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Each urban area has a variety of functions. The different activities that take place mean that the way which humans use the land changes throughout the urban area. Due to the complexity of land uses found through out a city a number of models have been created to identify patterns of land use. The two models that we will be looking at are the Hoyt (sector) model and Burgess (concentric ring) model. The two models
Burgess
The Concentric ring model also known as the Burgess model was the first to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas. Based on Chicago, it was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925. This concentric ring model depicts urban land use in concentric rings: the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the city expanded in rings with different land uses. The zones identified are:
Burgess observed that there was a correlation between the distance from the CBD and the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants; richer families tended to live further away from the CBD. As the city grew, Burgess also observed that the CBD would cause it to expand outwards; this in turn forced the other rings to expand outwards as well. The model is more detailed than the traditional down-mid-uptown divide by which downtown is the CBD, uptown the affluent residential outer ring, and midtown in between. Bid rent curve Burgess's work is based on the bid rent curve. This states that the concentric circles are based on the amount that people will pay for the land. This value is based on the profits that are obtainable from maintaining a business on that land. The centre of the town, will have the highest number of customers so it is profitable for retail activities. Manufacturing will pay slightly less for the land as they are only
interested in the accessibility for workers, 'goods in' and 'goods out'. Residential land use will take the surrounding land. The model has been challenged by many contemporary urban geographers. Firstly, the model does not work well with cities outside the United States, in particular with those developed under different historical contexts. Even in the United States, because of changes such as advancement in transportation and information technology and transformation in global economy, cities are no longer organized with clear "zones"
The theory is based on nineteenth century transport and does not make allowances for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries. This occurred in Calgary in the 1930s when many near-slums were established outside the city but close to the termini of
the street car lines. These are now incorporated into the city boundary but are pockets of low cost housing in medium cost areas. Physical features - physical features may restrict or direct growth along certain wedges No reference to out of town development
Task 1 Get a copy of the diagrams and shade in the different areas. Use the same colours for each model and ensure that a key is completed. Task 2 Answer the following questions in sentences on lined paper. 1) 2) 3) 4) Factories/industries is also known as? What is the name of the additional ring that can be added around the models above? Describe the major differences between the Hoyt and Burgess models. In one paragraph give the background to the Burgess model. (who created it?, when? Based upon? Other names?) 5) In one paragraph give the background to the Hoyt model. (who created it?, when? Based upon? Other names?) 6) Describe the limitations to the concentric ring model. 7) Describe the limitations to the sector model. Task 3 Get a set of land use cards. Match the descriptions of the land use areas to the name of the land use. Once you have done this match them to the photos on your work sheet. Once they have been checked use the cards to fill in the worksheet. Task 4 Get the sheet entitled most likely too .