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Introduction:
Natural Numbers:
All positive integers are natural numbers.
Ex 1,2,3,4,8,......
There are infinite natural numbers and number 1 is the least natural number.
Based on divisibility there would be two types of natural numbers. They are
Prime Numbers:
A natural number larger than unity is a prime number if it
does not have other divisors except for itself and unity.
Note:-Unity i e,1 is not a prime number.
Composite Numbers:
The numbers which are not prime are known as composite numbers.
Co-Primes:
place value:
Example 689745132
Place value of 2 is (2*1)=2
Place value of 3 is (3*10)=30 and so on.
Face value:-It is the value of the digit itself at whatever
place it may be.
Example 689745132
Face value of 2 is 2.
Face value of 3 is 3 and so on.
Tests of Divisibility:
Divisibility by 2:-A number is divisible by 2,if its unit's digit is
any of 0,2,4,6,8.
Example 20820,50345
Divisibility by 6:-If the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.
example 35256 is clearly divisible by 2
sum of digits =3+5+2+5+21,which is divisible by 3
Thus the given number is divisible by 6.
BASIC FORMULAE:
(a+b)²=a²+b²+2ab
(a-b)²=a²+b²-2ab
(a+b)²-(a-b)²=4ab
(a+b)²+(a-b)²=2(a²+b²)
a²-b²=(a+b)(a-b)
(a-+b+c)²=a²+b²+c²+2(ab+b c+ca)
a³+b³=(a+b)(a²+b²-ab)
a³-b³=(a-b)(a²+b²+ab)
a³+b³+c³-3a b c=(a+b+c)(a²+b²+c²-ab-b c-ca)
If a+b+c=0 then a³+b³+c³=3a b c
DIVISION ALGORITHM
If we divide a number by another number ,then
Dividend = (Divisor * quotient) + Remainder
MULTIPLICATION BY SHORT CUT METHODS
1.Multiplication by distributive law:
a)a*(b+c)=a*b+a*c
b)a*(b-c)=a*b-a*c
Example
a)567958*99999=567958*(100000-1)
567958*100000-567958*1
56795800000-567958
56795232042
b)978*184+978*816=978*(184+816)
978*1000=978000
Example 975436*625=975436*54=9754360000/16=609647500.
PROGRESSION:
A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a definite order according
to certain definite rule is called a progression.
Important Results:
a.1+2+3+4+5......................=n(n+1)/2.
b.12+22+32+42+52......................=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6.
c.13+23+33+43+53......................=n2(n+1)2/4
2.Geometric Progression:-A progression of numbers in which every
term bears a constant ratio with ts preceding term.
i.e a,a r,a r2,a r3...............
In G.P Tn=a r n-1
Sum of n terms Sn=a(1-r n)/1-r
Problems
1.Simplify
a.8888+888+88+8
b.11992-7823-456
Solution: a.8888
888
88
8
9872
b.11992-7823-456=11992-(7823+456)
=11992-8279=3713
Solution: 5 P Q
3 R 7
2 Q 8
11 1 4
2+P+Q+R=11
Maximum value of Q =11-2=9 (P=0,R=0)
Solution:
a. 5793405*9999=5793405*(10000-1)
57934050000-5793405=57928256595
b. 839478*625=839478*54=8394780000/16=524673750.
4.Evaluate 313*313+287*287
Solution:
a²+b²=1/2((a+b)²+(a-b)²)
1/2(313+287)² +(313-287)²=1/2(600 ² +26 ² )
½(360000+676)=180338
Solution:
a.241
16>√241.Hence take the value of Z=16.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11 and 13.
241 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can
conclude that 241 is a prime number.
b. 337
19>√337.Hence take the value of Z=19.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11,13 and 17.
337 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can conclude
that 337 is a prime number.
c. 391
20>√391.Hence take the value of Z=20.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17 and 19.
391 is divisible by 17. Hence we can conclude
that 391 is not a prime number.
12.On dividing 15968 by a certain number the quotient is 89 and the remainder
is 37.Find the divisor?
Solution:Divisor = (Dividend-Remainder)/Quotient
=(15968-37) / 89
=179.
13.A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47.When the same number
is divided by 19 what would be the remainder?
Solution:Number=342 K + 47 = 19 * 18 K + 19 * 2 + 9=19 ( 18K + 2) + 9.
The given number when divided by 19 gives 18 K + 2 as quotient and 9 as
remainder.
3 x 5 y -1 8 z -4 1 - 7 z=8*1+7=15
y=5z+4 = 5*15+4 = 79
x=3y+1 = 3*79+1=238
Now
8 238
5 29 - 6
3 5 -4
1 -2
Respective remainders are 6,4,2.
19.2+22+23+24+25..........+28=?
Solution:1000+N>1000N
clearly N=1.
21.The sum of all possible two digit numbers formed from three
different one digit natural numbers when divided by the sum of the
original three numbers is equal to?
a.18 b.22 c.36 d. none
22.The sum of three prime numbers is 100.If one of them exceeds another by
36 then one of the numbers is?
a.7 b.29 c.41 d67.
Solution:x+(x+36)+y=100
2x+y=64
Therefore y must be even prime which is 2
2x+2=64=>x=31.
Third prime number =x+36=31+36=67.
23.A number when divided by the sum of 555 and 445 gives two times
their difference as quotient and 30 as remainder .The number is?
a.1220 b.1250 c.22030 d.220030.
Solution:Number=(555+445)*(555-445)*2+30
=(555+445)*2*110+30
=220000+30=220030.
Solution:Dividend=12*35=420.
Now dividend =420 and divisor =21.
Therefore correct quotient =420/21=20.