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The z -Transform
Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Ehsan sarwar.ehsan@ee.uol.edu.pk
Department of Electrical Engineering, The University of Lahore
April 9, 2013
The z -Transform
Outline
Introduction
The z -Transform
Outline
The z -Transform
Outline
The z -Transform
Introduction
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n
The z -Transform
Introduction
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n
The z -Transform
Introduction
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n
z is complex i.e. z = rej Powerful tool for analyzing & designing DT systems
The z -Transform
Introduction
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n
z is complex i.e. z = rej Powerful tool for analyzing & designing DT systems Generalization of the DTFT
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n x[n](rej )n
=
n=
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n x[n](rej )n
=
n=
X (rej ) =
n=
x[n]rn ejn
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n x[n](rej )n
=
n=
X (rej ) =
n=
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
x[n]z n x[n](rej )n
=
n=
X (rej ) =
n=
X (ej ) =
n=
x[n](ejn )
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
ROC Example
Example
Let x[n] = n u[n]
X (z ) =
n=0
n z n =
1 1 z 1
The z -Transform
ROC Example
Example
Let x[n] = n u[n]
X (z ) =
n=0
n z n =
1 1 z 1
The z -Transform
ROC Example
Example
Let x[n] = n u[n]
X (z ) =
n=0
n z n =
1 1 z 1
converges for |z 1 | i.e. RoC is |z | > || || < 1 (e.g. 0.8)- nite energy sequence
The z -Transform
ROC Example
Example
Let x[n] = n u[n]
X (z ) =
n=0
n z n =
1 1 z 1
converges for |z 1 | i.e. RoC is |z | > || || < 1 (e.g. 0.8)- nite energy sequence || > 1 (e.g. 1.2) - Divergent sequence, innite energy, DTFT does not exist but still has ZT when |z | > 1.2 (in RoC)
Dr. M. Sarwar Ehsan The z -Transform
About ROCs
ROCs always dened in terms of |z | circular regions on z-plane (inside circles/outside circles/rings)
The z -Transform
About ROCs
ROCs always dened in terms of |z | circular regions on z-plane (inside circles/outside circles/rings) If ROC includes unit circle (|z | = 1), x[n] has a DTFT
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
()n z n =
1 1 z 1
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
()n z n =
1 1 z 1
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
()n z n = =
1 1 z 1
n z n
m=1
The z -Transform
X (z ) =
n=
()n z n = =
1 1 z 1
n z n
m=1
1 z 1 1 z
1 1 z 1
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
n u[n]
1 1z 1
RoC is |z | > ||
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
n u[n] n u[n]
1 1z 1 1 1z 1
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
n u[n] n u[n]
1 1z 1 1 1z 1
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
n u[n] n u[n]
1 1z 1 1 1z 1
The z -Transform
RoC is Necessary!
To completely dene a ZT, you must specify the ROC
n u[n] n u[n]
1 1z 1 1 1z 1
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 Two possible sequences for 1 term ...
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 Two possible sequences for 1 term ...
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 Two possible sequences for 1 term ...
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 Two possible sequences for 1 term ...
ROC intersections
Consider X (z ) = 1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
with |1 | < 1 and |2 | > 1 Two possible sequences for 1 term ...
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
1 1 + 1 1 1 z 1 2 z 1
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Two-sided exponential sequences x[n] = n < n < = n u[n] + n u[n 1] No overlap in RoCs
The z -Transform
ROC intersections
Two-sided exponential sequences x[n] = n < n < = n u[n] + n u[n 1] No overlap in RoCs ZT does not exist
The z -Transform