PQ Level2

Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 1
Voltage dips and short interruptions
- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -
LPQIVES is co-financed by:
LPQIVES is a programme of:
LPQI is part of:
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Power Quality Expert Level 2
Module 1
Voltage dips and short interruptions
1 INTRODUCTION
Voltage dips and short and long interruptions have a negative influence on the power consumer’s
economical indicators. The practical determination of PQ indexes can offer useful information to
the electricity supplier, concerning the PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be
supplied to the customers for decisions taking in relation with assuring of a well operation into the
electrical network node under discussion.
1.1 General aims
Two kinds of electromagnetic disturbances are dealt with in this seminar: voltage dips and short
interruptions. In this sense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these
disturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the
information extraction needed for the decisions processing related to the mitigation of the power
quality of the supplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for
which will be selected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
This module’s target group are mainly:
• end-users of equipment;
• designers, consultants;
• building up or installation work contractor;
• electric networks operators;
• equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.
2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS
The pathway of module consists of a 2 days seminar, subdivided in sections (with different
duration), with these contents and related aims.
1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage dips and short interruptions, methods and
measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition (measurement principles,
references values etc.). Criteria and requirements for measurements performing,
techniques of reporting the results etc.
Notions about statistical processing of the experimental results. EXCEL programming
notions, examples of graphic tracing, statistical analyze.
Monitoring equipment description and operation.
The installation of the software, on computers, in directly relation with the equipment
under debate. The download of the measured data. The preliminary analizes of the
measured data.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and short supply interruptions. The
supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, the
download on computers and the statistical processing of the measured data.
2nd day
Contents The tagging of the experimental data over CBEMA, ITIC curves. The assesment of
power quality indexes. The aggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with PQ indexes
performed attached at the electrical networks. The customer prejudices assesment.
Solutions for the power quality improvment and economical evaluation. To decide on and
to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real situation (a customer sensitive to
voltage dips and short supply interruptions).
Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality
and prejudices. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. To decide on and to
dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real case/situation.
Below there’s an overview of the module contents.
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2.1 Pathway of learning flow chart
Time
Knowledge Lesson
progression Section level
(hours)
Recapitulation of the notions Lesson and discussions

1 1 related to voltage dips and
short interruptions
Lesson, practical activi-

ties and discussions
Statistical processing
215 2 notions of the results.

EXCEL notions.
Monitoring equipment
315 3 description. Installing.

Setting-up. Recorded values.
Peculiar software instalation on the

45 computers. The data download and
4 4 the preliminary analizes of the
measured values.
Tagging over CBEMA, ITIC curves.

45
6 5 Indexes calculation. Aggregation.
Vulnerability area. Indexes maps.
The calculation of the

prejudices cauzed by
725 6 voltage dips and short
interruptions.
To decide on and to
915 7 dimension a solution for

the PQ improvement.
Introduction into the

940 8 homework.
End of Final discussions and

1000 seminar
conclusions.
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3 MODULE DETAILED PROGRAM
First day:
60 min. Participants registration.
5 min. Opening, information.
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage dips and short
interruptions.
Definitions. The disturbances description. Voltage dips and short interruptions
measurement principles. Power quality indexes concerning voltage dips and
short interruptions. CBEMA and ITIC curves. Duration - amplitude charts for
voltage dips. Needed information. Examples.
Modality: Lesson and discussions.
45 min. Section 2: Methods of analysis. Notions about the statistical processing of

experimental results. Normal distribution. Accomplishment probability (99%, 95%
and 50 %). The square mean deviation. Cumulative Probability Function (CPF).
30 min. EXCEL programming, charts drawing and statistical analizes examples.

Modality: Lesson, practical activities and discussions.
30 min. Coffee break
60 min. Section 3: Description of monitoring equipment. Technical characteristics.

Internal memory. Mounting in instalations. Setting-up. The interconnection with
the upper hierarhichal level. Recorded values. Power quality monitoring systems.
90 min. Section 4: The installation (on computers) of the software concerning the
monitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.
The preliminary analizes of the measured values. Comments. Observations.
(It will be used 3 different type of monitoring equipments from those used - in real
operation - to measure voltage dips and and short interruptions.)
Modality: Practical activities and discussions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The tagging of the recorded data over CBEMA and ITIC curves. The
determination of PQ indexes on recorded data basis. Time and space
aggregation. The vulnerability area. Maps with the performed PQ indexes
attached at the electrical networks.
40 min. Section 6: The calculation of customer’s prejudices caused by voltage dips and
short interruptions.
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110 min. Section 7: Solutions for the power quality improvment and economical
evaluation.
To decide on and to dimension a PQ improvement solution for a real customer
(the respective customer is sensitive to voltage dips and short interruptions).
25 min. Section 8: Introduction into the homework. Each participant should solve the
homework up to the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team
for appreciation).
The homework appreciation (positive / negative) will complete / finalize the
seminar / module attendance (confirm / infirm it) under debate.
20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.

End of the course - user satisfaction survey.
GENERAL NOTES
− each day there will be coffee breaks according to the seminar/module program;
− at the beginning of the module the lecturer will explain the module aims and at the end he will
verify their fulfilment;
− the module will be divided in theoretical and practical sections;
− at the end of the module, a user satisfaction survey will help the lecturer in monitoring the module
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS
Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following:

− knowledge transfer (Lesson)
topics exposure by the lecturer with the help of slides;
− practical activities of monitoring equipment cognitive, mounting and setting-up, the download of
the experimental data and the processing of it.
− practical activities of computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing;
− practical activities of prejudices asesment and for the selectioning and dimensioning of power
quality improvement solutions for real cases / situations;
− deepening / learning verification (Discussion)
general discussion stimulated by the lecturer (also during the module) to verify the knowledge
transfer.
During all the sections, the lecturer will always attend, with teaching and/or activity coordination
duty.
5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS
The didactic tools which will be used by the lecturers will be:
− Blackboard;
− Video-projector;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
− Power quality monitoring equipments (minimum 3 different type of equipment).
The attendants have to come at seminar with laptops for the practical activities which will be
performed during the seminar.
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The lecture room will be suitable to allow the use of all the above listed didactic tools and to enable
group work for the attendants.
Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:

− the module program;
− the lecture notes containing all or part of the lecture slides;
− LPQIVES knowledge database access personal key;
− the software programs / drivers (monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and data
download);
− the indications refering to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
The folder will also include a user satisfaction questionnaire (which will be filled and submitted at
the end of the seminar / module)
6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS
The attendants have to have the Power Quality Expert 1st Level LPQIVES Certification. The
following (on the basic level) shall be prerequisite for the participant:
− electric circuits theory: AC circuits;
− electric machines;
− electric power engineering; power system / electrical power network;
− electric metrology;
− knowledge in using software programs.
7 ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE
The knowledge acquired during the seminar/module should be sufficient for:
− the monitoring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the disturbance assessment on measurement data basis;
− the statistical processing of experimental data and the assessment of power quality specific
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance;
− to decide on and to dimension solutions for the power quality improvement.
8 ANNEXES
List of references from MIDAS:
Press
1. PR-00007, Heydt, G, Power Quality Engineering, JEEE, Sep 2001
Encompassing most areas of electric power engineering, from generation to utilization, power quality
engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the
author describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest
2. PR-00012, Gomez, J, Coordinating overcurrent protection and voltage sag in
distributed generation systems, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Feb 2002
The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a zone
that modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive equipment.
3. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,
IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and
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is geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

4. PR-00021, Craven, K L, Lawrence, R, Nicholls, M, Flywheel UPS, IEEE Industry
Applications, May/June 2003
An economical energy storage device that bridges the gap caused by voltage sags and temporary
voltage loss.
Publication
5. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
The glossary of main technical terms used in PQ
6. REP-00004, 2003, 2-3 Persuading consumers to invest in voltage sag, Application Note
Investement analysis of voltage dips mitigation methods
7. REP-00022, 2003, 5-3-4 Considerations for choosing different voltage dip mitigation
devices, Application Note
Sensitive loads. Mitigation devices and their performance
This paper compares various systems protecting industrial processes against voltage sags
(Flywheel, Static UPS, Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Statcom, Shunt connected Synchronous
Motor and a Transformerless Series Injector). The systems are compared with regard to dip
immunization capability and several other technical and economic parameters.
8. REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,
Application Note
Somehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints. Subjects:
- The main problems
- A comparison of the approaches: former vs. future
- New opportunities
- New tools for the power quality measurement technology of the future
9. REP-00046, 2002, 5-1 Voltage dips - Introduction, Application note
Dips causes. Sensitivity; CBEMA, ITEC, ANSI curves.
10. REP-00048, 2003, 5-2-1 Predictive Maintenance - The key to Power Quality,
Application note
The concept of predictive maintenance. Rhopoint Systems - PQ Index
11. REP-00049, 2002, 5-3-2 Voltage Dip Mitigation, Application note
Overview of different voltage stabilizers.
12. REP-00051, 2003, 5-5-1 Voltage Sag in Continuous Processes. Case Study,
Application note
How to mitigate voltage dips in vulnerable areas of textile factory.
13. REP-00057, 2003, TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF METHODS TO REDUCE
DAMAGE DUE TO VOLTAGE DIPS, Application note
This is the text of a Ph D thesis.
To determine whether there are cost effective mitigation methods to avoid or limit damage caused
by voltage dips, requires detailed information on several aspects, such as an estimation of the number
of dips to be expected, an overview of possible solutions and a correct economic decision-making
criterion. The current literature describes these aspects in an isolated way, neglecting the interactions
between the coupled aspects. This work describes and completes the aspects involved. Furthermore,
it combines them in a coherent framework, resulting in an applicable strategy to find the best
technoeconomic
solution in a concrete situation. The applicability of the introduced methods is demonstrated
by case studies of industrial processes in an existing grid.
Chapters:
1. Introduction
2. Problem analysis
3. Dip characterization and propagation
4. Estimating dip frequency: area of vulnerability
5. Estimating dip frequency: dip measurements
6. Mitigation methods
7. Cost-benefit analysis of mitigation methods
8. Integration of all aspects
9. Textile fiber extrusion process
10. Summary, conclusions and future research
14. REP-00072, 2003, Voltage dip immunity test set up for induction motor drives,
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Application note
Variable-speed drives are sensitive to voltage dips. A test set-up for assessing the immunity of standard
induction-motor drives to dips in the supply voltage is described.
Measurements result in voltage-tolerance curves. Measurements are compared to simulation results.
15. REP-00110, 2003, Voltage sag measurement and characterization. Technical note no.
4., Application note
Voltage sag measurement and characterisation - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. Load susceptibility
3. Event reporting
4. Site reporting
5. Site indices
6. Sag surveys
16. REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
reduce plant operating costs, Paper
There are many useful IEEE and IEC standards that support the design of chemical and petrochemical
plants. This article brings relevant Power Quality standards information together and provides
recommendations in areas not yet covered in current standards. Circuit configurations for cost saving
solutions are provided.
17. REP-00126, 1998, Using voltage sag and interruption indices in distribution planning,
Paper
A traditional approach to distribution planning calls for the most economical system upgrades, timed to
meet projected capacity needs. In a more competitive environment, there is also value in improving the
power quality. Power quality impacts, especially in the areas of RMS voltage variations and sustained
interruptions, can alter the economic evaluation of investment options for capacity expansion. While it
may appear attractive to feed new load from a particular substation, an increased sag rate may result,
favoring a different solution. This paper describes a planning process that includes power quality
impacts. The process is dependent on service quality indices that measure the performance of the
system. Methods for estimating the indices from measurements and simulations are discussed. An
example is presented that illustrates how consideration for the cost of RMS variations and sustained
interruptions can alter the planning decision.
18. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE
WG 36-07, Paper
This paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices and
objectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectives
in the present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need for
standardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format.
However, concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that can
match customers expectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practical
limitations to voltage quality monitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the working
group is described for harmonics, flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.
19. REP-00130, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages and
bearing currents, Application note
This user guide provides information to enable the correct selection and installation of low voltage
induction motors and Voltage Source PWM inverters with respect to minimising the effects of shaft
voltages and potentially damaging bearing currents.
20. REP-00141, 2002, Voltage dip immunity test set-up for induction motor drives, Paper
Paper presents test set up to determine immunity of a motor to voltage dip.
21. REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations.
PART 1: Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
(Document available in the library of Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
1. Scope
2. Introduction to the concept of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
2.1. Definition of EMC
2.2. Basic concepts
2.3. Compatibility, emission and immunity levels
2.4. The concept of electromagnetic environment
3. Types of disturbances, origins and effects
3.1. General classification
3.2. Harmonics
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3.3. Interharmonics
3.4. Voltage fluctuations
3.5. Voltage dips and short (supply) interruptions
3.6. Voltage unbalance - asymmetry
3.7. Power frequency variations
3.8. Transient overvoltages
3.9. Mains siganlling
3.10. Reference to HF conducted and LF and HF radiated disturbances
4. Coordination strategies among the involved parties
4.1. Evaluation of the disturbance emission level
4.2. Immunity of equipment
4.3. Mitigation techniques
4.4. Prediction studies for installation requirements
4.5. An approach to measurement criteria
5. Main standards and othter EMC publications
5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination
5.2. Relevant EMC standards on EMC
5.3. CENELEC and national EMC standards and publications
5.4. Relevant publication from other international bodies dealing with EMC
6. Glossary of terms and definitions
7. Abbreviations
8. References
Appendix A. Disturbance compatibility levels in figures
A-1. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for low-, medium- and high-voltage public distribution networks
A-2. Electromagnetic compatibility levels for indoor industrial plants
22. REP-00146, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and
interruptions: 1. Overview of power quality and power quality standards, Book
Chapter 1 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Interest in power quality
Power quality, voltage quality
Overview of PQ phenomena
PQ and EMC standards
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Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 2
Harmonics and Interharmonics
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 2
Harmonics and Interharmonics
1 INTRODUCTION
Voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics are generated by non-linear loads connected to
electrical distribution networks. This kind of disturbances become more and more presently into the
electrical distribution networks, especially because of large using of the power electronic systems.
The presence of harmonics and interharmonics lead to the increasing of the power losses and to
resonance phenomena into the electrical networks, the appearance of unwanted couples at
electrical machines and to an additional warming of the transformers, at measuring errors and at
an incorrect operation of the control systems, at telecommunication networks disturbing etc.
So, the knowing of the sources of harmonics and interharmonics, respectively of the solutions for
limitation of these disturbances are very important for electricity suppliers and users.
1.1 General aims
Voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics will be studied during this seminar. In this
sense, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data
acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information extraction
needed for the decisions processing related to the improvement of the power quality of the
supplied electricity will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be
selected / chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
• electrical installations building up or installation work contractor building up;
• manufacturers, equipment sellers and services providers in the electricity sector.

1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics,
methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition. Criteria and
requirements for measurements performing, techniques of reporting the results etc.
MATLAB programming and simulation.
Monitoring equipment description and operation. The download of the measured data. The
preliminary analyzes of the measured data.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage and current harmonics and interharmonics.
The supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, the
2nd day
Contents The assessment of the harmonic distortion quota for the consumers connected to the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC). The assessment of the prejudices caused by harmonics.
The dimensioning of the installations taking into account the presence of distorted voltages and
currents. The dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases (customers sensitive to
voltage and current harmonics).
Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality and
prejudices. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. The selection and the
dimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for real cases.
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Time
Section Knowledge
progression
level
(hours)
Lesson
Recapitulation of the notions

130 1 related to harmonics and
interharmonics
Lesson and discussions
Practical activities and

The computing software
discussions
200 2 building and using for the
distorted curve composition.
The analisis of the

240 3 disturbancescaused by non-
linear receivers/loads.
30 (description, mounting,
4 4 setting-up, measuring, data
processing).
530 5
The harmonic distortion quota
calculation for the consumers
connected to a PCC.
The damages calculation.The

630 6 dimensioning of the electrical
installations taking into account
the harmonics presence.
730 7 The dimensioning of a passive

filtre for an electrical power
network
The power factor calculation for

845 8 the non-sinusoidal regimes. The
selection of the active filters.
910 9 Introduction into the

homework.
930 End of
seminar
Final discussions and
conclusions
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First day:
90 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to harmonics and

interharmonics. Sources. Power quality rated indexes for the distorted
state/regime characterization. Admitted values / limits. The necessity of an
indexes set. Examples.
„Power Quality Teaching Toy" and „WaveMaker" installing and utilization.
30 min. Section 2: MATLAB programming notions. The conceiving of small software

programs and their utilisation for a distorted curve composition.
40 min. Section 3: The utilization of SIMULINK for the analises of the harmonic
disturbances caused by various non-linear receivers/loads.
110 min. Section 4: The monitoring equipment description (it will be used: Fluke 41,
Fluke 43, Fluke 454, CA 8334 and ION 7600 equipment). The installation (on
computers) of the software concerning the monitoring equipment under debate.
The practical determinations by the above equipments help, on a simple schema
with a non-linear receiver/load (a mono-phase double-wave rectifier which
suppling a filament lamp in series with a variable inductance winding). The
influence of the circuit inductivity. A comparation with the data obtained by
simulation. The calculation of the PQ indexes on recorded data basis.
Comparation with the rated / admitted values / limits.
Second day:
60 min. Section 5: The presentation of the method and harmonic distortion quota
assignment software. The harmonic distortion quota calculation for the
consumers connected to a PCC (the selection of a 20 kV electrical network which
suppling disturbing consumers; the data input; the analisis of the obtained results
- assignment quotas for the consumers connected to PCC).
80 min. Section 6: The calculation of damages caused by the presence of the harmonics
into the electrical power network. The practical assesment of the losses into the
electrical power network. The calculation of K factor and the transformer
denomination level, for the above mentioned analised cases. The engines
resizing. The neutral conductor dimensioning into the low voltage electrical
networks, on computing basis for a three phases power circuit, supplying a bank.
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60 min. Section 7: The dimensioning of a passive filtre on consumer power supplying

bus-bar, based on experimental obtained harmonics spectrum. The analysis of
filter integration into electrical network when the frequency-response curve is
known.
75 min. Section 8: The power factor for the non-sinusoidal regime. The power factor
calculation for the analized regimes. The active filters selection from the
manufactures offers. The power supply circuits resizing in case of disturbing
loads, taking into account the presence of the active filter.
homework (the dimensioning of a passive filter, the selection of active filter
type/schema, the assignment quota calculation for a real scheme) up to the next
seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team for appreciation.

GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

− practical activities of monitoring equipment cognitive, mounting and setting-up, the download of
the experimental data and the processing of it.
− practical activities of computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing;
− practical activities of damages asesment and for the selectioning and dimensioning of power
quality improvement solutions for real cases / situations;
transfer.
duty.
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− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;

download);
− the homework.
− power electronics;
− basic knowledge in MATLAB programming;
− electric metrology.
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the respective disturbance;
8 ANNEXES
Press
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engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the author
describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest
2. PR-00008, Peng, FZ, Harmonic sources and filtering approaches, JEEE
22 basic filter configurations for compensating current-source and voltage-source nonlinear loads
3. PR-00013, Pierce, L, Transformer Design and Application Considerations for
Nonsinusoidal Load Currents, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 01/06/1996
Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents
4. PR-00014, Yin, W, Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors,
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, Nov/Dec 1998
The failure of magnet wires under repetitive pulses as seen in inverter-fed motors cannot be attributed to a
single factor but is a result of the combined effects of partial discharge, dielectric heating, and space charge
formation. Voltage overshoots produced by PWM drives may be above discharge inception voltage. Partial
discharge may therefore be present in inverter-fed motors. In addition to partial discharge, pulses with a fast
rise time and high frequency enable the insulation to generate local dielectric heating, which increases the
local temperature. The degradation rate of the insulation is therefore increased. Furthermore, the fast rise
and fall of pulses make it possible for space charges to accumulate in the winding insulation and on its
surface
5. PR-00015, Key, T, Lai, J, Costs and benefits of harmonic current reduction for switch-
mode power supplies in a commercial office building, IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications
Harmonic currents generated by modern office equipment cause power system heating and add to user
power bills. By looking at the harmonic-related losses in a specific electrical system-representing a
commercial building-energy costs are quantified. The analysis shows that building wiring losses related to
powering nonlinear electronic load equipment may be more than double the losses for linear load equipment.
Current-related power losses such as I2R, proximity of conductors and transformer winding eddy currents
(I2h2 ) are considered. The cost of these losses is compared to the cost of reducing harmonics in the
equipment design. Results show that an active-type harmonic elimination circuit, built into the common
electronic equipment switch-mode power supply, is cost-effective based on energy loss considerations alone
6. PR-00016, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, Di Vito, E, Losi, A, Verde, P, Probabilistic evaluation
of the economical damage due to harmonic losses in industrial energy system, IEEE
Transactions on power delivery, Vol 11 No 2 Apr
The problem of harmonic loss evaluation is of growing interest among power system engineers, both for the
increase of operating costs and the decrease of the useful life of the system components. The paper
addresses this problem with a probabilistic approach to take into account the randomness of current and
voltage harmonics; a method for evaluating the expected value of the operating costs and of the premature
aging costs is presented. A numerical application to a test system is also discussed, showing the viability of
the proposed approach and the significance of the results; in particular, the aging costs turn out to be
unaffected by the type of probability density function describing the harmonics
7. PR-00018, Caramia, P, Carpinelli, G, La Vitola, A, Verde, P, On the economic selection
of medium voltage cable sizes in nonsinusoidal conditions, IEEE Transactions on power
delivery, Jan 2002
Selection of cable size in the nonsinusoidal conditions is only based on ampacity considerations without any
attention to the cost of the losses that will be suffered in the cable life. Since the cost of these losses
(fundamental plus harmonics) can assume significant values, the selection of a cross section higher than
required for ampacity considerations can result in a large reduction of cost. This paper proposes a method
which allows the optimal economic selection of medium-voltage cables in nonsinusoidal operating
conditions; it takes into account the initial investment costs and the Joule losses costs, including the
additional costs due to current harmonics. It employs simplified expressions similar to those adopted by the
IEC Standard in sinusoidal conditions, being the harmonic presence taken into account by a proper definition
of a harmonic loss factor and by the introduction of harmonic coefficients to be predicted. Numerical
applications to medium-voltage cables are developed and discussed in order to show the sensitivity of the
cable optimum size to variations in the coefficients that characterize the harmonic presence.

IEEE power & energy magazine, May/June 2003
The authors describe a prototype instrument that locates the sources of power quality disturbances and is
geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.
9. PR-00025, n /a, Conditionnement facile pour un problème complexe, JEEE, April 2004
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Article inspired from section 3.3.3. of the Power Quality Application Guide on active harmonic conditioners.
Publication

11. REP-00005, 2003, 3-2-1 Harmonic measurement Measuring in harmony with harmonics
Harmonic measurement, methodology, metersm principle, errors, analysis.
12. REP-00007, 2003, 3-3-2 Harmonic Mitigation Transformers
Application note about transformer losses and ways of their mitigation
13. REP-00008, 2003, 3-3-4 Active Rectifiers
Active rectifiers topology, operation, application
14. REP-00010, 2004, 3-5-2 Transformer selection and rating, Application Note
Sizing transformers to harmonics, K factor, factor K.
15. REP-00011, 2004, 3-5-3 Harmonics and asynchronous motors
Harmonics effects on motors. Losses. Motor derating www.lpqi.org 7
16. REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,
Application Note
Somehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints.
Subjects:
- The main problems
- New opportunities
17. REP-00036, 2001, 3-1 Harmonics. Causes and Effects, Application Note
Application guide about harmonics basics. Causes, effects, mitigation.
18. REP-00037, 2004, 3-1-1 Interharmonics, Application Note
Interharmonics; sources, effects, measurement, standards, mitigation
19. REP-00039, 2002, 3-2-2 True RMS - The only true measurement, Application note
True RMS concept. Measurement errors.
20. REP-00040, 2003, 3-3-1 Passive Filters, Application note
Basics of passive filters. Reactive compensation. Measurement first.
21. REP-00041, 2002, 3-3-3 Active Harmonic Conditioners, Application note
Principle of active filter. Topologies. Applications basics
22. REP-00042, 2003, 3-5-1 Neutral Sizing in Harmonic Rich Installations, Application note
Sizing neutrals in the presence of harmonics - what standards say (IEC60364 -5-52)
23. REP-00055, 2003, Practical Method to Determine Additional Load Losses due to
Harmonic Currents in Transformers with Wire and Foil Windings, Application note
A method is presented to determine the additional load losses in transformers caused by harmonic currents.
Several blackbox short circuit tests at different harmonic frequencies have to be conducted on existing
transformers or have to be simulated in the design stage.
24. REP-00058, 2003, SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY, Application note
Application note about switch mode power supplies. Design concept. Topology of converters.
Performance - control modes. Standards. Effects.
25. REP-00059, 2003, Practical approach to non linear parameter estimation of six pulse
converter with voltage source inverters, Application note
Description of parameters of six-pulse bridge converters in three-phase systems, influence of the topology of
the system, experimental set-up for determining parameters. The goal of this study is to simplify modeling
and predict behaviour and influence of converters.
26. REP-00069, 2003, Analysis of neutral conductor current in a three phase supplied
network with non linear single phase loads, Application note
This paper describes the effect of harmonics and unbalanced power supply and load on the current in the
neutral conductor. Results from measurements are discussed.
27. REP-00071, 2003, On line monitoring of the neutral conductor current in a three phase
supplied network with non linear load for different power supply and load conditions,
Application note
www.lpqi.org
7
neutral conductor. Measurement results are discussed. Using a programmable power source, arbitrary
voltage waveforms are generated, independently for each phase. Each phase is loaded by non-linear loads.
Phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor are analyzed for different configurations.
28. REP-00074, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of IT
equipment, Application note
Measurements of electrical and PQ parameters of non-linear single-phase loads are discussed. These loads
consist of information-technology (IT) equipment. The non-linearity results from the bridge rectifier. The
influence of the state of the equipment is studied. Currents in the phase conductors and the neutral
conductor are analyzed.
29. REP-00078, 2003, Harmonic disturbances in networks, and their treatment - ect 152,
Application note
Problems of harmonics, including their causes and the most commonly used solutions.
30. REP-00080, 2003, The singularities of the third harmonic - ect 202, Application note
Discussion of the phenomenon: origin, overload of the neutral conductor, third harmonic in transformers.
Possible remedies.
31. REP-00084, 2003, Active harmonic conditioners and unity power factor rectifiers - ect
183, Application note
Various standard, classical and new solutions to tackle harmonics, unity PF rectifiers, active harmonic
conditioners, hybrid active harmonic conditioners, "shunt type" active harmonic conditioners.
32. REP-00087, 2003, Harmonics upstream of rectifiers in UPS - ect 160, Application note
Harmonics in supply networks, thyristor Graetz-bridge rectifier, minimization of harmonic disturbances,
future systems: non-polluting UPS equipment and de-polluting converters.
33. REP-00099, 2003, LV circuit-breakers confronted with harmonic, transient and cyclic
currents - ect 182, Application note
Discussion on the replacement of thermal-magnetic circuit breakers by electronic devices. Review of LV
circuit breakers, harmonic currents, transient and cyclic currents and electronic circuit-breakers.
34. REP-00101, 2003, Power supply of lighting circuits - ect 205, Application note
Analysis of the different lamp technologies and the main technological developments in progress. Features
of lighting circuits and their impact on control and protection devices, they discuss the options concerning
which equipment to use.
35. REP-00105, 2003, Harmonic distortion in electric supply system - Application note no.3,
Application note
Harmonic distortion - subjects:
1. The ideal supply
2. The growth in harmonic distortion is inevitable
3. How harmonic distortion can affect your equipment
4. Capacitor resonance can magnify harmonic problems
5. Power factor correction in the presence of harmonics
6. The measures of harmonic distortion
7. Harmonic standards
8. Harmonic analysis
9. Reduction of harmonics
36. REP-00117, 2000, Harmonics, Transformers and K-Factors, Brochure
Transformers used to supply IT equipment and other non-linear loads need to be de-rated to between 60
and 80% of their nominal capacity. This technical note explains why, and how to determine the correct factor.
37. REP-00118, 2000, Harmonics in practice, Brochure
Over recent years, harmonics have become a serious problem in many industrial and commercial
installations. Solving these problems requires careful analysis of the causes and a good understanding of the
sources and behaviour of harmonics in the installation. Once understood, there is a range of counter
measures available to improve the system performance. The aim of this technical note is to illustrate how
practice matches theory by reference to examples of real measurements.
39. REP-00127, 2002, Power quality indices and objectives. Ongoing activities in CIGRE
www.lpqi.org
8
WG 36-07, Paper
This paper gives an overview of the ongoing activities in CIGRE WG36-07: "Power quality indices and
objectives". It introduces the considerations supporting the need for power quality indices and objectives in
the present context of deregulation of the electricity industry. Experts generally agree on the need for
standardized quality indices allowing to monitor and to report power quality in a common format. However,
concerning quality objectives the need is more likely for different levels of quality that can match customers
expectations and the price they are wilting to pay for electricity. Some practical limitations to voltage quality
monitoring are also discussed. The status of the work within the working group is described for harmonics,
flicker, unbalance and voltage dips.
40. REP-00131, 2002, Managing harmonics - a guide to EA engineering recommendation
G5/4, Application note
This Guide is a simple authoritative introduction to good practice in the application of variable speed drives,
soft starters and load regulators in compliance with the requirements of the United Kingdom electricity supply
utilities. It is the result of work undertaken by GAMBICA members, interpreting the appropriate documents.
The Guide considers the installation of single or multiple drive systems, and provides information on the
manner in which applications for connection should be made with the appropriate utility. The guide should be
read in conjunction with the Electricity Association (EA) Engineering Recommendation G5/4, which was
introduced on the 1st. The Recommendation will be followed by an extensive supporting guide ETR 122.
The intention of the new EA Engineering Recommendation G5/4 is to try to ensure that the levels of
harmonics in the Public Electricity Supply do not constitute a problem for other users of that supply.
41. REP-00132, 2002, Variable speed drives and motors - motor shaft voltages and
bearing currents under PWM inverter operation, Application note
This Technical Report has been produced to meet a demand for an authoritative guide on good practice in
the application of motors on Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverter supplies with respect to shaft voltages.
It is the result of a study carried out by GAMBICA and REMA taking note of well-established fundamental
theory, technical papers, and carrying out specific investigations.
The information given, while it can be applied to motors and inverters in general, is specific to current
generation products of member companies.
This report principally considers the effects of shaft voltages developed by the voltage source PWM inverter.
It supplements IEC 60034-17: 1998 [1], which provides additional information on other important aspects
including: voltage rating, torque derating, additional losses, noise and maximum safe operating speed.
This report covers motors and inverters installed with a separate cabling system connecting the components
together; it is not wholly applicable to inverters integrated into a motor design, generally now available up to
7,5 kW.
42. REP-00133, 2001, Variable speed drives and motors - motor insulation and PWM
inverter drives, Application note
The higher stresses are dependent on the motor cable length and are caused by the fast rising voltage
pulses of the drive and transmission line effects in the cable.
The guide was produced by a working group of GAMBICA (Variable Speed Drives Group) and REMA,
which are the associations for variable speed drive and electric motor manufacturers respectively.
43. REP-00143, 2002, Switch mode power supply, Paper
The principle of SMPS and its harmonic performance
1. Scope
2.2. Basic concepts
www.lpqi.org 10
3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
www.lpqi.org
9

7. Abbreviations
8. References
45. REP-00153, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of IT-equipment
The electrical behaviour of PC’s is studied. All tested devices show bad power quality parameters and do not
comply with IEC61000-3-2. Monitor settings have a rather high influence on the current while I/O actions are
hardly noticeable. An increasing number of the same PC’s gives a noticeable improvement of the power
quality parameters and a nearly proportional increase of the current. Also a nearly proportional increase of
the neutral conductor current is found.
46. REP-00154, 2002, Total harmonic current of a large number of non-linear single phase
loads
The cumulative harmonic currents of a large number of non-linear single phase loads, particularly PC’s and
monitors, are investigated experimentally. An analytical model and simulations show there is a significant
attenuation of the current harmonics above the third when a large number of such loads is considered. This
is verified in this paper by means of measurements.
47. REP-00155, 2003, Analysis of the neutral conductor current in a three phase supplied
network with non-linear single phase loads, Application note
This paper describes what factors (i.e. load and supply) have an important effect on the neutral conductor
current. It is shown that an asymmetry up to 10° or an unbalance of 10% in the power supply has only a
minor effect on the rms-value of the neutral conductor current. An unbalance in load conditions increases the
neutral current. Harmonics in the power supply voltage highly affect the rms-value of the neutral conductor
current.
48. REP-00156, 2003, Analysis of electrical and power quality parameters of ITequipment,
Application note
This paper describes measurements of electrical and power quality parameters of non-linear single phase
loads, specifically information technology (IT) equipment where the non-linearity is caused by the bridge
rectifier of the switching power supply. The paper includes the study of the influence of the working mode of
a particular equipment (such as: monitor settings, I/O actions,...) and the analysis of the phase and neutral
conductor currents of a three phase supplied network loaded with IT-equipment.
www.lpqi.org
10
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 3
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 3
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
1 INTRODUCTION
The voltage fluctuations (flicker) are caused by the loads which are characterized by large and
random reactive power variations. The voltage fluctuations have a negative influence on the
electrical lighting, computer, video, audio systems etc. The practical assessment of PQ indexes
pertaining to voltage fluctuations can offer useful information to the electricity supplier, concerning
the PQ of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers for
decisions taking in relation with assuring of an undisturbed operation into the electrical network
node under discussion.
1.1 General aims
The disturbances as voltage fluctuations will be the subject of this seminar. In this sense, the
peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition, their
interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and the information needed for the decisions
processing related to the mitigation of the power quality of the supplied electricity will be briefly
presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate
solutions for decreasing of the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups
• building up or installation work contractor;

1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to voltage fluctuations, methods and measuring
means of the disturbance, the data acquisition (measurement principles, references
values etc.). Criteria and requirements for measurements performing, techniques of
reporting the results etc.
Notions about statistical processing of the experimental results. Occurrence probability.
The graphic drawing (under EXCEL) on experimental data basis, related to Pst and Plt.
Monitoring equipment description and operation.
The installation of the software, on computers, in directly relation with the equipment
under debate. The download of the measured data. The preliminary analyzes of the
measured data.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage fluctuations. The flicker effect. The
supplying of basic knowledge concerning on: the utilization of the measuring equipment, the
2nd day
Contents The drawing of the Cumulative Probability Function (CPF) curves. The evaluation of the CPF
curves. The information extraction needed for the Pst index determination. The Plt index
determination. The comparison with the admitted values / limits. The effects assessment of the
determined values. Practical recording by means of a voltage fluctuations simulator. Solutions for
the power quality improvement and economical evaluation. The selection and the dimensioning of
a PQ improvement solution for a real customer (a customer as voltage fluctuations source).
Aims The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the assessment of the power quality
and effects. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. The selection and the
dimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for a real case/situation.
www.lpqi.org
1
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)

1 1 related to voltage fluctuations
(flicker effect)

discussions
CPF curve. Its drawing on
15 experimental data basis.
2 2 Comparation with the
irritability curve values.
315 3 description. Installing.

Setting-up. Recorded values.
Software installation on the

45 computers. The data download and
4 4 assessment of the probabilities
needed for determination of Pst
The flicker simulator. The

45 connecting of the recorders to
6 5 the simulator and setting up for
2 hours
The dimensioning
725 6 of a static VAR

compensator.
The dimensioning of the SVC

15 schema components.
9 7 Determination of the flicker
quotas for a real customer.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.

1000 seminar
conclusions.
www.lpqi.org
2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to voltage fluctuations

(flicker effect). The flicker sources. The flicker indexes. The irritability curve. The
shape of the voltage fluctuation influence. Examples. Flicker simulation program.
The frequencies range. Interharmonics and flicker. Examples.
45 min. Section 2: The Cumulative Probability Function (CPF). The curve drawing on the
instantaneus flicker recorded values basis. The assesment of the excess values
with 0.1%; 0.7%; 1%; 1.5%; 2.2%; 3%; 4%; 6%; 8%; 10%; 13%; 17%; 30%; 50%;
80% probability and of the 1%; 3%; 10%; 50% smoothed values. Pst calculation.
30 min. The irritability curve. The influence of the disturbance characteristics. The
comparison of the calculated values with the irritability curve values. The effects
assessment on the sensitive loads. The influence of the disturbance’s occurrence
frequency.
60 min. Section 3: Description of monitoring equipment. Technical characteristics.

Internal memory. Mounting in instalations. Setting-up. Recorded values.
Recording time.
monitoring equipment under debate. The acquisised data download.
The preliminary analizes of the measured values. The the assesment of the
probabilities needed for the Pst calculation. Comments. Observations.
operation - to measure voltage fluctuations.)
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The flicker simulator. The visual effect of the incandescent lamp luminous
flux. The influence of the fluctuation level/value and the influence of the disturbance’s
variation frequency. The influence of the rectangular disturbance space factor.
The connecting of the recorders to the flicker simulator. The recorders setting up for
2 hours. Solutions for the mitigation of the disturbance level.
40 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of a static VAR compensator. The schema

selection. The power circuits calculation.
www.lpqi.org
3
110 min. Section 7: The download of the data from the equipment supplied by the
simulator. The practical dimensioning of the SVC schema components taking into
account the obtained data. The technical and economical assesment of the
solution. Comparation with real data electric-arc furnaces customer. The
determination of the flicker quotas for a real customer/case.
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

− knowing, mounting and setting-up of the monitoring equipment;
− download and processing of the experimental data;
− computer utilization for the acquisition and experimental data processing;
− damages asesment, selection and dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases /
situations;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
www.lpqi.org
4
download);
− the homework.
− knowledge of electrical power utilisation by customers;
− knowledge in using software programs.
indexes;
− the assessment of the technical and economical effects caused by the voltage fluctuations;
− selection and dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases / situations.
8 ANNEXES
Press
1. PR-00011, McGranaghan, M, Economic evaluation of power quality, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, 01/02/2002
Facility managers and utility engineers must evaluate the economic impacts of the power quality
variations against the costs of improving performance for the different alternatives.
IEEE power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
Publication
www.lpqi.org
5
4. REP-00017, 2003, 5-1-4 Voltage fluctuation - flicker, Application Note

Extended application guide on flicker. Causes, effects, measurement, mitigation.
5. REP-00018, 2003, 5-2-2 Annex - Monitoring Instruments, Application Note
PQ monitoring instruments available on the market - comparison
6. REP-00019, 2003, 5-2-2 Voltage disturbance monitoring, Application Note
Application guide about basics of monitoring equipment. Standards
7. REP-00020, 2003, 5-2-3 Flicker measurement, Application Note
Extended application note about flicker measurement - principle, calibration.
8. REP-00021, 2002, 5-3-3 Dip resilient variable speed drives, Application Note
Application note about different methods of voltage dip mitigation. Subjects:
- Effects of voltage dips and short supply interruptions
- Methods of voltage dips effects mitigation
9. REP-00023, 2003, 5-3-5 Flicker case study, Application Note
Arc furnace produces flicker. How to mitigate? www.lpqi.org 6
10. REP-00024, 2003, 5-3-6 Mitigation of voltage unbalance, Application Note
Unbalance standards, limits, symmetrization - examples (calculations). Subjects:
- Standardization
- Principles of compensation and symmetrization
- Static compensators
11. REP-00109, 2003, Voltage fluctuation in electric supply system. Application note no. 7,
Application note Voltage fluctuations in the electric supply system - subjects:
1. What are voltage fluctuations?
2. Effects of voltage fluctuations
3. Causes of voltage fluctuations
4. Calculation of the flicker indices
5. Voltage fluctuation standards and planning levels
6. Reducing the effects of voltage fluctuations
1. Scope
2.2. Basic concepts
3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
www.lpqi.org
6

7. Abbreviations
8. References
interruptions: 1. Overview of power quality and power quality standards, Book
Chapter 1 of the book "Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions" (IEEE Press,
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Interest in power quality
Power quality, voltage quality
Overview of PQ phenomena
PQ and EMC standards
interruptions: 4, Voltage sags - Characterization, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Voltage sag magnitude
Voltage sag duration
Three-phase unbalance
Phase-angle jumps
Magnitude and phase-angle jumps for three-phase unbalanced sags
Other characteristics of voltage sags
Load influence on voltage sags
Sags due to starting of induction motors
interruptions: 5. Voltage sags - Equipment behavior, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Computers and consumer electronics
Adjustable-speed AC drives
Adjustable-speed DC drives
Other sensitive loads
interruptions: 6. Voltage sags - Stochastic assessment, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Compatibility between equipment and supply
Presentation of results: voltage sag coordination chart
Power quality monitoring
The method of fault positions
The method of critical distances
18. REP-00152, 2000, Mitigation of interruptions and voltage sags, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Overview of mitigation methods
Power system design - redundancy through switching
Power system design - redundancy through parallel operation
The system-equipment interface.
www.lpqi.org
7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 4
Overvoltages and Transients
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 4
Overvoltages and Transients
1 INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of the electrical stress of the equipment and apparatus isolation is determined by
transients phenomena when the lightning strikes the structures/buildings and also by transitory
regimes due to wanted or imposed electrical network changes (switch-on, switch-off, short-circuit),
all of it causing the overvoltages. The intensive stress of the equipment, devices and installation
isolation can determine the breakover or worst, the disruption of insulation. The breakover
determines dips and long and short voltage interruptions at consumers, during this process,
affecting the power quality of the supplied electricity to them.
One of the important concernments for the assuring of an adequate PQ is to handle the
overvoltages into the electrical network and the precautions for overvoltages limiting.
1.1 General aims

The main objective of this seminar is to supply to the participants the basic notions related to
overvoltages and transients and the necessary notions for chosen and designing of the protecting
measures for devices and structures.
In this sense, the notions referable to overvoltages and transients and their effects on the PQ and
also to the notions referable to insulation choice and insulation coordination will be briefly
presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate
solutions for the protection of the electrical devices and equipments, installations and structures
against overvoltages and lightning strikes.
1.2 Target groups
• electrical installations building up or installation work contractor;

1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to overvoltages and transients and their effects on
PQ. Recapitulation of the notions related to insulation choice and insulation coordination.
The selection of the type, number and place where the protective devices against
overvoltages will be mounted.
Aims The aim of the first seminar day is the recapitulation of the basic notions related to
overvoltages and transients phenomena and also, the concept of the isolation
coordination with the protective devices against overvoltages. It will be presented real
cases, as example, and the necessary knowledge for the designing of protection schemas
of the electrical installations, equipments and electrical devices, against overvoltages.
2nd day
Contents The designing of the protection systems for a substation and a building, against lightning strikes.
The assessment of the operation safety of the protected substations and overhead lines against
lightning strikes, on probabilistically statistic basis.
Aims The aim of the second seminar day is to transfer to the participants, by examples based
on real cases, the information and “practical tools” for the assessment of the risk and for
the selection and dimensioning of the protection measures against lightning.
www.lpqi.org
1
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)

0 30
1 related to overvoltages and
transients and PQ

discussions
2
related to insulation choice
2 and coordination. Technical
requirements.
The designing of the high and
315 3 medium voltage installations

protection, by arresters.
The designing of the low

30 voltage installations protection,
4 4 by arresters.
The LPS designing for an

600 5 electrical substation.
The assessment of the
700 6 operation safety of the

electrical substations and
overhead lines.
The LPS designing for

850 7 a builing.
Introduction
915 8 into
the homework.

935 seminar conclusions.
www.lpqi.org
2
First day:
30 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to overvoltages and transients

and their effects on PQ.
90 min. Section 2: Recapitulation of the notions related to the insulation choice and
insulation coordination (the determination of the representative overvoltages, the
selection of the isolation level of the equipment and installations, the establishing
of the values for the testing withstand voltages).
The defining of the technical requirements for tender documents and for the
equipment and insulators acquisition.
75 min. Section 3: The selection of the type, number and place where the protective
devices against overvoltages will be mounted for:
- the high and very high voltage electrical networks (110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV);
- the medium voltage electrical networks (20 kV).
75 min. Section 4: The selection of the type, number and place where the protective
devices against overvoltages for low voltage installations will be mounted for:
- the public electrical networks;
- the consumers electrical networks.
Second day:
90 min. Section 5: The designing of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) for an
electrical substation.
60 min. Section 6: The assessment of the operation safety of the protected substations
and overhead lines against lightning strikes, on probabilistically statistic basis.
110 min. Section 7: The designing of the LPS for a building ( air termination systems,
down-conductor systems, connections for equipotentialization, earth termination
systems, camping and joints, insulating clearance etc.)
www.lpqi.org
3
The LPS maintenance and inspection (the inspections purpose and sequencing ,
maintenance)
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

− knowledge transfer (Lesson);
− the chosen and dimensioning of the protection solutions against overvoltages for the electrical
installations, devices and equipments (for real cases), as practical activities;
− the chosen and dimensioning of the LPSs for the electrical installations and buildings (for real
cases), as practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
www.lpqi.org
4
− the homework.
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Mathematical analysis •
Statistic •
Electrical circuits •
Power systems •
Power quality •
At the and of present module, the participants have to know the basic aspects related to
overvoltages and transients phenomena (definitions, source, standards/norms, related problems)
and the key concept of insulation coordination and protection along with some practical information
and tools on the risk assessment and the choice of protecting measures.
− the assessment of the overvoltages which occurs into the electrical networks and into the
electrical installations of the consumers;
− the insulation choice and insulation coordination of the electrical installations, equipment and
electrical devices/apparatus;
− the selection of the type, number and place where the protective devices against overvoltages
will be mounted;
− the designing of the LPSs for the electrical installations and structures/buildings.
8 ANNEXES
Press
PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter, IEEE
power & energy magazine, may/june 2003
Publication
REP-00144, 1996, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations. PART 1:
Types of disturbances and relevant standards, Brochure
1. Scope
2.2. Basic concepts
www.lpqi.org
5

3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
5.1. Recent developments in the approach to evaluating EMC coordination www.lpqi.org 7
7. Abbreviations
8. References
REP-00145, 2001, Guide to quality of electrical supply for industrial installations. PART 6:
Transient and temporary overvoltages and currents, Brochure
1. Scope
2. Introduction
3. Definitions
4. Description, origin and propagation of transient and temporary overvoltage phenomena
5. Lightning surges
6. Switching surges
7. Temporary overvoltages (TOVs) and swells
8. System-interaction overvoltages
9. Effects on load equipment
10. Detection and measurement of transients
11. From recorded occurrences to standard waveforms
12. Mitigation and protection techniques
Annex A. Glossary
Annex B. Power system configurations
Annex C. General considerations, practical examples and case histories
Annex D. Ferroresonance effects
Annex E. Annotated bibliography
REP-00070, 2003, Influencing parameters on overvoltages at the terminals of inverter
supplied induction motors, Application note
Measurement of overvoltages with steep slopes at the terminals of an inverter-supplied induction motor is
discussed. These overvoltages arise when using a long cable between the inverter and the motor and can
lead to a insulation failure of the motor windings. Measurement and simulation results are discussed.
Solutions to the problem are reviewed. A predictive software package was developed, in order to assist
designers. This package can be used to predict overvoltages.
REP-00075, 2003, Ferroresonance - ect 190, Application note
Methods for prediction and evaluation of the risk of ferroresonance in existing and future installations.
Practical solutions.
REP-00081, 2003, Lightning and HV electrical installations - ect 168, Application note
Overview of lightning phenomena and their effects on electrical installations, means of
protection, problems concerning continuity of supply, main steps in lightning studies.
www.lpqi.org
6
Focus on transmission and distribution over medium- and high-voltage networks.

REP-00082, 2003, Overvoltages and insulation coordination in MV and HV - ect 151,
Application note
Voltage disturbances, mitigation, protective devices, standards concerning insulation coordination.
REP-00098, 2003, LV surges and surge arresters - ect 179, Application note
Surges, surge-protection devices (surge arresters), standards and applications.
REP-00028, 2003, 6-2-2 Power quality measurement technology: fit for the future,
Application Note
Somehow Fluke philosophy of PQ measurement - hints.
Subjects:
- The main problems
- New opportunities
REP-00031, 2003, 6-5-9 APN - Risk assessment for the choice of protecting measures
against the effects of lightning - Full paper, Application Note
Lightning application note.
Subjects:
- The risk of damage due to lightning
- Frequency of lightning
- Damage probability
- Frequency of damage
- Average possible losses
- Procedure for risk assessment
- Terms and definitions
REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note
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7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 5
Reliability of electricity supply
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 5
Reliability of electricity supply

1 INTRODUCTION
The reliability of consumers electrical power supply is primordially, being the main criteria for the
PQ assessment of the supplied electricity.
The aim of this module is to review, on short, the basic concepts related to the reliability of
electricity supply. Also, will be analysed, real cases - as examples, the needed notions for the
calculation of the reliability indexes, the utilization mathematical methods for the operation safety
assesment, the choice of the electricity supply schemes for consumers having various continuity
requirements, the selection and dimensioning of the emergency and standby power systems.
1.1 General aims In the actual seminar, it is going to study

The aim of this module is to provide the attendants, by examples - real cases, practical elements
regarding to the consumers power supply reliability, the evaluation of the power installations
reliability and prejudices, the selection and dimensioning of the emergency and standby power
systems.
1.2 Target groups


1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to the basic concepts related to the reliability of
electricity supply, the mathematical methods for the operation safety and prejudices
assessment.
The calculation of the reliability indicators for a real case / consumer. The utilization of
the failure tree. Redundancy and reliability. Study case.
Aims The aim of the first day is to review the basic notions related to the reliability of electricity
supply an to provide the attendants, by examples - real cases, the needed notions for the
reliability the needed notions for the calculation of the reliability indicators, the utilization
of the failure tree. Also, it will be analyzed a 20 kV consumer’s case study referring to
redundancy and reliability.
2nd day
Contents The conceiving of an industrial electrical power system. The calculation of consumers damages,
on previous adopted schema basis. Solutions for the improvement of the continuity of the power
supply and economical evaluation. The analysis of an existing schema, based on data resulted
from voltage dips and short and long interruptions into consumers power supplying.
Aims The aim of the second day is to provide the attendants, by examples - real cases,
information and practical “tools” for the conceiving of an industrial electrical power system
scheme, the calculation of damages caused by the consumers interruptions, on previous adopted
schema basis. The establishing and dimensioning of solutions for the improvement of the
power supply continuity.
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1
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)

1 1 related to reliability of
electricity supply

discussions
2
The calculation of the reliability
215 indexes for a real case /
consumer .
The utilization of the failure

330 3 tree. The software programs
utilization.
Redundancy and reliability.

430 4 Study case: 20 kV power supply of
a consumer.
The conceiving of an industrial

630 5 electrical power system scheme.
The calculation of damages
700 6 caused by the interruptions,

on the assumed scheme
basis.
The selection and

900 7 dimensioning of several
improvement solutions
Introduction
925 8 into
the homework.

945 seminar
conclusions.
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2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the reliability of electricity

supply, the mathematical methods for the operation safety and prejudices
assessment.
75 min. Section 2: The calculation of the reliability indexes for a real case / consumer
Electricity supplying by one electrical power line. Electricity supplying by two
electrical power lines and back-up automatic closing equipment on the MV side.
Electricity supplying by two electrical power lines and back-up automatic closing
equipment on the LV side.
75 min. Section 3: The utilization of the failure tree. The failure tree performing for a MV
installation. The software programs utilization.
60 min. Section 4: Redundancy and reliability. Case study. Study case: 20 kV power
supply of a consumer.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The conceiving of an industrial electrical power system scheme. Case
study: the establishing of the conditions for standard loads, preferential loads,
critical loads; the selection of power supply scheme; the assesment of the
probable interruption time.
30 min. Section 6: The calculation of damages caused by the consumers interruptions,

on previous adopted schema basis. Examples.
60 min. Section 7: Solutions for the improvement of the power supply continuity and the
economical evaluation. The analysis and dimensioning of a UPS scheme, for a
real case/consumer. The analysis and dimensioning of the energy storage
schemes.
60 min. The monitoring of voltage dips, short and long interruptions into the consumers
electricity supply. The analysis of recorded data. Data interpretation. Their
utilization for the evaluation of an existing scheme.
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3
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

the recapitulation of the main aspects of the seminar/module subject by the lecturers with the
help of slides;
− the calculation of the reliability indexes and consumer electricity supplying safety - practical
activities;
− the selection and dimensioning of the electricity supply schemes and the calculation of
damages - practical activities;
− the selection and dimensioning of the PQ improvement solutions - practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook.
− the homework.
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4
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Statistic •
Electrical power networks •
Power quality •
− the assessment of the consumer electricity supplying safety - practical activities;
− the assessment of the damages caused by the consumers interruptions;
− the selection and dimensioning of the electricity supply schemes;
− the selection and dimensioning of the PQ improvement solutions - practical activities.
8 ANNEXES
Press
PR-00017, Gellerson, M, Munasinghe, M, Economic criteria for optimising power system
reliability levels, Bell Journal of Economics, Vol 10, issue 1
The standards of reliability of electricity supply have previously been determined on a rule-of-thumb basis.
This paper presents a generalized simulation model for optimizing the reliability level by comparing the social
benefits and costs of changes in power system reliability. The supply side costs of increasing system
reliability can be determined from straightforward engineering considerations. On the demand side, the
benefits to electricity users consist of cost savings from averted power failures or outages which may be
measured by the disruption of the output streams owing to idle input factors and spoilage. The theory is
applied to the case study of Cascavel, Brazil to determine a range of optimum reliability levels for long-range
electric power distribution system planning. The principal outage costs are incurred by industrial and
residential consumers.
PR-00013, Pierce, L, Transformer Design and Application Considerations for Nonsinusoidal
Load Currents, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 01/06/1996
Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents
PR-00014, Yin, W, Failure mechanism of winding insulations in inverter-fed motors, IEEE
Electrical Insulation Magazine, Nov/Dec 1998
The failure of magnet wires under repetitive pulses as seen in inverter-fed motors cannot be attributed to a
single factor but is a result of the combined effects of partial discharge, dielectric heating, and space charge
formation. Voltage overshoots produced by PWM drives may be above discharge inception voltage. Partial
discharge may therefore be present in inverter-fed motors. In addition to partial discharge, pulses with a fast
rise time and high frequency enable the insulation to generate local dielectric heating, which increases the
local temperature. The degradation rate of the insulation8 is therefore increased. Furthermore, the fast rise
and fall of pulses make it possible for space charges to accumulate in the winding insulation and on its
surface
PR-00010, Gellings, C, Electric Infrastructure to power a digital society, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, Jan 2002
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5
EPRI initiated an ambitious program designed to ensure that high-quality digital-grade electric power can be
delivered reliably to meet the needs of a digital society.
PR-00019, Dugan, R, McDermott, T E, PQ, reliability and DG, IEEE Electrical Insulation
Magazine
The distributed generation (DG) owner's reliability, measured by the sustained interruption indices, should
improve markedly if DG has been installed and operated properly. However, because this is just one
customer out of hundreds or thousands on the feeder, the improvement does not show up the utility's
traditional reliability indices. There can be a positive or negative impact on the utility-level indices in these
cases: DG can reduce the number or the duration of sustained interruptions if automated switches are
available to restore power in DG-supplied islands or to DG-supported alternate feeds; the loss of fuse-saving
on laterals can significantly degrade the utility-level indices. There is little opportunity for DG to affect the PQ
of other customers, as measured by the indices for voltage sags, which are related to faults and
interruptions. DG can still have adverse impacts on harmonics and steady-state voltage regulation, which are
other aspects of PQ. Utilities should consider tracking ASIFI, ASIDI, and other indices that are based on load
size rather than the number of customers. As a supplement to the traditional reliability indices, these would
better show the positive impacts of DG, assuming DG owners tend to be larger customers.
PR-00022, Eaton, D, Hammond, P, Rama, J, Neutral shift, IEEE Industry Applications, Nov-
Dec/2003
Five years of continuous operation with adjustable speed drives. Case study of a compressor drive in a
refinery.
PR-00024, Tschaetsch, H-U, Kopplung zweier MS-Netze in Ulm optimiert Leistungsbedarf,
ETZ, 5/2004
Two networks of regional utilities located in Ulm (Baden-Württemberg) and Neu-Ulm (Bavaria) on either side
of the Danube river were coupled via a MV DC-link to enable an interchange of electrical energy. The reason
for linking two synchronous networks via an inverter instead of a variable transformer or something like that
was that both active and reactive power flow had to be controlled independently, and because the inverter
acts as a very fast electronic switch separating the two grids in case of short circuit on one side. So the short
circuit current carrying capabilities on either side could remain as they were.
Publication
REP-00147, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions:
2. Long interruptions and reliability evaluation, Book
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Observation of system performance
Standards and regulations
Overview of reliability evaluation
Basic reliability evaluation techniques
Costs of interruptions
Comparison of observation and reliability evaluation
Example calculations
REP-00148, 2000, Understanding power quality problems - Voltage sags and interruptions:
3. Short interruptions, Book
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Terminology
Origin of short interruptions
Monitoring of short interruptions
Influence on equipment
Single-phase tripping
Stochastic prediction of short interruptions
REP-00114, 2001, Effect of UPS on system availability (white paper #24), Brochure
This note explains how system availability and up-time are affected by AC power outages and provides
quantitative data regarding up-time in realworld environments, including the effect of UPS on up time.
REP-00115, 2001, Battery technology for data centers and network rooms: battery options,
Brochure
The lead-acid battery is the predominant choice for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) energy storage.
In 2002, over 10 million UPSs will be installed utilizing Flooded, Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA), and
Modular Battery Cartridge ( MBC) systems. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of
these three battery technologies.
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6
REP-00124, 2002, Distributed generation impact on reliability and power quality indices,
Paper
Properly sited distributed generation (DG) can increase the feeder capacity limit, but this does not
necessarily produce an improvement in system reliability or power quality, as quantified by standard indices.
The DG may have a positive impact on reliability through faster system restoration following a fault. The DG
can also improve reliability for the owner, and may reduce the severity of voltage sags near the DG. Indices
normalized to the number of customers dilute these positive benefits. The DG often has a negative impact on
reliability indices through sympathetic tripping, required changes to utility overcurrent device settings, and
increased fuse blowing. The utility cannot assume DG automatically improves system reliability, and action
may be required to ensure that reliability does not actually degrade for other customers
REP-00043, 2002, 4-1 Resilience, Reliability, Redundancy, Application note
Three R's concept. MTTF, MTBF
REP-00113, 2002, The different types of UPS systems (white paper #1), Brochure
Different types of UPS systems and their characteristics:
Each of these UPS types is defined, practical applications of each are discussed, and advantages and
disadvantages are listed. With this information, an educated decision can be made as to the appropriate
UPS topology for a given need.
REP-00061, 2003, Dependability and LV switchboards - ect 156, Application note
Dependability of commercial and industrial low voltage electrical installations. Switchboard
functions against failure of the LV distribution system, components, types of power systems.
REP-00062, 2003, Dependability of MV and HV protection devices - ect 175, Application
note
Methods to meet dependability objectives. Taking dependability into consideration
at the design stage, quality control, analysis of gained experience.
REP-00063, 2003, High availability electrical power distribution - ect 148, Application note
Design of electrical power distribution systems that provide continuous power supply (UPS, back-up
power,...).
REP-00064, 2003, Introduction to dependability design - ect 144, Application note
Basic concepts of dependability: reliability, failure rate, maintainability, availability and safety.
REP-00065, 2003, Uninterruptible static power supplies and the protection of persons -
ect 129, Application note
Protection problems related to UPS systems. Suitable solutions for various scenarios.
REP-00092, 2003, Automatic transfering of power supplies in HV and LV networks - ect
161, Application note
Various types of transfer schemes, synchronous switching, interrupted circuit transfer, pseudosynchronous
switching.
REP-00093, 2003, Electrical installation dependability studies - ect 184, Application note
Dependability studies: methodology, tools and examples.
REP-00128, 2003, EMERGENCY SUPPLY DEVICES AND METHODS, Application note
The paper serves as a background note to Leonardo Application Guide note no. 4.3.1 about improving
reliability with standby power supplies. Compared to Leonardo application note it offers more detailed
information about UPS configuration; on line and off line systems and particular application of different
UPS's.
REP-00116, 2003, Battery technology for data centers and network rooms: safety codes,
Brochure
Fire safety regulations and their application to UPS battery installations are reviewed. In some cases, fire
codes do not clearly recognize improvements in battery safety resulting from changing battery technology.
Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries are frequently deployed within data centers and network rooms
without the need for the elaborate safety systems that are required for Vented (Flooded) Lead Acid batteries.
Proper interpretation of the fire codes is essential in the design and implementation of data centers and
network rooms.
REP-00119, 2003, A business case for battery-free UPS in industrial applications,
Report/study
Case study published by Piller. Compares LCC or battery-free and battery-based UPS.
REP-00120, 2003, From redundant sources to dual independent sources, Paper
In conventional computer centers, power protection was relatively straight forward, usually based on a
centralized UPS. However today's new needs require different UPS and low voltage distribution solutions,
including new architectures to maintain a high level of availability throughout all phases of operation and
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7
maintenance on complex sites. The article presents the conditions for high availability and a number of
solutions that use the latest technology to optimize cost, footprint and availability.
REP-00121, 2003, Switch to high availability, Paper
Mission Critical equipment that supports data processing facilities such as telecommunications, banking,
Insurance, SAN and internet are sensitive crossover that cannot accept any loss of electrical supply.
Moreover the evolution of IT networks lead to a mix of telecommunication and data communication
equipment within these facilities. As a result the split of power between AC and DC products within these
new buildings is more or less unknown, even after the completion of the building. This is a new trend which
requires the power protection providers to think beyond traditional solutions, with the main objective to
address simple question from customers: "how to a permanent 24 hour x 365 days available, quality power
supply for mixed and evolving mission critical AC and DC equipment at optimum cost?"
Taking this into account we propose a method to meet this new demand in terms of architecture and other
key factors providing availability, flexibility, scalability, site management and cost effective solutions.
REP-00044, 2003, 4.3.1 Improving Reliability with Standby Power Supplies, Application
note
Introduction - categories of loads. UPS classification and appliacation.
REP-00122, 2003, Critical Power, Report/study
Text on reliability of power supply
Content:
Demand
Powering Public Networks
The Vulnerable Public Grid
A New Profile for Grid-Outage Risks
Powering Critical Nodes
Fueling the Digital Economy
Hard Power
Resilient Power
Tiers of Power
Adding Logic to the Grid: The Static Transfer Switch
Generation and Transmission
Distribution and Distributed Generation
On-Site Power
Stored Energy
Backup Generators
"Uninterruptible Power"
Monitoring, Control, and Reliability-Centered Maintenance
Resilient Design
Private Investment and the Public Interest
Assess Vulnerabilities
Establish Critical-Power Standards for Facilities Used to Support Key Government Functions
Share Safety- and Performance-Related Information, Best Practices, and Standards
Interconnect Public and Private Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition Networks
Secure Automated Control Systems
Share Assets
Enhance Interfaces Between On-Site Generating Capacity and ThePublic Grid
Remove Obstacles
REP-00013, 2003, 4-5-3 Schemes for Power Plants. Simplicity, Reliability, Redundancy,
When and Where, Application Note
Topology of power despatchning systems; radial, ring, meshed, compoud; features.
REP-00015, 2004, 4-5-6 Resilience. Resilient wiring systems, Application Note
Concept and principle of resilience. Resilient wiring systems.
REP-00016, 2004, 4-5-7 Generating sets dimensioning for stand by operation, Application Note
Brief on sizing factors, frequency and voltage behaviour
REP-00012, 2004, 4-5-2 Some practical aspects of DC and AC power supplies optimisation,
Application Note
Different methods to improve power availability: bateries, bateries monitoring and diagnostic systems,
transfer switches and their applications
REP-00045, 2004, 4-5-1 Resilient Power Supply in a Modern Office Building, Application note
How to design electricity distribution system in an office building.
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8
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 6
Earthing systems
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 6
Earthing systems
1 INTRODUCTION
The earthing systems are important components of the electrical installations for their well
operation and for their protection against overvoltages and the protection of persons against the
electrocutions. The designing, the construction, operation and correct measuring of the earthing
systems have a significant influence on operation safety of electrical installations, equipment and
electrical apparatus and on person’s safety, too.
1.1 General aims

This module’s general aim is to provide the attendants the basic knowledge about designing and
checking by measurements of the earthing systems.
In this purpose, the notions about earthing systems and the checking methods of them will be
briefly recapitulated. Will be analysed real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned
adequate solutions for the earthing systems. Also, will be performed the needed circuits for
determination by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to a real
earthing system.
1.2 Target groups

1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to the earthing systems (functions, components,
types, parameters, the dimensioning and checking of the earthing systems).
The designing of the earthing systems for several electrical installations from electrical
power distribution network and from consumers, too.
Aims The aim of the first seminar day is the recapitulation of the basic notions related to
dimensioning and checking of the earthing systems. The needed notions for the designing of
the earthing systems will be presented by examples, on real cases basis.
2nd day
Contents The performing of the measuring circuits for the determination by measurements of the ground
resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to a real earthing system.
Aims The aim of the second seminar day is to transfer to the participants, by examples based
on real cases, the basic notions for the performing of the measuring circuits for the
determination by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to a
real earthing system. .
Below there is an overview of the module contents.
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1
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)
Recapitulation of the Lesson and discussions

1 1 notions related to the
earthing systems

discussions
The designing of the
30 earthing systems for an
2 2 electrical substation and a
transformer point.
The designing of the

400 3 earthing systems for an
office builing and a house.
Recapitulation of the notions about

45 the measurement of the ground
4 4 resistivity and of the parameters
pertaining to the earthing system
The performing of the measuring

assembly, the mounting and
600 5 setting-up of the equipments
The determination by
700 6 measurements on-site of
the ground resistivity.
The determination by
15 measurements of the
9 7 parameters pertaining to
an earthing system.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.

1000 seminar conclusions.
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2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the functions, components,

types, parameters, the designing / dimensioning and checking of the earthing
systems related.
90 min. Section 2: The dimensioning / designing of an earthing system for an 110 kV /

MV electrical substation and a MV/LJ transformer post.
90 min. Section 3: The dimensioning / designing of the earthing systems for a consumer
(office building, house).
45 min. Section 4: Recapitulation of the notions about checking methods and techniques
(expertising) by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters
pertaining to the earthing system (voltmeter - ampermeter method, the utilization
of the specilised apparatus, the measurement method in case of short-circuit in
the installation)
Second day:
75 min. Section 5: The performing of the measuring circuits, the mounting and setting-up
of the equipments for the determination by measurements of the ground
resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to an earthing system.
60 min. Section 6: The determination by measurements on-site of the ground resistivity.

135 min. Section 7: The determination by measurements of the earthing system

resistance of a building. The assesment of touch voltage and step voltage, the
total voltage and the resistive coupling voltage.
homework (the dimensioning / designing of the earthing systems for an 110 kV /
MV electrical substation, MV/LJ transformer point, office building or house) up to
the next seminar/module and send it back to the lectures team for appreciation).
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3

GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

− dimensioning / designing of several earthing systems - practical activities;
− determining by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters pertaining to the
earthing system;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
− Equipments for the measurement of the ground resistivity and of the resistance of an earthing
system.
− the homework.
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4
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Electrical engineering •
Electric metrology •
Knowledge in using software programs •
Power quality •
− the designing / dimensioning of the earthing systems;
− the measuring equipment installing, setting-up and operating;
− the determination by measurements of the ground resistivity and of the parameters pertaining
to an earthing system.
8 ANNEXES - List of references from MIDAS
Publication
1.- REP-00112, 2000, Equipotentiality and grounding, Presentation
This paper explains equipotentiality and how it provides protection against electric shock. This paper also
describes the grounding circuit for the various power distribution systems. Finally, this paper shows the effect
of the product grounding resistance on the voltage of accessible parts, and validates the value required by
various safety standards.
2.- REP-00125, 2002, Specification guidelines to improve power quality immunity and
3.- REP-00029, 2002, 6-5-4 EMC in large buildings, Application Note
EMC strategy for buildings
This document presents the basic concept for successful EMC of a facility in detail, including measures
relating to the technology of buildings. EMC definitely includes classic lightning protection, but that matter is
treated only marginally here.
The individual measures of the basic concept can be implemented both in new facilities and to some extent
also, with certain deletions, in existing facilities.
Subjects:
- The problem
- General information
- EMC strategy for buildings:
Building shielding
Potential equalisation
Connections outside the buildings
- EMC-appropriate facility design
Fundamentals
Cable connections between buildings
Treatment of cable shielding
Earthing low-voltage power lines
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5
Functional potential equalisation of electronics systems

Designing electronics and control cabinets
Lightning current and surge arresters
4.- REP-00142, 2002, EARTHING IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Paper
Good practice earthing of IT devices
5.- REP-00060, 2003, Earthing requirements in modern electrical installations, Application
note
In recent years, Power Quality and EMC add new dimensions to the discussion on earthing, which require a
different (systems) design approach in new installations, while causing severe problems in existing
installations. Installation codes do not yet follow required design practice.
Solutions are proposed for providing, in the initial design stage or as a continuous refurbishment, a low
impedance path to earth over a practical range of frequencies. Leakage currents and corrosion in existing
installations are discussed. As practical case studies, two site surveys are discussed.
6.- REP-00073, 2003, Earthing in information technology, Application note
Supplying power to IT equipment requires a special earthing system. The problem is the relatively high
leakage current, caused mainly by the high operating frequency of IT equipment. The regulations described
in the paper enable to eliminate negative effects of leakage current in various low-voltage systems. In order
to choose a solution, an exact analysis of the specific character and operation parameters of the used IT
equipment is required.
7.- REP-00085, 2003, Earthing systems in LV - ect 172, Application note
Earthing systems (TN, TT, IT) and protection of persons, hazards of insulation faults, influences of MV on
LV, choice of switchgear depending on the earthing system, unavailability of electrical power.
8.- REP-00086, 2003, Earthing systems worldwide and evolutions - ect 173, Application note
Historical review of the origins of earthing systems, practices in some countries, evolutions and choices of
earthing systems.
9.- REP-00089, 2003, The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV - ect 178, Application
note
Advantages and areas of application of the IT earthing system, first-fault situation, double-fault situation,
surge limiters.
10.- REP-00094, 2003, Neutral earthing in an industrial HV network - ect 62, Application note
Requirements imposed by the different parameters of the installation (overvoltages, network, receivers),
calculation of fault currents, protection methods.
11.- REP-00097, 2003, Disturbances in electronic systems and earthing systems - ect 177,
Application note
Disturbance found in LV installations originating from outside and inside the LV network, advantages and
disadvantages of earthing systems in terms of the coexistence of electrical and electronic systems.
12.- REP-00030, 2003, 6-5-8 Designing low voltage supply systems for electromagnetic
compatibility. Increasing protection by improved earthing, Application Note
TNS systems and EMC
The basis for ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in buildings and facilities is an earthing and
equipotential bonding system, free of operating current. The indicated measures must be taken into account
and coordinated with the safety requirements of IEC 60364, but setting up low voltage supply systems for
proper electromagnetic compatibility involves more than earthing for voltage protection in accordance to the
standards.
Subjects:
- The advantages of the TN-S system
- Line frequency magnetic fields in the TN system
- Alternative supply of a consumer from two directions
- Concentric earth wire
- Leakage currents from filters
- Residual current devices (RCD)
13.- REP-00027, 2003, 6-2-1 Measurement guide to earthing systems - measurement of the
earth-electrodes properties, Application Note
Application Guide about measuring earthing resistance
Subjects:
- Basic concepts and requirements
- Commonly used methods of measuring the earthing resistance
- Methods for testing the substations earth-electrode systems
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6
14.- REP-00025, 2003, 6-0-0 Stray alternating and direct currents in protective earth
conductors and in building earthing systems - a problem with potentially catastrophic
consequenc, Application Note
In this article we address the special risks that can arise in TN-C and TN-C-S power systems when stray
currents arise in electrically conductive structural elements within a building, and we discuss the various
remedial measures available. (2 case studies)
15.- REP-00052, 2003, 6-1 A system approach to earthing, Application note
Purposes of earthing systems - link to EMC
16.- REP-00053, 2003, 6-3-1 Earthing Systems - Fundamentals of Calculation and Design,
Application note
Definitions. Ground properties - resisistance.
17.- REP-00054, 2004, 6-5-1 Earthing systems - Basic Constructional Aspects, Application
note
Design and application of earthing systems and particularly earthing electrodes
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7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 7
The influence of static converters on the supply network
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 7
The influence of static converters on the supply network
1 INTRODUCTION
The static converters, which are very used in modern industry, can determine important harmonic
disturbances and overvoltages in an electrical power supply network. It can have a negative
influence on the quality of energy supplied to the other users connected in the same electrical
network. The practical assessment of disturbances level can offer useful information to the
electrical supplier concerning the quality of the electrical energy supplied and to the users -
information necessary to take decisions to implement the necessary measures not to pas the limits
of disturbances in that network node.
1.1 General aims
In the actual seminar, it is going to study the disturbances determined by the power static
converters. In this purpose it will be presented, on short, the peculiar notions, methods and
measuring means of these disturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific
indexes assessment and the information extraction needed for the decisions processing related to
the improvement of the power quality of the supplied electricity. The practical activities will be done
on a controlled half-wave rectifier simulator and on an inverter with 4 pulses. Also, it will be studied
real cases for which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for the limitation of
disturbances.
1.2 Target groups


1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions concerning the static converters, methods and measuring
means of the disturbance, data acquisition (criteria, requirements, measurement
principles, references values, techniques of reporting the results etc.). The usage of the
simulators to analyse the converters influence on/into the electrical power supply
network. Monitoring equipment description and operation. The usage of the computers to
measure the data.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions concerning the static converters operation. The influence
of converter type. The influence of pulses number and the influence of the semiconductor
components’ conduction angle. The supplying of basic knowledge concerning on the
utilization of the measuring equipment.
2nd day
Contents The simulation of static converters operation by MATLAB platform using. The theoretical
evaluation of PQ indicators. Comparison with the recorded values on the physical simulators. The
analysis of the voltage and electric current curves in case of different types of electrical loads.
Solutions for the PQ improvement and economical assessment. The selection and the
dimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for a real consumer, by static converter.
Aims The utilization of the data gathered through experimental ways for the assessment of the
power quality and effects evaluation. The establishing of PQ improvement solutions. The
selection and the dimensioning of a PQ improvement solution for a real case.
www.lpqi.org
1
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)
Lesson and discussions

1
1 concerning the static
converters operation.

discussions
Notions of programming in
230 2 MATLAB. Processes simulation.

The disturbances analysis.
330 3 description. Mounting.

Setting-up, Recorded values.
The download of the measured

445 4 data.
Physical simulators of static

700 5 converters. Study cases.
Dimensioning of a rectifier
00
9 6 with 48 pulses. The evaluation
of the harmonics level.
Introduction into the

925 7 homework.

945 seminar conclusions
www.lpqi.org
2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the static converters operation.
Converter types. Utilisation examples of the static converters into installations -
their functions. Generated disturbances. Disturbances levels. Examples based on
simulation software programs.
45 min. Section 2: Notions of programming in MATLAB. Static converters operation

simulation. The analysis of the theoretical harmonics spectrum, depending on the
number of pulses and the conduction angle.
45 min. The practical simulation on personal computers. The building of the needed
MATLAB software programs. The analysis of the obtained results. The
assessment of the load’s type influence.
60 min. Section 3: Monitoring equipment description. Technical characteristics. Internal

memory. Mounting in installations. Setting-up. Recorded values. The recording
time.
monitoring equipment under debate. The acquired data download. The
preliminary analysis of the measured values.
operation - to measure the disturbances caused by static converters)
Second day:
135 min. Section 5: Static converters physical simulators. Case studies. Recording at the
terminals of a controlled half-wave rectifier. The influence of load type (resistive,
inductive, capacitive). The inductance influence into/on the circuit. Recording at
the inverter with 4 pulses’ terminals. The influence of load type (resistive,
inductive, capacitive).
120 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of a 48 pulses inverter for the real case of an
aluminium company. The schema selection. The power circuits calculation. The
assessment of the harmonics level. The integration into the electrical power
system. Comparison with the admitted values / limits. Additional measures for
disturbances limitation. The technical and economical assessment of the
solution.
www.lpqi.org
3
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
− the module will be divided in theoretical, practical sections and case studies;
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

help of slides;
− knowing, mounting and setting-up of the monitoring equipments, download and processing of
the experimental data;
− computer utilization for the processes simulation, acquisition and experimental data processing
- practical activities;
− the assessment of the disturbances caused by static converters - practical activities;
− the selection and the dimensioning of PQ improvement solutions for real cases / situations -
practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
− Software programs for the processes simulation;
− Equipment for disturbance simulation;
− Equipment for PQ monitoring (minimum 3 equipment types).
www.lpqi.org
4

download);
− the indications referring to the processing algorithms;
− the homework.
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Electric circuits theory: AC circuits •
Power electronics •
− the assessment of the disturbances caused by static converters, on measurement data basis;
− computer utilization for the processes simulation, acquisition and experimental data
processing;
8 ANNEXES
Press
1. PR-00022, Eaton, D, Hammond, P, Rama, J, Neutral shift, IEEE Industry Applications,
Nov-Dec/2003
Five years of continuous operation with adjustable speed drives.
Case study of a compressor drive in a refinery.
2. PR-00023, Sykes, F, Resonant-mode power supplies: a primer, IEEE Spectrum, May 89
Operating sinusoidally at very high frequencies because of improved components, these power supplies
answer the demand for more wattage (power) in smaller packages.
Publication
3. REP-00008, 2003, 3-3-4 Active Rectifiers
Active rectifiers topology, operation, application
4. REP-00059, 2003, Practical approach to non linear parameter estimation of six pulse
converter with voltage source inverters, Application note
Description of parameters of six-pulse bridge converters in three-phase systems, influence of the topology of
the system, experimental set-up for determining parameters. The goal of this study is to simplify modeling
and predict behaviour and influence of converters.
5. REP-00068, 2003, A practical approach to the influence of long lead cables on inverter
www.lpqi.org
5
supplied induction motors, Application note

Steep voltage changes caused by IGBT frequency converters can cause insulation problems in induction
motors. In order to limit the rate of voltage change, filters are used.
This paper reports on practical tests and simulations, using several types of inverters, filters and cables.
6. REP-00083, 2003, Electronic starters and variable speed drives - ect 208, Application
note
Operating modes and types of electronic drives, structure and components of starters and drives, variable-
speed drives for DC motors, frequency inverters for asynchronous motors, additional functions of variable
speed drives.
www.lpqi.org 6
7. REP-00088, 2003, Inverters and harmonics (case studies of non-linear loads) - ect 159,
Application note
Characteristics of non-sinusoidal alternating quantities, impedances of some conventional sources, computer
loads.
8. REP-00100, 2003, LV protection devices and variable speed drives - ect 204,
Application note
Specific phenomena observed in LV installations when an overload or an electrical fault occurs in circuits
equipped with variable speed drives. Recommendations to ensure protection of persons and property, to
provide optimum continuity of service.
www.lpqi.org
6
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 8
Compensation of reactive power,
Voltage and current unbalance
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 8
Compensation of reactive power, voltage and current
unbalance
1 INTRODUCTION
The reactive power flow in an electrical power system is accompanied by the active power losses and
voltage level variations into the electrical network nodes, too. In this way the reactive power control has
significant effects on the electrical network performance indicators and on the PQ indexes, also. In
generally speaking, the practical assessment of the power factor into the consumers points on active
and reactive energy have a global character. The power factor utilisation for the reactive power flow
control needs a detailed analysis of the electrical values into the node under debate.
The voltage and current unbalances have important effects on the electrical network performance
indicators. The assessment of the unbalance indexes and the detailed knowing of their significance
can offer useful information, to the electricity supplier, referring to the power quality of the supplied
electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers for decisions taking, having as
consequence the operation of the electrical network node under discussion, in the admitted
disturbances values / limits.
1.1 General aims

In the actual seminar, it is going to study the disturbances caused by the uncontrolled reactive
power flow through the electrical network and the disturbances caused by the existence of several
unbalance electrical values. In this aim, the peculiar notions, methods and measuring means of
these disturbances, the data acquisition, their interpretation, the specific indexes assessment and
the information extraction needed for the decisions processing for the improvement of the power
quality of the supplied electricity, will be briefly presented. Also, will be analysed real cases for
which will be chosen and dimensioned adequate solutions for limiting the disturbances.
1.2 Target groups


1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to the electrical power, methods and measuring means
of the reactive power. The definition and calculation of the power factor. The dimensioning of
the reactive power control equipment. The data acquisition (criteria, measurement principles,
reference values etc.). The preliminary analysis of the measured values. The dimensioning of
a real installation for the power factor improvement.
Aims The definition of the power notions for electrical power network. The utilization of the power factor
indicator. Basic knowledge providing for the dimensioning of reactive power control installations.
2nd day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to the unbalance into the electrical power networks. Economical
and technical effects. Unbalance indicators. Solutions for the PQ improvement. The dimensioning of
an unbalancing limitation installation. Three-phase receivers /loads connected to the three-phase
electrical network. Three-phase unbalance receivers /loads. Economical evaluation.
Aims The assessment of balancing solutions. The utilization of the experimental obtained data for the
balancing installation dimensioning - real case/situation.
www.lpqi.org
1
Time
Knowledge Lesson and discussions
(hours)
Recapitulation of the notions Lesson, practical

1 1 related to powers into the
electrical network. Power factor. activities and discussions

discussions
The dimensioning of a capacitors
215 2 banks for the electrical engine’
reactive power control.
The analysis of installation

315 3 operation for different power
factor values.
Automatic control installation of the

445 4 power factor. Simulation. Equipment
setting-up. Data analysis.

45 related to the unbalance. The
6 5 unbalance indexes. Calculation,
based on recorded data.
The dimensioning of
25
7 6 balancing installations, based
on Scott and V transformers.
The dimensioning of a
balancing installation,
915 7 based on Steinmetz
scheme.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.

1000 seminar
conclusions.
www.lpqi.org
2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the powers from the electrical
power network. The power factor evaluation based on the recorded data. Data
analysis and their interpretation. The power factor in case of sinusoidal regime.
The power factor in case of non-sinusoidal regime. Examples.
45 min. Section 2: A MATLAB program conceiving for the dimensioning of a capacitors

battery for the compesation of the reactive power of a syncronous engine. The
steps number selection and the determination of the capacitors value for a real
case.
30 min. Automatic equipment for the power factor control. The control scheme analysis.
The equipment setting-up (real equipment with simulated load). .
60 min. Section 3: The analysis of the simulation equipment operation for different
values of the virtual power factor.
90 min. Section 4: The Simulink (MATLAB) software. The program setting for a a
sincronous engine with different loads (real case). The analysis the obtained data
Observations. Comments.
operation - to measure voltage fluctuations)
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: Recapitulation of the notions related to the unbalance. Sources.
Unbalance indicators. The analysis of recorded real data. The determination of
the 95 % probably values. The assesment of the unbalance indexes, on
symetrical components basis. The assesment of the unbalance indexes, on
recorded data basis. The assesment of the unbalance propagation through the
transformers.
40 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of a balancing installation, based on Scott

transformers. The dimensioning of a balancing installation, based on V
transformers.
www.lpqi.org
3
110 min. Section 7: The dimensioning of a balancing installation, based on Steinmetz

sheme. The dimensioning of a balancing installation into a three-phase
installation with unbalance load.
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

help of slides;
− practical activities of computer utilization for the processes simulation and dimensioning of
reactive power control installations;
− dimensioning of balancing installations - practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook.
− Software programs for proceses simulation.
www.lpqi.org
4

− software programs for proceses simulation.
− the homework.
− basic knowledge in MATLAB programming;
− basic knowledge in utilisation of the software programs.
− the assessment of the power factor and reactive power flow;
− the dimensioning of the power factor control installations;
− the equipment setting for the power factor control;
− the assessment of the disturbance caused by unbalancing;
− the dimensioning of the balancing installations.
8 ANNEXES
Press
engineering has been a topic of interest from the inception or the power engineering field. Here, the author
describes how some contemporary factors have made it the subject of more focused interest.
Publication
3. REP-00024, 2003, 5-3-6 Mitigation of voltage unbalance, Application Note
Unbalance standards, limits, symmetrization - examples (calculations). Subjects:
- Standardization
- Principles of compensation and symmetrization
- Static compensators
4. REP-00038, 2003, 3-1-2 Capacitors in Harmonic Rich Environments, Application note
Inductances and capacitances. Reactive power. Why compensate? Central, disperssed compensation,
detuning (in series with reactors)
5. REP-00047, 2003, 5-1-3 Introduction to Unbalance, Application note
Background. Limits. Consequences. Mitigation.
6. REP-00069, 2003, Analysis of neutral conductor current in a three phase supplied
network with non linear single phase loads, Application note
www.lpqi.org
5
neutral conductor. Results from measurements are discussed.
7. REP-00071, 2003, On line monitoring of the neutral conductor current in a three phase
supplied network with non linear load for different power supply and load conditions,
Application note
neutral conductor. Measurement results are discussed. Using a programmable power source, arbitrary
voltage waveforms are generated, independently for each phase. Each phase is loaded by non-linear loads.
Phase currents and the current in the neutral conductor are analyzed for different configurations.
8. REP-00102, 2003, Control equipment for MV capacitor banks - ect 142, Application note
Reactive energy compensation, switching capacitor banks, problems and solutions concerning capacitors,
problems and solutions concerning switchgear, inrush-current calculations and surge inductances.
9. REP-00106, 2003, Power factor correction and its pitfalls. Application note no. 2,
Application note
Power-factor correction - subjects:
1. Basics of power-factor correction
2. Power factor of an installation having distorting loads
3. Harmonic distortion
4. Overloading of power-factor correction capacitors in the presence of harmonic currents
5. Power-factor correction capacitors and harmonic resonance
6. Detuning the power-factor correction capacitors
10. REP-00111, 2003, Voltage unbalance. Technical Note no. 6, Application note
Voltage unbalance - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. Definitions of voltage unbalance
3. Effects of voltage unbalance on induction motors
4. Effects of voltage unbalance on AC variable speed drive systems
5. Mitigation of voltage unbalance and its effects
1. Scope
2.2. Basic concepts
3.2. Harmonics
3.3. Interharmonics
www.lpqi.org
6

7. Abbreviations
8. References
interruptions: 4, Voltage sags - Characterization, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Voltage sag magnitude
Voltage sag duration
Three-phase unbalance
Phase-angle jumps
Magnitude and phase-angle jumps for three-phase unbalanced sags
Other characteristics of voltage sags
Load influence on voltage sags
Sags due to starting of induction motors
interruptions: 5. Voltage sags - Equipment behavior, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Computers and consumer electronics
Adjustable-speed AC drives
Adjustable-speed DC drives
Other sensitive loads
interruptions: 6. Voltage sags - Stochastic assessment, Book
Press, ISBN 0-7803-4713-7)
Compatibility between equipment and supply
Presentation of results: voltage sag coordination chart
Power quality monitoring
The method of fault positions
The method of critical distances
16. REP-00155, 2003, Analysis of the neutral conductor current in a three phase supplied
network with non-linear single phase loads, Application note
This paper describes what factors (i.e. load and supply) have an important effect on the neutral conductor
current. It is shown that an asymmetry up to 10° or an unbalance of 10% in the power supply has only a
minor effect on the rms-value of the neutral conductor current. An unbalance in load conditions increases the
neutral current. Harmonics in the power supply voltage highly affect the rms-value of the neutral conductor
current.
www.lpqi.org
7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 9
Distributed Energy Sources and Power Quality,
Energy storage systems
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 9
Distributed Energy Sources and Power Quality.

Energy storage systems
1 INTRODUCTION
The utilization on a larger scale of the distributed energy sources have important effects in the
environment pollution limitation but also can determine disturbances into the electrical network
which is connected with. These can affect the power quality of the supplied electricity to
consumers. The knowing of the distributed energy sources specific operating way and also of the
disturbances limitation means can have a significant impact on promotion of this type of sources
and into the increasing of their efficiency. The performing of technical-economical efficient energy
storage systems allows the increasing of the attractiveness of these sources by decreasing the
variability of the generated power/energy. The practical assessment of the disturbances level
caused by these sources can offer to supplier useful information related to the influences on the
power quality of the supplied electricity. Also, useful information will be supplied to the customers
for decisions taking in relation with the integration of these sources into the public electrical power
network.
1.1 General aims
The disturbances caused by the distributed energy sources operating into the public electrical
power network will be studied, as subject of this seminar. In this sense, the specific functional
aspects of these sources, the imposed conditions to the disturbances generated by them and the
operating conditions into a normal disturbed public electrical power network, will be briefly
presented. Also, will be analyzed real cases and the associated under operation recorded data to
assess the measures needed to be adopted for reducing the disturbances which can affect the PQ
into the MV electrical network.
1.2 Target groups


1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to distributed energy sources. The main data which
characterises the distributed energy sources. Conditions for the integration of these
sources into the public electrical power network. Influences on the power quality.
Interconnected operation. Islanded operation The evaluation of a wind power plant from
the point of view of voltage fluctuations (flicker).
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to distributed energy sources. The supplying of
basic knowledge concerning the integration of the distributed energy sources into the
public electrical power network.
2nd day
Contents The experimental analyzes of the operation of a photovoltaic source. The recording of the output
data dependent on the illumination level. The assessment of the generated energy. The analysis
of the experimental data for a real case/situation. The dimensioning of a wind power plant. The
technical – economical analyze of the generation solutions.
Aims The utilization of the obtained data for the analysis of the integration of the distributed
www.lpqi.org
1
energy sources into the public electrical power network. The assessment of the
influences on the MV electrical network power quality. The establishing of PQ
improvement solutions. The selection and dimensioning of a power storage solution for a
real case.
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)

1 1 related to distributed energy
sources

discussions
The evaluation of the renewable

215 2 energy resources on existing
maps basis.
The experimental analises
315 3 of a photovoltaic panel

operation.
The evaluation of the disturbances

45 caused into the low voltage
4 4 network,
by data recording basis.
The dimensioning of a wind

45 installation on data recording
6 5 basis.
The flicker level evaluation.
The simulation of a wind

25
7 6 installation operation under
MATLAB (Simulink).
Simulation of wind
installation operation
915 7 on
electricity market.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.

1000 seminar
conclusions.
www.lpqi.org
2
First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to distributed energy sources.

Technical characteristics of various distributed energy sources categories. The
analysis of the connections schemas to electrical network which is connected
with. The influences on PQ. The simulator schema for the voltage fluctuation
(flicker effect) occurrence. Examples.
45 min. Section 2: The evaluation of the renewable energy resources on wind and solar
radiation maps basis. The evaluation of the available energy/power.
30 min. The dimensioning of a photovoltaic installation dependent on the needed power.

The electrical schema dimensioning. The dimensioning of the energy storage
system. The dimensioning of the inverter. Conditions for the connection to the
public electrical network.
60 min. Section 3: The experimental analises of the output power of a photovoltaic

panel. The drawing the output power dependent on the illumination level (the
work will be performed outside and will be scheduled at a suitable time related to
the solar radiance condition).
(for the work performing will be used a 1 m2 photovoltaic panel, an equipment for
the recording of the electrical data; also, will be recorded the illumination level by
a illuminometer).
90 min. Section 4: The evaluation of the disturbances determinated into the low voltage
network by the photovoltaic installation operation. The evaluation of the
unbalance level and of the harmonic disturbances on data recording basis.
Solutions for disturbances limitation.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: The analyzes of the wind source data into a specified amplacement.
The dimentioning of a wind installation on data recording basis. An example of
the integration of a small power wind installation into the electrical power
distribution network (real case). The dimensioning of the connections to public
electrical network which is connected with. The evaluation of the disturbances
caused into the medium and low voltage.
40 min. Section 6: The dimensioning of the energy storage system. The schema
selection. The power circuits calculation.
www.lpqi.org
3
110 min. Section 7: The simulation of a wind installation operation under MATLAB
(Simulink).
The economical evaluation of the generated energy/power into the distributed
energy sources.
Tariffs for energy. Green certificates. Participation at the electricity market.
Simulation of the electricity market operation, with the seminar/module
attendants.
The influence of the variability of the generated power/energy on the electricity
market. The forecast of the prodused energy/power.
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

help of slides;
− knowing and mounting of the photovoltaic panels - practical activities;
− the monitoring of the generated power and of the illumination level - practical activities;
− the evaluation of the generated power/energy by the distributed energy sources and the
dimensioning g of the PQ improvement solution for real cases/situations - practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
www.lpqi.org
4
− Notebook;
− Equipment for distributed energy sources simulation;
− Equipment for monitoring of the electrical and photometrical data.
− the software programs for the dimensioning of the distributed energy sources;
− the homework.
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Statistic •
Power quality •
− the evaluation of the renewable energy resources on wind and solar maps basis; the evaluation
of the available energy/power;
− the dimensioning and mounting of the photovoltaic panels; the electrical schema dimensioning;
− the monitoring of the generated power and of the illumination level;
− The dimensioning of a photovoltaic source; the electrical schema dimensioning and the
connection to the public electrical network which is connected with;
− the evaluation of the generated power/energy by the distributed energy sources and the
dimensioning of the PQ improvement solutions for real cases/situations;
− the dimensioning of an electrical power storage system;
− the economical assessment of the energy/power generated by the distributed energy sources.
8 ANNEXES
Press
PR-00019, Dugan R., 2003, IEEE Electrical Insulation, PQ, reliability and DG
www.lpqi.org
5
The distributed generation (DG) owner's reliability, measured by the sustained interruption indices,
should improve markedly if DG has been installed and operated properly. However, because this is
just one customer out of hundreds or thousands on the feeder, the improvement does not show up
the utility's traditional reliability indices. There can be a positive or negative impact on the utility-
level indices in these cases: DG can reduce the number or the duration of sustained interruptions if
automated switches are available to restore power in DG-supplied islands or to DG-supported
alternate feeds; the loss of fusesaving on laterals can significantly degrade the utility-level indices.
There is little opportunity for DG to affect the PQ of other customers, as measured by the indices
for voltage sags, which are related to faults and interruptions. DG can still have adverse impacts on
harmonics and steady-state voltage regulation, which are other aspects of PQ. Utilities should
consider tracking ASIFI, ASIDI, and other indices that are based on load size rather than the
number of customers. As a supplement to the traditional reliability indices, these would better show
the positive impacts of DG, assuming DG owners tend to be larger customers.
PR-00012, Gomez J., 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Coordinating overcurrent
protection and voltage sag in distributed generation systems
The new scenario implies that the time-voltage characteristic of a protective device changes into a
zone that modifies previous methodologies and increases the dropout susceptibility of sensitive
equipment.
Publication
REP-00122 Huber P., 2002, Critical Power,
Demand
- Powering Public Networks
- The Vulnerable Public Grid
- A New Profile for Grid-Outage Risks
- Powering Critical Nodes
- Fuelling the Digital Economy
- Hard Power
Resilient Power
- Tiers of Power
- Adding Logic to the Grid: The Static Transfer Switch
- Generation and Transmission
- Distribution and Distributed Generation
- On-Site Power
- Stored Energy
- Backup Generators
- "Uninterruptible Power"
- Monitoring, Control, and Reliability-Centered Maintenance
- Resilient Design
Private Investment and the Public Interest^
- Assess Vulnerabilities
- Establish Critical-Power Standards for Facilities Used to Support Key Government Functions
- Share Safety- and Performance-Related Information, Best Practices, and Standards
- Interconnect Public and Private Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition Networks
- Secure Automated Control Systems
- Share Assets
- Enhance Interfaces Between On-Site Generating Capacity and ThePublic Grid
- Remove Obstacles
REP-00124, Dugan R., 2002, Rural Electric Power Conference, Distributed generation
impact on reliability and power quality indices
Properly sited distributed generation (DG) can increase the feeder capacity limit, but this does not
necessarily produce an improvement in system reliability or power quality, as quantified by
standard indices. The DG may have a positive impact on reliability through faster system
restoration following a fault.
www.lpqi.org
6
The DG can also improve reliability for the owner, and may reduce the severity of voltage sags
near the DG. Indices normalized to the number of customers dilute these positive benefits. The DG
often has a negative impact on reliability indices through sympathetic tripping, required changes to
utility overcurrent device settings, and increased fuse blowing. The utility cannot assume DG
automatically improves system reliability, and action may be required to ensure that reliability does
not actually degrade for other
Customers
REP-00129, Gellings C., 2004, ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY AND UTILISATION' 2004
Cracow, POWER QUALITY AND THE POWER DELIVERY SYSTEM OF THE FUTURE
The paper discusses four vulnerabilities already present in today’s power system. These are:
- The Security of Power Delivery and Market Systems;
- The Quality of Power Supplied;
- The Reliability of Power Supplied;
- The Availability of Affordable Energy Services.
They will continue to degradate. Resolving these vulnerabilities will yield benefits in the trillions of
dollars annually. The paper discusses such solutions in terms of technologies and systems
development.
REP-00135, 2004, ENIRDGnet, Technical assessment of DG technologies and tendencies

of technical development
The purpose of this report is to provide key information on distributed generation responding to the
waits of non-specialists who have to deal with these technologies. This document is made of a
series of concise summaries tailored for the needs of political decision makers providing
information on the peculiarity of each DG technologies and in particular on:
- The impact on the utility network operation
- The impact on the environment
- The technical / commercial maturity and the market potentials
- The economic issue
- The relevancy with the customer needs
- The regulatory barriers and policy framework requirements
REP-00136, 2003, ENIRDGnet, Guidelines for improved DG and RES related information
access
The objective of the report is to evaluate a sample of different sources of existing DG and RES
(renewable energy systems) related information, to identify future needs for such information
system, to establish requirements and make recommendations for the
operation of the system.
REP-00134, 2003, DGFacts, Evaluation of the quality of supply requirements specified by

existing standards, national legislation and relevant technical reports inside and outside
EU
The aim of the DGFACTS project is to solve the set of quality of supply problems arising from the
integration of Distributed Generation into the electric Distribution networks. This report gives an
overview on Power Quality (PQ) standards applicable in different countries, and also compiles
topics of Power Quality which deserve a special attention in the framework of the project
DGFACTS.
General information is presented on the DGFACTS website at
http://dgfacts.labein.es/dgfacts/index.jsp
www.lpqi.org
7
Power Quality
Training Courses
Curricula for
MODULE 10
Utility Package
(Frequency variations. Quality of supply in the electricity
market. DSM. Tariffs and power quality. Rational use of energy)
LPQI is part of:
www.lpqi.org
Module 10
Utility Package
(Frequency variations. Quality of supply in the electricity market. DSM.
Tariffs and power quality. Rational use of energy)
1 INTRODUCTION
The efficient operation of the electrical consumers needs a reliable power supply and an adequate
quality of the bus-bar voltage. These conditions have a special importance into the market
economy, where the quality of the manufactured goods, the manufacturing costs and the contracts
fulfilling are definitive elements of the consumers. The adoption of tariffs for energy in accordance
with it’s energetical behaviour and the power quality requirements is one of the most important
preoccupations of the energetic specialists from the modern companies. Also, the adoption of the
most efficient solutions for the reducing of the losses/damages which occurs into the utilization
processes of the electricity can assure to the electricity consumer to be competitive. The technical
and economical evaluation of the existing solutions for the electrical power utilization efficiency
increasing and the knowing of the financial solutions for putting into practice of the technical
solutions are tools with which an electrical power specialist has to operate for the reducing of the
electrical power useless consumptions. Of course, the electrical power utilization efficiency
increasing has an important component related to the environment, by decreasing the quantity of
pollutants transmitted to the environment.
1.1 General aims
The peculiar problems of industrial consumers will be the studied during this seminar. In this
sense, the peculiar aspects of these consumers, methods and solving means of these problems,
the needed information, their interpretation, the current solutions, the argue way of the proposed
technical solutions and the practical implementation ways of the solutions for energy efficiency
increasing, will be briefly presented/recapitulated. Also, will be studied real cases (industrial
consumers) for which will be selected and dimensioned adequate solutions.
1.2 Target groups

1st day
Contents Recapitulation of the notions related to the frequency and its influence of the electricity
consumers technical and economical parameters. The influence of the voltage deviations
on the consumers’ economical indicators. The energetically behaviour of the consumers.
The dimensioning of the equipment for the frequency control at system level, respectively
the voltage control at local level.
Aims Recapitulation of the basic notions related to electricity utilization and the influence of the PQ
on the consumers economical indicators.
2nd day
Contents The tariffs selection and the prices negotiation. The electricity efficient utilization. DSM (Demand-
side management) solutions for efficiency increasing and implementation of more energetic
efficient new technologies. Case study: the selection and technical - economical justification of the
utilization of a frequency converter for drinking water supply pump.
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1
Case study: the selection of an adequate tariff to energetically behavior of a real consumer.
Aims Modern technological solutions for the electrical power utilization efficiency increasing.
Financial solutions for the technical solutions implementation. The methodology of
technical solutions analysis.
Time
Knowledge Lesson
(hours)

1 1 related to the PQ aspects of
the industrial consumers

discussions
The dimensioning of the
15 installations for
2 2 the voltage control
at the consumer’s bus-bar
Case studies related to modern
315 3 solutions for the efficient

utilization of the el. power.
Economical evaluation of the

45 proposed solutions. Financial
4 4 solutions for the costs covering.
DSM solutions.
Contracts for consumer power

45 supplying. The conceiving of
6 5 power quality contract for a real
consumer.
The assesment of a real consumer

25 energetical behaviour, the tariff selection
7 6 and the negotiaton in accordance with
energetical behaviour of the consumer.
Energetically efficiency and

the environment.
915 7 The utilization of white
certificates.
Introduction
940 8 into
the homework.

1000 seminar
conclusions.
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First day:
60 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the notions related to the peculiar power quality
aspects of the industrial consumers. The influences of the frequency on the
consumers/company economical indicators. Measures for the frequency
maintaining, at system level.
The analysis of several real frequency variation cases because of high
disturbances. The system back-up dimensioning for the National Power System.
Solutions at consumer’s level. System services of the consumer. Case studies.
45 min. Section 2: The influence of voltage level on the operating technical conditions
and economical indicators of the electricity consumers. The calculation of the
active and reactive power consumptions and various receivers/loads power
factor, according to the voltage level. The consumers voltage curves and their
utilization for the load control into the power system. Case study.
30 min. The influence of the reactive power traffic on the electrical power distribution
network, respectively on the consumers electrical power network. Case study:
capacitor batteries at consumer, capacitor batteries into the supplying substation.
90 min. Section 3: Case studies related to modern solutions for the efficient utilization of
the electrical power for several loads/receivers: dimensioning of a drinking water
supply pump; modern lighting system evaluation; dimensioning of power storage
systems during the night, dimensioning of power factor automatic control
systems.
60 min. Section 4: The economical evaluation of the proposed solutions for the case
studies under debate. Financial solutions for the costs covering. DSM solutions.
Second day:
120 min. Section 5: Contracts for consumer power supplying. The conceiving of power
quality contract for a real consumer.
40 min. Section 6: Tariffs for the energy. Case study: The assesment of a real consumer
energetical behaviour, the tariff selection and the negotiaton in accordance with
energetical behaviour of the consumer.
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3
110 min. Section 7: The power utilization efficiency. The calculation of the avoided
emissions for a real consumer. White certificates. The utilization of white
certificates. Avoided consumptions into modern technologies. The determination
of the avoided consumptions (negajouls) for the modern loads/receveivers
(modern lighting systems, electric-arc furnace d.c. supplied, electrical warming
installations in industry, aluminium industry).
for appreciation).
GENERAL NOTES
quality.
4 TEACHING METHODS

help of slides;
− computer utilization for the analisis of the energetical efficient solutions – practical activities;
− the assesment of the power saving during selection and dimensioning of the energy efficiency
improvment solutions (real cases) – practical activities;
transfer.
duty.

− Blackboard;
− Pointer;
− Notebook;
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4
− the homework.
Level
Topic
Basic Medium High
Statistic •
Power systems •
Power quality •
− the calculation of the active and reactive power consumptions and various receivers/loads
power factor, according to the voltage level;
− the selection, dimensioning and economical evaluation of several loads/receivers efficiency
increasing solutions;
− the assesment of consumer energetical behaviour; the tariff selection;
− the efficient utilization of electrical power; the utilization of white certificates;
− the conceiving of contractual articles for a supplier - consumer contract, on in force
standards/norms basis.
8 ANNEXES
Press
1. PR-00001, n /a, PQ Articles, EC&M
Power Quality Magazine: http://ecmweb.com/about/ , http://www.powerquality.com/
http://ecmweb.com/powerquality/
2. PR-00002, n /a, Cahier Technique, Schneider Electric - web site
http://wib-prod.schneiderelectric.
com/publicprogram/corp/corp_techpub.nsf/0/B64FE480CDE5289B85256EFC00354C98/$file/CT
0%20Bi%20Web%20(Ed06-03).pdf - Cahier Technicque issued in English
General: http://www.schneiderelectric.
com/wps/myportal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_P9/_s.7_0_A/7_0_P9
3. PR-00003, n /a, Electricity and Electronics online Textbook (E-book), All about circuits
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
4. PR-00004, n /a, Copper Promotion websites - electrical with publications, Copper
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5
Promotion Network
ECI electrical: http://www.eurocopper.org/eci/jsp/index.jsp?idx=35
Leonardo: www.lpqi.org
CDA USA: http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/pq/
CDA UK: http://www.cda.org.uk/PQP/pqp.htm
Leonardo Energy: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/
5. PR-00005, n /a, National Instruments Application Notes, National Instruments
Application notes on PQ measuring
Also tutorials: http://www.ni.com/industrial/electrical_power_build.htm
6. PR-00006, n /a, Tutorials and Standards for the Power Quality Industry, Power
Standards Lab
Brief power quality tutorials for engineers
Sags, dips, and swells: Introduction to the most common disturbance on AC mains
Transient overvoltages: Introduction to capacitor-switching and high-frequency transients
Harmonics: Introduction to voltage and current harmonics issues
Flicker: Introduction to voltage flicker
Voltage regulation: Introduction to voltage regulation issues
Other disturbances: Frequency variations, noise bursts, and other less common problems
Sag immunity tutorials
Tutorial #1: Common sources of voltage sags / dips
Tutorial #2: Five ways equipment fails due to voltage sags
Tutorial #3: Semiconductor industry voltage sag standards: F47 and F42
Tutorial #4: Quick, inexpensive fixes that increase immunity to voltage sags
Electric power standards
IEEE power quality standards
IEC power quality standards
Utility power quality standards
Industry-specific power quality standards
U.S. military power quality standards
Other power quality standards - ANSI, CBEMA, CIGRE, country-specific, etc.
Also special training software under: http://powerstandards.com/download_reg.htm
Publication
8. REP-00032, 2001, 1-1 Introduction, Application note
Application Note about introduction to PQ and EMC
9. REP-00033, 2002, 1-2 Power Quality Self Assessment Guide, Application Note
PQ problems and solutions. Results of the PQ European survey
10. REP-00034, 2001, 2-1 The costs of Poor Power Quality, Application Note
Typical costs of poor PQ
11. REP-00035, 2003, 2-5 Investment Analysis for PQ solutions, Application note
Application Note about investment analysis in PQ domain. Time value of money; NPV, IRR, payback
period.
12. REP-00050, 2004, 5-4-2 EN 50160 Standard- Voltage Characteristics in Public
Distribution Systems, Application note
Overview of EN 50160
13. REP-00056, 2003, Business Model for investing in Power Quality Solutions,
Application note
This paper illustrates how non-financially technical personnel can use their experience to help communicate
to and convince other decision-making departments to invest in upgrading an electrical installation's
resilience and reliability. It is based on some extensive research carried out among a wide range of
commercial and non-commercial industrial sectors in Spain. From the analysis of this study, a series of
formulae have been created to enable managers to qualify the wastage, both in time and financial terms, to
their organizations and to assist in assessing the value of upgrading the power system to eradicate
unnecessary drains on resource and productivity.
14. REP-00066, 2003, Power Quality - ect 199, Application note
Phenomena causing degradation of power quality, origins, consequences for equipment and main solutions.
Measurement of power quality.
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6
15. REP-00077, 2003, Electrical disturbances in LV - ect 141, Application note

Origin and risks of disturbances. Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility and immunity. Disturbance
of amplitude, frequency, waveform, phase, power.
16. REP-00090, 2003, Energy savings in buildings - ect 206, Application note
Methodology for effective preliminary study work, elements which contribute to energy savings, reducing
energy costs, reducing energy consumption.
17. REP-00091, 2003, Dynamic stability of industrial electrical networks - ect 185,
Application note
Behaviour of industrial electrical networks, causes and effects of instability, necessary precautions,
dynamic stability studies of industrial networks.
18. REP-00095, 2003, MV public distribution networks throughout the world - ect 155,
Application note
Various types of distribution networks, the distributor's role, topologies of MV networks, substations,
protection and remote control.
19. REP-00096, 2003, HV industrial network design - ect 169, Application note
Requirements and main constraints related to the type of industry, standards and local practices of industrial
network design, technical and economic optimization, choice of optimal network structure and operation.
20. REP-00103, 2003, Understanding Power & Power Quality Measurements, Application
note
The following concepts are explained:
- Typical voltage configurations: single-phase systems, three-Phase, 3-wire systems, three-phase, 4-wire
systems, balanced vs. unbalanced loads, RMS vs. average sensing.
- Demand
- Consumption
- Power factor
- Reactive compensation power
- Electrical harmonics: detection and measurement, effects on the system, transformer derating, meter
readings, drest factor, limiting the effects of harmonics.
21. REP-00104, 2003, Power Quality Monitoring and Power Metering Tutorial, Application
note
The following concepts are explained:
- Basic concepts: voltage, current, AC, DC, phase angle, three-phase power, balanced load, wye
connection, power, energy, power factor, apparent power, real power, reactive power
- Power-quality concepts: leading / lagging power, RMS voltage variations (sag, swell and interruption),
waveform harmonics.
22. REP-00107, 2003, Power Quality Monitoring - Plant Investigations. Application Note
no. 5, Application note
Power-quality monitoring - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. PQ disturbances and their characterization
3. PQ monitors
4. Transducers
5. Plant fault finding
23. REP-00108, 2003, Understanding Power Quality. Application Note no. 1, Application
note
Understanding power quality - subjects:
1. Introduction
2. Types of power-quality disturbances: frequency events, voltage events, waveform events
3. Causes of power-quality problems
4. Some effects of power-quality disturbances: voltage events, waveform events
5. Relative importance of power quality issues
6. What you can do to manage your power-quality problems
24. REP-00137, 2002, Technical Potential for Peak Load Management Programs in New
Jersey, Report/study
Loads often have some ability to conveniently store thermal energy and defer electricity consumption. These
inherent storage and control capabilities can be exploited to help reduce peak electric system consumption.
Advances in communications and control technologies are making it possible for loads ranging from
residential through commercial and industrial to respond to economic signals. Many customers (residential
through industrial) are willing to respond to price signals. This report explores mechanisms to reduce, when
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7
necessary, the peak load in New Jersey's electricity market. It examines load pricing and technical load
reduction programs used in recent years in New Jersey and discuss how they can be made more effective in
controlling summer peaks and attendant high prices of electricity. Particular attention is given to load
curtailment programs now in place and utility opinions relating to them.
25. REP-00138, 2000, Client Report : Trends in smart home systems, connectivity and
services, Report/study
Report on trends in "residential connectivity" and associated smart home systems and services.
The report covers:
- Smart home technologies for Internet access, telephone networks, PC networks, home entertainment,
security, safety, environmental control and special needs
- The external and internal connectivity infrastructure (both cabled and wireless) needed to support
smart home systems
- Internet (online) services
- Telecare
- The benefits and costs of smart homes
The report makes recommendations for a range of standard infrastructure solutions for new homes
to meet simple smart home requirements, while providing the flexibility to upgrade conveniently at a
later date to advanced systems and services such as telecare.
26. REP-00140, 2002, The Process of Designing Appropriate Smart Homes: Including the
User in the Design, Paper
This paper seeks to consider how smart home technology can be incorporated appropriately within the
design process, exploring the difficulties in determining the most appropriate type of technology to meet the
needs of people. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines to inform future designs within this area.
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8

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Power Quality

- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

Below there’s an overview of the module contents.

2.1 Pathway of learning flow chart

Recapitulation of the notions Lesson and discussions

Lesson, practical activi-

215 2 notions of the results.

315 3 description. Installing.

Peculiar software instalation on the

Tagging over CBEMA, ITIC curves.

The calculation of the

915 7 dimension a solution for

Introduction into the

End of Final discussions and

3 MODULE DETAILED PROGRAM

60 min. Participants registration.

5 min. Opening, information.

45 min. Section 2: Methods of analysis. Notions about the statistical processing of

30 min. EXCEL programming, charts drawing and statistical analizes examples.

30 min. Coffee break

60 min. Section 3: Description of monitoring equipment. Technical characteristics.

30 min. Coffee break

20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following:

5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS

Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:

6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

is geared toward power system troubleshooting and management.

- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -

LPQIVES is co-financed by:

LPQIVES is a programme of:

LPQI is part of:

2 SPECIFIC AIMS AND TOPICS

Below there’s an overview of the module contents.

2.1 Pathway of learning flow chart

Recapitulation of the notions

Practical activities and

The analisis of the

The damages calculation.The

730 7 The dimensioning of a passive

The power factor calculation for

910 9 Introduction into the

3 MODULE DETAILED PROGRAM

60 min. Participants registration.

5 min. Opening, information.

90 min. Section 1: Recapitulation of the basic notions related to harmonics and

30 min. Section 2: MATLAB programming notions. The conceiving of small software

30 min. Coffee break

30 min. Coffee break

60 min. Section 7: The dimensioning of a passive filtre on consumer power supplying

20 min. Final discussion and conclusions.

Teaching methods are mainly summarized, as following:

5 DIDACTIC MATERIAL AND TOOLS

Each attendant will receive, during the registration, a folder containing:

6 EXISTING KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

8. PR-00020, Gurney, J, Hughes, B, Li, C, Neilson, B, Xu, W, Virtual PQ troubleshooter,

10. REP-00002, 2004, 1-9 Power Quality Glossary, Application note

3.8. Transient overvoltages

- Power Quality Expert Level 2 -