A Seminar Report On RAINBOW TECHNOLOGY- Future of Data Storage

Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Technology

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

Department of Information Technology (2009-2013)

Submitted to: Ms. Riti Kushwaha (Seminar Coordinator)

Submitted By: Vikas Aswal

(09EBMIT121)

Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage PREFACE

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Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. The well planned, properly executed and evaluated thing help a lot in including the good work culture. It provides linkage between students in order to develop the awareness of cyber crime and their preventive measures. In this seminar session, the students get knowledge about the Rainbow Technology in the actual scenario. Most of the theoretical knowledge that they have gained during the course of there studies is put to test ahead in their life. Apart from this, the students get opportunity to learn the latest technology, which immensely help them in their cyber world. I had the opportunity to share my ideas among them, which has increased my sphere of knowledge to a great extent.

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Acknowledgement

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It is not the brain that matter the most, but that which guide them: The character, the heart, generous qualities and progressive force. I am highly indebted to our respected guide Ms. Riti Kushwaha for his excellent guidance and cooperation. I would also like to thank all my friends and my family, who were the source of constant encouragement. Above all, I thank the Almighty for his grace.

Vikas Aswal (09EBMIT121)

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BMIT-JAIPUR Department of Information Technology CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VIKAS ASWAL with College Id M09IT121 and Roll No. 09EBMIT121 has satisfactorily presented the seminar on Rainbow Technology in Final Semester. Date of assessment:

Signature of the Internal Examiner

Signature of the External Examiner

Signature of the HOD Department of IT

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Table of Contents

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1. Abstract of Seminar ..............................................................................................................6 2. Introduction to Rainbow technology ...................................................................................7 3. Basic Principles of Rainbow Technology ............................................................................6 4. Working Method. ................................................................................................................11 5. Products from Rainbow Technology .................................................................................17 6. Implementation Requirements ..........................................................................................19 7. Facts about Rainbow Technology ......................................................................................20 8. Comparison with other storage devices ...........................................................................22 9.Advantages of Rainbow Technology ..................................................................................24 10.Disadvantages of Rainbow Technology............................................................................27 11. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................28 12. References ..........................................................................................................................30

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Abstract of Seminar

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Rainbow Storage is a group of techniques to store digital data in some colors, color combinations and symbols in density storage. With the help of Rainbow system we would be watching full-length high definition videos from a piece of paper! The main attraction is the cheap paper. The Rainbow technology is feasible because printed text, readable by the human eye does not make optimal use of the potential capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way much higher capacities can be achieved and the new trend will be generated in the field of data storage technique. Since it is in developing phase but I am sure that this technology will prove it a grand success in forthcoming years and out throw the existing technologies of data storage Rainbow Format. The technique is used to achieve high-

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Introduction to Rainbow Technology

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Rainbow Technology is a developing paper-based data storage technique first demonstrated by Indian student Sainul Abideen in November 2006. Abideen received his MCA from MES Engineering College in Kuttipuram in Kerala's Malappuram district. Actually Rainbow Storage is not a method to store data on paper but it is a group of techniques to represent data in the form of colour, colour groups and some symbols. We can use any colour representable media as storage medium including paper and plastic sheets. Paper and ink is not the only way to represent colour, there are other efficient methods available now and many kind of researches are going on in different parts of the world. Definitely, Ordinary sheet of paper with normal printer and scanner will give poor density, but it can be used for some specific purposes. (Acid paper with special ink can last to decades and fading problem can be solved considerably by using some techniques in Rainbow Storage). It put forward the concept of disposable storage. We can create many useful products like digital catalogue for commercial products. I prepared Rainbow Storage as my academic seminar paper and it was a study to explore data representation capability of colours. Most of the living organisms are getting huge amount of data through vision. Our eyes can only understand colours and colours only. But our brain is doing many complex operations (like distance calculation of objects by using images from two eyes) by using this colours. We can identify distance of two objects (which one is closer) in different environments (e.g.: Brightness difference). So the visible light (colours) contains a huge amount of data. Instead of using 0s and 1s here we are using colour dots. Each colour dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1 byte). If we are using some powerful mode of representation (forget about ink and paper) we can represent more data on a single spot. By using some groups and symbols, we can also increase the density in to some extent.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage

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Initial newspaper reports of the technology were debunked by multiple technical sources, although Abideen says those reports were based on a misunderstanding of the technology. The paper meant to demonstrate the capability of storing relatively large amounts of data (and not necessarily in the gigabyte range) using textures and diagrams. The Rainbow data storage technology claims to use geometrical shapes such as triangles, circles and squares of various colors to store a large amount of data on ordinary paper or plastic surfaces. This would provide several advantages over current forms of opticalor magnetic data storage like less environmental pollution due to the biodegradability of paper, low cost and high capacity. Data could be stored on "Rainbow Versatile Disk" (RVD) or plastic/paper cards of any form factor (like SIM cards). Sainul Abdeen demonstrated his technology to the college and members of the Indian press in the MES College of Engineering computer lab, Kerala, and was able to compress 450 sheets plain text from foolscap paper into a 1 inch square. He also demonstrated a 45-second audio clip compressed using this technology on to an A4 sheet. Depending on the sampling frequency, bit depth, and audio compression (if any), a 45second audio clip can consist of anywhere from a few kilobytes to a few megabytes of data. Abideen claimed that the technology could be extended to 250 gigabytes by using specific materials and devices. This technology is a group of techniques to accomplish high density, high speed, cheap and reliable data storage and retrieval. It is a storage optimization technology based upon the usage of printed shapes on a variety of media, unlike the traditional magneto-optical standard, to store data. This is done by using various geometrical shapes and different colors on the surface used, which could be paper or plastic. Storage density can be dramatically increased by storing a bit pattern on a single dot by using color substances instead of storing bits (0s and 1s) on one dot. Any type of data can be converted into a picture like format known as Data Picture, and it can be printed in any printable media.
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Rainbow technology, a break through in digital data storage enables us to store up to a massive 450 GB on just a piece of paper. Rainbow Storage is a group of techniques to store digital data in some colors, color combinations and some symbols known as rainbow format, and therefore a rainbow picture will be generated. The technique is used to achieve highdensity storage. With the help of Rainbow system we would be watching full-length highdefinition videos from a piece of paper! The main attraction is the cheap paper. The

Rainbow technology is feasible because printed text, readable by the human eye is a very wasteful use of the potential capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way much higher capacities can be achieved. Paper is, of course, bio-degradable, unlike CDs or DVDs. And sheets of paper also cost a fraction of the cost of a CD or DVD.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Basic Principle of Rainbow Technology

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Each and every technology is based on some principle and follows that principle throughout its life cycle. So this technology is based on two basic principles which are as follows:

Principle I Every color or color combinations can be converted in to some values and from the values the colors or color combinations can be regenerated.

Principle II

Every different color or color combinations will produce different values.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Working method

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In Rainbow technology, the data in any format termed rainbow format has been designed in such a way that it can be printed out in the form of images. The data is converted to rainbow format on the basis of Rainbow Algorithm. Trigonometric forms like circle or square, certain color combinations and certain other forms are being used. Each trigonometric form, color combination represents a complete pattern. Most modern technologies like image processing, pattern matching, etc. are used for the purpose. The data which gets converted into an image form is then printed on paper or any other thing. This is how the data storage is made possible. When the steps are reversed, the rainbow picture is converted into data. It uses geometric shapes such as squares and hexagons to represent data patterns, instead of the usual binary method that uses ones and zeros to represent data. Besides, color is also used in the Rainbow system, to represent other data elements. Files such as text, images, sounds and video clips are encoded in rainbow format as colored circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as dense graphics on paper at a density of 2.7GB per square inch. Rainbow storage targets high availability and survivability of data and performance in the presence of faults and attacks referred as Ocean Store. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets. The piece of paper or even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and read over the monitor.

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Fig: Rainbow technology working

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage

Conversion procedures

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The following steps are used to convert the original data to the data detected by the rainbow devices. 1) Level-1 Data to Data Picture: Data to Data Picture conversion takes place in four steps. A chunk of data bits are taken from data source (Normally Binary file), which is known as a word. The size of the word can vary according to the nature of writers, readers and storage mediums. The word can be converted into a value that will be unique for each different combination of bits. Thus a picture will be generated by representing values as colors. The value then passes through some error checking mechanisms. After producing some error correction bits, it will attach to the data picture. Header, Picture Boundary Mapper (PBM) (for keeping track of the boundary of data picture), universal Picture Dot (a static value that is used for mapping errors that occurred due to color fading), etc. will be attached to the picture. Thus the final output (Data Picture) will be generated. Now the original data is encoded into Data Picture and it can be now printed in any printable media.

2) Level-2 Data Picture to Data: Data Picture to data conversion uses just the reverse process. Data Picture is taken as an input and the parameters like UPD, PBM, etc. are read from the header. The actual data is generated by picture to value conversion. Some image processing methods are used for this stage. Value mapping functions are used for mapping the arrangements done on actual data. Some errors that occur due to color fading can also be handled at this stage. The values are passed through some error correction mechanisms. Fault tolerance and automatic repair is also performed at this stage. Then the value to word conversion takes place. The encoded Data Picture is hence decoded into the result data which will be the original data.

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The paper can then be read through a specially developed scanner and the contents decoded into their original digital format and viewed or played. The Rainbow technology is feasible because printed text that can be read by the human eye does not make optimal use of the potential capacity of paper to store data. By printing the data encoded in a denser way higher capacities can be achieved. The retrieval of data is done by scanning the paper or the plastic sheet containing the data into a scanner and later reading it over the monitor. Instead of using 0s and 1s, we use color dots where each color dot can represent minimum 8 bits (1 byte). The rainbow picture will be highly compressed and can be represented in any color medium. For retrieving the contents from the medium, picture can be captured and data can be generated from the color combinations. "Although environmental light differences and color shading is a problem, they can be overcome up to a certain limit by using efficient mapping functions". In order to read the Rainbow prints, all that is required is a scanner and specialized software. Smaller scanners could fit inside laptop computers or mobile phones, and read SIM card-sized RVDs containing 5GB of data. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets. The piece of paper or even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and read over the monitor. A scanning drive based on the Rainbow software has simultaneously been developed which will come in smaller sizes to be initially carried with the laptops and later to fit into their bodies. The technology has used geometric shapes like circles, squares and triangles for computing which combine with various colors and preserve the data in images. An RVD therefore looks like a print-out of the modern art. All kinds of data have to be first converted into a common format called 'Rainbow Format'.

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Fig: Example of Rainbow format

Representation of data from a file to Rainbow format

A chunk of data bits are taken from a data source (Normally Binary file), which is known as a word. The word can be converted into a value that will be unique for each different combination of bits. Thus a picture will be generated by representing values as colors. The value will then pass through some error checking mechanisms. After producing some error correction bits, it will be attached to the data picture. Thus the final output (Data Picture) will be generated. Now the Data Picture can be printed in any printable media.
Rainbow Symbol Table

Data File

Conversion Algorithm

Error Handler

Rainbow Picture

Security & Authentication Mechanism

Fig: Flow Diagram of Rainbow Picture generation

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Absolute Rainbow dots

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Absolute rainbow dots are used to detect errors caused by scratches, and whether any fading has occurred. Absolute rainbow dots are predefined dots carrying a unique value. These dots can be inserted in the rainbow picture in pre-specified areas. If fading occurs these dot values will change accordingly, and at the reproduction stage this can be checked and corrected. Absolute rainbow dots will be microscopically small so that they occupy very little space in the rainbow picture. These will be colored differently so that each dot will have its own fixed unique value.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Products from Rainbow Technology

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By using Rainbow Storage, we can develop many kinds of products. These products have the ability to make an impression in the market that no one will use the existing storage devices like CDs and DVDs and no one can imagine that it will nurture the storage capacity effectively and efficiently. They include 1) Disposable storage 2) RVD 3) Rainbow cards 4) Data centers 1) Disposable storage: Rainbow storage can be used to achieve Disposable storage. We can store any kind of data in any kind of media that can represent color. It can be used as one time storage. We can use bio degradable materials here (because it is not intended for long time). This category of products can be used for distribution of files, documents, etc. Here we can use even printers, scanners, cameras and so on as input and output devices. 2) RVD: RVD (Rainbow Versatile Disk) is another product that can be developed by using Rainbow Storage. We need to develop specific drives for reading and writing. It can hold huge amount of data and it will be very cheap enough to reduce storage price dramatically. The technique Vertical lining is used in RVD to ensure high density. Storage capacity will vary according to the nature of the mediums used.

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3) Rainbow Cards:

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Rainbow cards can be constructed as a cheap secondary storage medium for PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) and other small digital devices. They can be constructed in many standards and sizes. The size can vary from visiting card size to the size of a SIM card. Specific readers need to be attached with such devices.

4) Data Centers: Datacenters are the static storage servers that can hold Peta Bytes of data. It will be a sequential access storage system that can be used for secondary storage of data. We can construct a data center with a cost of around 35 lakh.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Implementation Requirements

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In order to read the Rainbow prints, all that is required is a scanner and specialized software. Smaller scanners could fit inside laptop computers or mobile phones, and read SIM card-sized RVD's containing 5GB of data. The recording media could be either paper or plastic sheets. The piece of paper or even plastic sheet storing the data has just to be scanned in the scanner and read over them on it or, a scanning drive based on the Rainbow software has simultaneously been developed which will come in smaller sizes to be initially carried with the laptops and later to fit into their bodies. The developer is simultaneously molding the technology into Rainbow Cards which will be of SIM card size and store 5 GB of data equivalent to three films of DVD quality . As 'Rainbow Cards' will become Popular. Rainbow Card Readers will replace CD drives of mobile phone and computer notebooks and will enable more data in portable forms for mini digital readers. Large scale manufacture of the Rainbow card will bring down its cost tojust50 paisa.

Fig: Plastic waste can be used to manufacture RVDs

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Facts about Rainbow Technology

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Following the wide media attention this news received, some of the claims have been debunked by various experts; however, Sainul Abideen says that the articles are all based on misunderstandings. Printing at 1,200 dots per inch (DPI) leads to a theoretical maximum of 1,440,000 colored dots per square inch. If a scanner can reliably distinguish between 256 unique colors (thus encoding one byte per dot), the maximum possible storage is approximately 140 megabytes for a sheet of A4 papermuch lower when the necessary error correction is employed. If the scanner were able to accurately distinguish between 16,777,216 colors (24 bits, or 3 bytes per dot), the capacity would triple, but it still falls well below the media stories' claims of several hundred gigabytes. Printing this quantity of unique colors would require specialized equipment to generate many spot colors. The process color model used by most printers provides only four colors, with additional colors simulated by a halftone pattern. At least one of three things must be true for the claim to be valid: The paper must be printed and scanned at a much higher resolution than 1,200 DPI. The printer and scanner must be able to accurately produce and distinguish between an extraordinary number of distinct color values. The compression scheme must be a revolutionary lossless compression algorithm. The theory is: If Rainbow's "geometric" algorithm is to be encoded and decoded by a computer, it would equally viable to store the compressed data on a conventional disk rather than printing it to paper or other non-digital medium. Printing something as dots on a page rather than bits on a disk will not change the underlying compression ratio, so a lossless compression algorithm that could store 250 gigabytes within a few hundred megabytes of data would be revolutionary indeed.

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Likewise, data can be compressed with any algorithm and subsequently printed to paper as colored dots. The amount of data that can be reliably stored in this way is limited by the printer and scanner, as described above.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Comparison with other storage devices

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Every new technology invented or evolved is compared with the existing technology with respect to different criteria like cost, time to manufacture, boons and bans etc. so this Rainbow technology is also compared with the existing storage devices to make an appropriate evaluation of the new developing technology. This will provide a clear picture to all of us that how this technology will change the trend of storing data and nurtures the storage capacity. Currently, there are several options available for data storage, like CDs and DVDs, which are the best mode, but are yet expensive and everyone cannot afford to buy it regularly and are not rewritable except in few cases, and are not available in remote areas or interior villages.

While a CD costs Rs.15, his paper or plastic-made RVD will cost just about Rs.1.50 and will even have 131 times more storage capacity, so by comparing the prices of both technique, one will surely choose the RVDs

Using this technology an A4 sheet of paper could store 450 GB of data. In comparison, a DVD can store 4.7GB of data. So again a better side for rainbow technology which will efficiently make the difference in capacity of storing data.

Paper is, of course, bio-degradable, unlike CDs or DVDs which are made up of plastic and polymers which are hazardous waste for our environment and creates lot of pollution. And sheets of paper also cost a fraction of the cost of a CD or DVD.

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So the Rainbow technology is environmentally best and will reveal as Eco-Friendly technique for data storage.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Advantages of Rainbow technology

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How much information can you store on an A4 sheet? Well, according to some new technology designed by an Indian engineering student, an extraordinary 256GB. With new "rainbow technology", devised by Sainul Abideen who has just completed an MCA degree in Kerala, data can been coded into colored geometric shapes and stored in dense patterns on paper. Files such as text, images, sounds and video clips are encoded in "rainbow format" as colored circles, triangles, squares and so on, and printed as dense graphics on paper at a density of 2.7GB per square inch. The paper can then be read through a specially developed scanner and the contents decoded into their original digital format and viewed or played. The encoding and decoding processes have not been revealed. In this technology Data can be stored on an ordinary paper and a picture format is printed by using a printer. Apart from cost factor this technology have lot more advantages will prove a charismatic change in the world of digitalization and make a drastic change in data storage capacity. Abideen, the developer of this technology is claiming that huge databanks can be constructed out of Rainbow-based storage medium and will have following benefits: Larger amount of data can be had on lesser space. The extremely low-cost technology will drastically reduce the cost of storage and provide for high speed storage too. Files in any format like movie files, songs, images, text can be stored using this technology. The biodegradable nature of the storage devices would do away with the e-waste pollution.

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The four main storage devices made using this technology are RVD, Disposable storage, Data Banks, Rainbow cards, and answer to the storage problems faced by the Computer world.

With the help of disposable storage, a high density data storage is made possible even on paper or plastic sheets, any type of computer files can be stored and distributed this way , so instead of giving cds with the computer magazines, its content can be printed in a page, video albums, software etc. can be distributed at a very low cost With the help disposable storage

Rainbow cards can be used in mobile devices in place of DVDs & VCDs. In a square inch sized rainbow cards, (equivalent to the size of sim card) more than5GB data can be stored. A major crisis faced in the design of the small digital devices is the huge size of the CD/DVD drives. The rainbow cards can solve this problem. Un-authorized copies of the films can be controlled to a certain limits using these cards. A UK-based company has already evinced interest in making rainbow cards

Another theme put forward by rainbow technology is the Data Banks; it is huge server with a high storage capacity .As per a research project done in US in2003 to store the available static data (films, songs, tutorials presentations etc.) these required will cost $500crores (23000crores).But by using data banks , a similar server can be made with Rs.35lacks. All the available films and other static data can be used by paying cash with the internet. Almost 125.603 PB data storage is possible in a Data Bank.

Sainul is busy with project Xpre3ssa now .Its a software package for regional languages. By using this, Newspapers, stories, novels etc. can be made audible in its own style. So online news papers and novels can be enjoyed through mobile phone with a GPRS connection. Sainul Abideen, a native of Karingappara, is a freelance software developer.

Un-authorized copies of the films can be controlled to a certain limit using these cards.

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CDs are made using Poly Carbonate which costs about Rs. 400 to Rs. 450 per kilogram and 16 Grams of Poly Carbonate is needed to make a CD. But the RVD which offers 131 times storage capacity than the CD can be made from paper.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Disadvantages of Rainbow technology

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Every thing having a better side will always carry some black side also and same thing applies to the Rainbow Technology. It have mainly two disadvantages that; The paper has the tendency to fade away hence the data loss may occur . With the extremely low cost of using this technology we can always afford tohave multiple copies. Since it is made of paper, it can be easily destroyed.

A scanner can reliably distinguish 256 unique colors and the scanner which can distinguish 1,440,000 colors is costly.

Apart from the above mentioned disadvantages, the Rainbow Technology will prove itself a grand success and in future it will overtake the existing data storage methods.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage Conclusion

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Technologies like these will lure us more towards it. In future, we will see RVDs replacing DVDs and Blue Ray Disks as the major future storage device. To do that, it has to overcome its shortcomings. Lets hope this environment friendly technology comes into our everyday computing life. Once the Rainbow technology is in, soon we would be watching full-length high-definition videos from a piece of paper! With the popularity of the Rainbow Technology, computer or fashion magazines in future need not carry CDs in a pack. One of the major advantages of the Rainbow system is the fact that it should cost a lot less to produce than the typical polycarbonate DVDs, CDs and now Blue-rays. Huge data banks can be constructed out of Rainbow-based storage medium. I prepared Rainbow Storage as my seminar topic and it was a study to explore data representation capability of colors. Most of the living organisms are getting huge amount of data through vision. Our eyes can only understand colors and colors only. But our brain is doing many complex operations (like distance calculation of objects by using images from two eyes) by using this colors. We can identify distance of two objects (which one is closer) in different environments (e.g.: Brightness difference). So the visible light (colors) contains a huge amount of data. In Rainbow Storage, we are converting digital data (any format) into some colors, color combinations, and some symbols known as rainbow format. Hence a rainbow Picture will be generated. The picture will be highly compressed (Not in magical) and it can be represented in any color representable medium. We can use the medium as a secondary storage device. The density will be according to the medium, read and write methods using. For retrieving the contents from the medium, readers capture picture and generate data from the color combinations. Although environmental light differences and color shading is a problem, it can be overcomes up to a certain limit by using efficient mapping functions. Each rainbow picture contains a header, body, footer, parity,
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Rainbow boundary mapper etc. Header contains the measurement of the rainbow picture. The algorithm (not basic) which is being used etc. It also contains an efficiently designed error checking mechanism. When this technology is ubiquitous in the future, the word Gigabyte would be oblivion in terms of hard disk capacity. Scenario | Enthusiastic and pleased guy: Hey check out my new 100 tera hard disk I just bought. It came with a free 5 tera pen drive | Disappointed and miserable guy: Geez, if I could only find a good excuse to replace my 20 tera hard disk.

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Rainbow Technology- Future of Data Storage References

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1. "Data Can Now Be Stored on Paper" by M. A.Siraj, Arab News (published November 18, 2006; accessed November29, 2006) 2. Paper storage man misunderstood The Inquirer article, 12 December2006 (retrieved 15 December2006. 3. "Store 256GB on an A4 sheet "by Chris Mellor, Tech world (publishedNovember24, 2006; accessed November 29, 2006) 4. http://jalaj.net/blog/2007/01/20/90gb-to-450gb-of-data-on-a4-paper/ 5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Technologies 6. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Storage 7. Sean Rhea, Chris Wells, Patrick Eaton, Dennis Geels, Ben Zhao, Hakim Weatherspoon, and John Kubiatowicz, University of California, Berkeley, Maintenance-Free Global Data Storage, IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING, 1089-7801/01/$10.00 2001 IEEE. 8. Sadik C. Esener, Mark H. Kryder, William D. Doyle, Marvin Keshner, Masud Mansuripur, David A Thompson., International Technology Research Institute, Future of Data Storage Technologies. 9. Peter N.Yianilos, Sumeet Sobti, The Evolving Field ofDistributed Storage, IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING, 1089-7801/01/$10.00 2001 IEEE. WTEC Panel on the

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