Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism
Classification and external resources ICD-10 G 20.0
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [1]

-G 21.0

ICD-9 DiseasesDB MedlinePlus MeSH

332

24212

000759

D020734

Parkinsonism (also known as Parkinson's syndrome, atypical Parkinson's, or secondary Parkinson's) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[7] The underlying causes of parkinsonism are numerous, and diagnosis can be complex.[8] While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide-range of other etiologies can lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of non-PD neurological conditions.[9] Its most common cause is as a side effect of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol (Haldol)), piperazines (such as ziprasidone), and rarely, antidepressants.

Etiology
If PD has been excluded, the differential diagnosis or list of potential causes for this syndrome includes: AIDS can sometimes lead to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, due to commonly causing dopaminergic dysfunction.[10] Corticobasal degeneration[7] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease[11] Diffuse Lewy body disease[7] Drug-induced parkinsonism (due to drugs such as antipsychotics, metoclopramide, MPTP[12] )[7] Encephalitis lethargica[7] Multiple system atrophy[13] Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome)[14] Progressive supranuclear palsy[7] Toxicity due to substances such as carbon monoxide,[15] carbon disulfide,[15] manganese,[15] paraquat,[16] , mercury[17] , hexane, rotenone, and toluene. Vascular parkinsonism[18] Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which there is an abnormal accumulation of copper. The excess copper can lead to the formation of a copper-dopamine complex, which leads to the oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome.[19] Paraneoplastic syndrome. Neurological symptoms caused by antibodies associated with various cancers. Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA), A.K.A. Hallervorden-Spatz disease[20] Genetic Rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism (DYT12)

Parkinsonism Parkin mutation X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (DYT3) Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (ARJP)

External links
GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism [21]

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] http:/ / apps. who. int/ classifications/ apps/ icd/ icd10online/ ?gg20. htm+ g200 http:/ / apps. who. int/ classifications/ apps/ icd/ icd10online/ ?gg20. htm+ g210 http:/ / www. icd9data. com/ getICD9Code. ashx?icd9=332 http:/ / www. diseasesdatabase. com/ ddb24212. htm http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ ency/ article/ 000759. htm http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2010/ MB_cgi?field=uid& term=D020734 Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). Clinical Neurology (6th ed.). Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.2415. ISBN0071423605. Tuite PJ, Krawczewski K (2007). "Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis". Seminars in neurology 27 (2): 11322. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971174. PMID17390256.

[9] Christine CW, Aminoff MJ (2004). "Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance". Am. J. Med. 117 (6): 4129. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.032. PMID15380498. [10] Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, et al. (2004). "Movement disorders and AIDS: a review". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10 (6): 32334. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001. PMID15261874. [11] Maltte D, Guyant-Marchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (2006). "Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 (2): 6571. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004. PMID16364674. [12] Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T (2005). "Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease" (http:/ / www. medscimonit. com/ pub/ vol_11/ no_1/ 5333. pdf) (PDF). Med. Sci. Monit. 11 (1): RA1723. PMID15614202. . [13] Wenning GK, Geser F (2003). "Multiple system atrophy". Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 159 (5 Pt 2): 3S318. PMID12773886. [14] Uc EY, Rodnitzky RL (2003). "Childhood dystonia". Seminars in pediatric neurology 10 (1): 5261. doi:10.1016/S1071-9091(02)00010-4. PMID12785748. [15] DeLong MR, Juncos JL (2004). Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp.2414. ISBN0-07-140235-7. [16] Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Remio F, Carmo H, et al. (2006). "Paraquat exposure as an etiological factor of Parkinson's disease". Neurotoxicology 27 (6): 111022. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.012. PMID16815551. [17] Tremor/InvoluntaryMovements: Excerpt from Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis (http:/ / www. wrongdiagnosis. com/ p/ parkinsons_disease/ book-diseases-11a. htm) [18] Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (2005). "Vascular Parkinsonism--an important cause of parkinsonism in older people" (http:/ / ageing. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ reprint/ 34/ 2/ 114) (PDF). Age and ageing 34 (2): 1149. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi025. PMID15713855. . [19] Czonkowska A, Tarnacka B, Mller JC, et al. (2007). "Unified Wilson's Disease Rating Scale a proposal for the neurological scoring of Wilson's disease patients". Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 41 (1): 112. PMID17330175. [20] NEURODEGENERATION WITH BRAIN IRON ACCUMULATION 1; NBIA1 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ entrez/ dispomim. cgi?id=234200) [21] http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ bookshelf/ br. fcgi?book=gene& part=xdp

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Parkinsonism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=372245962 Contributors: 210835a, Adam McMaster, Amanda Cadwallider, Andrew73, Ansell, Arcadian, ArkadiuszBokowy, Bonadea, Buhta, Cholerashot, Chris 73, Codc, CopperKettle, CostaCurtis, DanielCD, Dr CareBear, DrBruce 67, El3ctr0nika, FishGreen, Fnielsen, General Tojo, GladstoneR, Grace Matthys, Halladay.jeffrey, Husond, Icairns, Introvert, James Pardew, Jenny Railto Joe, Jfdwolff, Jwestbrook, Laxboy08, Leevanjackson, LenJ54, Lilly Brooks, MacDaid, MarcoTolo, Mav, Metalhead94, Netsnipe, NewEnglandYankee, Nmg20, Probios, Professor Rizzo Naudi, Redfarmer, Rhcastilhos, Rich Farmbrough, RonHarlow, Severinus, The1exile, Wouterstomp, XX7, Yterew, ZadTak, 55, , 41 anonymous edits

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