial stop, such as [p] or [b]. The acquisition of additional sounds continues with the development of a nasal consonant in opposition to the oral consonant. This explains why mama and papa are early occurrences in English as well as in many other languages.

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The Two-Word Stage In the second year, the child will begin to develop two-word sentences. These two-word sentences, combined with a growing vocabulary, allow the child to express a rapidly increasing number of messages. These two-word sentences have been analyzed in several ways. Braine (1963) viewed such sentences as combinations of words from two classes: a small class called pivot words and large class of open words, which previously may have been one-word sentences.

Syntactic Acquisition Between the ages of two and three, the child develpos a more complete syntactic system and is often able to correct incomplete or misconstructed sentences that he or she has just uttered. The development of this syntactic system continues with the appreances of complex sentences at about the age of three.

An alternate view: the behaviorist approach Theories of Language acquisition. Children imitate the speech of their parents, they are positively or negatively reinforced, depending on whether their sentences are grammatical. This reinforcement leads children to generalize their verbal behavior accordingly

Imitation is central to language acquisition- Clark (1977) Children imitate only words or structures that they themselves have already used. Imitation doesnt seem to provide for the acquisition of more complex sentence structures It is assumed that children must speak a language in order to imitate their parents Children cannot learn a language without themselves speaking

An assessment To learn a language is to learn its rules but some rules must be learned as rules For instance: John told Mary for Mary to leave the room John promised Mary for John to leave the room

John told Mary to leave the room John promised Mary to leave the room The linguistic development of children

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At two years of age, children consider any noun that immediately proceeds the main verb to be the logical subject By the age of three an a half, they consider the first noun in the sentence to be the actor, regardless of the nouns surface relation to the verb

Perception and Production of Language The study of speech perception: how a person hears, recognizes, processes, and understands the linguistic mesage spoken by another individual.

The Analysis-By-Synthesis Model The hearer-words-match-construct phonological representation-syntatic & semantic strategies - Semantic Strategies = Goal Of Communication - For example: 1. Tom wanted to deposit $500.00. 2. The bank was too far away from him to walk. The Speech-Perception Grammar The example of a sentence-perceptin grammar: The aardvarkas given a bagel by Irving -The aardvarkas= direct/indirect object -a bagel= direct object -irving= subject

Speech Production Prepositions are combined and organized in various ways syntax set of phonological units appropriate waveforms Speech errors, commonly referred to as slips of the tongue are conscious or unconscious deviations from the apparently intended form of an utterance.