SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G.

Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.1

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 Porosity 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Sphericity 1 Loose Normal Dense

Figure 4-5. Porosity as a function of sphericity and packing structure. Loose packed materials are ones that have not had much time to settle due to vibrations. A normal packed material is one that may have sat for several days or weeks. Dense packed materials are ones that have sat for a year or more and have had ample time to settle and vibrate into its most densely packed structure under force of gravity.

The plot in Figure 4-5 is obtained by curve fitting data. The loose packed porosity is a function of sphericity given by

Loose = 0.4411 2 1.1042 + 1.0873 All three curves are generated by defining a packing parameter, , such that 0 for Loose Packing = 0.5 for Normal Packing 1 for Dense Packing
and the porosity is given by for any packing condition.

(4-6)

(4-7)

= (1 0.297 ( 0.8)) Loose

(4-8)

SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.2
Krieger-Dougherty Equation for estimating bulk viscosity of slurries (I.M. Krieger and T.J. Dougherty, Trans.Soc. Rheol., 3, 137-152, 1959) has the form

(1 ) = 1 (1 ) c
0

A (1 c )

(4-9)

where A is a material parameter. Bird et.al. (R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, and E.N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 2002) list values for parameter A from several references. A plot of the data in Figure 4-6 gives a rough approximation between A and c as A 10.1 c (4-10) The data points in the plot are scattered meaning that Eq.(4-6) should only be used if experimental data are not available.
12

Material
y = 10.107x R2 = 0.4134

A 2.7 3.28 3.25 5.0 9.0 9.25 9.87 5.8 3.8 5.03 6.0

c
0.29 0.39 0.31 0.45 0.65 0.732 .618 .629 0.626 0.74 0.767

10

Submicron spheres 40 micron spheres Ground Gypsum TiO2 Laterite Glass Rods 30x700m Glass Rods 100x400m Quartz grains 53-76 m Glass fiber aspect ratio 7 Glass fiber aspect ratio 14 Glass fiber aspect ratio 21

0 0 0.1 0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure 4-6 Relation between parameter A and c in Eq. (4-10).

SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.3
Janssens coefficient is defined as

K=

where rr and zz are the stress components in the r and z directions. These stresses are the total stresses acting on the multiphase material. These stresses are the sum of the fluid phase and solid phase stresses. Hence, this definition applies whether the material is totally liquid, totally solid, or a mixture in-between. This coefficient represents the ratio of the measurable stresses, as can be measured with a strain gauge to measure the force acting on a defined probe surface. For a pure liquid we know that the probe would measure an equal pressure in all directions within the liquid at a given point within the liquid at stagnant conditions. Hence for a pure liquid K=1. For a totally solid material K=0 because we know we can set a weight on top of a solid block and all of the stresses within the block are aligned vertically. Figure 4-9 gives a rough correlation showing the Janssens coefficient approximate values for several fluid-solid mixture materials. This correlation is crude, it only gives a rough approximation. For most granular materials we can take Janssens coefficient to be approximately 0.4.

rr zz

(4-22)

LIQUIDS LOW CONCENTRATION SLURRIES HIGH CONCENTRATION SLURRIES

FILTER CAKES PACKED BEDS GRANULAR MATERIALS POLYMERS

0 0

SOLIDS

VOLUME FRACTION LIQUID Figure 4-9. Janssens Coefficient for various materials.

SOLIDS PROCESSING HANDOUTS, George G. Chase, The University of Akron

HANDOUT 4.4
Table 4-2. Permeabilities of typical materials.

Material

Clean sand, sand-gravel mixture Non-woven glass fiber filter media fine sand, silt, loam peat filter aides (diatomaceous earth, etc.) clay sandstone granite

Permeability Coefficient, k (m2) 10-12 to 10-9 10-10 to 10-9 10-16 to 10-12 10-13 to 10-11 10-14 to 10-12 10-16 to 10-13 10-16 to 10-11 10-20 to 10-18