ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IN COLLABORATION WITH

STAFFORDSHIRE UNIVERSITY UK
BSc. (Hons) Computing Specialized in Software Engineering

Individual Assignment Batch Code

DF10A1ICT

Module Code & Title

TELECOMMUNICATION
Prepared By

Malith Waniganayake [CB004144]

Date of Submission

20-05-2013

Instructor

Mr.Balachandran Gnanasekaraiyer

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Acknowledgement
We would like to thank our Telecommunication lecturer Mr.Balachandran Gnanasekaraiyer for his continuous support and guidance. He helped us in all our problems and we are grateful to him. Without his valuable guidance, all our efforts could have been short-sighted. We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to our seniors and friends who willingly lent a helping hand if we ever got stuck somewhere. We also owe quite a lot to our families who provided us with good education and a chance to fulfill our career objectives. Finally, we are responsible for any mistakes in this assignment. We would also like to thank APIIT lanka for providing

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Contents
Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 HSPA .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 HSUPA ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 HSDPA ................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Importance of HSPA technology ................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Speed ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Cost effective ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Mobility................................................................................................................................. 8 2.4 Availability ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.0 Effects in human begins ............................................................................................................ 9 4.0 Implementation of HSPA........................................................................................................ 10 5.0 Network diagram of HSPA implementation ........................................................................... 11 6.0 Criteria required for the successful implementation ............................................................... 12 6.1 Hardware requirements ....................................................................................................... 12 6.1.1 Node B ......................................................................................................................... 12 6.1.2 Radio network controller (RNC) ................................................................................. 13 6.1.3 High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)................................................... 13 6.1.4 High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)....................................................... 13 6.1.5 High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) ................................ 13 6.1.6 How data transfer through hardware in HSDPA ......................................................... 14 6.1.7 How data transfer through hardware in HSUPA ......................................................... 14 6.2 Software requirements ........................................................................................................ 14 6.3 Cost ..................................................................................................................................... 15 6.4 Skills ................................................................................................................................... 15 7.0 Considerations for the implementation of HSPA ................................................................... 16 7.1 Granularity needed .............................................................................................................. 16 7.2 Moving MAC control ......................................................................................................... 16 7.3 Increasing complexity ......................................................................................................... 16 7.4 Security ............................................................................................................................... 16 Page 3

DF10A1ICT [TELECOMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT - DF10] 8.0 HSPA suitable environments ................................................................................................. 17 8.1 Industry ............................................................................................................................... 17 8.2 Locality ............................................................................................................................... 18 9.0 Advantages of HSPA .............................................................................................................. 19 10.0 Disadvantages of HSPA........................................................................................................ 21 11.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 22 12.0 Critical Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 23 13.0 Reference .............................................................................................................................. 24

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1.0 Introduction
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is the most worldwide deployed mobile broadband technology in the world. HSPA is the technology used both HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) technologies are deployed on a network. (Andy 2007, p.4)

1.1 HSPA
HSPA is the abbreviation for High Speed Packet Access. It is a packet-based mobile telephony protocol used in 3G/3.5G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) radio networks in order to increase data capacity and enhance speed up transfer rates. HSPA is divided into two main sub-parts; HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) and HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). (4gamericas.org. 2009) The HSPA technology provides downloads speeds at least five times faster than the previous versions, thereby allowing users of HSPA networks a broader selection of videos and music. As a result of this, HSPA is the most widely used mobile broadband technology in the world today. (Dialog Axiata PLC. 2011)

1.2 HSUPA
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) is a UMTS/WCDMA uplink evolution technology which is directly related to HSDPA and the two are complimentary to one another. HSDPA is the more advanced of the two technologies, but when they function simultaneously side by side, the resulting system will be advantageous with major data transfer speed enhancements for receiving or sending. Both procedures resemble each other technically and, by the employment of special modulation procedures, allow a better use of the net infrastructure. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS/WCDMA uplink up to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to 5.8Mbps, thereby enhancing the data transmission rates. HSUPA has the similar advantages of UMTS, which is a wide network coverage in the final development and an application for use while on the move (e.g., driving vehicles). The primary Page 5

DF10A1ICT [TELECOMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT - DF10] benefit is that the system will have the advantages of radio-based local networks and WLAN in providing inexpensive broadband Internet. Since it is based on a software, HSUPA technology is relatively inexpensive. No new infrastructure needs to be developed or installed by the mobile network providers as the network equipment need only be updated with new software. (Net Resources International. 2011)

1.3 HSDPA
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an advancement to UMTS/WCDMA. An HSDPA network uses a combination of different channels that allows users to achieve connection speeds that are much faster than previous protocols.

It drastically enhances the UMTS downlink using various techniques such as adaptive modulation and coding, hybrid ARQ (Automated Repeat Request) and fast scheduling. (4gamericas.org. 2011) HSDPA increases the download speeds by up to 3.5 times, thus initially delivering typical user data rates of 550 to 800 kbps. HSDPA speeds are ideal for various applications like large file transfers, streaming multimedia and fast web browsing. Since the download speeds are increased up to three times more capacity than UMTS operators can easily and cost-effectively get more users and services without having to buy additional spectrum just to keep up with growth. This efficiency also reduces operators' overhead costs, thereby making them better able to price their services at a point that is competitive yet profitable. (Conjecture Corporation. 2003.)

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2. Importance of HSPA technology

2.1 Speed
Speed is one major factor in HSPA technology where the user has a download speed of 14.4Mbps and a upload speed of 5.76Mbps. HSPA has a better transmission than other technology such as EDGE and GPRS. This opens different paths such as gaming, video telephony, voice over IP, video sharing, picture sharing, file uploading etc. All of these areas mainly depend on the speed. Higher speed the quality will be better. Low latency, fast resource allocation, improved coverage and capacity will all lead to faster connection. (nomor.de. 2010.)

2.2 Cost effective

Compared to EDGE and GPRS technology HSPA is an expensive technology. The hardware equipments used by the users are expensive compared to other technologies. But the total outcome of HSPA technology is higher than other technologies when we consider the facts such as high speed connection, coverage and etc.

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2.3 Mobility
HSPA use a portable hardware device called the dongle. HSPA has a better coverage compared to other technologies therefor user can use it from anywhere at any time. The main advantage of this technology is the mobility where user has the chance of accessing internet from any place.

2.4 Availability
HSPA network is already operational in more than 100 countries worldwide. More than115 suppliers distribute 1100 devices among many countries in 89 countries. Therefor the

availability of the HSPA technology has wider range and many users have the opportunity to use HSPA. (gsmworld. 2010.)

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3.0 Effects in human begins

Few years back people had many difficulties when communicating with each other. But with the rapid development of technology it has become a simpler and easier process for the users who communicate from any location. To achieve this goal in communication process High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a technology used by the users. There are positive aspects which will affect human beings too. It provides high speed download and upload According to final state of nomor research the HSPA maximum download speed can go up to 14.4Mbps and the maximum upload speed can go up to 5.76Mbps. Cost reductionHSPA can hold a higher capacity in downloading and uploading compared to other system. Which decrease the total production cost for a bit. HSPA has a higher rate of date transfer which reduce the latency Users can experience a better quality of service The user gets the opportunities for file download/upload, web access and voice over IP (VOIP). (nomor.de. 2010.) HSPA is compatible with EDGE, UMTS and GPRS. HSPA enabled handsets and modems will provide fast packet data connections for international roaming where the areas which have not upgraded to HSPA. HSPA operates at many different GSM frequencies.(4gamericas.org. 2010.)

We also can find some negative aspects in HSPA which affects human beings too If the download and upload is slow the overall latency will be increase. Exceeding the time limit will slower the connection which will increase the overall latency.

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4.0 Implementation of HSPA

High Speed Packet Access is the technology used in the world today. which is the widely developed wireless broadband technology. HSPA is a combination of High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). HSPA is Builds on third generation (3G) UMTS/WCDMA and currently it is the leading mobile data technology. Since its build on UMTS/WCDMA the same network infrastructure which was used for UMTS can be used to upgrade in to HSPA where some of the hardware and software changes has to be done. Upgrading the system will take less costly than building up a standalone network which is expensive. Some costly replacements in hardware equipments should be upgrade such as Node B channel cards and Radio Network controller (RNC). (4gamericas.org. 2011) When we consider about the Implementation of HSPA there are some area to searched and improved in order to get the maximum out of the HSPA technology. Under what circumstances the technology can be implemented Criteria required for the successful implementation of the technology Where such technology is best suited for implementation (Tektronix.2010)

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5.0 Network diagram of HSPA implementation

Internet

GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)

RNC (Radio Network Controller)

HLR (Home Location Register)

SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) NODE B

NODE B

NODE B

NODE B MGW(Media Gateway) MSE/VLR (Visitor Location Register)

HSPA Enabled computer

HSPA Enabled Phone

HSPA Enabled Laptop

Above diagram 4G network diagram which inherit from 3.5G. All the computers and mobile phones which are enabled in HSPA technology are connected to the Node B which is the inborn version of the base transceiver station. 2G is helps to connect the mobile devices and mobile devices to the base station where requested mobile is located. GPRS service node is mainly work to manage the data signals while media gateway supports to send voice signals. The duty of the gateway GPRS support node is to get connects to other networks. Page 11

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6.0 Criteria required for the successful implementation

6.1 Hardware requirements

HSPA use a portable hardware device is called as the USB dongle. Some of the popular USB dongle brands are Vodafone and Huawei. In Sri Lanka Huawei and Vodafone are USB dongle brands which will provide by Dialog, Mobitel etc. With the support of 3G these USB dongles can have a maximum download speed of 3.6Mbps and upload speed of 384Kbps.

Figure 1: USB Dongle

6.1.1 Node B

Its a physical unit which is used to transmit and receive radio signals. It also determines the frame error rate (FER) by the strength of the connection and quality. The Node B is responsible for the radio link and the mobile user and the fixed part of the network. (it.iitb.ac.in.2002. )

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6.1.2 Radio network controller (RNC)

RNC is equipment that deal with the core network which controls the radio signals which transmits and receives in Node B. (Performance Technologies. 2011.)

6.1.3 High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)

High Speed Downlink Shared Channel is a channel added to UMTS. This will increase the download data rates. (Javvin Company. 2011)

6.1.4 High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

High Speed Shared Control Channel is a fixed downlink. This is used to carry the downlink signals which is related to High Speed Downlink Shared Channel transmission.
6.1.5 High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)

High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel is an uplink channel carries the packets received. (Ghadialy. Z. 2004) Page 13

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6.1.6 How data transfer through hardware in HSDPA

The node B is the base transceiver station (BTS) which act as a signal tower. Each User equipment reports channel quality on HS-DPCCH. The node B determines the user equipment and informs it to be served via HS-SCCH channel. Then the data will be delivered user equipment. Finally a feedback will be sends by user equipment to node through HS-DPCCH channel. (imaworld.org.2010.)

6.1.7 How data transfer through hardware in HSUPA

The user equipment sends a request to the node B for resources. The node B responds to user equipment with a grant assignment, allocating uplink bandwidth to user equipment. The user equipment selects the appropriate transport method to the node B. finally Node B decode the received data and send ACK/NAK to use equipment. (imaworld.org.2010.)

6.2 Software requirements

When implementing HSPA developers they mainly concern about security of the data in the network. Therefore the developers should have a massive knowledge about HSPA and its

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DF10A1ICT [TELECOMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT - DF10] security and to avoid from hacking. These systems can develop on Linux, Mac and Windows. To use HSPA on phone the phone must be compatible with HSPA.

6.3 Cost

Implementation of HSPA technology is costly when it comes to building the network. Its mainly due to the upgrades of Radio Network Controllers (RNC) and Node B. The cost of the node Bs are highly expensive depend on the performance of it. More performance means higher the network quality. At the same time if the quality is high the operational cost increase. Radio network Controller is equipment which deals with the core network. maintenance and radio access functions in HSPA networks. There for to implement the HSPA technology in a telecom company it should have a good financial background. Which can support throughout until the network is successfully built. In Sri Lanka Dialog Airtel, Etisalat and Mobitel are the only telecom companies who provides HSPA so far . But customers have to pay a lot to get HSPA service as they cost a lot. Which perform link

6.4 Skills

Skilled workers are important when it comes to HSPA. Since its a new technology having skilled people will increase the efficiency of the system and reduce the bugs. Skilled workers such as system Engineers, technical Engineers, field Engineers, software developers, etc.

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7.0 Considerations for the implementation of HSPA

7.1 Granularity needed
Processing granularity will be a major consideration for the implementation of HSPA. Fine grained control will be necessary to implement features such as fast scheduling and per-user coding and modulation adaptation. As a result, it will yield much lower latencies than a system where scheduling is shared with other tasks on a general purpose processor.

7.2 Moving MAC control

An important change HSPA makes is to move control of the MAC layer from the RNC (Radio Network Controller) into the base station. This move enables the use of fast-scheduling algorithms where, under constructive fading conditions, users are served data which are based on channel quality estimates. The MAC change increases the responsiveness of the base station and makes HSPA deliver a real-world speed increase. As a result performance will be noticeably better.

7.3 Increasing complexity

The improvement in performance and processor power given by HSPA indicates an increase in complexity of the network infrastructure. The hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) allows efficient transmission of dropped or corrupted packets. This allows the average bandwidth of HSPA to be higher than would be possible if other error correction techniques (ATITKAR. A. 2010.) (Maidment. D. 2005.) are used.

7.4 Security
HSPA does not offer any additional security functions. Users are authenticated by their SIM cards. Data encoding for different users of HSPA standards is well off than any cryptographic algorithm. (Lurie .S. 2006)

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8.0 HSPA suitable environments

8.1 Industry
With the advancement of technology mobile technology has become a vital part in human life's. With every generation mobile technology has upgraded with a considerable future enhancements. This evolution of the 3rd and 4th generation mobile technology has upgraded many humans live in unimaginable ways. In this developing mobile technology HSPA is a definite technology that has being developed. HSPA is a must have technology for a user to stay connected to a 3G or 4G enabled area. As well as companies it has also become the trend within the university. Most of the university students use this HSPA technology to access 3G and 4G networks and gather necessary information whenever they need them. Many ISP's give many packages for university students with discounts. Because of this HSPA it enables users to use GPS anywhere they want in a 4G enabled area on the move. It also help users to browse the web, check emails and much more in a much higher speed. As a result HSPA makes day to day live portable and enjoyable. In the industry level in most business industries HSPA is used in company day-to-day communication activities. This is because it will help to connect the whole company without using any wired connection technologies. In business sometimes users will have the need to download large attachments for their business needs, HSPA will provides High-Speed Downlink rates so that the users can download their attachments and reports within few minutes. It will also help the user to connect the company network in order to access internal documents while being in a 3G enabled network area. Mobility is the most important factor in the business industries. HSPA has given the opportunity to connect any mobile device to any network through internet. Because of this users like marketing executives who are on the move most of the time will be able to keep update their colleagues while themselves being updated on the work in the company via internet.

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8.2 Locality
This wireless technology has mainly aimed at anyone who is in need of a high-speed connection to internet or a network while on the move without using a wired connection. On the summarization of the facts it can be considered HSPA has gained the attention of teenagers and business corporations in vastly as it provides mobility and faster download and upload rates.

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9.0 Advantages of HSPA

Access to the internet with a mobile broadband opens the door to e-mails, videos, banks, government service etc. Therefore, users can get quick, easier access to whatever they want to do from wherever they are. HSPA is an extremely cost-effective path to high data rates and provides more efficient use of the valuable spectrum.

Uses cellular infrastructure which are already exists, when compared to other networks which need brand new infrastructure.

Peak data rates of up to seven times higher than other networks. HSDPA has an uplink peak data rate of 384Kbps and a downlink peak data rate of 10Mbps. HSUPA has an uplink peak data rate of 1.4Mbps and a downlink peak data rate of 10Mbps

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Has lower latency, thereby minimizing transmission delays. Better bandwidth efficiency which allows the transmission of maximum amount of data with few transmission errors. Since it uses cellular network, it connects maximum number of users per cell and maintains an acceptable QoS (Quality of Service). Provides better coverage for high data rates, than other networks. HSPA represents radio innovation and capability, thereby allowing it to support a wide range of applications such as having voice and data on the same device simultaneously. Information can be accessed at faster rates when compared to DSL connections. Provides seamless connectivity without the requirement of hotspots. Increased security levels. Secured as a private IP address under a common firewall, thus making the work of hackers tougher. Reduced round- trip time between the network and terminal, thus speeding up web-page performance. Sophisticated scheduling allowing favorable allocation of resources. HSPA uses a technique called AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) which maximizes the capacity and ensures that all users benefit from the best data rate.

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10.0 Disadvantages of HSPA

HSPA suffers from cell breathing. Cell breathing means there will be interference between users in the same cell as well in the neighbouring cells. As a result the connection wont be clear. Due to cell breathing, there is also a limit to download data. HSPA technology charges for the amount of data that has been downloaded. The data includes loading of web pages, thus its a disadvantage as users are charged for the uploading of web pages. HSPA has a theoretical speed limit of 14.4Mbps, while Wi-Max has a speed of 70Mbps. This means that Wi-Max will be a serious competitor for HSPA. Since HSPA and R99/R4 service cannot share the same frequency, a switch is required in the system in order to increase the delay time. This makes it less efficient.

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11.0 Conclusion
In todays world, markets are hugely competitive. User expectations are formed by their increasing experience with LAN and wireless networks. HSPA technology makes access to sophisticated mobile IP services- a reality for UMTS carriers. HSPA is an extremely cost-effective method to high data rates and makes efficient use of the valuable bandwidth. It is broadly divided into two parts namely, HSUPA and HSDPA. They both dramatically increase the download and upload speeds, thereby enabling operators to compete effectively in todays markets and accomplish the need for enhanced QoS and bandwidth -hungry services in an efficient and cost-effective manner. With continued evolution, peak data rates will continue to increase, spectral efficiency will increase and latency will decrease. As a result, users will utilize this technology due to high speed and more applications being enabled. Application scope will also increase, with QoS control and multimedia support through systems. Having a greater efficiency, will lead to more competitive offers, greater network usage and increased revenues.

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12.0 Critical Evaluation

The aim of this assignment was to perform a research on any wireless communication technology and the technology which was chosen was HSPA (High Speed Packet Access). The requirement of this assignment was to produce a report which emphasized on the particular technologys importance, its implementation, the criteria and circumstances for the implementations and the advantages and disadvantages of the selected technology. HSPA is divided into two parts namely, HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) and HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access). It is a mobile broadband technology which is currently being used in todays 3G UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) and other radio networks. The HSPA technology provides peak data rates, which are seven times higher than other networks. The increase in the download and upload speeds in HSPA is achieved by providing more efficient use of the valuable bandwidth, having a lower latency, utilizing an already existing cellular infrastructure and by having reduced round-trip times. All these factors account for the transmission of maximum amount data in a short period of time, with fewer transmission errors. In order to implement this technology, there are some considerations and criteria which have to be looked into. The considerations include granularity, moving MAC control, and a high level of complexity. The criteria required are hardware, software, cost and skills. The other pre-requisites would be security issues and the regulations placed by the country. In the case of HSPA, no security functions are provided, but users are authenticated by their SIM cards. Thus, taking all these factors into consideration, HSPA has been implemented in various places such as companies, universities, schools etc. As a group of three individuals, performing this research helped us gain more knowledge about the HSPA technology. Not only did we broaden our knowledge on telecommunication, but we also enhanced our research and team work skill. This research helped us in understanding the various networking terms and devices, and we as a group were able to successfully compile a document on HSPA by emphasizing on all the project requirements.

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13.0 Reference
Andy Craigen.2007, The role and impact of user equipment in HSxPA networks, [Online], Available: http://www.icerasemi.com/downloads/UserEquipmentInHSxPANetworks_White%20Paper%202 50107.pdf [Accessed 25th August 2011] 4gamericas.org. 2009. HSPA: High Speed Packet Access. [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=pageionid=247. [Accessed 25 August

11]. Dialog Axiata PLC. 2011. HSPA. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.dialog.lk/personal/broadband/hspa/technology/hspa/. [Accessed 25 August 11] Net Resources International. 2011. HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access). [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/hsupa/. [Accessed 25 August 11] 4gamericas.org. 2011. HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=pageionid=350. [Accessed 27 August 11]. Conjecture Corporation. 2003. Hsdpa . [ONLINE] Available

at: http://www.wisegeek.com/topics/hsdpa.htm. [Accessed 28 August 11]. nomor.de. 2010. Technology_of_HSPA. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.nomor.de/uploads/b0/2m/b02mwrVvIa5ZUtVrFeSP1w/Technology_of_HSPA.pdf. [Accessed 27 August 11]. gsmworld. 2010. HSPA. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/HSPA.pdf. [Accessed 28 August 11]. it.iitb.ac.in.2002. Node-B.[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~satyajit/seminar/node29.html. [Accessed 29 August 11].

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DF10A1ICT [TELECOMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT - DF10] Performance Technologies. 2011. Radio Network Controller. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://pt.com/page/application-examples/radio-network-controller. [Accessed 29 August 11].

Javvin Company. 2011. HS-DSCH: High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.javvin.com/wireless/HS-DSCH.html. [Accessed 29 August 11] Ghadialy. Z. 2004. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA): A Tutorial. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Tutorial/ZG/zg_hsdpa.html. [Accessed 29 August 11] imaworld.org.2010. HSPA.[ONLINE]Availableat:http://www.imaworld.org/_Uploads/dbsAtta

chedFiles/HSPA.pdf. [Accessed 29 August 11]

ATITKAR. A. 2010. Understanding HSDPAs Implementation Challenges. [ONLINE] Available at:http://aaditech.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/understanding-hsdpas-

implementation-challenges/. [Accessed 29 August 11].

Maidment. D. 2005. Understanding HSDPA's implementation challenges. [ONLINE] Available at:

http://www.eetasia.com/ARTICLES/2005SEP/B/2005SEP01_RFD_NETD_TA.pdf?SOURC ES=DOWNLOAD. [Accessed 30 August 11]

Lurie .S. 2006. HSDPA vs. WiMAX: Comparing Characteristics and Prospects of Datacom Technologies. [ONLINE] Available at: http://ixbtlabs.com/articles2/mobile/wimax.html.

[Accessed 30 August 11]

Tektronix.2010. HSPA.[ONLINE]Availableat:http://www.tektronixcommunications.com/te chnologies/wireless/hspa. [Accessed 30 August 11].

4gamericas.org. 2010. Q&A: HSPA. [ONLINE] Available [Accessed 30

at: http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&pageid=1101. August 11].

1. (http://www.ericsson.com/solutions/news/2007/q4/20071108_hspa_brings_the_world.sht ml) 2. (http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/lucent_hsdpa_paper_2005.pdf) 3. (http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3434341) Page 25

DF10A1ICT [TELECOMMUNICATION ASSIGNMENT - DF10] 4. (http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/lucent_hsdpa_paper_2005.pdf) 5. (http://lazure2.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/phonescoop-end-of-may-2010-hspa-vswimax-speed- results.jpg) 6. (http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/spectrum-efficiency) 7. (http://www.imaworld.org/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/HSPA.pdf) 8. (http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/2007_Rysavy_091007.pdf) 9. (http://www.mobile-broadband.org.uk/guides/mobile-broadband-hsdpa/) 10. (code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/rtt.html) 11. (http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/lucent_hsdpa_paper_2005.pdf) 12. (http://qna.rediff.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-disadvantages-ofhspa/15726663/answers) 13. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/24221700/Telecommunications-Research-on-MobileBroadband-HSPA-HSPDA)
14. 15. 16. 17. http://media.techworld.com/cmsdata/whitepapers/5230/3087_basic_conc_hspa_a.pdf http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/HSPA.pdf http://www.dialog.lk/personal/broadband/hspa/devices/huawei-e153/ http://www.ingelec.uns.edu.ar/Lapsyc/research_files/Page338.htm

Image Referencing http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~satyajit/seminar/node29.html

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