PROFIT AND LOSS

Important Facts:
Cost Price:

The price at which an article is purchased , is called its cost price, abbreviated as
C.P.
Selling Price:

The price at which an article is sold , is called its selling price, abbreviated as S.P.

Profit or Gain:

If S.P. Is greater than C.P. The seller is said to have a profit or gain.

Loss:

if S.P. Is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.

FORMULAE
1.Gain=(S.P-C.P)
2.Loss=(C.P-S.P)
3.Loss or Gain is always reckoned on C.P.
4.Gain%=(gain*100)/C.P
5.Loss%=(loss*100)/C.P
6.S.P=[(100+gain%)/100]*C.P
7.S.P=[(100-loss%)/100]*C.P
8.C.P=(100*S.P)/(100+gain%)
9.C.P=(100*S.P)/(100-loss%)
10.If an article is sold at a gain of say,35%,then S.P=135% of C.P.
11.If an article is sold at a loss of say,35%,then S.P=65% of C.P.

12.When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say, x% and the other at
a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by
Loss%=[common loss and gain %/10]2=(x/10)2

13.If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weight, then
Gain%=[(error/(true value-error))*100]%

14.Net selling price=Marked price-Discount

Simple Problems

1.A man buys an article for Rs.27.50 and sells it for Rs.28.60
Find the gain percent.

Sol: C.P=Rs 27.50 S.P=Rs 28.60

then Gain=S.P-C.P=28.60-27.50=Rs 1.10
Gain%=(gain*100)/C.P%
=(1.10*100)/27.50%=4%

2.If a radio is purchased for Rs 490 and sold for Rs 465.50

Find the loss%?

Sol: C.P=Rs 490 S.P=Rs 465.50

Loss=C.P-S.P=490-465.50=Rs 24.50
Loss%=(loss*100)/C.P%
=(24.50*100)/490%=5%

3.Find S.P when C.P=Rs 56.25 and Gain=20%

Sol: S.P=[(100+gain%)/100]*C.P
 S.P=[(100+20)/100]56.25=Rs 67.50

4.Find S.P when C.P=Rs 80.40,loss=5%

Sol: S.P=[(100-loss%)/100]*C.P
S.P=[(100-5)/100]*80.40=Rs 68.34

5.Find C.P when S.P=Rs 40.60,gain=16%?

Sol: C.P=(100*S.P)/(100+gain%)
C.P=(100*40.60)/(100+16)=Rs 35

6.Find C.P when S.P=Rs 51.70 ,loss=12%?

Sol: C.P=(100*S.P)/(100-loss%)
C.P=(100*51.70)/(100-12)=Rs 58.75

7.A person incurs 5% loss by selling a watch for Rs 1140 . At

what price should the watch be sold to earn 5% profit?

Sol: Let the new S.P be Rs x then,

(100-loss%):(1st S.P)=(100+gain%):(2nd S.P)
(100-5)/1140=(100+5)/x
x=(105*1140)/95=Rs 1260

8.If the cost price is 96% of the selling price, then what is
the profit percent?

Sol: let S.P=Rs 100 then C.P=Rs 96

profit=S.P-C.P=100-96=Rs 4
profit%=(profit*C.P)/100%
=(4*96)/100=4.17%

9.A discount dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price

but uses a weight of 960 gms for a Kg weight .Find his gain %?

Sol: Gain%=[(error*100)/(true value-error)]%

=[(40*100)/1000-40)]%=25/6%

10.A man sold two flats for Rs 675,958 each .On one he gains
16% while on the other he losses 16%.How much does he gain or
lose in the whole transaction?

Sol: loss%=[common loss or gain%/10]2=(16/10)2=2.56%

11.A man sold two cows at Rs 1995 each. On one he lost 10% and
on the other he gained 10%.what his gain or loss percent?

Sol: If loss% and gain% is equal to 10

then there is no loss or no gain.

12.The price of an article is reduced by 25% in order to

restore the must be increased by ?

Sol: [x/(100-x)]*100 =[25/(100-25)]*100

=(25/75)*100=100/3%

13.Two discounts of 40% and 20% equal to a single discount of?

Sol: {[(100-40)/100]*[(100-20)/100]}%=(60*80)/(100*100)%
=48%
single discount is equal to (100-48)%=52%

Difficult Problems
1.The cost of an article including the sales tax is Rs 616.The
rate of sales tax is 10%,if the shopkeeper has made a profit
of 12%,then the cost price of the article is?

Sol: 110% of S.P=616

S.P=(616*100)/110=Rs 560
C.P=(100*S.P)/(100+gain%)
C.P. =(100*560)/(100+12)=Rs 500

2.Sam purchased 20 dozens of toys at the rate of 375 Rs per dozen.

He sold each one of then at the rate of Rs 33.What was his
percentage profit?

Sol: C.P of one toy=Rs 375/12=Rs 31.25

S.P of one toy=Rs 33
profit=S.P-C.P=33-31.25=Rs 1.75
profit %=(profit/C.P)*100
=(1.75/31.25)*100
profit% =5.6%

3.Two third of consignment was sold at a profit of 5% and the

remainder at a loss of 2%.If the total was Rs 400,the value of the
consignment was?

Sol: let the total value be Rs x

value of 2/3=2x/3, value of 1/3=x/3
total S.P value be Rs x
total S.P=[(105% of 2x/3)+(98% of x/3)]
=(105*2x)/(100*3)+(98/100)+x/3
=308x/300
(308x/300)-x=400
8x/300=400
x=(300*400)/8=Rs 15000

4.Kunal bought a suitcase with 15% discount on the labelled price.

He sold the suitcase for Rs 2880 with 20% profit on the labelled
price .At what price did he buy the suitcase?

Sol: let the labelled price be Rs x

then 120% of x=2880
x=(2880*100)/120=Rs 2400
C.P=85% of the 2400
(85*2400)/100=Rs 2040

5.A tradesman gives 4% discount on the marked price and gives

article free for buying every 15 articles and thus gains 35%. The
marked price is above the cost price by

Sol: let the C.P of each article be Rs 100

then C.P of 16 articles=Rs (100*16)=Rs 1600
S.P of 15 articles =1600*(135/100)=Rs 2160
 S.P of each article =2160/15=Rs 144
If S.P is Rs 96, marked price =Rs 100
If S.P is Rs 144,marked price =(100/96)*144=Rs 15000
therefore marked price=50% above C.P

6.By selling 33m of cloth ,one gains the selling price of 11m.Find
the gain percent?

Sol: gain=S.P of 33m-C.P of 33m

=11m of S.P
S.P of 22m=C.P of 33m
let C.P of each meter be Rs 1,then C.P of 22m=Rs 22
S.P of 22m=Rs 33
gain=S.P-C.P=33-22=Rs 11
gain%=(gain/C.P)*100
=(11/22)*100=50%

7.The price of a jewel, passing through three hands, rises on the

whole by 65%.if the first and second sellers earned 20% and 25%
profit respectively, find the percentage profit earned by the
third seller?

Sol: let the original price of the jewel be Rs P and

let the profit earned by the third seller be x%
then (100+x)% of 125% of P=165% of P
[(100+x)/100]*(125/100)*(120/100)*P=(165/100)*P
100+x=(165*100*100)/(125*120)
100+x=110
x=10%

8.When a producer allows 36% commission on the retail price of his

product ,he earns a profit of 8.8%.what would be his profit
percent if the commission is reduced by 24%

Sol: let retail price =Rs 100

commission=Rs 36
S.P=retail price-commission=100-36=Rs 64
 But profit=8.8%
C.P=(100*C.P)/(gain+100)=(100*64)/(100+8.8)=Rs 1000/17
new commission=Rs 12
new S.P=100-12=Rs 88
gain=88-(1000/17)=Rs 496/17
gain%=gain*100/C.P
=(496*17*100)(17*1000)
gain%=49.6%

9.Vikas bought paper sheets for Rs 7200 and spent Rs 200 on

transport. Paying Rs 600,he had 330 boxes made, which he sold
at Rs 28 each. His profit percentage is

Sol: total investments=7200+200+600=Rs 8000

total receipt=330*28=Rs 9240
gain=S.P-C.P
=total receipt-total investments
gain=9240-8000=Rs 1240
gain% =gain*100/C.P=1240*100/8000=15.5%

10.A person earns 15% on investment but loses 10% on another

investment .If the ratio of the two investments be 3:5 ,what is the
gain or loss on the two investments taken together?

Sol: let the investments be 3x and 5x

then total investment=8x
total receipt=115% of 3x+90% of 5x
=115*3x/100+90*5x/100=7.95x
loss=C.P-S.P=8x-7.95x=0.05x
loss%=.05x*100/8x=0.625%

11.The profit earned by selling an article for Rs 900 is double the

loss incurred when the same article is sold for Rs 490 .At what
price should the article be sold to make 25% profit?

Sol: let C.P be Rs x

900-x=2(x-450)
3x=1800
x=Rs 600
C.P=Rs 600 , gain required=25%
 S.P=(100+gain%)*C.P/100
S.P=(100+25)*600/100=Rs 750

12.If an article is sold at 5% gain instead of 5% loss, the seller

gets Rs 6.72 more. The C.P of the article is?

Sol: let C.P be Rs x

105% of x-95% of x=6.72
(105/100)*x-(95/100)*x=6.72
x/10=6.72
x=Rs 67.21.