Objective To provide an opportunity to implement the skills those have gained from the Analytical Chemistry for Engineers

rs course. To identify the 12 compounds (from A to L) by using UV Vis spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy.

Theory UV-Vis Spectroscopy The Spectrophotometers is an instrument which measures the amount of light of a specified wavelength which passes through a medium. In this experiment, we are using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer of Perkin Elmer Lambda 750 that operates in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum to measure the absorption spectra of the substances in the wavelength range of 200 to 800 nm.

Figure 2 The simple operation in UV-Vis Spectroscopy In UV-Vis spectrophotometer, around 200-800 nm, the light source covered the entire visible and the ultra-violet region. A combination of a deuterium lamp for the UV region of the spectrum and tungsten lamp for the visible region is used. Since it is not possible to get this range of wavelengths from a single lamp. This output is then sent through a diffraction grating.

Diffraction grating makes the beam of light from the visible and Ultra-violet light source is then separated into its component wavelengths. Following the slit is a slit that sends a monochromatic beam into the next section of the spectrophotometer. Light from the slit then refracted onto a rotating disc. The rotating disc has transparent, mirror and opaque black segments. It will go straight through the sample cell, get reflected by a mirror, hits the mirrored section of a second rotating disc, and then collected by the detector when the light hits the transparent section. Else if the light hits the mirrored section, gets reflected by a mirror, passes through the reference cell, hits the transparent section of a second rotating disc and then collected by the detector. Finally if the light hits the black opaque section, it is blocked and no light passes through the instrument, thus enabling the system to make corrections for any current generated by the detector in the absence of light. Detector converts the light into a current signal that is read by a computer. Higher the current signal, greater is the intensity of the light. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) main objective is to determine the unknown materials in the sample. Figure 2 below will shows about the simple operation in FTIR.

Figure 2 The simple operation in FTIR.

The light passes through a beamsplitter, which split the light in two directions. One beam goes to a stationary mirror then goes back to the beamsplitter. The other goes to a moving mirror and also goes back to the beamsplitter. The motion of the mirror by the moving mirror makes the total path length variable versus that taken by the stationary-mirror beam. When the two meet up again at the beamsplitter, they recombine, but the difference in path lengths creates constructive and destructuive interference which results an interferogram. The recombined beam passes through the sample. The sample absorbs all the different wavelengths characteristic of its spectrum, and this subtracts specific wavelengths from the interferogram. The detector detects variation in energy versus time for all wavelengths simultaneously. A laser beam is superimposed to provide a reference for the instrument operation. The results are in the graph form with several curve depend on how much functional group present in the sample. For every curve, it has its own specific range of wavelength which gives a different type of functional group. Figure 3 shows an example of the result of FTIR.

There are 12 compounds to be identified by using the UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, but only 6 compounds undergoes the analysis, which is A, C, D, I, J and K. the following are the list of possible compounds:

The following information was provided in order to identify the compounds:

Compound Compound B Acetaldehyde Compound E Aspirin Compound F Citric Acid Compound G Benzene Compound H Toluene Compound J Bromoethane Compound L Hexane max = 289

UV-Vis 1730 cm-1 log10 = 1.19 max = <210, 220 and 273 log10 = >4, 3.86 and 2.86 max = <220 log10 = >3.2 max = 178 log10 = 4.84 max = 260 log10 = 243 956 cm-1

FTIR

2950 and 1685 cm-1 3430 and 1592 cm-1 3037 and 1480 cm-1 3033, 1501 and 730 cm-1

2900 and 1463 cm-1