Power Quality

Training Courses

Reliability of electricity supply - appliances

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

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 Module 5

Reliability of electricity supply - appliances

1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of this module is to provide the user a detailed overview of the reliability of electricity
supply - appliances problems, by supplying a guidance for the choice of the scheme for the
electrical grids and of the emergency and standby power systems, by giving the users a
comprehensive description of static and rotating UPS features. In the last sections of this module
users can find additional informations about the new emerging technologies as well as some good
engineering practices.

1.1 General aims

This module’s general aim is to provide the attendants the basic knowledge about the concept of
reliability, and some tools for the choice of the scheme and features of power systems and to
evaluate the reliability of the choosen system.
The aim is achieved through 8 didactic sections, as follows:
− Section 1: Definitions;
− Section 2: Mathematical methods to evaluate reliability;
− Section 3: Basic schemes of electrical grids; choice of the schemes;
− Section 4: Emergency and standby power systems;
− Section 5: Static and rotating UPS systems;
− Section 6: Emerging Technologies;
− Section 7: Good engineering practices;
− Section 8: Case study.

1.2 Target groups

This module’s target group includes: designers, experts, installers, users, grid operators, and all
those who wish to expand their knowledge in reliability of supply.

2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS

The pathway of learning consists of a 2 days course, subdivided in sections (with different
duration), with these contents and related aims.

1st day
Contents Definitions (reliability, redundancy, etc…); mathematical methods to evaluate
reliability; basic schemes of electrical grids (simple radial system, ring scheme,
etc…); rules for the choice of the schemes.
Aims The aim of the first day lessons is to introduce the basic knowledge related to
reliability of supply. After an introductory section with all the related definitions,
the successive lessons provide the users some tools for a correct choice of the
power supply scheme.
2nd day
Contents Emergency and standby power systems; static and rotating UPS systems;
emerging Technologies; good engineering practices; case study.
Aims The second day lessons aim is to provide the attendants some practical
informations and tools on the the choice of the emergency and standby power
systems. The last sections of the course will be dedicated to UPS’s and new
emerging technologies.

Below there’s a detailed overview of the course contents.

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2.1 Pathway of learning flow chart

3 COURSE DETAILED PROGRAM

General notes:
− each day there will be one coffee break (30 mins) which will divide the lesson in two parts no
longer than 2,5 hours;
− at the beginning of the course the lecturer will explain course aims and at the end he will verify
their fulfilment through a knowledge test;
− the course will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;

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− at the end of the lessons, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the course
quality.

First day:

30 mins Participants registration and course introduction

30 mins Section 1: Definitions

− Availability and continuity
− Reliability (see IEC IEV ref. 191-12-01)
− Redundancy
Modality: Lesson

30 mins Section 2: Mathematical methods to evaluate reliability

Modality: Lesson

60 mins Section 3: Basic schemes of electrical grids

− Simple radial system
− Ring scheme
− Double radial scheme
− Meshed scheme
− Compound scheme
Modality: Lesson

30 mins Coffe break

120 mins Section 3: Choice of the schemes

− Parameters and basic conditions
− Scheme of the grid as a link between supplies and loads
− Characteristics of the installation
− Independence
− Bottlenecks
− Uniform availability and limit of tight of the components
− Redundancy of protections
− Resilience and flexilility – capability of replacement
− Reserve power
− The system supply section and end section
− The functions “standard” and “preferential”
Modality: Lesson and discussion

Second day

60 mins Section 4: Emergency and standby power systems

− Descriptions and applications of available systems
− Basics
− Engine-Driven Generators
− Turbine-Driven Generators
− Mechanical-Stored Energy System
− Inverter/battery Systems
− Introduction Uninterruptible Power Systems
Modality: Lesson

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60 mins Section 5: Static and rotating UPS systems
− General description of the technology
− Main Characteristics and limitations
− Applications
− UPS Structures
− Energy storage (battery)
− Standards
Modality: Lesson and discussion

30 mins Coffe break

30 mins Section 6: Emerging Technologies

− Fuel cells
− Supercapacitors
− Superconductors
Modality: Lesson and discussion

60 mins Section 7: Good engineering practices

− STS
− Grounding
− Protection
− Maintenance
Modality: Lesson and practical training

30 mins Section 8: Case study

Modality: Lesson and practical training

60 mins Final discussion; end of the course; user’s satisfaction questionnaire;

Confirmations of attendance

4 TEACHING METHODS
Teaching methods are summarized in three main moments:
− knowledge transfer (Lesson)
topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides and eventually other electronic tools
(animations, data sheets, didactic movies…);
− deepening/learning verification (Discussion)
general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the lesson) to verify knowledge
transfer and to eventually deepen particular topics;
− practical training (and eventually laboratory activities)
group work (~ 6 persons/group) for topics deepening, practical problems solution and case
studies overview under the supervision of the lecturer.

During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination
duty.

5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS

The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:
− Blackboard
− Video-projector
− Notebook
− Microphone

The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the addendants.

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Each user will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:
− course program;
− lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides.

Some additional electronic tools will be available also in electronic format at: http://www.leonardo-
energy.org/drupal/ .

The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire and a knowledge test (which will be
both filled and submitted at the end of the course).

6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

The user’s existing knowledge should include:

Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Power systems •
Power quality •

7 ACQUIRED COURSE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

At the end of this course the user will have learned the basic aspects related to the key concept of
reliability along with some practical informations and tools on the choice of the scheme to adopt for
power supply and on the choice of the emergency and stand-by supply.

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