KINEMATICS is the study of the quantitative description of motion. 1.

. Nature of Motion: Motion continues change in position with respect to a reference point. It can be: 1. Rectilinear or translatory motion along a straight path or line. It can be horizontal and vertical (Free Fall) 2. Curvilinear motion on curve line or paths It can be circular (like going around a rotunda, roller coaster or spinning and object above your head) and in curve path (projectile and revolution around the sun by the planets) 3. Rotational motion of an object about an axis ( rotation of the earth and spinning of tops) 4. Vibratory motion deals about movement of bodies with regular intervals such as pendulum, Waves, springs 2. Speed and Velocity: Speed the rate of motion or the distance traveled by an object in a given time.
S = d t

where: s = speed

d = distance

t = time

it is expressed in mi/h, ft/s, km/h, cm/s.etc. However the accepted and standard unit for speed is m/s. it is a scalar quantity Examples: 1. A stone rolls 112 m in 20 sec. What is its speed? Given: Soln: d = 112 m t = 20 sec Asked: s
s= d t 112m = 20 s

= 5.6 m/s

2. A cyclist traveled 30 km in 2.5 hrs. What is his speed in m/s and mi/h? Given: Soln: d = 30 km t = 2.5 h
m 30km1000 km = 3600 s 2.5h h

a. s =

d t

Asked: a. s in m/s b. s in mi/h

= 3.333 m/s b. s =
d t

1mi 30km = 1.609km 2.5h

= 7.458 mi/hr 1

Velocity is speed in particular direction or it is the distance traveled by an object in a given time in specific direction.
v= d t

where: v = velocity

d = displacement

t = time

* it is has the same unit as in speed * it is a vector quantity Exercises: 1. Rachel watches a thunderstorm from her window. She sees the flash of lightning bolt and begins counting the seconds until she hears the clap of thunder 5 sec. later. Assume that the speed of sound in air is 340.0 m/s. How far away was the lightning bolt? 2. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is calculated to be 1.5 X 108 km and the speed of light is 3 X 108 m/s. How long will it take for the light of the sun to reach the earth? 3. Average Speed and Average Velocity: Average Speed the total distance traveled by an object in a given time. SAVE =
d t

where: d = total distance

t = time to travel this distance

Other ways in which average speed can be obtained: 1. Suppose a car covers 120 km in 2 hours. Its average speed would be:
d t

Save =

1201km 1 2 h 2

= 48

km h

2. Suppose a car starting from rest attains a speed of 60 km/h in 2 min. Its average speed is: SAVE =
Vi + Vf 2

0 + 60 2

km h

= 30 km/h

3. If there are several speeds given, the average speed is obtained by using the formula:

speeds SAVE = no.ofspeedsadded

Average Velocity is total displacement traversed by the object in a given amount of time. VAVE =
d t

where: d = total displacement

t = time to travel

Sample problems: 2

A car travels a distance of 60 km from Manila to a town in Laguna. What is its average speed (in km/h) if traveling time is from 7:00 A.M. to 7:45 A.M.? What is its average velocity? Suppose that after a business talk with a friend, the driver of the car drives straight back to Manila from 11:55 A.M. to 12:20 P.M. What is the cars average speed and average velocity during the round trip in km/h?

2. An airplane takes off at 10:00 A.M. and flies a straight path at 350 km/h until 1:00 P.M. Its velocity changes to 400 km/h and it maintains this velocity in the same direction as before until it lands at 3:30 P.M. What is its average velocity for the entire flight?

Resultant Velocity: 3

Since velocity is a vector quantity, we can resolve it using the principles of vector to obtain its resultant. Sample problems: 1. An airplane flies eastward through still air with a velocity of 485 km/h. Suddenly, a tail wind blows with a velocity of 28 km/h, eastward? What is the resultant velocity of the plane?

2. a. If the wind in the preceding blows southward? What is the resultant velocity of the plane? b. If the wind speed is 35 km/h and blowing at 15 S of E, what is its resultant velocity?

4. Instantaneous Speed and Instantaneous Velocity: 4

Instantaneous Speed it refers to the speed of a moving body at a particular time. Instantaneous Velocity the velocity of a moving body at a particular instance of time. 5. Acceleration: - is the rate of change of velocity or the change in velocity per unit change in time. * it is a vector quantity and in the same direction as the force that act on it. a =
V the change in velocity per unit change in time t

a = tf ti

Vf Vi

finalvelocity initialvelocity finaltime initialtime

* it is expressed in m/s It can be: 1. Positive moving from slow to fast or an increase in its speed. it is simply denoted as acceleration it takes a positive sign 2. Negative from fast to slow or decrease in its speed. it is simply called deceleration it takes a negative sign Examples: 1. A body starting from rest acquires a velocity of 10 m/s at the end of the first second. 20 m/s at the end of 2 seconds, 30 m/s at the end of 3 sec. What is its acceleration? Soln: a=
Vf Vi V 30m / s 0m / s tf ti = = 10 m/s t 3s 0 s

2. A car is going at 30 km/h slows down until it finally stops after 6 sec. What is its acceleration? Soln: a=
Vf Vi V 0km / h 30km / h = 5km / h / s or 1.389 m/s = tf ti t 6s

Examples: 1. Suppose a car is moving along a straight highway increases its speed each second. First from 35 km/h to 40 km/h, then from 40 km/h ato 45 km/h and finally from 45 km/h to 50 km/h. What is the acceleration of the car? 2. Anna was driving her sports car at 35 m/s when she sees a doberman crossing the road ahead. She steps on the brakes and stops the car in 3.0 seconds. What is the cars deceleration?

Uniformly Accelerated Motion:

When a moving body has a constant change in velocity with the corresponding change in time. In a graph it is in a straight line. This indicates that the object starts from rest. This is applied in: a. a body sliding on a smooth inclined plane b. falling object c. projectiles (rockets, missiles, satellites, mortars and other artilleries) d. car rolling down hill with engine stopped and no brake

Derivation of Formula: Acceleration: a=

V Vf Vi t t

Final velocity: a=
Vf Vi cross multiplying t

at = Vf Vi transposing Vi to the other side Vf = Vi + at so, the final velocity is equal to the initial velocity plus the product of the acceleration and the time or the change in velocity is the product of the change in velocity per unit time and the time interval (V = at).

Time: a=
Vf Vi cross-multiplying t

at = Vf + Vi t=

dividing both sides by a

Vf Vi a

Displacement: - is the product of the average velocity and the time: V=

d t

transposing to obtain d

Vi + Vf 2 d = Vt but V is the average velocity = , thus Vi + Vf t but Vf = Vi + at d= 2 Vi + VI + at t combining Vi and dividing by 2 d= 2 2Vi at + t simplifying and multiplying by t d= 2 2 at 2 d = Vit + 2 6

(at)

Displacement is the initial velocity multiplied by the time plus one-half the product of the acceleration and the square of the time. If there is no acceleration (a = 0): d =Vit

If the body starts from rest (Vi = 0): d=

at 2 2

Solving for final velocity and displacement without the use of time: Vf = Vi + at squaring both sides Vf 2 = (Vi + at) 2 expanding, then Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2Viat + a2t2 factoring by 2a Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2a (Vit + (at2)) but Vit + (at2) = d, thus

Vf 2 = Vi 2 + 2ad

or d = vt d=

but v is the average velocity =

Vi +Vf 2

so

Vf Vi Vi + Vf t but t = thus a 2

d=

Vi + Vf Vf Vi multiplying we have: 2 a
Vf
2

d=

Vi 2 2a

and

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ad

the square of the final velocity is equal to the square of the initial velocity plus twice the product of the acceleration and the displacement. If the object starts from rest (Vi = 0), thus Vf = 2ad
2

Solving for the displacement: Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ad transposing Vi, we have Vf2 Vi2 = 2ad dividing both sides by 2a
Vf
2

d=
IN SUMMARY:

Vi 2 2a

Vi 0 a=
Vf Vi t Vf Vi a

Vi = 0 a=
V t

t=

t=

V a

Vf = Vi + at

Vf = at Vf 2 = 2ad

Vf 2 = Vi2 + 2ad d = Vit +

Vf
2

at 2 2

d=

at 2 2 Vf 2 2a

d=

Vi 2 2a

d=

d =

Vi + Vf 2

V t or d = 2

t t

d=

V 2

Sample Problems: 1. A car starts from rest and is given a constant acceleration of 10 m/s for a total time of 5 sec. a. Find the velocity at the end of 5 sec. b. How far does it go during the first second? c. What is the displacement after 5 seconds?

2. A ball with an initial velocity of 5 m/s rolls down an inclined plane with uniformly accelerated 8

motion. If its acceleration is 10 m/s2, find: a. the velocity of the ball at the end of 10 sec. b. the distance it rolls in 10 sec. c. the distance it rolls during the eight sec.

3. An automobile is traveling 65 km/h. Its brakes retard it at the rate of 6 m/s2. a. How long will it take to stop the car? b. How far will the car travel after the brakes are applied?

4. Starting from rest, an airplane moves with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 for 30 sec. before it becomes airborne. a. How far does it travel down the runway before it takes off? b. What is its speed when it becomes airborne? 9

5. A jeepney driver is driving at a velocity of 75 km/hr. A cow 60 m away suddenly crosses the road and the driver immediately steps on the brake. He stops the jeepney in exactly 4 sec. a. What is the jeepneys acceleration? b. How far does the jeepney go before coming to a stop? Does the jeepney hit the cow?

Exercises: 1. A ball from rest is uniformly acceleratedat a rate of 4 m/s2. Find: a. Its final velocity after 8 sec. 10

b. Distance it travels in 8 sec. c. Distance it travels during the 8 sec. 2. An object is moving at the rate of 50 cm/sec. Then it is accelerated at 8 cm/s2 for 5 sec. Determine: 1. its final velocity 2. the total distance it traveled 3. An object with uniform acceleration of 8 m/s2 from rest has gone 100 m. a. What is its final velocity? b. How many seconds that it is in motion? 4. A drunk man was driving his car at a speed of 90 km/h when he saw a carabao in the middle of the road, 50 m away from him. It took him 0.4 sec to react at which the car is moving with constant speed. Then he stepped on the brakes to stop at a rate of 6 m/s2. Is this acceleration enough to save him and the carabao from the eminent accident

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