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Chapter 5

Energy

Quick Quizzes
1. (c). The work done by the force is ( ) cos W F x = , where is the angle between the
direction of the force and the direction of the displacement (positive x-direction). Thus, the
work has its largest positive value in (c) where 0 = , the work done in (a) is zero since
90 = , the work done in (d) is negative since 90 270 < < , and the work done is most
negative in (b) where 180 = .
2. (d). All three balls have the same speed the moment they hit the ground because all start
with the same kinetic energy and undergo the same change in gravitational potential
energy.
3. (c). They both start from rest, so the initial kinetic energy is zero for each of them. They
have the same mass and start from the same height, so they have the same initial potential
energy. Since neither spends energy overcoming friction, all of their original potential
energy will be converted into kinetic energy as they move downward. Thus, they will
have equal kinetic energies when they reach the ground.
4. (c). The decrease in mechanical energy of the system is f
k
x. This has a smaller value on
the tilted surface for two reasons: (1) the force of kinetic friction f
k
is smaller because the
normal force is smaller, and (2) the displacement x is smaller because a component of the
gravitational force is pulling on the book in the direction opposite to its velocity.
143
144 CHAPTER 5
Answers to Even Numbered Conceptual Questions
2. (a) The chicken does positive work on the ground. (b) No work is done. (c) The crane does
positive work on the bucket. (d) The force of gravity does negative work on the bucket.
(e) The leg muscles do negative work on the individual.
4. (a) Kinetic energy is always positive. Mass and speed squared are both positive.
(b) Gravitational potential energy can be negative when the object is lower than the
chosen reference level.
6. (a) Kinetic energy is proportional to the speed squared. Doubling the speed makes the
objects kinetic energy four times larger. (b) If the total work done on an object in some
process is zero, its speed must be the same at the final point as it was at the initial point.
8. The total energy of the bowling ball is conserved. Because the ball initially has
gravitational potential energy mgh and no kinetic energy, it will again have zero kinetic
energy when it returns to its original position. Air resistance and friction at the support
will cause the ball to come back to a point slightly below its initial position. On the other
hand, if anyone gives a forward push to the ball anywhere along its path, the
demonstrator will have to duck.
10. (a) The effects are the same except for such features as having to overcome air resistance
outside. (b) The person must lift his body slightly with each step on the tilted treadmill.
Thus, the effect is that of running uphill.
12. Both the force of kinetic friction exerted on the sled by the snow and the resistance force
exerted on the moving sled by the air will do negative work on the sled. Since the sled is
maintaining constant velocity, some towing agent must do an equal amount of positive
work, so the net work done on the sled is zero.
14. The kinetic energy is converted to internal energy within the brake pads of the car, the
roadway, and the tires.
16. Work is actually performed by
the thigh bone (the femur) on
the hips as the torso moves
upwards a distance h. The force
on the torso
G
is
approximately the same as the
normal force (since the legs are
relatively light and are not
moving much), and the work
done by
G
minus the work
done by gravity is equal to the
change in kinetic energy of the
torso.
torso
F
o tors
F
h
F
torso
ur
v
ur
F
torso
ur

Energy 145
At full extension the torso would continue upwards, leaving the legs behind on the
ground (!), except that the torso now does work on the legs, increasing their speed (and
decreasing the torso speed) so that both move upwards together.
Note: An alternative way to think about problems that involve internal motions of an
object is to note that the net work done on an object is equal to the net force times the
displacement of the center of mass. Using this idea, the effect of throwing the arms
upwards during the extension phase is accounted for by noting that the position of the
center of mass is higher on the body with the arms extended, so that total displacement of
the center of mass is greater.
18. The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface and the motion is generally
parallel to the surface. Thus, in most circumstances, the normal force is perpendicular to
the displacement and does no work. The force of static friction does no work because there
is no displacement of the object relative to the surface in a static situation.
20. Before the jump, the system (vaulter plus pole) has kinetic energy. After the vaulter leaves
the ground and the pole is bent, the system has less kinetic energy, but the gravitational
potential energy of the system increases and some energy is stored as elastic potential
energy in the bent pole. When the vaulter reaches the top of the vault, the kinetic energy is
at its minimum, the gravitational potential energy is at its maximum, and no energy is
stored in the pole, which is now straight. Some mechanical energy is lost due to air
resistance and the frictional force between the pole and the ground during the ascent.

146 CHAPTER 5
Answers to Even Numbered Problems
2. 30.6 m
4. 1.6 kJ
6. (a) 900 J (b) 0.383
8. (a) 31.9 J (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 31.9 J
10. 160 m s
12. (a) 168 J (b) 184 J (c) 500 J (d) 148 J (e) 5.64 m s
14. 90.0 J
16. (a) 1.2 J (b) 5.0 m s (c) 6.3 J
18. 2.0 m
20. 0.5 m
22. (a) 0.768 m (b)
5
1.68 10 J
24. 26.5 m s
26. 5.1 m
28. (a) 9.90 m s (b) 7.67 m s
30. (a) 5.94 m s, 7.67 m s
B C
v v = = (b) 147 J
32. 5.11 m s
34. 61 m
36. (a) 9.90 m s (b) 11.8 J
38. (a) No,
( )
sin
k k
g F f m =
(
(b)
)
cos , s
k
F f
W Fx W in
k
mg F x
16.9 J
k
f
W =
= =
4.23 N, 47.9 J,
k F
f W = =

(c) normal force, gravitational force, and vertical component of applied force
(d)
40. 77 m s

Energy 147
42. (a) 2.29 m s (b) 15.6 J
44.
( )
2
4sin 1
5
h
+
46. 1.5 m (measured along the incline)
48. (a) 21 kJ (b) 0.92 hp
50. 2.9 m s
52. 194 m
54. (a) 7.92 hp (b) 14.9 hp
56. (a) 7.50 J (b) 15.0 J (c) 7.50 J (d) 30.0 J
58. 1.9 m s
60. 0.116 m
62. 1.4 m s
64. 3.9 kJ
66. (a) 582 trips (b) 90.5 W (0.121 hp)
68. 895 J
70. (a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
2
3.1 10 J
2
1.5 10 J
2
1.5 10 J
72. (a) for javelin, for discus, 8.1 for shot
(b) on javelin, on discus, on shot
(c) Yes
2
3.8 10 J
2
1.9 10 N
2
7.3 10 J
2
3.6 10 N
2
10 J
2
4.1 10 N
74. 4.9 J
76. 0.115
78. (b) 2.06 m s
80. (a) (b) 0.60
7
5.03 10 J
82. (a) 25.8 m (b)
2
2.77 or 27.1 m s g

148 CHAPTER 5
84. (a) Choose the spring constant so the weight of a tray stretches all four springs a distance
equal to the thickness of a tray.
(b) 316 N m, The length and width of a tray are not needed.
86. (a) 21.0 m s (b) 16.1 m s
88. (a) 14.1 m s (b) (c) 800 N (d) 771 N 7.90 kJ

Energy 149
Problem Solutions
5.1 If the weights are to move at constant velocity, the net force on them must be zero. Thus,
the force exerted on the weights is upward, parallel to the displacement, with
magnitude 350 N. The work done by this force is

( ) ( ) ( ) cos 350 N cos0 2.00 m 700 J W F s = = = (


5.2 To lift the bucket at constant speed, the woman exerts an upward force whose
magnitude is
( ) ( )
2
20.0 kg 9.80 m s 196 N F mg = = = . The work done is
( )
cos W F s = , so
the displacement is


( )
3
6.00 10 J
30.6 m
cos 196 N cos0
W
s
F

= = =


5.3 ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 7
cos 5.00 10 N cos0 3.00 10 m 1.50 10 J 15.0 MJ W F s
(
= = = =


5.4 The applied force makes an angle of 25 with the displacement of the cart. Thus, the
work done on the cart is

( ) ( ) ( )
3
cos 35 N cos25 50 m 1.6 10 J 1.6 kJ W F s = = = = (


5.5 (a) The force of gravity is given by
( ) ( )
2
5.00 kg 9.80 m s 49.0 N mg = = and is directed
downwards. The angle between the force of gravity and the direction of motion is
= 90.0 - 30.0 = 60.0, and so the work done by gravity is given as

( ) ( ) ( ) cos 49.0 N c
g
W F s = = os60.0 2.50 m 61.3 J = (


(b) The normal force exerted on the block by the incline is cos30.0 n mg = , so the
friction force is

( ) ( ) 0.436 49.0 N cos30.0 18.5 N
k k
f n = = =
(


This force is directed opposite to the displacement (that is = 180), and the work it
does is

) ( ) ( ) cos 18.5 N cos180 2.50 m
f k
W f s = = (

46.3 = J

150 CHAPTER 5
(c) Since the normal force is perpendicular to the displacement; 90 , cos 0 = = , and
the work done by the normal force is zero .
5.6 (a) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 150 N 6.00 m cos0 900 J
F
x = = = W F
(b) Since the crate moves at constant velocity, a a 0
x y
= =
Thus,

Also,
0 150 N
x k
F f F = = =
( ) ( )
2
9.80 m s 0 40.0
y
F n mg = = = kg 392 N =
so
150 N
0.383
392 N
k
k
f
n
= = =
5.7 (a) sin 0
y
F F n mg =


+ =
sin n mg F =
cos 0
x k
F F n


= =


cos
k
F
n

=


cos
k
sin mg F
F

=


( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
0.500 18.0 kg 9.80 m s
= = = 7
0.500 sin20.0 cos20.0 + +
9.4 N
sin cos
k
k
mg
F



n
ur
m
F
ur
f
k
ur
mg
ur
Dx
ur
s = 20.0 m
n
mg
F
f
k
= m
k
n
q = 20.0
18.0 kg
ur
ur
ur
(b) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
cos 79.4 N cos20.0 20.0 m 1.49 10 J 1.49 kJ
F
s = = = = (

W F
(c) f Fcos 74.6 N
k
= =
(


) ( ) ( )
3
N cos180 20.0 m 1.49 10 J 1.49 kJ = = (

= cos = 74.6
f k
W f s

Energy 151
5.8 (a)
( ) ( ) ( )
cos 16.0 N cos25.0 2.20 m
F
s = = (

W F

31.9 J
F
W =
n
mg
F

=

1
6
.
0

N
25.0
s = 2.20 m
2.50 kg
ur
ur
(b) ( ) cos90 0
n
s = = W n
(c) ( ) cos90 0
g
g s = W m =
(d) 31.9 J 0 0 31.9 J
net F n g
W W = + + = + + = W W
5.9 (a) The work-energy theorem,
net f i
E K W K E = , gives


( )
3
1
5000 J 2.50 10 kg
2
=
2
0 v , or 2.00 m s v =
(b)
( ) ( ) ( ) cos cos0 25.0 m 5000 J s F = = = W F , so 200 N F =
5.10 Requiring that
ping pong bowling
KE with KE =
2
1
2
mv = KE , we have


( )
3 2
1 1
10 kg 7.00
2 2
v

= , giving 160 m s v = ( ) ( )
2
2.45 kg 3.00 m s
5.11 The persons mass is
2
700 N
71.4 kg
9.80 m s
w
m
g
= = = . The net upward force acting on the
body is ( ) 2 355 N
net
F 700 N 10.0 N = = . The final upward velocity can then be
calculated from the work-energy theorem as


2 2
1 1
2 2
net f i i
KE mv mv =
( ) ( )
W KE =
( )


or ( )
2
71.4 kg 0 v =
1
10.0 N cos0 0.250 m
2
= (

cos
net
F s

which gives 0.265 m s upward v =

152 CHAPTER 5
5.12 (a)
| | ( )
( )( ) ( )
2
cos cos 90.0
10.0 kg 9.80 m s cos110 5.00 m
168 J
g
g
g s mg s
W
= = + (

(
=

=
W m
(b)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos cos180
0.400 98.0 N cos20.0 cos180 5.00 m
184 J
f k k
s n s ( = =

= (

=
W f

mg
f
n = mg cos f F = 100 N
s
=
5
.0
0
m
f
k
= m
k
n
10.0 kg
f = 20.0
ur
(c) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 100 N cos0 5.00 m 500 J
F
s = = = (

W F
(d) 148 J
net g f F
KE W W W W = + + = =
(e)
2 2
1 1
2 2
i
KE mv mv
( )
=


( )
( )
2
2
2 2 148 J
1.50 m s 5.64 m s
10.0 kg
i
KE
v v
m

= + = + =
5.13 (a) We use the work-energy theorem to find the work.

( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 70 kg 4.0 m s 5.6 10 J
2 2 2
f i
W KE mv mv = = = =
(b)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
cos cos180
k k
s f s n s mg = = = =
k
s W F ,

so
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
5.6 10 J
1.2 m
0.70 70 kg 9.80 m s
k
W
s
mg

= = =
5.14 At the top of the arc, , and 0
y
v =
0 0
cos30.0 34.6 m s
x x
v v v = = =

Therefore
( )
2
2 2
m s
x y
= + =
2
34.6 v v v , and

( ) ( )
2
2
kg 34.6 m s 90.0 J KE mv = = =
1 1
0.150
2 2


Energy 153
5.15 (a) The final kinetic energy of the bullet is


( ) ( )
2
2 3
1 1
2.0 10 kg 300 m s 90 J
2 2
f
KE mv

= = =
(b) We know that W , and also K = E
( )
av
cos W F s = .

Thus,
( )
2
1.8 10 N =
av
90 J 0
co m cos0
F
s

s 0.50
KE

= =
5.16 (a) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
0.60 kg 2.0 m s 1.2 J
2 2
A A
mv = = = KE
(b)
2
1
2
B B
mv KE = , so
( ) ( )
2 2 7.5 J
5.0 m s
0.60 kg
B
B
KE
m
= = = v
(c) ( ) 7.5 1.2 J 6.3 J
net B A
E KE KE = = = = W K
5.17 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
cos cos 1000 N cos0 950 N cos180
net road resist
W F s F s s ( = + = + s (

(


)( )
3
1000 N 950 N 20 m 1.0 10 J
net
W = =

Also,
2
1
0
2
net f i
W KE KE mv = = , so


( )
3
2 1.0 10 J
2
1.0 m s
2000 kg
net
W
v
m

= = =
5.18 The initial kinetic energy of the sled is

( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
10 kg 2.0 m s 20 J
2 2
i i
KE mv = = =

and the friction force is ( ) ( ) 0.10
k k k
f n mg 98 N 9.8 N = = = =

( )
cos180
k net f i
s KE KE = = W f , so
0 20 J
2.0 m
cos180 9.8 N
i
k
KE
s
f

= = =



154 CHAPTER 5
5.19 With only a conservative force acting on the falling ball,


( ) ( ) g
i
g
f
KE PE KE PE + = + or
2 2 1 1
2 2 i i f h
mv mgy mv mgy + = +

Applying this to the motion of the ball gives
2 1
2
0 0
i f
mgy mv + = +

or
( )
( )
2
2
2
9.0 m s
4.1 m
2 2 9.80 m s
f
i
v
y
g
= = =
5.20 Applying ( ) ( )
nc f i
KE PE KE PE = + +
(
W to the jump of the original flea gives


)
( ) 0 0 0
m f
mgy = + + F d or
m
f
F d
y
mg
=

where is the force exerted by the muscle and d is the length of contraction.

If we scale the flea by a factor f, the muscle force increases by
m
F
2
f and the length of
contraction increases by f. The mass, being proportional to the volume which increases
by
3
f , will also increase by
3
f . Putting these factors into our expression for
f
y gives


( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
3
m
m
super
flea
f F fd
mg f m g
= = 0.5 m
f f
F d
y y =

so the super flea cannot jump any higher!

This analysis is used to argue that most animals should be able to jump to
approximately the same height (~0.5 m). Data on mammals from elephants to shrews
tend to support this.
5.21 Once the athlete leaves the trampoline, only the conservative gravitational force acts on
her. Thus, ( ) ( )
i f
KE PE KE PE + = + with 0
i
PE = if we choose the level of the trampoline
to be the reference level for gravitational potential energy.
(a) At y h , and conservation of mechanical energy yields


max
= 0
f
v =
( )
( )
2
2
max
2
9.0 m s
or 4.1 m
2 2 9.80 m s
i
v
h
g
= = =
2 1
2

i
mv
max
mgh =

Energy 155
(b) When
1
max 2
h = y during the upward trip, conservation of mechanical energy gives

( )
2 2 1 1
max 2 2 i
mv mg h mv + =
1
2
, or


( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
max
9.0 m s 9.80 m s 4.1 m 6.4 m s
i
v v gh = + = =
5.22 (a) When equilibrium is reached, the total spring force supporting the load equals the
weight of the load, or
, , , s total s leaf s helper load
F F F w = + = . Let represent the
spring constants of the leaf spring and the helper spring, respectively. Then, if is
the distance the leaf spring is compressed, the condition for equilibrium becomes


and
h
k
A
k
x
A
( )
0 h load
y w + =
A
k x k x
A A


or
( ) ( )
5 5
0
5.00 10 N 3.60 10
5.25 10 N m 3.60
h
h
y
+
= =
+
5 5
m 0.500
10 N m +
N m
0.768 m
load
w k
x
k k
+
=
A
A

(b) The work done compressing the springs equals the total elastic potential energy at
equilibrium. Thus, ( )
2
2 1 1
2 2
0.500 m
h
W k x k x = +
A A A


or
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
5 5 1 1
2 2
5.25 10 N m 0.768 m 3.60 10 N m 0.268 m 1.68 10 J W = + =
5

5.23 While the motorcycle is in the air, only the conservative gravitational force acts on cycle
and rider. Thus,
2 2 1 1
2 2 f f i
mv mgy mv mgy + = +
i
, which gives


( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
35.0 m s 33.0 m s
6.94 m
2 2 9.80 m s
i f
f i
v v
y y y
g

= = = =

156 CHAPTER 5
5.24 Let m be the mass of the ball, R the radius of the circle, and F the 30.0 N force. With
at the bottom of the circle, 0 y = ( ) ( )
nc f i
KE PE KE PE W = + + yields


( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2
2 2
f i
mv mg R
| |
+
|
\ .
cos0 0 F R mv
| |
= +
|
\ .
( )


or
2
2
4
f i
F R
v v
m

= + +
( ) (
gR
)


Thus,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
15.0 m s 4 9.80 m s 0.600 m = + +
2 30.0 N 0.600 m
0.250 kg
f
v



giving 26.5 m s
f
v =
5.25 The total work done by the two bicep muscles as they contract is

( )( )
2
av
2 2 800 N 0.075 m 1.2 10 J
biceps
W F x = = =
(


The total work done on the body as it is lifted 40 cm during a chin-up is

)( )( )
2 2
75 kg 9.80 m s 0.40 m 2.9 10 J
chin up
W mgh

= = =
chin u


Since
p biceps
W

> W , it is clear that addition muscles must be involved


5.26 Using conservation of mechanical energy, we have


2 2
1 1
0
2 2
f f i
mv mgy mv + = +

or
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
10 m s 1.0 m s
5.1 m
2 2 9.80 m s
i f
f
v v
y
g

= = =

Energy 157
5.27 Since no non-conservative forces do work, we use conservation of mechanical energy,
with the zero of potential energy selected at the level of the base of the hill. Then,
2 2
1 1
2 2
f f i i
mv mgy mv mgy + = + with 0
f
y = yields


( )
( )
2
2 2
2
3.00 m s
459 m
2 2 9.80 m s
f i
i
v v
y
g

= =
0
0. =

Note that this result is independent of the mass of the child and sled.
5.28 (a) We take the zero of potential energy at the level of point B, and use conservation of
mechanical energy to obtain
2 2
1 1
0
2 2
B A
mv mv mgy + = +
A
, or


( ) ( )
2 2
2 0 2 9.80 m s 5.00 m 9.90 m s
B A A
v v gy = + = + =
(b) At point C, with the starting point at A, we again use conservation of mechanical
energy. This gives
2 2
1 1
2 2
C C A
mv mgy mv mgy + = +
A
, and yields

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 0 2 9.80 m s 3.00 m 7.67 m s
C A A C
v v g y y = + = + =
5.29 Consider the interval from when the ball starts from rest ( 0
i
v = ) at until it
comes to rest ( ) at . The non-conservative
retarding force exerted by the plate does negative work on the ball during the last
3.20 mm of the its travel. The work-energy theorem
10.0 m
i
y = +
0
f
v =
3
3.20 mm 3.20 10 m
f
y

= =
( ) ( )
nc f i
E KE PE W KE P = + +
applied to the ball during this interval gives
( ) ( )
av
0 0 0
f f i
F y m = gy + m + gy

or
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
m

5
3
10 10.0
m

av
5.00kg 9.80 m
N
f i
y
F = =
s 3.20
3.20 10


m
1.53 10 =
f
mg y
y



Thus,
5
av N upward F
G
1.53 10 =

158 CHAPTER 5
A
B
C
2.00 m
5.00 m
3.20 m
5.30 (a) From conservation of mechanical energy,


2 2
1 1
2 2
B B A
mv mgy mv mgy + = +
(
A
, or


)
( )( )
2
2
2
0 2 9.80 m s 1.80 m 5.94 m s
B A A B
v v g y y = +
= + =
(


Similarly,

) ( )
2
2 0 2 5.00 m 2.00 m 7.67 m s
C A A C
v v g y y g = + = + =
(b)
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 49.0 N 3.00 m 147 J
g g g A C
A C A C
E PE mg y y

= = = = W P
5.31 (a) We choose the zero of potential energy at the level of the bottom of the arc. The
initial height of Tarzan above this level is

( ) ( ) 30.0 m 1 cos37.0 6.04 m
i
y = =

Then, using conservation of mechanical energy, we find


2 2
1 1
0
2 2
f i i
mv mv mgy + = +

or
( ) ( )
2 2
.80 m s 6.04 m 10.9 m s = 2 0 2 9
f i i
v v gy = + = +
(b) In this case, conservation of mechanical energy yields


( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 4.00 m s 2 9.80 m s 6.04 m 11.6 m s
f i i
v v gy = + = + =

Energy 159
5.32 Realize that all three masses have identical speeds at each point in the motion and that
. Then, conservation of mechanical energy gives


0
i
v =
f i f
KE PE PE = , or

( )
1 2
1
2
m m m + +
( ) ( ) (
2
3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 f i f i f i f
v m y y m y y m y y g
(
= + +

)


Thus, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
2
1
30.0 5.00 4.00 m 10.0 0 15.0 4.00 m 9.80 m
2
f
v = + + + (



yielding 5.11 m s
f
v =
5.33 (a) Use conservation of mechanical energy from when the projectile is at rest within the
gun until it reaches maximum height.

Then,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + + becomes


2
1
0 0 0 0
2
max i
mgy kx + + = + +

or
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2
kg 9.80 m s 20.0 m
544 N m
0.120 m
=
2
2 20.0 10
2
max
i
mgy
k
x

= =
(b) This time, we use conservation of mechanical energy from when the projectile is at
rest within the gun until it reaches the equilibrium position of the spring. This gives


( ) ( )
( )
2
1
0 0
2
f g s g s i i
i f
KE PE PE PE PE mgx kx
| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .



( ) ( )( )
2 2
2
2
3
2
544 N m
0.120 m 2 9.80 m s 0.120 m
20.0 10 kg
f i i
k
v x gx
m

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|

\ .


yielding 19.7 m s
f
v =

160 CHAPTER 5
5.34 At maximum height, v and =0
y
( )
0
= 40 m s cos60 20 m s
x x
v v = =

Thus,
2 2
s
f x y
v v v = + 20 m = . Choosing 0
g
PE = at the level of the launch point,
conservation of mechanical energy gives
f i f
PE KE KE = , and the maximum height
reached is


( ) ( )
( )
2 2
61 =
2 2
2
m s 20 m s
2 2 9.80 m s
i f
f
v v
y
g

= =
40
m
5.35 Choose PE at the level of the release point and use conservation of mechanical
energy from release until the block reaches maximum height. Then,

and we have
0
g
=
f
KE KE = 0
i
=
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE PE PE PE + = + , or


2
1
2
i
kx +
max
mgy 0 0 + = which yields


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
m 0.100 m
10.2 m
9.80 m s
=
3
2
5.00 10 N
2 0.250 kg
i
mg

= =
max
2
kx
y
5.36 (a) Choose PE at the level of point B. Between A and B, we can use conservation
of mechanical energy,
0
g
=
( ) ( ) B g A g
B A
KE PE KE PE + = + , which becomes
2
1
2
B A
mv mgy 0 0 + = + or


( ) ( )
2
2 9.80 m s 5.00 m 9.90 m s = 2
B A
v g y = =
(b) Again, choose PE at the level of point B. Between points B and C, we use the
work-energy theorem in the form


0
g
=
( ) ( )
2
1
0 0
2
nc g C B
C B
W K KE PE mgy mv = + + = +
g
E PE
( )
to find


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
0.40 m s 2.00 m 0.400 kg 9.90 m s 11.8 J
2
nc
W = 0 kg 9.80 =

Thus, 11.8 J of energy is spent overcoming friction between B and C.

Energy 161
5.37 (a) When the child slides down a frictionless surface, the only non-conservative force
acting on the child is the normal force. At each instant, this force is perpendicular to
the motion and, hence, does no work. Thus, conservation of mechanical energy
can be used in this case.
(b) The equation for conservation of mechanical energy, ( ) ( )
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + , for
this situation is
1
2
m
2
f
v m +
1
2 f
gy m =
2
i
v m +
i
gy . Notice that the mass of the child
cancels out of the equation, so the mass of the child is not a factor in the
frictionless case.
(c) Observe that solving the energy conservation equation from above for the final
speed gives
( )
2
2
f i i f
v v g y y = + . Since the child starts with the same initial speed
( 0 ) and has the same change in altitude in both cases,
i
v = is the same
f
v in the
two cases.
(d) Wor when friction is
present. This is done by using the work-energy theorem rather than conservation of
mechanical energy.
k done by a non-conservative force must be accounted for
(e) From Part (b), conservation of mechanical energy gives the final speed as


( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 0 2 9.80 m s 12.0 m 15.3 m s
f i i f
v v g y y = + = + =
5.38 (a) 0 sin 0
y
F n F mg = + =
sin n mg F


or =

The friction force is then


( )
sin g F
k k k
f n m = =
n
ur
m
F
ur
f
k
ur
mg
ur
Dx
ur
q
(b) The work done by the applied force is

cos cos
F
W F Fx = = x
G


and the work done by the friction force is cos
k
f k
W f = x
G
where is the angle
between the direction of and
k
f x
JG G
. Thus,
( )
cos180 sin
k
f k
x mg F x = =
k
W f

162 CHAPTER 5
(c) The forces that do no work are those perpendicular to the direction of the
displacement . These are x
G
, , and the vertical component of m n g F
JG G G

(d) For Part (a):
( ) ( ) ( )
2
sin 2.00 kg 9.80 m s 15.0 N sin37.0 10.6 N n mg F = = =
(


) ( ) 0.400 10.6 N 4.23 N =
k k
f n = =

For Part (b): ( ) ( ) cos 15.0 N 4.00 m cos37.0 47.9 J
F
W Fx = = =
(


) ( ) cos 4.23 N 4.00 m cos180 16.9 J x = = =
k
f k
W f
5.39 We shall take PE at the lowest level reached by the diver under the water. The
diver falls a total of 15 m, but the non-conservative force due to water resistance acts
only during the last 5.0 m of fall. The work-energy theorem then gives


0
g
=
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
E KE PE +
(
W KE P = +

or ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 70 kg 9.80 m s 15 m
av
co 0 m 0 0 F s180 5.
(
+ = +



This gives the average resistance force as
3
av
2.1 10 N 2.1 kN F = =
5.40 Since the plane is in level flight,
( ) ( ) g g
f i
PE PE = and the work-energy theorem reduces to
nc thrust resistance f i
KE
)
W W W KE = + =
( ) (
, or


2 2
1 1
2 2
cos0 cos180
f i
mv mv = F s f s +
( )


This gives


( )
( ) ( )
4
2
2
4
2 7.5 4.0 10 N 500 m 2
60 m s 77 m s
1.5 10 kg
f i
F f s
v v
m
(

= + = + =



Energy 163
5.41 Choose PE at the level of the bottom of the driveway.

Then
0
g
=
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
E PE KE PE +
( )
W K becomes


= +
( ) sin20 mg s
2
1
0 0
2
f
s mv
(
cos180 f ( + = +

( )
(

.

Solving for the final speed gives
2
2 sin20
f
v gs =
f s
m
, or

or
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
2
3
2 4.0 10 N 5.0 m
.80 m s 5.0 m sin20 3.8 m s
2.10 10 kg

2 9
f
v =
5.42 (a) Choose PE at the level of the bottom of the arc. The childs initial vertical
displacement from this level is


0
g
=
( ) ( ) 2.00 m 1 cos30.0 0.268 m
i
y = =
(


In the absence of friction, we use conservation of mechanical energy as


) ( ) g g
f i
KE KE PE + PE + = , or
2
1
2
0 0
f i
mgy + = + mv , which gives


( ) ( )
2
2 2 9.80 m s
f i
v gy = = 0.268 m 2.29 m s =
(b) With a non-conservative force present, we use


( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
0 0
2
nc g g f i
f i
W KE PE KE PE mv mgy
| |
= + + = + +
|
\ .
, or


( )
( )
( )( )
2
2
2
2
2.00 m s
25.0 kg 9.80 m s 0.268 m 1
2
f
nc i
v
W m gy
| |
= |
|
\ .
(
( =
(

5.6 J =


Thus, 15.6 J of energy is spent overcoming friction.

164 CHAPTER 5
5.43 (a) We use conservation of mechanical energy,
( ) ( ) g g
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + , for the trip
down the frictionless ramp. With 0
i
v = , this reduces to


( ) ( ) ( )
2
s 3 2 2 9.80 m .00
f i f
v g y y = = m sin30.0 5.42 m s = (


(b) Using the work-energy theorem,


( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
W KE PE KE PE = + +
( ) ( )


for the trip across the rough floor gives


2
1
cos180 0 0
2
k i
f s = + 0 mv
| |
+
|
\ .
, or ( )
2
1
2
k k
f s mg s mv = =
i


Thus, the coefficient of kinetic friction is


( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
5.42 m s
0.300
2 2 9.80 m s 5.00 m
i
k
v
g s
= = =
(c) All of the initial mechanical energy,
( )
0
g i
i
KE PE mgy + = + , is spent overcoming
friction on the rough floor. Therefore, the energy lost is

( ) ( ) ( )
2
10.0 m 9.80 m s 3.00
i
mgy = m sin30.0 147 J = (


5.44 Choose PE at water level and
use
(
0
g
=
) ( ) g g
f i
KE KE PE + PE + = for
the trip down the curved slide.
This gives

2
0 mgh +
1
mv
2 5
h
mg
| |
+ =
|
\ .
, so the
speed of the child as she leaves
the end of the slide is ( ) 2 4 5 h v g

The vertical component of this launch velocity is


=
0
sin
y
v v
4
5
h
g
| |
|
\ .
sin 2 = =
y
h/5
q
h

Energy 165
At the top of the arc, . Thus, 0
y
v = ( )
2 2
0
2
y y y
a y v v = + gives the maximum height the
child reaches during the airborne trip as

( )
2
4
0 sin 2 2 g
( | |
= +
|
(
\ .

max
y
max
5 5
h h
g y
| |

|
\ .


This may be solved for to yield
( )
2
4sin 1 = +
max
5
h
y
5.45 Choose PE at the level of the base of the hill and let x represent the distance the
skier moves along the horizontal portion before coming to rest. The normal force exerted
on the skier by the snow while on the hill is
0
g
=
1
cos10.5 n mg = and, while on the
horizontal portion, .

Consider the entire trip, starting from rest at the top of the hill until the skier comes to
rest on the horizontal portion. The work done by friction forces is


2
n mg =
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
1 2
200 m
200 m
k k
k k
f

+
( )
cos180 x
mg x
(

cos180
cos10.5 mg
( =

nc
W f
=
(


Applying
) ( ) nc g g
f i
KE PE + W K to this complete trip gives


E PE = +
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) c mg os m
k k
mg x 10.5 200 0 0 0 mg = + 200 m sin10.5 + (



or ( )
0.5
0.5 200 m
k
| |

|
\ .
sin1
x

cos1

= . If 0.0750
k
= , then 289 m x =
5.46 The normal force exerted on the sled by the track is cos n mg = and the friction force is
cos
k k k
f n mg = =
(
.

If s is the distance measured along the incline that the sled travels, applying
) ( ) nc g g
f i
KE PE + W KE PE = +
( )
to the entire trip gives

( )
2
1
0
2
i
mv cos c
k
mg os180 s 0 sin mg s
(
+ (

= + (

(



or
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
4.0 m s
1.5 m
cos 2 9.80 m s sin20 0.20cos20
k

= =
+
2
2 sin
i
v
s
g +
=

166 CHAPTER 5
5.47 (a) Consider the entire trip and apply
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
E PE KE PE = + +
)
W K to obtain


( ) ( ( )
2
2
1
0 0
2
1 1 2
cos180 cos180
f i
mv mgy
| |
= + +
|
\ .
f d f d + , or


( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
1 1 2 2
2
2
50.0 N 800 m 3600 N 200 m
2 9.80 m s 1000 m
80.0 kg
f i
f d f d
v g y
m
+
| |
=
|
\ .
| | +
=
|
\ .


which yields 24.5 m s
f
= v
(b) Yes , this is too fast for safety.
(c) Again, apply
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
E PE KE PE = + +
1 2
1000 m =
W K , now with considered to be a
variable, d d , and
2
d
5.00 m s
f
v = . This gives


( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2
1
cos 0
2
2
cos180 180 1000 m 0
f i
d mv = +
( )
f d f + mgy
| |
+
|
\ .


which reduces to
2
1
m
2
1 1 2 2 2
1000
f i
mgy f f d f d mv = + . Therefore,


( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ( ) ( )
2
0 m 50.0 N
3600 N 50.0 N
i f
mv

1
1
2
1
100 80.0 kg
2
f
2
2
00 m s
206 m
d =
= =
2 1
1000 m
784 N 1000 m
mg y
f f
5.

(d) In reality, the air drag will depend on the skydivers speed. It will be larger than her
784 N weight only after the chute is opened. It will be nearly equal to 784 N before
she opens the chute and again before she touches down, whenever she moves near
terminal speed.
5.48 (a) , but because the speed is constant. The skier rises a
vertical distance of
nc
W KE P = + E 0 KE =
( ) 60 m = sin30 30 m y = . Thus,

( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
80 m s 30 m 2.06 10 = = 70 kg
nc
W 9. J 21 kJ =

Energy 167
(b) The time to travel 60 m at a constant speed of 2 is 30 s. Thus, the required
power input is


.0 m s
( )
4
2.06 10 J 1 hp
686 W 0.92 hp
30 s 746 W
nc
W
t

| |
= = = =
|

\ .

5.49 (a) The sewage lifted each day has a mass of

( ) ( )
3 3
3 6
10 m
1890 000 L 1050 kg m 1.98 10 kg
1 L
m

| |
= =
|
\ .


Since both the pressure and the pipe diameter are the same at the output port as at
the input port, the speed of the liquid is unchanged (
f i
KE KE = ). Thus, the work
output by the pump each day is

( ) ( )
( ) output f i f i
W KE PE KE PE mg y y = + + =
(


or
) ( ) ( )
6 2
1.98 10 kg 9.80 m s 5.49 m 1.07 10 J
output
W = =
8


The power output of the pump is then


8
4
1 day 1.07 10 J
1.24
1 day 8.64 10 s
output
output
W
t
| |
= =
|

\ .
P
3
10 W 1.2 = 4 kW =
(b) The efficiency of this pumping station is


1.24 kW
100% 100% 20.9%
5.90 kW
output
input
efficiency = = =
P
P

5.50 Let N be the number of steps taken in time t. We determine the number of steps per
unit time by


( ) ( ) ( )
work per step per unit mass mass # steps
work done
Power =
t t
=

,

or
( )
J step
70 W 0.60 60 kg
kg
N
t
| |

| |
=
|
|
\ .
\ .
, giving = 1.9 steps s
N
t



The running speed is then


( )
av
distance traveled
x N
v
t t

| |
= =
|
\ .

step
1.9 1.5
s s
| |
=
|
\ .
m
per step 2.9 m s
tep
| |
=
|
\ .


168 CHAPTER 5
5.51 Assuming a level track,
f i
PE PE = , and the work done on the train is


( ) ) (
( )
1 1
2 2
0.875
KE P +
=


The power delivered by the motor is then


-3
0.168 J
8.01 W
21.0 10 s
nc
W
t
= = =

P
( ) ( )
2
2 2
kg 0.620 m s 0 0.168 J
nc
f i
f i
W KE PE E
m v v
= +
(
= =

5.52 The useful work done is 40.0% of the energy stored in the battery, or

( )
5
3 600 J
0.40 120 Wh 1.73 10 J
1 Wh
nc
W
| |
= =
|
\ .


Assuming constant speed of the scooter (
f i
KE KE = ),

( ) ( )
( ) nc f i f i
W KE PE KE PE mg y y = + + =
( )


or
5
1.73 10 J
194 m
890 N
nc
f i
W
y y
mg

= = =
5.53 (a) The acceleration of the car is
2 0
18.0 m s 0
1.50 m s
12.0 s
v v
a
t

= = =
engine
. Thus, the
constant forward force due to the engine is found from
air
F F F ma = = as


( ) ( )
3 2
1.50 10 kg 1.50 m s 2.65 10 + =
3
N 400 N
engine air
F F ma = + =

The average velocity of the car during this interval is
0
av
9.00 m s
2
v v
v
+
= = , so the
average power input from the engine during this time is


( )( )
3
av av
1 hp
2.65 10 N 9.00 m s 32.0 hp
746 W
engine
F v
| |
= = =
|
\ .
P
(b) At t = , the instantaneous velocity of the car is 12.0 s 18.0 m s v = and the
instantaneous power input from the engine is


( )( )
3
1 hp
2.65 10 N 18.0 m s 63.9 hp
746 W
| |
= = =
|
\ .
engine
F v P

Energy 169
5.54 (a) The acceleration of the elevator during the first 3.00 s is


2 0
1.75 m s 0
0.583 m s
3.00 s
v v
a
t

= = =
net motor
F F mg ma = =
(


so gives the force exerted by the motor as


) ( ) ( )
2 3
0 kg 0.583 9.80 m s 6.75 10 N ( + =

65
motor
F m a g = + =

The average velocity of the elevator during this interval is
0
av
0.875 m s
2
v v +
= = v
so the average power input from the motor during this time is


( )( )
3
1 hp
10 N 0.875 m s 7.92 hp
746 W
| |
=
|
\ .
av av
6.75
motor
F v = = P
(b) When the elevator moves upward with a constant speed of 1.75 m s v = , the
upward force exerted by the motor is
motor
F mg = and the instantaneous power input
from the motor is


( ) ( )( )( ) 1.75 m s
2
1 hp
650 kg 9.80 m s 14.9 hp
746 W
mg v
| |
= = =
|
\ .
P
5.55 The work done on the particle by the force F as
the particle moves from to
i
x x =
f
x x = is the area
under the curve from to
i f
x x .
(a) For 0 x = to ,


8.00 m x =
1
altitude
2
BC AC = = area of triangle W A

( ) ( )
0 8
W

1
0 N 24.0 J
2
= = 8.00 m 6.0
F
x
(N)
x (m)
6
4
2
0
2
4
2 4 6 8 10 12
A
B
C
D
E
(b) For 8.00 x = to ,


m 10.0 m x =
8 10
ar

1
ea of altitude
2
DE CE = = triangle W C

( ) ( )
1
= 2.00 3.00 J
2
= m 3.00 N

170 CHAPTER 5
(c) ( )
0 10 0 8 8 10
24.0 J 3.00 J 21.0 J W

= + = + = W W
5.56 W equals the area under the Force-
Displacement Curve
(a) For the region ,


0 5.00 m x
( ) ( ) 3.00 N
0 J W
5.00 m
7.5
2
= =
(b) For the region ,


5.00 m 10.0 m x
( ) ( ) 3.00 N W 5.00 m 15.0 J = =
(c) For the region 10.0 , m 15.0 m x
( ) ( ) 3.00 N 5.00 m
7.50 J
2
= = W
(d) For the region , 0 15.0 m x ( ) 7.50 15.0 7.50 J 30.0 J W = + + =
5.57 (a) ( ) 8 16 N
x
= F x
(b)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2.00 m 16.0 N
1.00 m 8.00 N
12.0 J
2 2
net

= W = +



F
x
(N)
x (m)
3
2
1
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 0 14 16
F
x
(N)
x (m)
20
10
0
10
20
1 2 3 4
(3, 8)
5.58 The support string always lies along a radius line of the
circular path followed by the bob. This means that the
tension force in the string is always perpendicular to the
motion of the bob and does no work. Thus, mechanical
energy is conserved and (taking 0 y = at the point of
support) this gives

( )
( ) (
2 2 1 1
2 2
0 cos
i i f i
mv mv mg y y mg L = + =
( )
) mg L + , or

( )( )( )
2
s 2.0 2 1 cos 2 9.8 m m 1 cos25
i
v gL = =

1.9 m s v =
v
i
= 0
q
i
Dy
L
v
ur

Energy 171
5.59 (a) The equivalent spring constant of the bow is given by F kx = as


230 N
= 575 N m
0.400 m
f
f
F
k
x
= =
(b) From the work-energy theorem applied to this situation,


( ) ( )
( )
2
1
0 0 0 0 0
2
nc g s g s f
f i
W KE PE PE KE PE PE kx
| |
= + + + + = + + + +
|
\ .


The work done pulling the bow is then

( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
575 N m 0.400 m 46.0 J
2 2
nc f
W kx = = =
5.60 Choose PE at the level where the block comes to rest against the spring. Then, in
the absence of work done by non-conservative forces, the conservation of mechanical
energy gives


0
g
=
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE KE PE PE + + = + + KE PE

or
2
0 sin 0
f
kx mg L = + +
1
0 0
2
+ + . Thus,


( ) ( ) ( )
2
4
9.80 m s 3.00 m sin35.0
0.116 m
3.00 10 N m

2 12.0 kg
2 sin
f
mg L
x
k

= =
5.61 (a) From
( )
2 2
0
2
y
a y = + v v , we find the speed just before touching the ground as


( ) ( )
2
0 2 9.80 m s 1.0 m 4.4 m s v = + =
(b) Choose 0 PE = at the level where the feet come to rest. Then
g
( ) ( ) nc g g
f i
W K KE PE +
( )
E PE = +
( )
becomes


2
i
mv mg s
| |
+
|
\ .
av
1
0 0
2
F = + cos180 s

or
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 5
av
3
75 kg 4.4 m s
75 kg 9.80 m s 1.5 10 N
2 2 5.0 10 m
i
mv
F mg
s

= + = + =



172 CHAPTER 5
5.62 From the work-energy theorem,


( ) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
W KE PE PE KE PE PE = + + + +

we have
( )
2 2
1 1
cos180 0 0 0 0
2 2
k f
f s mv
| | |
= + + + +
|
\ . \
i
kx
|
|
.
, or


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
3
8.0 N m 5.0 10 m 2 0.032 N 0.15 m
2
1.4 m s
5.3 10 kg
i k
f
kx f s
v
m

= = =


5.63 (a) The two masses will pass when both are at 2.00 m
f
y = above the floor. From
conservation of energy,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
KE PE PE PE + + + KE PE = +

( )
2
1 2 1
1
2
m m v m + + ( )
2
0 0
f f
m gy m + + = +
1 1
0
i
gy + , or


( )( )( )
( )( )
1 1
1 2
2
2
2
2 5.00 kg 9.80 m s 4.00 m
2.00 m
8.00 kg
i
f f
m g y
v g y
m m
=
+
=
2
2 9.80 m s


This yields the passing speed as 3.13 m s
f
= v .
(b) When 5. m = reaches the floor,
1
00 kg
2
3.00 kg m = is
2
4.00 m
f
y = above the floor.
Thus,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE + KE PE PE + + KE PE = + becomes

( )
2
1 2
m m v + +
2 2
0 0
f f
m g y m + = +
1 1
0
i
gy +
1
2
, or
( ) 1 1
1 2
2
i 2 2 f
f
v
g m y
m m

+
m y
=

Thus,


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 9.80 m s 5.00 kg 4.00
8.00 k
m 3.00 kg
g
4.00 m
4.4
(

= = 3 m s
f
v

Energy 173
(c) When the 5.00-kg hits the floor, the string goes slack and the 3.00-kg becomes a
projectile launched straight upward with initial speed
0
4.43 m s
y
v = . At the top of
its arc,
( )
2 2
0
0 and 2
y y y y
v v v a = = + y gives


( )
( )
2
2 2
0
2
0 4.43 m s
1.00 m
2 2 9.80 m s
y y
y
v v
y
a

= = =


5.64 The normal force the incline exerts on block A is
( )
cos37
A A
g n m = , and the friction
force is cos37
k k A k A
f n m g = = . The vertical distance block A rises is
( ) 20 m sin37 12 m =
(
A
y = , while the vertical displacement of block B is .

We find the common final speed of the two blocks by use of


20 m
B
y =
) ( ) nc g g g
f i
PE KE + = + W K

This gives
E PE KE = +
( )
PE
( )
2
0
A B f
m m v ( )
A A
m g y m
(
(
B
g y )
B
1
cos37
2
k A
m g s ( = + + +
(



or


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2
2 9.80 m s 100 kg
B B A
f
g m y m
m m

=
+
=
2 c
20 m 50 0 kg
150
A k A
A B
y m

os37
kg 12 m 0.25 5
kg
s (

20 m cos37
v
(



which yields
2 2 2
157 m s
f
v =

The change in the kinetic energy of block A is then

( ) ( )
2 2 3
1 1
0 50 kg 157 m .9 kJ
2 2
=
2
s 3.9 10 J 3 = =
A A f
KE m v =
5.65 Since the bowl is smooth (that is, frictionless),
mechanical energy is conserved or
( ) ( )
f i
KE PE KE PE + = +
0 y =
g
PE =
. Also, if we choose
(and hence, ) at the lowest point
in the bowl, then
0
, 0, and 2 3
A B C
y y R = = y R = +

2R/3
A
B
C
R
174 CHAPTER 5
(a)
( ) g A
A
PE mgy mgR = =
(
, or

) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
80 m s 0.300 m 0.588 J = = 0.200 kg 9.
g
A
PE
(b) 0 0.588 J 0 0.588 J
B A A B A B
KE PE PE mgy mgy = + = = KE = +
(c)
( )
2 1
2
2 2 0.588 J
2.42 m s
0.200 kg
B
B B B
KE
mv v
m
= = = KE =
(d)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
2 0.300 m
0.200 kg 9.80 m s 0.392 J
3
g C
C
PE mgy
(
= = =
(



0.588 J 0 0.392 J 0.196 J
C B B C
KE KE PE PE = + = + =
5.66 When 1 pound (454 grams) of fat is metabolized, the energy released is
( ) ( )
3
454 g 9.00 kcal g 4.09 10 kcal E = =
(
. Of this, 20.0% goes into mechanical energy
(climbing stairs in this case). Thus, the mechanical energy generated by metabolizing 1
pound of fat is

) ( )
3
0.200 4.09 10 kcal 817
m
E =
(
kcal =

Each time the student climbs the stairs, she raises her body a vertical distance of
) ( )
80 steps 0.150 m step 12.0 m y = =
(
. The mechanical energy required to do this is
)
g
PE mg y =
( )
, or


( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
1 kcal
5.88 10 J 1.40 kcal
4186 J
| |
= =
|
\ .
50.0 kg 9.80 m s 12.0 m
g
PE =
(a) The number of times the student must climb the stairs to metabolize 1 pound of fat
is
817 kcal
582 trips
1.40 kcal trip
m
g
E
N
PE
= = =



It would be more practical for her to reduce food intake.
(b) The useful work done each time the student climbs the stairs is W P
Since this is accomplished in 65.0 s, the average power output is


3
5.88 10 J
g
E = =
( )
3
av
1 hp 5.88 10 J
90.5 W 90.5 W 0.121
65.0 s 746 W
W
t
| |
= = = = =
|
\ .
P hp

Energy 175
5.67 (a) The person walking uses ( )
5
4 186 J
220 kcal 9.21 10 J
1 kcal
w
| |
= =
|
\ .
E of energy while
going 3.00 miles. The quantity of gasoline which could furnish this much energy is

5
3
1 8
9.21 10 J
7.08 10 gal
1.30 10 J gal
V

= =

. This means that the walkers fuel economy in


equivalent miles per gallon is


-3
3.00 mi
423 mi gal
7.08 10 gal
fuel economy = =


(b) In 1 hour, the bicyclist travels 10.0 miles and uses

( )
6
4 186 J
400 kcal 1.67 10 J
1 kcal
B
E
| |
= =
|
\ .


which is equal to the energy available in
6
2
2 8
1.67 10 J
1.29 10 gal
1.30 10 J gal

= =

V

of gasoline. Thus, the equivalent fuel economy for the bicyclist is


2
10.0 mi
776 mi gal
1.29 10 gal


q
5.68 Consider the free-body diagram given at the right. The box has zero acceleration
perpendicular to the incline. Thus, = = and
( ) ( ) cos 0.220 80.0 N cos30.0 15.2 N
k k k
f n mg = = = =
k
and f F


Of the forces acting on the box,
G JG
n
are non-
conservative forces that do work,
JG
mg
(
is perpendicular
to the displacement and does no work, and
G
is the conservative gravitational force.

From ) ( )
nc f i
W KE PE KE PE = + +
(
, the
change in kinetic energy as the box moves
distance d up the incline is


) ( ) ( ) ( ) f i nc g g k f i
mg y y
f i
KE KE W PE PE F f d
(
= =
(

(


Since ) sin 20.0 m sin30.0 10.0 m
f i
y y d = = =
(
, this becomes

) ( ) ( ) ( ) 100 N 15.2 N 20.0 m 80.0 N 10.0 m KE = 895 J =
0 cos F n mg

q
d
n
ur
ur
mg
F
ur
f
k
ur

176 CHAPTER 5
5.69 (a) Use conservation of mechanical energy,
( ) ( ) g g
f i
KE PE KE PE + = + , from the start to
the end of the track to find the speed of the skier as he leaves the track. This gives
2
1
0
2
f i
mv mgy mgy + = +
(
, or


) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 9.80 m s 40
i f
v g y y = = .0 m 28.0 m s =
(b) At the top of the parabolic arc the skier follows after leaving the track, and 0
y
v =
( )
28.0 m s cos 45.0 19.8 m s
x
v = = . Thus,
2 2
19.8 m s
top x y
v v v = + = . Applying
conservation of mechanical energy from the end of the track to the top of the arc
gives ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
max
1 1
19.8 m s 28.0 m s 10.0 m
2 2
m mg y m mg + = + , or


( ) ( )
( )
2 2
x
2
28.0 m s 19.8 m s
10.0 m 30.0 m
2 9.80 m s

= + =
ma
y
(c) Using
2
0
1
2
y
y v t a t +
y
= for the flight from the end of the track to the ground gives

( ) ( )
2 2
1
10.0 m 28.0 m s sin45.0 9.80 m s
2
t t ( = +



The positive solution of this equation gives the total time of flight as t .
During this time, the skier has a horizontal displacement of


4.49 s =
( ) ( )
0
28.0 m s cos 45.0 4.49 s 89.0 m
x
x v t ( = = =


5.70 First, determine the magnitude of the applied force by considering
a free-body diagram of the block. Since the block moves with
constant velocity,

From , we see that
0
x y
F F = =
n F 0
x
F = cos30 =

Thus, cos30
k
F
k k
f n = =
0

cos30
k
F mg F


and becomes


0
y
F =
sin3 = + , or


( ) ( )
( )
2
2
9.80 m s
2.0 10 N
0.30 cos30
=

5.0 kg
sin30 sin
F
30 cos30
k
mg

= =


30
F
5 kg
mg
f
k
n
ur
ur
ur
ur

Energy 177
(a) The applied force makes a 60 angle with the displacement up the wall. Therefore,

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cos60 2.0 10 N cos60 3.0 m 3.1 10 J
F
W F s
(
= = =


(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
cos180 49 N 1.0 3.0 m 1.5 10 J
g
g s = = = W m
(c) ( ) cos90 0
n
s = = W n
(d) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
49 N 3.0 m 1.5 10 J
g
mg y = = PE =
5.71 The force constant of the spring is 1.20 N cm 120 N m k = = . If the spring is initially
compressed a distance , the vertical distance the ball rises as the spring returns to
the equilibrium position is



In the absence of friction, we apply
i
x
sin10.0
f i
y x =
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE PE + + KE PE PE KE + + = from the
release of the plunger to when the spring has returned to the equilibrium position and
obtain ( )
2 2
1 1
0 0
2 2
si 0.0 0 n1
f i i
kx + = + + mv mg x + , or


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
2 10.0
120 N m 0 10 m
2 9.80 m s 5.00 10 m sin10.0
0.1 kg
i
f i
kx
v g x
m

=
sin
5.0
00



This yields 1.68 s
f
v = m
5.72 If a projectile is launched, in the absence of air resistance, with speed at angle
0
v
above the horizontal, the time required to return to the original level is found from
2
0
1
2
y y
y v t a t = + as ( )
2
0
0 sin
2
g
v t = t , which gives
0
2 sin v
g
t

= . The range is the
horizontal displacement occurring in this time.

178 CHAPTER 5
Thus,
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
0
0 0
0 0
sin 2
2 sin 2sin cos
cos
x
v
v v
t v
g g
R v
g

| |
= = = =
|
\ .
45


Maximum range occurs when =
2
0 max
v g R = , giving . The minimum kinetic energy
required to reach a given maximum range is then


2
0
1 1
2 2
max
KE mv mg R = =
(a) The minimum kinetic energy needed in the record throw of each object is

Javelin: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
0.80 kg 9.80 m s 98 m 3.8 10 J
2
KE = =

Discus: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
2.0 kg 9.80 m s 74 m 7.3 10 J
2
KE = =

Shot: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
7.2 kg 9.80 m s 23 m 8.1 10 J
2
KE = =
E

(b) The average force exerted on an object during launch, when it starts from rest and is
given the kinetic energy found above, is computed from W F as
av net
s K = =
av
0 KE
F
s

= . Thus, the required force for each object is



Javelin:
2
2
av
3.8 10 J
1.9 10 N
2.00 m
F

= =

Discus:
2
2
av
7.3 10 J
3.6 10 N
2.00 m
F

= =

Shot:
2
2
av
8.1 10 J
4.1 10 N
2.00 m
F

= =

Energy 179
(c) Yes . If the muscles are capable of exerting on an object and giving
that object a kinetic energy of , as in the case of the shot, those same
muscles should be able to give the javelin a launch speed of


2
4.1 10 N
2
8.1 10 J
( )
2
0
2 8.1 10
2
s
0.80 kg
KE
v
m

= =
J
45 m =

with a resulting range of
( )
2
2
s
2.1 10
s
=
2
2 0
max
45 m
m
9.80 m
v
R
g
= =

Since this far exceeds the record range for the javelin, one must conclude that air
resistance plays a very significant role in these events.
5.73 The potential energy associated with the
wind is , where x is measured
horizontally from directly below the pivot
of the swing and positive when moving into
the wind, negative when moving with the
wind. We choose PE at the level of the
pivot as shown in the figure. Also, note that
w
PE Fx =
n sin L
0
g
=
si D L = +

so
1
sin
D
L
sin
| |

|
\ .

= , or


1
sin

50.0 m
40.0 m
= sin50.0 28.94
| |
=
|
\ .
.
q
wind direction
v
i
x = 0
f
L
L sinq L sinf
D
L cosf L cosq
(a) Use conservation of mechanical energy, including the potential energy associated
with the wind. The final kinetic energy is zero if Jane barely makes it to the other
side, and
( ) ( ) g w g w
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + +
( ) ( )
becomes

( ) ( 0 cos sin mg F L )
2
1
cos sin
2
i
L F L mv mg L + + + + = +
( )


or ( )
2
2 cos cos sin sin
i
FL
v gL
m
= + +

where m is the mass of Jane alone. This yields 6.15 m s
i
v =

180 CHAPTER 5
(b) Again, using conservation of mechanical energy with 0
f
KE =


( ) ( ) g w g w
f i
KE PE PE KE PE PE + + = + +
( ) ( )
gives

( ) F L ( cos sin Mg L )
2
1
0 cos sin
2
i
Mg L F L Mv + + + + =
130 kg
+

where M =
( )
is the combined mass of Tarzan and Jane. Thus,

( )
2
2 cos cos sin sin
i
FL
v gL
M
= + which gives 9.87 m s
i
v =
5.74 When the hummingbird is hovering, the magnitude of the average upward force exerted
by the air on the wings (and hence, the average downward force the wings exert on the
air) must be where mg is the weight of the bird. Thus, if the wings move
downward distance d during a wing stroke, the work done each beat of the wings is


av
F m = g
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
3.0 10 kg 9.80 m s 3.5 10 m 1.0 10 J
beat
mgd

= =
3
av
W F d = =

In one minute, the number of beats of the wings that occur is


( ) ( )
3
s 60 s min 4.8 10 beats min N = =
( )
80 beats

so the total work preformed in one minute is

( )
3 3
beats
1 min 4.8 10 1.0 10
min
total
| | |
= =
|
\ . \
J
1 min 4.9 J
beat
|
=
|
.
beat
W NW
5.75 We choose PE at the level where the spring is relaxed (x = 0), or at the level of
position B.
0
g
=
(a) At position A, and the total energy of the system is given by


0 KE =
( )
2
1 1
1
0
2
E P mg x k = + = +
g s
A
E PE +
( )
x , or


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 4
1
25.0 kg m s 0.100 m 2.50 10 N m 0.100 m 101 J
2
E = + 9.80 =

Energy 181
(b) In position C, and the spring is uncompressed so

Hence,
0 KE = 0
s
PE =
( ) 2
C
mg = + = 0 0
g
E PE + x

or
( ) ( )
2
2
101 J
0.410 m
9.80 m s
E
x
mg
= = =
25.0 kg

(c) At Position B, and 0
g s
PE PE = = ( )
2
1
0 0
2
B B
E mv = + + = E K

Therefore,
( ) 2 2 101 J
2.84 m s
25.0 kg
B
E
m
= = = v
(d) Where the velocity (and hence the kinetic energy) is a maximum, the acceleration is
0
y
y
F
a
m

= = (at this point, an upward force due to the spring exactly balances the
downward force of gravity). Thus, taking upward as positive, or


0
y
F kx mg = =
3
4
245 kg
9.80 10 m 9.80 mm
2.50 10 N m
mg
x
k

= = = =


(e) From the total energy,
2 2
1 1
2 2
g s
E KE PE PE mv mg x k x = + + = + + , we find


2
2
2
E k
v g x
m m
=
9.80 mm =
x

Where the speed, and hence kinetic energy is a maximum (that is, at
), this gives x
max
2.85 m s = v

182 CHAPTER 5
5.76 When the block moves distance x down the incline, the work done by the friction force is
( ) ( )
cos180 cos
f k k k
W f x nx mg x = = =
(
. From the work-energy theorem,
) ( ) nc g s g s
f i
W KE PE PE KE PE PE = + + + +
(
, we find


)
cos
nc f k g s
PE PE + W W mg x KE = = = +
(
.

Since the block is at rest at both the start and the end, this gives


) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
00 N m 0.200 m
19.6 N cos37.0 0.200 m
0 19.6 N 0.200 m sin3
k

= +
1
7.0 1
2
+


or 0.115
k
=
5.77 Choose PE at the level of the river. Then 0
g
= 36.0 m
i
y = , 4.00
f
y = , the jumper falls
32.0 m, and the cord stretches 7.00 m. Between the balloon and the level where the diver
stops momentarily,
( ) ( ) g s g s
f i
PE PE + + KE PE PE KE + + =
( )
gives

( ) ( )
2 1
4.00 m 7.00 m 0
2
k + + ( ) 700 N 36.0 = + ( ) m 0 0 700 N +

or 914 k = N m
5.78 (a) Since the tension in the string is always perpendicular to the motion of the object,
the string does no work on the object. Then, mechanical energy is conserved:

( ) ( ) g g
f i
KE PE KE PE + = +
0
g
PE =
( )


Choosing at the level where the string attaches to the cart, this gives

( mg L + )
2
0
1
0 cos
2
mg L mv + = , or ( )
0
2 1 cos v g L =
(b) If L = 1.20 m and 35.0 = , the result of part (a) gives


( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
2 9.80 m s 1.20 m 1 cos35.0 2.06 m s v = =

Energy 183
5.79 From the work-energy theorem,
net f i
W KE KE = . Since the package moves with
constant velocity,
f i
KE KE = giving 0
net
= W

Note that the above result can also be obtained by the following reasoning:
Since the object has zero acceleration, the net (or resultant) force acting on it must be
zero. The net work done is 0
net
d = =
net
W F

The work done by the conservative gravitational force is


( )
( sin
i
y y mg d )
grav
W P
g
E
f
mg =
(
= =
or ) ( ) ( )
2 4
2.0 10 J = 50 kg 9.80 m s 7.0
grav
W = 340 m sin

The normal force is perpendicular to the displacement. The work it does is

cos90 d =
0
0
normal
W n =
0 or F f


Since the package moves up the incline at constant speed, the net force parallel to the
incline is zero. Thus, sin mg sin
s s
f mg = =
&
(
=

The work done by the friction force in moving the package distance d up the incline is

) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4
80 m s sin7.0 340 m 2.0 10 J d
(
= =

sin
k
d mg = = 50 kg 9.
friction
W f
5.80 (a) ( )
released grav g
PE N mg y E W ( = = =

(
, or

) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 7
375 000 36.0 kg 9.80 m s 0.380 m 5.03 10 J
released
E
(
= =


(b) The energy carried by the seismic wave is


( ) ( )
7 2
1.00% 5.03 10 J 1.00 10 5.03 10 J
seismic released
E E

= = =
5


and the magnitude on the Richter scale is


( )
5
log 5.03 10 4.8
log 4.8
0.60
1.5 1.5
E
M

= = =

184 CHAPTER 5
5.81 (a) While the car moves at constant speed, the tension in the cable is sin F mg = , and
the power input is sin Fv mgv = = P or

( )( )( )
2 4
950 kg 9.80 m s 2.20 m s sin30.0 1.02 10 W 1 = P 0.2 kW = =
(b) While the car is accelerating, the tension in the cable is


( ) ( )
2 3
sin sin
2.20 m s 0
950 kg 9.80 m s sin30.0 4.83 10 N
12.0 s
a
v
F mg ma m g
t


| |
= + = +
|
\ .

(
= +
(

(
=


Maximum power input occurs the last instant of the acceleration phase. Thus,


)( )
3
max max
4.83 10 N 2.20 m s 10.6 kW
a
F v = = = P
(c) The work done by the motor in moving the car up the frictionless track is

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1
2
0 s
nc f g f f i
f
W KE PE KE PE KE PE mv mg L in = + + = + = +
(


or
) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 6 1
2
950 kg 2.20 m s 9.80 m s 1 250 m sin30.0 5.82 10 J
nc
W
(
= + =


5.82 Each 5.00-m length of the cord will stretch 1.50 m when the tension in the cord equals
the weight of the jumper (that is, when
s
F w mg = = ). Thus, the elongation in a cord of
original length L when will be


s
F w =
( ) .50 m = = 1 0.300
5.00 m
L
x L
| |
|
\ .


and the force constant for the cord of length L is
0.300
s
F w
k
x L
= =
(a) In the bungee-jump from the balloon, the daredevil drops 55.0 m
i f
y y =

The stretch of the cord at the start of the jump is x 0
i
= , and that at the lowest point
is . Since 55.0 m
f
x L = 0
i f
KE KE = = for the fall, conservation of mechanical
energy gives


( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1
2
0 0
g s g s f i i f
f i
x
f i
PE PE = + + PE PE + + k x mg y y =

Energy 185
or
1
2
mg
( )
2
55.0 m
0.300
L mg
L
| |
=
\ .
|
( ) 55.0 m
(


which reduces to )
2
143 m 3.03 10 +
117 m or 25.8 m L L = =
3 2
= m 0 L L , and has solutions of
. Only the 25.8 m = L solution is physically acceptable!
(b) During the jump, = or
y y y
m
F ma kx mg ma =
0.300
g
x m
L
| |

|
\ .
g m =
y
a

Thus, 1
0.300
y
x
a g
L
| |
=
|
\ .


which has maximum value at
max
55.0 m 29.2 m x x L = = =


( )
( )
2
1 2.77 27.1 m s a g g
(
= =
(

max
29.2 m
0.300 25.8 m
y
=
5.83 Careful examination of Figure P5.83 reveals that if, during some time interval, block B
moves upward 1.00 cm, block A will move downward 2.00 cm and the distance
separating the two blocks increases by 3.00 cm. Generalizing, we conclude that when the
vertical separation between the blocks increases by h, block B moves upward distance
3 h and block A moves downward distance 2 3 h . Also, if at any instant during the
motion block A has speed v, the speed of block B will be 2 v .

Choosing at the level where both blocks start from rest and making use of the
above observations, conservation of mechanical energy gives

0 y =
( ) (
1 1
2 2 A B
m v +

or
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1 1
2 2
2 2 3 3 0 0 mv m v mg h mg h + + + + = + + 0 0 +

This reduces to
2
5
0
8 3
gh
v = , or
8 8
3 5 15
gh gh
| |
= =
|
\ .
v
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 A B A B A B
f f i i f f i i
m v mg y mg y m v m v mg y mg y + + = + + +
5.84 (a) Realize that, with the specified arrangement of springs, each spring supports one-
fourth the weight of the load (shelf plus trays). Thus, adding the weight ( w mg = ) of
one tray to the load increases the tension in each spring by 4 F mg = . If this
increase in tension causes an additional elongation in each spring equal to the
thickness of a tray, the upper surface of the stack of trays stays at a fixed level above
the floor as trays are added to or removed from the stack.

186 CHAPTER 5
(b) If the thickness of a single tray is t, the force constant each spring should have to
allow the fixed-level tray dispenser to work properly is


4
4
mg mg F
k
x t

= = =
t
or
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
0.580 kg 9.80 m s
316 N m
4 0.450 10 m
k

= =



The length and width of a tray are unneeded pieces of data.
5.85 When the cyclist travels at constant speed, the magnitude of the forward static friction
force on the drive wheel equals that of the retarding air resistance force. Hence, the
friction force is proportional to the square of the speed, and her power output may be
written as


( )
2 3
s
f v kv v kv = = = P

where k is a proportionality constant.

If the heart rate R is proportional to the power output, then
( )
3 3
R k k kv k kv = = =
1
v

where is also a proportionality constant.

The ratio of the heart rate at speed to the rate R at speed is then


k
2
R
2
v
1
3
3
2 2 2
3
1 1 1
R k kv v
R k kv v
| |
= =
|
\ .
giving
1 3
2
1
R
R
| |
=
|
\ .
2 1
v v
Thus, if 90.0 beats min at 22.0 km h v = = R , the speed at which the rate would be
136 beats min is


( )
1 3
136 beats min
km h 25.2 km h
90.0 beats min
| |
= =
|
\ .
22.0 v

and the speed at which the rate would be 16 is


6 beats min
( )
1 3
166 beats min
km h 27.0 km h
90.0 beats min
| |
= =
|
\ .
22.0 v

Energy 187
5.86 (a) The needle has maximum speed during the interval between when the spring
returns to normal length and the needle tip first contacts the skin. During this
interval, the kinetic energy of the needle equals the original elastic potential energy
of the spring, or
2 1 1
max 2 2 i
mv kx =
2
. This gives


( )
2
max 3
375 N m
8.10 10 m 21.0 m s
5.60 10 kg
i
k
v x
m

= = =


(b) If F is the force the needle must overcome as it penetrates a thickness of skin
and soft tissue while is the force overcame while penetrating thickness of
organ material, application of the work-energy theorem from the instant before skin
contact until the instant before hitting the stop gives


1 1
x
2
F
2
x
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 max 2 2 net f
W F x F x mv mv =
( )
2
=

or
1 1 2 2 2
max
2 F x F x
v v =
f
m
+


( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
3
2.40 10 m 9.20 N 3.50 10 m
.1 m s
5.60 10 kg
v

(
+

=

2
.60 N
21.0 m s =
2 7
16
f

5.87 (a) The average power used by the house is


6
av 4
1 day 600 kWh 3.60 10 J J
833 833 W
30.0 days 1 kWh 8.64 10 s s
E
t
| | | |
= = = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
P

and the power-per-area consumption is


( ) ( )
2 av
833 W
6.75 W m
13.0 m 9.50 m A
= =
P


188 CHAPTER 5
(b) The rate
f
R at which the car uses fuel is


55.0
25.0
mi h gal 2.54 kg
2.20 5.59 kg h
mi gal h 1 gal
f
R
| |
= = =
|
\ .


so the power used is


6 4
kg J 1 h J
44.0 10 6.83 10 68.3 kW
h kg 3 600 s s
| | | |
| |
= = =
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .
P 5.59

The power-per-area consumption is then


( ) ( )
2
68.3 kW
6.64 kW m
4.90 m A
= =
P
2.10 m

(c) From the result of Part (b), it is seen that a powerful automobile running on solar
power would have to carry a solar panel huge in comparison to the size of the car.
Thus, direct use of solar energy is not very practical for conventional automobiles.
5.88 (a) Using conservation of mechanical energy for the trip of the sled down the
frictionless slide gives
( ) ( ) C g A g
C A
PE KE PE + = + KE , or


1
2
m
2 1
2 C
v m =
2
A
v m +
( )
A C
g y y so ( )
2
2
C A
g = +
A
y y
C
v v


( ) ( ) ( )
2
2.50 m s m s
C
v = + =
2
2 9.80 m s 9.76 m 14.1
(b) As the sled goes from point C to point D, the work-energy theorem gives

( ) ( )
2
2 3 1 1
2 2
0 80.0 kg 14.1 m s 7.90 10 J 7.90 kJ
CD D C C
W KE KE mv = = = = =
(c) If f is the friction force exerted on the sled by the water between points C and D,
then

( )
CD CD
W f x = or
( )
3
7.90 10 J
158 N
50.0 m
CD
CD
W
f
x

= = =



In addition to this horizontal friction force, the water exerts a vertical normal force
equal to the weight of the sled and rider, or
( ) ( )
2
80 kg 9.80 m s 784 N n = = . Thus,
the resultant force exerted on the sled by the water is

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
158 N 784 N 800 N
R
F f n = + = + =

Energy 189
q
q
n
ur
ur
mg
(d) The free-body diagram of the sled at point B on the
frictionless slide is as shown at the right. Since the
sled has zero acceleration perpendicular to the slide,

0 cos 0 or cos F ma n mg n mg

= = = =

But, for the slide shown in Figure P5.88,


1
9.76 m
sin 10.4
54.3 m

| |
= =
|
\ .
(


The force exerted on the sled by the slide at point B is

) ( )
2
80.0 kg 9.80 m s cos10.4 771 N n = =
5.89 Observe that when moves downward 4.0 m, must move upward 4.0 and
moves 4.0 m on the level surface. Also, each block has the same speed as the other two at
each instant. Therefore, if the system starts from rest, and is the retarding friction
force acting on as it moves distance d,
3
m
1
m
2
m
f
2
m ( ) ( )
nc f i
E PE KE PE W K = + + gives


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 1
2 3 1 3 3, 2
1 1
2 2 1 1, 2 2, 2, 1, 3, f i f i f i
y fd m v m v m g m g y = + + m v y m g y + + y y +

or ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1
1 1 1, 1, 2 i
m m v m y y g fd
(
=

2
+
3
m +
2 2, 3 3, 3, f i f i f
m y m y y +
2,
y +

With the given data, this yields

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( )
2
15 4.0 m .8 m s + ( ) 10 15 .0 4.0 m 10 0 30 N 4 + + + ( .0 m)
1
5.0
2
2
v 5 =
( )
9 (

+

or
2
4.3 m s v =
272 J
30 kg
=

190 CHAPTER 5

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