Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 1.2
Section 1.3
Section 1.4
Section 1.5
Infinite Limits
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
C H A P T E R 1
Limits and Their Properties
Section 1.1
A Preview of Calculus
2
5 5 5
10.417
2 3 4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
9.145
Area 5
2
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Section 1.2
2.
1.9
1.99
1.999
2.001
2.01
2.1
f x
0.2564
0.2506
0.2501
0.2499
0.2494
0.2439
lim
x2
4.
x2
0.25
x2 4
3.1
3.01
3.001
2.999
2.99
2.9
f x
0.2485
0.2498
0.2500
0.2500
0.2502
0.2516
lim
1 x 2
x3
Actual limit is 14 .
0.25
3.9
3.99
3.999
4.001
4.01
4.1
f x
0.0408
0.0401
0.0400
0.0400
0.0399
0.0392
lim
x4
8.
Actual limit is 14 .
x3
6.
xx 1
45
0.04
x4
0.1
x
f x
lim
x0
0.0500
0.01
0.0050
cos x 1
0.0000
x
0.001
0.0005
0.001
0.01
0.0005
0.0050
0.1
0.0500
305
306
Chapter 1
x1
x1
1
does not exist since the
x3
function increases and decreases
without bound as x approaches 3.
x1
14. lim
x3
x0
x1
5
0
(b)
t
Ct
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
0.59
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
0.71
t3.5
(c)
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
0.47
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.71
0.71
0.71
t
Ct
lim Ct does not exist. The values of C jump from 0.59 to 0.71 at t 3.
t3.5
0.2
4 0.2
3.8
3.8
3.8 2
< x2 4
< x2
< x2
<
x
< x2
<
<
<
<
<
0.2
4 0.2
4.2
4.2
4.2 2
24. lim 4
x4
x
2
2
4
x
2 < 0.01
2
2
x
< 0.01
2
1
x 4 < 0.01
2
Hence, if 0 <
x 4
< 0.02, you have
0 < x 4 < 0.02
1
x 4 < 0.01
2
2
4
x
< 0.01
2
x
2 < 0.01
2
Section 1.2
26. lim x2 4 29
x5
2
x3
x 4 29
< 0.01
Given > 0:
x2 25 < 0.01
x 5 < x 5
x 3
0.01
, you have
11
x5 <
0.01
1
<
0.01
11
x5
x 5
x 5
< 0.01
x2 25
< 0.01
x2 4 29
< 0.01
f x L
< 0.01
Hence, if 0 < x 3 < , you have
2
9
2
3
x 1
2
3x
29
3
2
3
2x 6
<
2x 5 1
<
f x L
<
32. lim 1 1
x2
Given > 0:
<
<
x 1
1 1
<
0 <
Hence, any > 0 will work.
Hence, for any > 0, you have
<
< 32
x 3 < 2
x1
2
3x
2
2
2
29
30. lim 3 x 9 3 1 9 3
Given > 0:
<
3
Hence, if 0 < x 1 < 2, you have
2
3x
x 1 < 32
2
3x
9
2
3
29
3
<
<
f x L <
34. lim x 4 2
x4
Given > 0:
x 2
x 2
<
x 4
<
x3
x 2 <
x 2
x 3 0
x 3
Given > 0:
x 2
36. lim x 3 0
x 2 < .
<
<
Hence, let .
x 3
<
x 3
0
<
f x L
<
307
308
Chapter 1
40. f x
Given > 0:
x2 3x 0
xx 3
x2
x3
4x 3
3
1
2
lim f x
<
x3
<
x 3
<
x
If we assume 4 < x < 2, then 4.
Hence for 0 < x 3 < , you have
4
x 3 < 4 < x
xx 3
<
x 3x 0
<
f x L
<
2
42. f x
x3
x2 9
lim f x
x3
1
6
44. (a) No. The fact that f 2 4 has no bearing on the existence of the limit of f x as x approaches 2.
(b) No. The fact that lim f x 4 has no bearing on the
x2
value of f at 2.
48.
0.002
(1.999, 0.001)
(2.001, 0.001)
x0
1.998
0
2.002
Using the zoom and trace feature, 0.001. That is, for
50. True
x2 4
4 < 0.001.
x2
x10, 4x,
2
x4
x4
x4
x2 x 12
7
x4
x4
54. lim
4 0.1
n
f 4 0.1
n
4 0.1
n
x4
f 4 0.1
n
4.1
7.1
3.9
6.9
4.01
7.01
3.99
6.99
4.001
7.001
3.999
6.999
4.0001
7.0001
3.9999
6.9999
Section 1.3
If 0 < x c <
.
m
xc
, then
m
That is,
12L < gx L < 12L
1
2L
gx
<
< 2L
xc
10
x4
4.
10
t4
t1
10
10
10
gx
12 x 3
x9
x2
14. lim
x3
18. lim
x3
2
2
2
x 2 3 2
x 1
x4
3 1
34
f t t t 4
6. lim x3 23 8
2
16. lim
x3
2x 3 23 3 3
x5
35
8
3
3
x 4
442
20. lim
x4
3 21 6 3
(b) lim gx
x21
34.
1
such that 0 < x 0 < implies gx L < 2L.
2.
x
sin 1
2
2
x53
5 1
3
2
309
1
58. lim gx L, L > 0. Let 2L. There exists > 0
mx c <
mx mc <
mx b mc b <
Section 1.3
6x
sec 76 23
3
310
Chapter 1
xc
32
6
3
3
3 lim f x 27 3
f x
40. (a) lim
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
lim
f x xc f x 27 3
(b) lim
xc 18
lim 18
18 2
3 1
2
2 2
xc
32
12
43
xc
xc
(d) lim
xc
xc
xc
x2 3x
agree except at x 0.
x
44. gx
1
x
and f x 2
agree except at x 0.
x1
x x
x2
x1
x2
x0
x0
x0
2x2 x 3
and gx 2x 3 agree except at
x1
x 1.
x3 1
and gx x2 x 1 agree except at
x1
x 1.
46. f x
48. f x
x1
x1
x1
x1
50. lim
x2
2x
x 2
lim
x2 4 x2 x 2x 2
lim
x2
54. lim
lim
x0
x 1 2
x3
x3
x4
x2 5x 4
x 4x 1
lim
x2 2x 8 x4 x 4x 2
lim
x3
lim
x4
2 x 2
x0
lim
56. lim
52. lim
1
1
x2
4
2 x 2
x0
4
1
2x2
2 x 2
2 x 2
2 x 2 x
x 1 2
x3
x 1 3 1
x 2 6 2
lim
x0
1
2 x 2
x 1 2
x 1 2
lim
x3
2
1
4
22
x3
1
1
lim
x 3x 1 2 x3 x 1 2 4
1
1
4 x 4
x4 4
4x 4
1
1
lim
lim
58. lim
x0
x0
x0 4x 4
x
x
16
60. lim
x0
x
x2 x2
x2 2x
x
x2 x2
x2x
x
lim
lim
lim 2x
x 2x
x0
x0
x0
Section 1.3
62. lim
x0
311
x
x3 x3
x3 3x2
x 3x
x2
x3 x3
lim
x0
x
lim
x0
64. f x
x3x2 3x
x
x2
lim 3x2 3x
x
x2 3x2
x0
4 x
x 16
15.9
15.99
15.999
16
16.001
16.01
16.1
f x
.1252
.125
.125
.125
.125
.1248
20
4 x
4 x
lim
x16 x 16
x16 x 4 x 4
Analytically, lim
lim
x16
1
x 4
1
.
8
x5 32
80
x2 x 2
100
66. lim
x
f x
1.9
1.99
72.39
79.20
1.999
79.92
1.9999
2.0
79.99
2.0001
80.01
2.001
80.08
2.01
2.1
80.80
88.41
x5 32
x 2x4 2x3 4x2 8x 16
lim
x2 x 2
x2
x2
Analytically, lim
68. lim
x0
31 cos x
1 cos x
lim 3
x0
x
x
30 0
sin x
tan2 x
sin2 x
lim
lim
2
x0
x0 x cos x
x0
x
x
72. lim
cos2 x
sin x
10 0
76. lim
x 4
1 tan x
cos x sin x
lim
sin x cos x x4 sin x cos x cos2 x
sin x cos x
lim
x 4 cos xsin x cos x
1
lim
x 4 cos x
lim sec x
x 4
2
78. lim
x0
sin 2x
sin 2x
lim 2
sin 3x x0
2x
13
sin3x3x
21 13
1 32
70. lim
cos tan
sin
lim
1
0
3
25
312
Chapter 1
h
f h
0.01
1.98
0.001
1.9998
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.9998
1.98
h0
82. f x
sin x
3 x
0.1
x
f x
0.01
0.215
0.0464
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.0464
0.215
sin x
3 2 sin x
lim
x
01 0.
3
x0
x0
x
x
Analytically, lim
84. lim
h0
x h x
x h x
f x h f x
lim
lim
h0
h0
h
h
h
lim
h0
x h x
x h x
xhx
1
1
lim
h0
h x h x
2x
x h x
f x h f x
x2 2xh h2 4x 4h x2 4x
x h2 4x h x2 4x
lim
lim
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
86. lim
lim
h0
h2x h 4
lim 2x h 4 2x 4
h0
h
xa
xa
b lim f x b
xa
2
2
2
lim x sin x 0
x0
2
0.5
2
0.5
0.5
0.5
lim x cos x 0
x0
1
x
lim x cos
x0
1
0
x
Section 1.3
x2 1
and gx x 1 agree at all points
x1
except x 1.
96. f x
sin2 x
x
When you are close to 0 the magnitude of g is smaller
than the magnitude of f and the magnitude of g is
approaching zero faster than the magnitude of f.
Thus, g f
0 when x is close to 0
g
3
h
f
2
t5102
5 210
st
5 10
seconds
1000
16
2
510
2
t
lim
t5102
0 16t2 1000
510
t
2
16 t2
lim
t5102
lim
t5102
125
2
510 t
2
16 t
t 5 210
t 5 10
16 t
lim
t5102
510
2
510
8010 ftsec
253 ftsec
2
1500
5.53 seconds.
150
4.9
49
lim
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
xc
cclim
xc
xc
. . . c n.
x x n3
For every > 0, there exists > 0 such that f x 0 < whenever 0 < x c < .
313
314
Chapter 1
f x f x f x
lim f x lim f x lim f x
xc
xc
xc
xc
0 lim f x 0
xc
For every > 0, there exists > 0 such that f x L < whenever 0 < x c < .
Since f x L f x L < for x c < , then lim f x L .
xc
3x xx 11
,c1
1
118. False. Let f x 2 x2 and gx x2. Then f x < gx
for all x 0. But lim f x lim gx 0.
x0
120. lim
x0
1 cos x
1 cos x
lim
x0
x
x
x0
1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos2 x
sin2 x
lim
x0 x1 cos x
x 0 x1 cos x
lim
lim
x0
sin x
x
lim
x0
sin x
1 cos x
sin x
x
lim 1 sincosx x
x0
10 0
122. f x
sec x 1
x2
x0
(d)
3
2
3
2
1
2
sec x 1 sec x 1
x2
x2
Hence, lim
x0
sec x 1
1 sin2 x
1
tan2 x
x2sec x 1 cos2 x x2 sec x 1
sec x 1
1 sin2 x
1
lim
2
x0
x
cos2 x x2 sec x 1
11
124. The calculator was set in degree mode, instead of radian mode.
sec2 x 1
sec x 1 x2sec x 1
12
21.
Section 1.4
Section 1.4
2. (a)
(b)
315
lim f x 2
4. (a)
lim f x 2
(b)
x2
x2
lim f x 2
6. (a)
lim f x 2
(b)
x2
x2
lim f x 0
x1
lim f x 2
x1
x2
8. lim
x2
x2
2x
1
1
lim
x2 4 x2 x 2
4
x1
10. lim
x4
x 2
x4
lim
x4
lim
x4
lim
x4
12. lim
x2
x 2
14. lim
x0
x2
lim
x2
x 2
x4
x 2
x 2
x4
x 4 x 2
1
x 2
1
4
x2
1
x2
2xx x2 x
x
lim 2x x 1
x0
2x 0 1 2x 1
16. lim f x lim x2 4x 2 2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x1
4x 6 2
lim f x 2
x2
lim
x 2
sec x and
lim
x 2
24. lim 1
x1
x2
2x 1 1 2
26. f x
x2 1
x1
x,
28. f x 2,
2x 1,
x < 1
x 1 has discontinuity at x 1 since f 1 2 lim f x 1.
x1
x > 1
316
Chapter 1
x
is continuous for all real x.
2
34. f x
1
is continuous for all real x.
x2 1
38. f x
x
has nonremovable discontinuities at x 1 and x 1 since lim f x and lim f x do not exist.
x1
x1
x2 1
x3
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 3 since lim f x does not exist, and has a removable discontinuity
x3
x2 9
at x 3 since
40. f x
x3
42. f x
x3
1
1
.
x3 6
x1
x 2x 1
44. f x
x1
46. f x
x1
x 3
x3
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 3 since lim f x
x3
does not exist.
1
1
.
x2 3
3,
2x
x,
x < 1
x 1
x1
x1
x1
lim f x 1
x1
48. f x
2x,
x 4x 1,
2
x 2
has a possible discontinuity at x 2.
x > 2
1. f 2 22 4
2.
x2
x2
x2
x2
50. f x
csc x ,
6
2,
1. f 1 csc
2
6
2. lim f x 2
x1
x 3
x 3
2
> 2
csc x ,
6
2,
f 5 csc
1 x 5
x < 1 or x > 5
5
2
6
lim f x 2
x5
Section 1.4
x
has nonremovable discontinuities at each
2
2k 1, k is an integer.
20
x0
x0
lim fx 0
x0
4 sin x
4
x
x0
f is not continuous at x 4
x0
x0
Let a 4.
10
x2 a2
xa x a
lim x a 2a
xa
62. f gx
1
x 1
1
x 1x 2
68. f x
cos x 1 , x < 0
5x, x
x0
x0
x 0
7
f 0 50 0
cos x 1
0
x
x0
x0
Therefore, lim f x 0 f 0 and f is continuous on the entire real line. (x 0 was the only possible discontinuity.)
x0
317
72. f x
x1
x
Continuous on 0,
318
Chapter 1
74. f x
x3 8
x2
14
4
0
78. f x
4
x
tan
is continuous on 1, 3.
x
8
f 1 4 tan
3
4
< 0 and f 3 tan
> 0.
8
3
8
82. h 1 3 tan
80. f x x3 3x 2
f x is continuous on 0, 1.
f 0 2 and f 1 2
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f x 0 for at least
one value of c between 0 and 1. Using a graphing utility,
we find that x 0.5961.
84. f x x2 6x 8
1 < 0 < 8
The Intermediate Value Theorem applies.
x2 6x 8 0
x 2x 4 0
x 2 or x 4
c 2 (x 4 is not in the interval.)
Thus, f 2 0.
86. f x
x2 x
x1
5
35
20
and f 4
2
6
3
20
35
< 6 <
6
3
x2 x
6
x1
x2 x 6x 6
x2 5x 6 0
x 2x 3 0
x 2 or x 3
c 3 (x 2 is not in the interval.)
Thus, f 3 6.
Section 1.4
88. A discontinuity at x c is removable if you can define
(or redefine) the function at x c in such a way that the
new function is continuous at x c. Answers will vary.
(a) f x
x 2
1,
0,
(c) f x
1,
0,
x2
sinx 2
(b) f x
x2
319
if x 2
if 2 < x < 2
if x 2
if x < 2
y
3
2
1
3
x
1
2
3
90. If f and g are continuous for all real x, then so is f g (Theorem 1.11, part 2). However, fg might not be continuous if gx 0.
For example, let f x x and gx x2 1. Then f and g are continuous for all real x, but fg is not continuous at x 1.
1.04,
92. C 1.04 0.36t 1,
1.04 0.36t 2,
0 < t 2
t > 2, t is not an integer
t > 2, t is an integer
1.04,
1.04 0.362 t,
0 < t 2
.
t > 2
C
4
3
2
1
t
1
94. Let st be the position function for the run up to the campsite. s0 0 (t 0 corresponds to 8:00 A.M., s20 k (distance
to campsite)). Let rt be the position function for the run back down the mountain: r0 k, r10 0. Let f t st rt.
When t 0 (8:00 A.M.),
t x
t x
100. True
1. f c L is defined.
2. lim f x L exists.
xc
320
Chapter 1
104. (a)
S
60
50
40
30
20
10
t
5
10
15 20 25 30
xc
Let x c x. As x c, x 0
3. lim f x f c.
xc
Therefore, f is continuous at x c.
110. Define f x f2x f1x. Since f1 and f2 are continuous on a, b, so is f.
f a f2a f1a > 0 and
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists c in a, b such that f c 0.
f c f2c f1c 0 f1c f2c
Section 1.5
2.
Infinite Limits
1
x2
1
lim
x2 x 2
lim
4.
x2
6. f x
x
x
4
lim sec
x
4
x2
x
x2 9
3.5
f x 1.077
3.1
3.01
3.001
2.999
2.99
2.9
2.5
5.082 50.08
500.1
499.9
49.92
4.915
0.9091
lim f x
x3
lim f x
x3
lim sec
x2
Section 1.5
8. f x sec
321
x
6
3.5
Infinite Limits
f x 3.864
3.1
3.01
19.11
191.0
2.5
1910
3.864
1910
191.0
19.11
lim f x
x3
lim f x
x3
10. lim
x2
lim
x2
4
x 23
12. lim
x0
2x
2x
lim 2
x0
x 1 x
x 1 x
2
4
x 23
lim
2x
x21 x
lim
2x
x21 x
x1
x1
16.
s5
s5
s5
s5
1
has vertical asymptotes at
cos x
2n 1
, n any integer.
2
20. gx
12x3 x2 4x 1 xx2 2x 8
3x2 6x 24
6 x2 2x 8
1
x,
6
x 2, 4
No vertical asymptotes. The graph has holes at x 2
and x 4.
22. f x
x
x3
4x2 x 6
4x 3x 2
4
, x 3, 2
2x2 9x 18 xx 2x2 9 xx 3
24. hx
x 2x 2
x2 4
x3 2x2 x 2 x 2x2 1
x2
x2
4
x2
.
x2 1
5
26. ht
tt 2
t
,t2
t 2t 2t 2 4 t 2t 2 4
322
Chapter 1
28. g
tan
sin
has vertical asymptotes at
cos
x2 6x 7
lim x 7 8
x1
x1
x1
30. lim
2n 1
n, n any integer.
2
2
2
3
tan
1.
12
Removable discontinuity at x 1
sinx 1
1
x1
32. lim
x1
34. lim
x1
Removable discontinuity at
x 1
2x
1x
36. lim
x4
40. lim
x3
44.
48.
x2
x2
1
16 2
38.
x2 1
x2
9
lim
x 2
lim
x 12
lim
x12
6x2 x 1
3x 1 5
lim
4x2 4x 3 x12 2x 3 8
42. lim x2
x0
2
cos x
46. lim
x0
x2 tan x and
lim
x 12
x2 tan x .
1
x
x 2
lim x 2tan x 0
x0
cot x
50. f x
x2
x3 1
x1
x1
x1
x
6
lim f x
x3
1
has no
x2 1
58. P
vertical asymptote.
lim
V0
k
V
k
k (In this case we know that k > 0.)
V
Section 1.5
200
ftsec
6
3
(b) r 50 sec2 200 ftsec
3
(c)
lim
2
62. m
Total distance
Total time
50
2d
dx dy
50
2xy
yx
m0
lim m lim
vc
(b)
vc
m0
1 v2c2
30
40
50
60
150
66.667
50
42.857
(c) lim
x25
25x
x 25
(b)
(c)
f
50 tan 50
Domain:
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0.47
4.21
18.0
68.6
630.1
0, 2
(d)
100
lim A
2
1.5
0
70. True
x2 1
.
x1
1
1
and gx 4, and c 0.
x2
x
1
1
2 and lim 4 , but
x0 x
x0 x
lim
x1 x1 lim x x 1 0.
2
lim
x0
x0
323
1 v2c2
50 sec2
Infinite Limits
by Theorem 1.15.
x c
gx
0
fx