Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Energy
s METALS
q organisation of the periodic table,the mole
s WATER
q intermolecular forces q distillation q endothermic and exothermic reactions
s Core 2- compounds
q systems of formulae and nomenclature
s Core 7-energy
q chemicals as energy, H, chemical energy and people
s tutorial on photosynthesis
s http://www.life.uiuc.edu/cheeseman/JC.software.html
s photosynthesis tutorial program (PC version is currently free, 1.36Mb) s note that both of these sites give much more detail than is required at this point
s carbon fixation involves ATP and NADPH, regenerates ADP and NADP. These concepts will recur in the year 12 Biochemistry Option
s Role of the production of high energy carbohydrates from carbon dioxide as the important step in the stabilization of the suns energy in usable form s what is a high energy compound? s Combustion as an exothermic process releasing energy s C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
c = 3 x 108 m s-1
s Quantitatively, bond energies can be used to estimate this, (next page) but syllabus does not require such calculations
s Explain the relationship between carbons combining power and ability to form a variety of bonds and the existence of a large number of carbon compounds
q q q q C-C,C=C,CC, C-H C-O, C=O C-N, C=N, CN C-X
s give a few examples of compounds (IUPAC nomenclature); note that other organic compounds will be met in year12
s explain the relationship between melting point etc of the above hydrocarbons and their non-polar nature and intermolecular forces (dispersion forces)
q dispersion (London) forces come from instantaneous dipoles, which depend on polarizability q polarizability is not mentioned in the syllabus so should probably not be used, but the size of the instantaneous dipoles depends on number of electrons and the effective volume in which they are confined, thus dispersion forces depend on size of molecule q recall dipoles and dipole dipole interactions from WATER
Methane
>60
Propane
10
-104
466
2.2-9.5
Butane
2.4
-60
430
1.1-8.4
Octane
0.015
13
220
1.0-4.7
Combustion provides another opportunity to examine the conditions under which chemical reactions occur(1)
s Identify combustion as an exothermic chemical reaction
q reinforce exothermic versus endothermic reactions
s outline changes in molecules during chemical reactions in terms of bond breaking and bond making s explain that energy is required to break bonds..
q reinforce concepts from photosynthesis
s identify the role of a wick and explain the conditions under which it is needed
q this appears to be familiar material from the old syllabus
s this section largely repeats what was covered under Living organisms make high energy compounds
Combustion provides another opportunity to examine the conditions under which chemical reactions occur(2)
s Describe the energy needed to begin a chemical reaction as activation energy s molecular description: reactant molecules must collide with a minimum amount of energy for reaction to occur s Describe the energy profile diagram for both endothermic and exothermic reactions s examples:
q CO + NO2 CO2 + NO E = 134 kJ, H = -226 kJ q 2 HI H2 + I2 E = 180 kJ, H = 159 kJ
Combustion provides another opportunity to examine the conditions under which chemical reactions occur(3)
s explain the relationship between ignition temperature and activation energy s initiation of free radical reactions (C-H bond breaking) requires collisional activation; note that C-H bonds become weaker in longer chain alkanes (compare methane, 435 kJ mol -1 and ethane, 410 kJ mol -1) s identify the sources of pollution which accompany combustion of organic compounds and explain how these can be avoided s describe chemical reactions to summarize examples of complete and incomplete combustion s pollutants: CO2,CO, NO2 (SO2)
Combustion provides another opportunity to examine the conditions under which chemical reactions occur(4)
s s s s s CH4 + 1.5 O2 CO + 2H2O CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O N2 + O2 2 NO NO + 0.5 O2 NO2 (NO produced above 1300C)
Combustion provides another opportunity to examine the conditions under which chemical reactions occur(5)
s Examples of exhaust gas treatment:
q selective catalytic reduction (power stations) q 6NO2 + 8NH3 7N2 + 12H2O (vanadium oxide catalyst) q selective catalytic reduction (car exhaust) q 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 q 4CO + 2NO2 4CO2 + N2 q CH4 + 2NO2 CO2 + 2H2O + N2
(Pd/Pt/Rh catalysts)
s 2H2 + O2 2H2O
q initiation: H2 + O2 OH + OH q propagation: q H2 + OH H2O + H q O2 + H O + OH q O + H2 OH + H q termination: q H + OH H2O q OH + W WHO wall reactions q rate of propagation versus termination determines overall reaction rate