Les5e KeyFormulas

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Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
CC
HAPTER
222
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Class
Class
Width
Width
Class
Width= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
Sample
Standard
Deviation
of
Frequency
Distribution:
Range
Range
ofof
data
data
Range
of
data
Number
Number
ofof
classes
classes
Number
of
classes
s s=s ==
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
1 round
11round
2 22
upup
toto
next
next
convenient
convenient
number
number
round
up
to
next
convenient
number
1Lower
1Lower
class
class
limit2
limit2
+ +1Upper
class
class
limit2
limit2
1Lower
class
limit2
+ 1Upper
1Upper
class
limit2
Midpoint
Midpoint
= ==
Midpoint
2 22
Class
Class
frequency
frequency
Class
frequency f ff
Relative
Relative
Frequency
Frequency
= ==
= ==
Relative
Frequency
Sample
Sample
size
size
Sample
size n nn
gg
xgxx
m mm
= ==
Population
Population
Mean:
Mean:
Population
Mean:
NN
N
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x xStandard
Standard
Score:
Score:
z z=z ==
= ==
Standard
Score:
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
CC
HAPTER
333
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Classical
Classical
(or(or
Theoretical)
Theoretical)
Probability:
Probability:
Classical
(or
Theoretical)
Probability:
Number
Number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
inin
event
event
EE
Number
of
outcomes
in
event
E
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
P1E2
Total
Total
number
number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
Total
number
of
outcomes
inin
sample
sample
space
space
in
sample
space
gg
xgxx
x x=
Sample
Sample
Mean:
Mean:
x ==
Sample
Mean:
n nn
# w2# #w2
g g1x
1x
g 1x
w2
x x=
Weighted
Weighted
Mean:
Mean:
Weighted
Mean:
x ==
gg
wgww
Empirical
Empirical
(or(or
Statistical)
Statistical)
Probability:
Probability:
Empirical
(or
Statistical)
Probability:
Frequency
Frequency
ofof
event
event
EE
Frequency
of
event
E f ff
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
= ==
P1E2
n nn
Total
Total
frequency
frequency
Total
frequency
# f2# #f2
g1x
g1x
g1x
f2
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
x x=
x ==
Mean
of
Frequency
Distribution:
n nn
= =1Maximum
entry2
entry2
- -1Minimum
entry2
entry2
Range
Range
= 1Maximum
1Maximum
entry2
- 1Minimum
1Minimum
entry2
Range
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
Population
Population
Variance:
Variance:
Population
Variance: s ==
NN
N
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
2 22
gg
1x
- -x2
g1x
1x
- x2
x2
Sample
Sample
Variance:
Variance:
Sample
Variance: s ==
n nn -1- 11
2 22
s s=s ==
2s
2s
= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
2s
Sample
Standard
Deviation:
g1x
g1x
- - x2
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
Empirical
Empirical
Rule
Rule
68-95-99.7
68-95-99.7
Rule)
Rule)
For
For
data
data
with
with
a aa
Empirical
Rule(or(or
(or
68-95-99.7
Rule)
For
data
with
(symmetric)
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
bell-shaped
distribution:
distribution:
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
distribution:
1. 1.
About
About
68%
68%
ofof
thethe
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
m mm
- -s
m mm
+ +s.
1.
About
68%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
-s
s and
+ s.
s.
m mm
- -2s
2. 2.
About
About
95%
95%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
2.
About
95%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 2s
2s
m mm
+ +2s.
+ 2s.
2s.
m mm
- -3s
3. 3.
About
About
99.7%
99.7%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
3.
About
99.7%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 3s
3s
m mm
+ +3s.
+ 3s.
3s.
Chebychevs
Chebychevs
Theorem
Theorem
The
portion
portion
ofof
any
any
data
data
setset
lying
lying
Chebychevs
TheoremThe
The
portion
of
any
data
set
lying
within
within
standard
deviations
deviations
ofof
the
the
mean
mean
is is
at
kk
1k1k
7 77
1212
within
standard
deviations
of
the
mean
is at
at
k standard
1k
12
1 11
least
least
1 1-1 -- 2 . 22..
least
k kk
22
2 22
s2ss=
==
gg
1x
- -m2
P1x2
P1x2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Standard
Deviation
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
2 22
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
g1x
P1x2
P1x2
= ==
22
g1x
- -m2
2s
2g
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Expected
Expected
Value:
Value:
E1x2
E1x2
= =m
= ==
gg
xP1x2
Expected
Value:
E1x2
= mm
gxP1x2
xP1x2
Binomial
Binomial
Probability
Probability
ofof
successes
inin
trials:
xx
nn
Binomial
Probability
of
successes
in
trials:
x successes
n trials:
n!n!
n!
xx
P1x2
pxxxpqpxnxq-qnxn--=
==
pxpqpxnxq-qnxn--xx
P1x2
= =n=CnnxCC
P1x2
1n1n
- -x2!x!
1n
- x2!x!
x2!x!
Population
Population
Parameters
Parameters
ofof
a Binomial
aa Binomial
Distribution:
Distribution:
Population
Parameters
of
Binomial
Distribution:
22
Variance:
Variance:
s2ss=
=npq
Variance:
= npq
npq
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
1npq
s ss
= ==
1npq
Standard
Deviation:
1npq
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
- -P1A
and
and
B2B2
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
- P1A
P1A
and
B2
22
s2 s=
Variance
Variance
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Variance
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
AA
B:B:
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
both
both
events
events
and
and
A
B:
Probability
of
occurrence
of
both
events
and
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
either
either
oror
or
both:
both:
AA
BB
Probability
of
occurrence
of
either
or
or
both:
A
B or
CC
C NN
N
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
m mm
= ==
g gxP1x2
xP1x2
gxP1x2
Mean
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
Mean:
Mean:
m mm
= =np
Mean:
= np
np
# P1B2
# #P1B2
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
A
BB
if if
and
and
are
P1B2
if A
and
are
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A
B are
independent
independent
independent
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
Population
Standard
Deviation:
CC
HAPTER
444
CHAPTER
HAPTER
P1E2
P1E2
= =1= 1-1 -P1E2
Probability
Probability
ofof
a Complement:
aa Complement:
P1E2
- P1E2
P1E2
Probability
of
Complement:
# P1B
# #P1B
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
P1B
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A2A
A22
22
s2s=
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
= ==
2s
g1x
g1x
- - x2 f
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
ff
if if
and
and
are
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
A
BB
if A
and
are
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
A
B are
mutually
mutually
exclusive
exclusive
mutually
exclusive
Permutations
Permutations
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Permutations
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
P=rr
nPnnrP
n!n!
n!
==
, where
,,where
r rr
n nn
where
1n1n
1n r2!
- r2!
r2!
Distinguishable
Distinguishable
Permutations:
Permutations:
, ,,
n1nnalike,
n 2nnalike,
Distinguishable
Permutations:
alike,
alike,
11 alike,
22 alike,
alike:
nknnalike:
alike:
kk
n!n!
n!
, ,
!nkk!! ,
n1n!n1#1!n!#2#n!n2#2!n!#2#n!n2
2!! nkn
where
where
n1nn+
n
n
+ +n
where
+2nn+
+3nn+
+
+knnk=k =n
= nn
11 +
22 +
33 +
Combination
Combination
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Combination
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
n!n!
n!
C=rr ==
nCnn
rC
1n1n
- -r2!r!
1n
- r2!r!
r2!r!
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geometric
Geometric
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
that
that
the
the
first
first
Geometric
Distribution:
The
probability
that
the
first
x -x1x--11
success
success
will
will
occur
occur
onon
trial
trial
number
number
isx is
xx
, ,,
P1x2
= =p1q2
success
will
occur
on
trial
number
is P1x2
P1x2
= p1q2
p1q2
where
where
q q=
where
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
Poisson
Poisson
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
ofof
exactly
exactly
x xx
Poisson
Distribution:
The
probability
of
exactly
xe-m
mxmemx-m
e-m
occurrences
occurrences
inin
anan
interval
interval
is is
, where
,, where
P1x2
= ==
occurrences
in
an
interval
is P1x2
where
P1x2
x!x!
x!
and
and
is
the
mean
mean
number
number
ofof
occurences
occurences
e eLe L2.71828
mm
and
is the
the
mean
number
of
occurences
L 2.71828
2.71828
m is
per
per
interval
interval
unit.
unit.
per
interval
unit.
CC
HAPTER
555
CHAPTER
HAPTER
s ss
sxss=
=
xx =
1n
1n
1n
x -m
- xmmxx x xx -m
- mm
Value
- -Mean
Value
Value
- Mean
Mean x xz-Score
= ==
z-Score
= ==
= ==
z-Score
sxssxx
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
CC
HAPTER
666
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Interval
Interval
forfor
:: xc- Confidence
cm :mmx
6 66
m mm
6 66
x x+
Confidence
Interval
for
c-Confidence
x -E
-E
E
x +E,
+ E,
E,
s ss
EE
= =z=c zzcc if if
s
where
where
is
known
and
and
the
the
population
population
is isis
E
s is
where
if s
is known
known
and
the
population
1n
1n
1n
s ss
n n
30,30,
EE
= =t=c ttcc if if
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
oror
oror
the
n
30,
E
normally
distributed
or
or
if the
the
1n
1n
1n
population
population
is is
normally
oror
approximately
approximately
normally
normally
population
is normally
normally
or
approximately
normally
ss
n n6
3030
distributed,
distributed,
is
unknown,
and
and
s is
n 66
30
distributed,
is unknown,
unknown,
and
zcs
zzccss2 22
a aa b bb
m :mmn
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
n ==
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
EE
E
p,p,
Point
Point
Estimate
Estimate
forfor
the
the
population
population
proportion
proportion
ofof
p,
Point
Estimate
for
the
population
proportion
of
x xx
n=
np
n ==
p
successes:
successes:
p
successes:
n nn
cc- Confidence
pp
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Proportion
Proportion
(when
c-Confidence
p (when
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Proportion
(when
np
nnp
n+
n -E
n +E,
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

52:52:
p
6 66
p p6
p
where
where
np
nq
52:
p
-E
E
p 66
p
+ E,
E,
and
where
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x x= ==
z z=z ==
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
Central
Limit
Theorem
population
3030
Central
Limit
Theorem
(n((n
oror
population
is isis
n
30
Central
Limit
Theorem
or
population
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
mxmm=
m
= mm
xx =
s
22 s s
Variance
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Variance
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
=
Variance
of
the
Sampling
Distribution: s2xss=
xx =
n nn
x xx -m
- mm
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
unknown,
t- Test
t-t-Test
m :mmt:: =
,, for
ss
tt ==
, for
Test
for
Mean
for
unknown,
s unknown,
s> s>
1n
s>1n
1n
Test
forfor
a Proportion
aa Proportion
(when
:52::
z- zpp
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

5252
Test
for
Proportion
(when
and
z-Test
p (when
np
nq
np
np
n -p
mpm
nmpnpn p
np
np
n -p pp
z z=
= ==
z ==
sps
1pq>n
1pq>n
nspnpn
1pq>n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
CC
CC
C xR2xxR2R2
C xL2xxL2L2
and
and
d.f.
= =n
d.f.
and
d.f.
= nn -1- 11
n1p
nnn 2p
n2p
n222-2 -1p
1p
p
p
- 1p
-2p2p2222
x
x1xx+
+2xx22
11p
11 11p11 11 +
z z=z ==
,, where
p p=
, where
where
p ==
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
1 11 1 11
p qppaqa
q a + ++ b bb
BB
B n1nn11 n2nn22
and
and
q q=
and
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
22
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Test
Test
forfor
a Variance
aaVariance
or
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
s2ssor
s:s:
Chi-Square
Test
for
Variance
or
Standard
Deviation
s:
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1d.f.
1d.f.
= =n
x ==
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
2 22
s ss
ng
xy - -1-gx21gy2
nngxy
gxy
1g
x21g y2
1 gx21gy2
CC
HAPTER
888
CHAPTER
HAPTER
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
z-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples;
samples;
oror
normally
normally
n1nnand
n2nn
3030
(Independent
samples;
and
or
normally
30
11 and
22
distributed
distributed
populations):
populations):
distributed
populations):
r r=r ==
2 22
2 22
22
2 22
2n
gxgx
2ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
2ng
2ng
y2yy-1-gy2
11gy2
2n
gx2
2ng
gy2
forfor
the
the
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
t- Test
t-t-Test
Test
for
the
Correlation
Coefficient:
t =
tt ==
r rr
-r2 r22
1 1-1 - r
BB
n nB
n -2- 22
(d.f.
(d.f.
= =n
(d.f.
= nn -2-)22))
Equation
Equation
ofof
a Regression
aa Regression
Line:
Line:
yn yn=
+ +b,
Equation
of
Regression
Line:
yn =mx
= mx
mx
+ b,
b,
ng
ng
xy- -1-gx21gy2
1g
x21g y2
nxy
gxy
1 gx21gy2
where
where
and
and
mm
= ==
where
and
m
2 22
2 22
n gx
ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
n gx
gx2
gg
ygyy
gg
xgxx
b b=b =y
= == - -m
= yy -mx
- mx
mx
-m
m
n nn
n nn
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
t-Test
t-t-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples
samples
from
from
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
(Independent
samples
from
normally
distributed
populations,
populations,
):
n1nnor
n2nn6
3030
populations,
or
6
30):):
11 or
22 6
Coefficient
Coefficient
ofof
Determination:
Determination:
Coefficient
of
Determination:
2 22
n1y
g
y2
g1y
- y2
y2
Explained
Explained
variation
variation
Explained
variation g1y
i nnii 22
r2 rr=
==
= ==
2
Total
Total
variation
variation
Total
variation
gg
1y
-ii -y2
g1y
- y2
y222
i1y
1x1x
-11 -x
1m
m
-2x2x22-22 - 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x
1 11 t =tt ==
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
equal,
equal,
d.f.
= =n
n
2- 22
d.f.
If population
population
variances
are
equal,
d.f.
=1nn+
+2nn11 +
22 n i2ynyn2i2i222
gg
1y
-ii -y
g1y
i1y
and
and
and
Standard
Standard
Error
Error
ofof
Estimate:
Estimate:
se ss=
=
Standard
Error
of
Estimate:
=
ee
CC
C n n-n -2- 22
2 22
2 22
1n1n
12s
1n
12s
- 12s
12s
+ 1n
- 12s
12s
1 +
11 +
2 22
11n11 21n22 1
1
1
1
1
1
# # # + ++ . ..
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx=22 ==
Interval
Interval
forfor
c- Prediction
cy: y:
6 66
y y6
yn yn+
n1nn11 n2nn22
Prediction
Interval
for
c-Prediction
y:yn ynyn -E
-E
E
y 66
yn +E,
+ E,
E,
CC
n1nn+
n
2- 22
BB
C
+2nnB
11 +
22 where
where
where
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
not
not
equal,
equal,
d.f.d.f.
is is
the
If population
population
variances
are
not
equal,
d.f.
is the
the
2 22
n1x
n1x
x2
n1x
- x2
x2
0 00 1 11
s21 ss2121 s22 ss2222
E
=
t
1d.f.
E
=
t
s
s
1
1
+
+
+
+
1d.f.
= =n
E
=
t
s
1
+
+
1d.f.
= nn -22
- 22
22
c
e
c
e
c e
2
2
2 22
smaller
smaller
ofof
n1nn1- or
11 or
n2nn1- and
11 and
+ ++ . ..
2
smaller
of
or
and
11 22 CC
C n nn ng
ng
x xx- -1-gx2
11gx2
ng
gx2
n
CC
C1nn1 n2nn2
1
CC
HAPTER
10
10
CHAPTER
HAPTER
10
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Given
Given
three
three
oror
more
more
independent
independent
samples,
samples,
the
the
test
test
Given
three
or
more
independent
samples,
the
test
statistic
statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
test
test
is isis
statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
test
2 22
1O1O
- -E2
1O
- E2
E2
gg
g
Chi-Square: xx ==
EE
E
22
Chi-Square:
Chi-Square:x 2 =
R21R
R2121 R22R
R2222 R2kR
R2k2k
1212
12
HH
= ==
a aa + ++ + +
+ ++ b bb
H
+
nknnkk
N1N
+ +12
N1N
N1N
+ 12
12n1nn11 n2nn22
Goodness-of-Fit
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
Test:
d.f.
= =k
d.f.
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
d.f.
= kk -1- 11
Test
Test
ofof
Independence:
Independence:
Test
of
Independence:
- -31N
+ +12.
= =k
- 31N
31N
+ 12.
121d.f.
. 1d.f.
1d.f.
= kk -12
- 12
12
d.f.
= =1no.
ofof
rows
- -121no.
ofof
columns
- -12
d.f.
rows
columns
d.f.
= 1no.
1no.
of
rows
- 121no.
121no.
of
columns
- 12
12
Spearman
Spearman
Rank
Rank
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Coefficient:
22 2 22
and
and
s21 ss
s2,ss2d.f.
=
n
1,
d.f.
=
n
1- 11
d.f.
and
d.f.
=1nn- 1,
1,
d.f.
=2nn11
N N
11 DD
22 2,, d.f.
N=
D=
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Runs
Runs
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Runs
Test:
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
Test
forfor
Variances:
Variances:
F-FFF
=
Two-Sample
Test
for
Variances:
F-Test
F
2 22
6 gd
66gd
gd
rs rr=ss =1= 1-1 -- 2 22
n1n
n1n
n1n- -12
- 12
12
s21 ss2121
,, where
==2 , 2where
where
s2 ss222
gn
gn
x BxxBB
gn
x-ii -iAx
iiAiAx
MS
MS
SSSS
MS
SS
B BB
B BB
FF
= ==
, where
,,where
MS
MS
=B ==
= ==
where
F
MS
B B
MS
MS
k kk kk
- -1 11
MS
k -1- 11
WW
W
One-Way
One-Way
Analysis
Analysis
ofof
Variance
Variance
Test:
Test:
One-Way
Analysis
of
Variance
Test:
2 22
CC
HAPTER
999
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Correlation
Coefficient:
22
x 2x =
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Variance
Variance
c- Confidence
cs2s:s22::
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Variance
c-Confidence
2 22
d dgg
1d
- -d2d2
d -m
- dmmdd
g1d
1d
d2
gg
dgdd
tt ==
t =
, where
,, where
d d=
where
d == , s,,dssd=
=
d=
n nn
sd>ssd1n
AA
1n
A n nn- --1 11
d>>1n
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
z-Test
Proportions
Proportions
( n(1(npn1,1p,
must
bebe
atat
least
least
5):5):
n2nqn22q
Proportions
and
must
be
at
least
5):
pn,1nqn1,1qqn,,2npn2,2p,
pand
, and
q must
n n6
3030
population
population
is is
normal
oror
nearly
nearly
normal,
normal,
and
and
.30..
n 66
population
is normal
normal
or
nearly
normal,
and
1d.f.
= =n
1d.f.
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
s21ss2121 s22ss2222
where
where
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx=
+ ++
=
where
=
22
n1nn11 n2nn22
CC
C
zc zzc2 22
np
n qnp
naqnqnaab cbb
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
p :ppn
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
n =p
=
EE
E
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
(Dependent
(Dependent
t-t-Test
t- Test
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Dependent
samples):
samples):
samples):
x xx -m
- mm
z- zm :mmz:: z=z ==
,, for
ss
Test
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
known
with
with
a aa
, for
z-Test
s known
Test
for
Mean
for
known
with
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
normal
normal
population,
population,
oror
forfor
n n
3030
normal
population,
or
for
n
30
1x1x
x
m
-2x2x222-2 -1m
- 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x11 1 11 z z=z ==
, ,,
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
cc- Confidence
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Standard
c-Confidence
Deviation
Deviation
s:s:
Deviation
s:
Transforming
Transforming
a zaa zScore
toto
anan
Value:
x-xx x=
+ +zs
Transforming
Score
to
an
Value:
z-Score
x-Value:
x =m
= mm
+ zs
zs
CC
HAPTER
777
CHAPTER
HAPTER
n qnp
np
nqnqn
p
EE
= =z=c zzcc
E
n
n
BB
B n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
2 22
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
xR2xxR2R2
xL2xxL2L2
Standard
Standard
Score,
Score,
oror
Score:
z- zz-Score:
Standard
Score,
or
Score:
Mean
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
of
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Standard
Deviation
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
ofof
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
of
the
Sampling
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
2 22
gg
1n
-ii -12s
g1n
- 12s
12s
SSSS
SS
i ii
i1n
WW
W
and
and
= ==
MS
= ==
MS
and
MS
WW
W
NN
- -k
NN
- -k
N
- kk
N
- kk
( d.f.
((d.f.
d.f.
=
k
d.f.
=
N
- -k
d.f.
= kk -1,
- 1,
1,
d.f.
=N
N
-)kk))
N N
DD
N=
D=
CC
HAPTER
11
11
CHAPTER
HAPTER
11
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Sign
Sign
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Sign
Test:
When
When
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
the
smaller
smaller
number
number
n n
25,25,
When
the
test
statistic
is the
the
smaller
number
n
25,
ofof
+ +or
- -signs.
of
or
signs.
+ or
- signs.
1x1x
+ +0.52
- -0.5n
1x
+ 0.52
0.52
- 0.5n
0.5n
, where
When
When
isx is
the
,, where
n n7
25,25,
z z=z ==
xx
When
where
is the
the
n 77
25,
2n
2n
2n
2 22
smaller
smaller
number
number
ofof
and
and
isn is
the
total
total
+ +or
- -signs
nn
smaller
number
of
or
signs
and
is the
the
total
+ or
- signs
number
number
ofof
+ +and
- -signs.
number
of
and
signs.
+ and
- signs.
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Wilcoxon
Wilcoxon
Rank
Rank
Sum
Sum
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Wilcoxon
Rank
Sum
Test:
RR
- -m
R
- RmmRR
sum
sum
ofof
the
the
ranks
ranks
forfor
the
the
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
RR
= ==
where
sum
of
the
ranks
for
the
R
sRssRR
n1n1n
n
12
n111n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
smaller
smaller
sample,
sample,
mRmmR=R ==
, ,,
smaller
sample,
2 22
n1nn121n1n
n
12
n221n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
sRssR=R ==
,, and
n1nn
n2nn22
, and
and
11
12
BB
12
B
12
When
When
and
and
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
n1nn
2020
n2nn
20,20,
G,
When
and
the
test
statistic
is G,
20
20,
G,
11
22
the
the
number
number
ofof
runs.
runs.
the
number
of
runs.
When
When
oror
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is isis
n1nn7
2020
n2nn7
20,20,
When
or
the
test
statistic
7
20
7
20,
11 7
22 7
GG
- -m
G
- GmmGG
ofof
runs,
runs,
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
GG
= =number
where
number
of
runs,
G
= number
sGssGG
n121nn22
2n2n
12n
and
mGmmG=
+ +1,
and
=
+ 1,
1, and
G=
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
2n2n
n121n12n
n
n
n2212n
12n
-1nn-2n2n2222
12n
1n121nn22 11 . ..
sGssG=
=
G=
2
2
2
BB
B
1n1n
n
22 1n
n
12
+2n2n221n
+2nn- 12
12
11n+
11 +
11n+
11 +
22 -
0321693620_INS_p1-4a.qxp
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11:09
AMAM
Page
1 11
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11:09
AMPage
Page
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
CC
HAPTER
222
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Class
Class
Width
Width
Class
Width= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
Sample
Standard
Deviation
of
Frequency
Distribution:
Range
Range
ofof
data
data
Range
of
data
Number
Number
ofof
classes
classes
Number
of
classes
s s=s ==
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
1 round
11round
2 22
upup
toto
next
next
convenient
convenient
number
number
round
up
to
next
convenient
number
1Lower
1Lower
class
class
limit2
limit2
+ +1Upper
class
class
limit2
limit2
1Lower
class
limit2
+ 1Upper
1Upper
class
limit2
Midpoint
Midpoint
= ==
Midpoint
2 22
Class
Class
frequency
frequency
Class
frequency f ff
Relative
Relative
Frequency
Frequency
= ==
= ==
Relative
Frequency
Sample
Sample
size
size
Sample
size n nn
gg
xgxx
m mm
= ==
Population
Population
Mean:
Mean:
Population
Mean:
NN
N
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x xStandard
Standard
Score:
Score:
z z=z ==
= ==
Standard
Score:
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
CC
HAPTER
333
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Classical
Classical
(or(or
Theoretical)
Theoretical)
Probability:
Probability:
Classical
(or
Theoretical)
Probability:
Number
Number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
inin
event
event
EE
Number
of
outcomes
in
event
E
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
P1E2
Total
Total
number
number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
Total
number
of
outcomes
inin
sample
sample
space
space
in
sample
space
gg
xgxx
x x=
Sample
Sample
Mean:
Mean:
x ==
Sample
Mean:
n nn
# w2# #w2
g g1x
1x
g 1x
w2
x x=
Weighted
Weighted
Mean:
Mean:
Weighted
Mean:
x ==
gg
wgww
Empirical
Empirical
(or(or
Statistical)
Statistical)
Probability:
Probability:
Empirical
(or
Statistical)
Probability:
Frequency
Frequency
ofof
event
event
EE
Frequency
of
event
E f ff
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
= ==
P1E2
n nn
Total
Total
frequency
frequency
Total
frequency
# f2# #f2
g1x
g1x
g1x
f2
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
x x=
x ==
Mean
of
Frequency
Distribution:
n nn
= =1Maximum
entry2
entry2
- -1Minimum
entry2
entry2
Range
Range
= 1Maximum
1Maximum
entry2
- 1Minimum
1Minimum
entry2
Range
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
Population
Population
Variance:
Variance:
Population
Variance: s ==
NN
N
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
2 22
gg
1x
- -x2
g1x
1x
- x2
x2
Sample
Sample
Variance:
Variance:
Sample
Variance: s ==
n nn -1- 11
2 22
s s=s ==
2s
2s
= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
2s
Sample
Standard
Deviation:
g1x
g1x
- - x2
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
Empirical
Empirical
Rule
Rule
68-95-99.7
68-95-99.7
Rule)
Rule)
For
For
data
data
with
with
a aa
Empirical
Rule(or(or
(or
68-95-99.7
Rule)
For
data
with
(symmetric)
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
bell-shaped
distribution:
distribution:
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
distribution:
1. 1.
About
About
68%
68%
ofof
thethe
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
m mm
- -s
m mm
+ +s.
1.
About
68%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
-s
s and
+ s.
s.
m mm
- -2s
2. 2.
About
About
95%
95%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
2.
About
95%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 2s
2s
m mm
+ +2s.
+ 2s.
2s.
m mm
- -3s
3. 3.
About
About
99.7%
99.7%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
3.
About
99.7%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 3s
3s
m mm
+ +3s.
+ 3s.
3s.
Chebychevs
Chebychevs
Theorem
Theorem
The
portion
portion
ofof
any
any
data
data
setset
lying
lying
Chebychevs
TheoremThe
The
portion
of
any
data
set
lying
within
within
standard
deviations
deviations
ofof
the
the
mean
mean
is is
at
kk
1k1k
7 77
1212
within
standard
deviations
of
the
mean
is at
at
k standard
1k
12
1 11
least
least
1 1-1 -- 2 . 22..
least
k kk
22
2 22
s2ss=
==
gg
1x
- -m2
P1x2
P1x2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Standard
Deviation
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
2 22
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
g1x
P1x2
P1x2
= ==
22
g1x
- -m2
2s
2g
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Expected
Expected
Value:
Value:
E1x2
E1x2
= =m
= ==
gg
xP1x2
Expected
Value:
E1x2
= mm
gxP1x2
xP1x2
Binomial
Binomial
Probability
Probability
ofof
successes
inin
trials:
xx
nn
Binomial
Probability
of
successes
in
trials:
x successes
n trials:
n!n!
n!
xx
P1x2
pxxxpqpxnxq-qnxn--=
==
pxpqpxnxq-qnxn--xx
P1x2
= =n=CnnxCC
P1x2
1n1n
- -x2!x!
1n
- x2!x!
x2!x!
Population
Population
Parameters
Parameters
ofof
a Binomial
aa Binomial
Distribution:
Distribution:
Population
Parameters
of
Binomial
Distribution:
22
Variance:
Variance:
s2ss=
=npq
Variance:
= npq
npq
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
1npq
s ss
= ==
1npq
Standard
Deviation:
1npq
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
- -P1A
and
and
B2B2
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
- P1A
P1A
and
B2
22
s2 s=
Variance
Variance
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Variance
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
AA
B:B:
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
both
both
events
events
and
and
A
B:
Probability
of
occurrence
of
both
events
and
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
either
either
oror
or
both:
both:
AA
BB
Probability
of
occurrence
of
either
or
or
both:
A
B or
CC
C NN
N
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
m mm
= ==
g gxP1x2
xP1x2
gxP1x2
Mean
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
Mean:
Mean:
m mm
= =np
Mean:
= np
np
# P1B2
# #P1B2
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
A
BB
if if
and
and
are
P1B2
if A
and
are
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A
B are
independent
independent
independent
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
Population
Standard
Deviation:
CC
HAPTER
444
CHAPTER
HAPTER
P1E2
P1E2
= =1= 1-1 -P1E2
Probability
Probability
ofof
a Complement:
aa Complement:
P1E2
- P1E2
P1E2
Probability
of
Complement:
# P1B
# #P1B
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
P1B
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A2A
A22
22
s2s=
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
= ==
2s
g1x
g1x
- - x2 f
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
ff
if if
and
and
are
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
A
BB
if A
and
are
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
A
B are
mutually
mutually
exclusive
exclusive
mutually
exclusive
Permutations
Permutations
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Permutations
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
P=rr
nPnnrP
n!n!
n!
==
, where
,,where
r rr
n nn
where
1n1n
1n r2!
- r2!
r2!
Distinguishable
Distinguishable
Permutations:
Permutations:
, ,,
n1nnalike,
n 2nnalike,
Distinguishable
Permutations:
alike,
alike,
11 alike,
22 alike,
alike:
nknnalike:
alike:
kk
n!n!
n!
, ,
!nkk!! ,
n1n!n1#1!n!#2#n!n2#2!n!#2#n!n2
2!! nkn
where
where
n1nn+
n
n
+ +n
where
+2nn+
+3nn+
+
+knnk=k =n
= nn
11 +
22 +
33 +
Combination
Combination
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Combination
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
n!n!
n!
C=rr ==
nCnn
rC
1n1n
- -r2!r!
1n
- r2!r!
r2!r!
Geometric
Geometric
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
that
that
the
the
first
first
Geometric
Distribution:
The
probability
that
the
first
x -x1x--11
success
success
will
will
occur
occur
onon
trial
trial
number
number
isx is
xx
, ,,
P1x2
= =p1q2
success
will
occur
on
trial
number
is P1x2
P1x2
= p1q2
p1q2
where
where
q q=
where
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
Poisson
Poisson
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
ofof
exactly
exactly
x xx
Poisson
Distribution:
The
probability
of
exactly
xe-m
mxmemx-m
e-m
occurrences
occurrences
inin
anan
interval
interval
is is
, where
,, where
P1x2
= ==
occurrences
in
an
interval
is P1x2
where
P1x2
x!x!
x!
and
and
is
the
mean
mean
number
number
ofof
occurences
occurences
e eLe L2.71828
mm
and
is the
the
mean
number
of
occurences
L 2.71828
2.71828
m is
per
per
interval
interval
unit.
unit.
per
interval
unit.
CC
HAPTER
555
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Standard
Deviation
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
ofof
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
of
the
Sampling
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
s ss
sxss=
=
xx =
1n
1n
1n
x -m
- xmmxx x xx -m
- mm
Value
- -Mean
Value
Value
- Mean
Mean x xz-Score
= ==
z-Score
= ==
= ==
z-Score
sxssxx
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
CC
HAPTER
666
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Interval
Interval
forfor
:: xc- Confidence
cm :mmx
6 66
m mm
6 66
x x+
Confidence
Interval
for
c-Confidence
x -E
-E
E
x +E,
+ E,
E,
s ss
EE
= =z=c zzcc if if
s
where
where
is
known
and
and
the
the
population
population
is isis
E
s is
where
if s
is known
known
and
the
population
1n
1n
1n
s ss
n n
30,30,
EE
= =t=c ttcc if if
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
oror
oror
the
n
30,
E
normally
distributed
or
or
if the
the
1n
1n
1n
population
population
is is
normally
oror
approximately
approximately
normally
normally
population
is normally
normally
or
approximately
normally
ss
n n6
3030
distributed,
distributed,
is
unknown,
and
and
s is
n 66
30
distributed,
is unknown,
unknown,
and
zcs
zzccss2 22
a aa b bb
m :mmn
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
n ==
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
EE
E
p,p,
Point
Point
Estimate
Estimate
forfor
the
the
population
population
proportion
proportion
ofof
p,
Point
Estimate
for
the
population
proportion
of
x xx
n=
np
n ==
p
successes:
successes:
p
successes:
n nn
cc- Confidence
pp
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Proportion
Proportion
(when
c-Confidence
p (when
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Proportion
(when
np
nnp
n+
n -E
n +E,
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

52:52:
p
6 66
p p6
p
where
where
np
nq
52:
p
-E
E
p 66
p
+ E,
E,
and
where
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x x= ==
z z=z ==
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
Central
Limit
Theorem
population
3030
Central
Limit
Theorem
(n((n
oror
population
is isis
n
30
Central
Limit
Theorem
or
population
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
Mean
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
of
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Test
forfor
a Proportion
aa Proportion
(when
:52::
z- zpp
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

5252
Test
for
Proportion
(when
and
z-Test
p (when
np
nq
np
np
n -p
mpm
nmpnpn p
np
np
n -p pp
z z=
= ==
z ==
sps
1pq>n
1pq>n
nspnpn
1pq>n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
CC
CC
C xR2xxR2R2
C xL2xxL2L2
mxmm=
m
= mm
xx =
s
22 s s
Variance
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Variance
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
=
Variance
of
the
Sampling
xx =
n nn
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1d.f.
1d.f.
= =n
x ==
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
2 22
s ss
n1p
nnn 2p
n2p
n222-2 -1p
1p
p
p
- 1p
-2p2p2222
x
x1xx+
+2xx22
11p
11 11p11 11 +
z z=z ==
,, where
p p=
, where
where
p ==
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
1 11 1 11
p qppaqa
q a + ++ b bb
BB
B n1nn11 n2nn22
ng
xy - -1-gx21gy2
nngxy
gxy
1g
x21g y2
1 gx21gy2
CC
HAPTER
888
CHAPTER
HAPTER
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
z-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples;
samples;
oror
normally
normally
n1nnand
n2nn
3030
(Independent
samples;
and
or
normally
30
11 and
22
distributed
distributed
populations):
populations):
distributed
populations):
r r=r ==
2 22
2 22
22
2 22
2n
gxgx
2ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
2ng
2ng
y2yy-1-gy2
11gy2
2n
gx2
2ng
gy2
forfor
the
the
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
t- Test
t-t-Test
Test
for
the
Correlation
Coefficient:
t =
tt ==
r rr
-r2 r22
1 1-1 - r
BB
n nB
n -2- 22
(d.f.
(d.f.
= =n
(d.f.
= nn -2-)22))
Equation
Equation
ofof
a Regression
aa Regression
Line:
Line:
yn yn=
+ +b,
Equation
of
Regression
Line:
yn =mx
= mx
mx
+ b,
b,
ng
ng
xy- -1-gx21gy2
1g
x21g y2
nxy
gxy
1 gx21gy2
where
where
and
and
mm
= ==
where
and
m
2 22
2 22
n gx
ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
n gx
gx2
gg
ygyy
gg
xgxx
b b=b =y
= == - -m
= yy -mx
- mx
mx
-m
m
n nn
n nn
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
t-Test
t-t-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples
samples
from
from
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
(Independent
samples
from
normally
distributed
populations,
populations,
):
n1nnor
n2nn6
3030
populations,
or
6
30):):
11 or
22 6
Coefficient
Coefficient
ofof
Determination:
Determination:
Coefficient
of
Determination:
2 22
n1y
g
y2
g1y
- y2
y2
Explained
Explained
variation
variation
Explained
variation g1y
i nnii 22
r2 rr=
==
= ==
2
Total
Total
variation
variation
Total
variation
gg
1y
-ii -y2
g1y
- y2
y222
i1y
1x1x
-11 -x
1m
m
-2x2x22-22 - 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x
1 11 t =tt ==
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
equal,
equal,
d.f.
= =n
n
2- 22
d.f.
If population
population
variances
are
equal,
d.f.
=1nn+
+2nn11 +
22 n i2ynyn2i2i222
gg
1y
-ii -y
g1y
i1y
and
and
and
Standard
Standard
Error
Error
ofof
Estimate:
Estimate:
se ss=
=
Standard
Error
of
Estimate:
=
ee
CC
C n n-n -2- 22
2 22
2 22
1n1n
12s
1n
12s
- 12s
12s
+ 1n
- 12s
12s
1 +
11 +
2 22
11n11 21n22 1
1
1
1
1
1
# # # + ++ . ..
Interval
Interval
forfor
c- Prediction
cy: y:
6 66
y y6
yn yn+
n1nn11 n2nn22
Prediction
Interval
for
c-Prediction
y:yn ynyn -E
-E
E
y 66
yn +E,
+ E,
E,
CC
n1nn+
n
2- 22
BB
C
+2nnB
11 +
22 where
where
where
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
not
not
equal,
equal,
d.f.d.f.
is is
the
If population
population
variances
are
not
equal,
d.f.
is the
the
2 22
n1x
n1x
x2
n1x
- x2
x2
0 00 1 11
s21 ss2121 s22 ss2222
E
=
t
1d.f.
E
=
t
s
s
1
1
+
+
+
+
1d.f.
= =n
E
=
t
s
1
+
+
1d.f.
= nn -22
- 22
22
c
e
c
e
c e
2
2
2 22
smaller
smaller
ofof
n1nn1- or
11 or
n2nn1- and
11 and
+ ++ . ..
2
smaller
of
or
and
11 22 CC
C n nn ng
ng
x xx- -1-gx2
11gx2
ng
gx2
n
CC
C1nn1 n2nn2
2
CC
HAPTER
10
10
CHAPTER
HAPTER
10
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Given
Given
three
three
oror
more
more
independent
independent
samples,
samples,
the
the
test
test
Given
three
or
more
independent
samples,
the
test
statistic
statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
test
test
is isis
statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
test
2 22
1O1O
- -E2
1O
- E2
E2
gg
g
Chi-Square: xx ==
EE
E
22
Chi-Square:
Chi-Square:x 2 =
R21R
R2121 R22R
R2222 R2kR
R2k2k
1212
12
HH
= ==
a aa + ++ + +
+ ++ b bb
H
+
nknnkk
N1N
+ +12
N1N
N1N
+ 12
12n1nn11 n2nn22
Goodness-of-Fit
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
Test:
d.f.
= =k
d.f.
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
d.f.
= kk -1- 11
Test
Test
ofof
Independence:
Independence:
Test
of
Independence:
- -31N
+ +12.
= =k
- 31N
31N
+ 12.
121d.f.
. 1d.f.
1d.f.
= kk -12
- 12
12
d.f.
= =1no.
ofof
rows
- -121no.
ofof
columns
- -12
d.f.
rows
columns
d.f.
= 1no.
1no.
of
rows
- 121no.
121no.
of
columns
- 12
12
Spearman
Spearman
Rank
Rank
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Coefficient:
22 2 22
and
and
s21 ss
s2,ss2d.f.
=
n
1,
d.f.
=
n
1- 11
d.f.
and
d.f.
=1nn- 1,
1,
d.f.
=2nn11
N N
11 DD
22 2,, d.f.
N=
D=
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Runs
Runs
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Runs
Test:
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
Test
forfor
Variances:
Variances:
F-FFF
=
Two-Sample
Test
for
Variances:
F-Test
F
2 22
6 gd
66gd
gd
rs rr=ss =1= 1-1 -- 2 22
n1n
n1n
n1n- -12
- 12
12
s21 ss2121
,, where
==2 , 2where
where
s2 ss222
gn
gn
x BxxBB
gn
x-ii -iAx
iiAiAx
MS
MS
SSSS
MS
SS
B BB
B BB
FF
= ==
, where
,,where
MS
MS
=B ==
= ==
where
F
MS
B B
MS
MS
k kk kk
- -1 11
MS
k -1- 11
WW
W
One-Way
One-Way
Analysis
Analysis
ofof
Variance
Variance
Test:
Test:
One-Way
Analysis
of
Variance
Test:
2 22
CC
HAPTER
999
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Correlation
Coefficient:
22
x 2x =
and
and
d.f.
= =n
d.f.
and
d.f.
= nn -1- 11
and
and
q q=
and
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
22
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Test
Test
forfor
a Variance
aaVariance
or
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
s2ssor
s:s:
Chi-Square
Test
for
Variance
or
Standard
Deviation
s:
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Variance
Variance
c- Confidence
cs2s:s22::
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Variance
c-Confidence
2 22
d dgg
1d
- -d2d2
d -m
- dmmdd
g1d
1d
d2
gg
dgdd
tt ==
t =
, where
,, where
d d=
where
d == , s,,dssd=
=
d=
n nn
sd>ssd1n
AA
1n
A n nn- --1 11
d>>1n
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
z-Test
Proportions
Proportions
( n(1(npn1,1p,
must
bebe
atat
least
least
5):5):
n2nqn22q
Proportions
and
must
be
at
least
5):
pand
, and
q must
n n6
3030
population
population
is is
normal
oror
nearly
nearly
normal,
normal,
and
and
.30..
n 66
population
is normal
normal
or
nearly
normal,
and
1d.f.
= =n
1d.f.
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
s21ss2121 s22ss2222
where
where
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx=
+ ++
=
where
=
22
n1nn11 n2nn22
CC
C
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
cc- Confidence
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Standard
c-Confidence
Deviation
Deviation
s:s:
Deviation
s:
Transforming
Transforming
a zaa zScore
toto
anan
Value:
x-xx x=
+ +zs
Transforming
Score
to
an
Value:
z-Score
x-Value:
x =m
= mm
+ zs
zs
x xx -m
- mm
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
unknown,
t- Test
t-t-Test
m :mmt:: =
,, for
ss
tt ==
, for
Test
for
Mean
for
unknown,
s unknown,
s> s>
1n
s>1n
1n
1x1x
x
m
-2x2x222-2 -1m
- 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x11 1 11 z z=z ==
, ,,
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
zc zzc2 22
np
n qnp
naqnqnaab cbb
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
p :ppn
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
n =p
=
EE
E
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
(Dependent
(Dependent
t-t-Test
t- Test
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Dependent
samples):
samples):
samples):
x xx -m
- mm
z- zm :mmz:: z=z ==
,, for
ss
Test
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
known
with
with
a aa
, for
z-Test
s known
Test
for
Mean
for
known
with
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
normal
normal
population,
population,
oror
forfor
n n
3030
normal
population,
or
for
n
30
n qnp
np
nqnqn
p
EE
= =z=c zzcc
E
n
n
BB
B n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
2 22
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
xR2xxR2R2
xL2xxL2L2
Standard
Standard
Score,
Score,
oror
Score:
z- zz-Score:
Standard
Score,
or
Score:
CC
HAPTER
777
CHAPTER
HAPTER
2 22
gg
1n
-ii -12s
g1n
- 12s
12s
SSSS
SS
i ii
i1n
WW
W
and
and
= ==
MS
= ==
MS
and
MS
WW
W
NN
- -k
NN
- -k
N
- kk
N
- kk
( d.f.
((d.f.
d.f.
=
k
d.f.
=
N
- -k
d.f.
= kk -1,
- 1,
1,
d.f.
=N
N
-)kk))
N N
DD
N=
D=
CC
HAPTER
11
11
CHAPTER
HAPTER
11
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Sign
Sign
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Sign
Test:
When
When
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
the
smaller
smaller
number
number
n n
25,25,
When
the
test
statistic
is the
the
smaller
number
n
25,
ofof
+ +or
- -signs.
of
or
signs.
+ or
- signs.
1x1x
+ +0.52
- -0.5n
1x
+ 0.52
0.52
- 0.5n
0.5n
, where
When
When
isx is
the
,, where
n n7
25,25,
z z=z ==
xx
When
where
is the
the
n 77
25,
2n
2n
2n
2 22
smaller
smaller
number
number
ofof
and
and
isn is
the
total
total
+ +or
- -signs
nn
smaller
number
of
or
signs
and
is the
the
total
+ or
- signs
number
number
ofof
+ +and
- -signs.
number
of
and
signs.
+ and
- signs.
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Wilcoxon
Wilcoxon
Rank
Rank
Sum
Sum
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Wilcoxon
Rank
Sum
Test:
RR
- -m
R
- RmmRR
sum
sum
ofof
the
the
ranks
ranks
forfor
the
the
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
RR
= ==
where
sum
of
the
ranks
for
the
R
sRssRR
n1n1n
n
12
n111n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
smaller
smaller
sample,
sample,
mRmmR=R ==
, ,,
smaller
sample,
2 22
n1nn121n1n
n
12
n221n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
sRssR=R ==
,, and
n1nn
n2nn22
, and
and
11
12
BB
12
B
12
When
When
and
and
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
n1nn
2020
n2nn
20,20,
G,
When
and
the
test
statistic
is G,
20
20,
G,
11
22
the
the
number
number
ofof
runs.
runs.
the
number
of
runs.
When
When
oror
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is isis
n1nn7
2020
n2nn7
20,20,
When
or
the
test
statistic
7
20
7
20,
11 7
22 7
GG
- -m
G
- GmmGG
ofof
runs,
runs,
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
GG
= =number
where
number
of
runs,
G
= number
sGssGG
n121nn22
2n2n
12n
and
mGmmG=
+ +1,
and
=
+ 1,
1, and
G=
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
2n2n
n121n12n
n
n
n2212n
12n
-1nn-2n2n2222
12n
1n121nn22 11 . ..
sGssG=
=
G=
2
2
2
BB
B
1n1n
n
22 1n
n
12
+2n2n221n
+2nn- 12
12
11n+
11 +
11n+
11 +
22 -
0321693620_INS_p1-4a.qxp
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1 11
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Page
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
CC
HAPTER
222
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Class
Class
Width
Width
Class
Width= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
Sample
Standard
Deviation
of
Frequency
Distribution:
Range
Range
ofof
data
data
Range
of
data
Number
Number
ofof
classes
classes
Number
of
classes
s s=s ==
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
1 round
11round
2 22
upup
toto
next
next
convenient
convenient
number
number
round
up
to
next
convenient
number
1Lower
1Lower
class
class
limit2
limit2
+ +1Upper
class
class
limit2
limit2
1Lower
class
limit2
+ 1Upper
1Upper
class
limit2
Midpoint
Midpoint
= ==
Midpoint
2 22
Class
Class
frequency
frequency
Class
frequency f ff
Relative
Relative
Frequency
Frequency
= ==
= ==
Relative
Frequency
Sample
Sample
size
size
Sample
size n nn
gg
xgxx
m mm
= ==
Population
Population
Mean:
Mean:
Population
Mean:
NN
N
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x xStandard
Standard
Score:
Score:
z z=z ==
= ==
Standard
Score:
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
CC
HAPTER
333
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Classical
Classical
(or(or
Theoretical)
Theoretical)
Probability:
Probability:
Classical
(or
Theoretical)
Probability:
Number
Number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
inin
event
event
EE
Number
of
outcomes
in
event
E
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
P1E2
Total
Total
number
number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
Total
number
of
outcomes
inin
sample
sample
space
space
in
sample
space
gg
xgxx
x x=
Sample
Sample
Mean:
Mean:
x ==
Sample
Mean:
n nn
# w2# #w2
g g1x
1x
g 1x
w2
x x=
Weighted
Weighted
Mean:
Mean:
Weighted
Mean:
x ==
gg
wgww
Empirical
Empirical
(or(or
Statistical)
Statistical)
Probability:
Probability:
Empirical
(or
Statistical)
Probability:
Frequency
Frequency
ofof
event
event
EE
Frequency
of
event
E f ff
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
= ==
P1E2
n nn
Total
Total
frequency
frequency
Total
frequency
# f2# #f2
g1x
g1x
g1x
f2
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
x x=
x ==
Mean
of
Frequency
Distribution:
n nn
= =1Maximum
entry2
entry2
- -1Minimum
entry2
entry2
Range
Range
= 1Maximum
1Maximum
entry2
- 1Minimum
1Minimum
entry2
Range
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
Population
Population
Variance:
Variance:
Population
Variance: s ==
NN
N
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
2 22
gg
1x
- -x2
g1x
1x
- x2
x2
Sample
Sample
Variance:
Variance:
Sample
Variance: s ==
n nn -1- 11
2 22
s s=s ==
2s
2s
= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
2s
Sample
Standard
Deviation:
g1x
g1x
- - x2
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
Empirical
Empirical
Rule
Rule
68-95-99.7
68-95-99.7
Rule)
Rule)
For
For
data
data
with
with
a aa
Empirical
Rule(or(or
(or
68-95-99.7
Rule)
For
data
with
(symmetric)
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
bell-shaped
distribution:
distribution:
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
distribution:
1. 1.
About
About
68%
68%
ofof
thethe
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
m mm
- -s
m mm
+ +s.
1.
About
68%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
-s
s and
+ s.
s.
m mm
- -2s
2. 2.
About
About
95%
95%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
2.
About
95%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 2s
2s
m mm
+ +2s.
+ 2s.
2s.
m mm
- -3s
3. 3.
About
About
99.7%
99.7%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
3.
About
99.7%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 3s
3s
m mm
+ +3s.
+ 3s.
3s.
Chebychevs
Chebychevs
Theorem
Theorem
The
portion
portion
ofof
any
any
data
data
setset
lying
lying
Chebychevs
TheoremThe
The
portion
of
any
data
set
lying
within
within
standard
deviations
deviations
ofof
the
the
mean
mean
is is
at
kk
1k1k
7 77
1212
within
standard
deviations
of
the
mean
is at
at
k standard
1k
12
1 11
least
least
1 1-1 -- 2 . 22..
least
k kk
22
2 22
s2ss=
==
gg
1x
- -m2
P1x2
P1x2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Standard
Deviation
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
2 22
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
g1x
P1x2
P1x2
= ==
22
g1x
- -m2
2s
2g
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Expected
Expected
Value:
Value:
E1x2
E1x2
= =m
= ==
gg
xP1x2
Expected
Value:
E1x2
= mm
gxP1x2
xP1x2
Binomial
Binomial
Probability
Probability
ofof
successes
inin
trials:
xx
nn
Binomial
Probability
of
successes
in
trials:
x successes
n trials:
n!n!
n!
xx
P1x2
pxxxpqpxnxq-qnxn--=
==
pxpqpxnxq-qnxn--xx
P1x2
= =n=CnnxCC
P1x2
1n1n
- -x2!x!
1n
- x2!x!
x2!x!
Population
Population
Parameters
Parameters
ofof
a Binomial
aa Binomial
Distribution:
Distribution:
Population
Parameters
of
Binomial
Distribution:
22
Variance:
Variance:
s2ss=
=npq
Variance:
= npq
npq
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
1npq
s ss
= ==
1npq
Standard
Deviation:
1npq
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
- -P1A
and
and
B2B2
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
- P1A
P1A
and
B2
22
s2 s=
Variance
Variance
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Variance
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
AA
B:B:
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
both
both
events
events
and
and
A
B:
Probability
of
occurrence
of
both
events
and
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
either
either
oror
or
both:
both:
AA
BB
Probability
of
occurrence
of
either
or
or
both:
A
B or
CC
C NN
N
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
m mm
= ==
g gxP1x2
xP1x2
gxP1x2
Mean
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
Mean:
Mean:
m mm
= =np
Mean:
= np
np
# P1B2
# #P1B2
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
A
BB
if if
and
and
are
P1B2
if A
and
are
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A
B are
independent
independent
independent
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
Population
Standard
Deviation:
CC
HAPTER
444
CHAPTER
HAPTER
P1E2
P1E2
= =1= 1-1 -P1E2
Probability
Probability
ofof
a Complement:
aa Complement:
P1E2
- P1E2
P1E2
Probability
of
Complement:
# P1B
# #P1B
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
P1B
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A2A
A22
22
s2s=
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
= ==
2s
g1x
g1x
- - x2 f
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
ff
if if
and
and
are
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
A
BB
if A
and
are
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
A
B are
mutually
mutually
exclusive
exclusive
mutually
exclusive
Permutations
Permutations
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Permutations
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
P=rr
nPnnrP
n!n!
n!
==
, where
,,where
r rr
n nn
where
1n1n
1n r2!
- r2!
r2!
Distinguishable
Distinguishable
Permutations:
Permutations:
, ,,
n1nnalike,
n 2nnalike,
Distinguishable
Permutations:
alike,
alike,
11 alike,
22 alike,
alike:
nknnalike:
alike:
kk
n!n!
n!
, ,
!nkk!! ,
n1n!n1#1!n!#2#n!n2#2!n!#2#n!n2
2!! nkn
where
where
n1nn+
n
n
+ +n
where
+2nn+
+3nn+
+
+knnk=k =n
= nn
11 +
22 +
33 +
Combination
Combination
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Combination
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
n!n!
n!
C=rr ==
nCnn
rC
1n1n
- -r2!r!
1n
- r2!r!
r2!r!
Geometric
Geometric
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
that
that
the
the
first
first
Geometric
Distribution:
The
probability
that
the
first
x -x1x--11
success
success
will
will
occur
occur
onon
trial
trial
number
number
isx is
xx
, ,,
P1x2
= =p1q2
success
will
occur
on
trial
number
is P1x2
P1x2
= p1q2
p1q2
where
where
q q=
where
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
Poisson
Poisson
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
ofof
exactly
exactly
x xx
Poisson
Distribution:
The
probability
of
exactly
xe-m
mxmemx-m
e-m
occurrences
occurrences
inin
anan
interval
interval
is is
, where
,, where
P1x2
= ==
occurrences
in
an
interval
is P1x2
where
P1x2
x!x!
x!
and
and
is
the
mean
mean
number
number
ofof
occurences
occurences
e eLe L2.71828
mm
and
is the
the
mean
number
of
occurences
L 2.71828
2.71828
m is
per
per
interval
interval
unit.
unit.
per
interval
unit.
CC
HAPTER
555
CHAPTER
HAPTER
s ss
sxss=
=
xx =
1n
1n
1n
x -m
- xmmxx x xx -m
- mm
Value
- -Mean
Value
Value
- Mean
Mean x xz-Score
= ==
z-Score
= ==
= ==
z-Score
sxssxx
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
CC
HAPTER
666
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Interval
Interval
forfor
:: xc- Confidence
cm :mmx
6 66
m mm
6 66
x x+
Confidence
Interval
for
c-Confidence
x -E
-E
E
x +E,
+ E,
E,
s ss
EE
= =z=c zzcc if if
s
where
where
is
known
and
and
the
the
population
population
is isis
E
s is
where
if s
is known
known
and
the
population
1n
1n
1n
s ss
n n
30,30,
EE
= =t=c ttcc if if
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
oror
oror
the
n
30,
E
normally
distributed
or
or
if the
the
1n
1n
1n
population
population
is is
normally
oror
approximately
approximately
normally
normally
population
is normally
normally
or
approximately
normally
ss
n n6
3030
distributed,
distributed,
is
unknown,
and
and
s is
n 66
30
distributed,
is unknown,
unknown,
and
zcs
zzccss2 22
a aa b bb
m :mmn
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
n ==
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
EE
E
p,p,
Point
Point
Estimate
Estimate
forfor
the
the
population
population
proportion
proportion
ofof
p,
Point
Estimate
for
the
population
proportion
of
x xx
n=
np
n ==
p
successes:
successes:
p
successes:
n nn
cc- Confidence
pp
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Proportion
Proportion
(when
c-Confidence
p (when
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Proportion
(when
np
nnp
n+
n -E
n +E,
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

52:52:
p
6 66
p p6
p
where
where
np
nq
52:
p
-E
E
p 66
p
+ E,
E,
and
where
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x x= ==
z z=z ==
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
Central
Limit
Theorem
population
3030
Central
Limit
Theorem
(n((n
oror
population
is isis
n
30
Central
Limit
Theorem
or
population
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
mxmm=
m
= mm
xx =
s
22 s s
Variance
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Variance
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
=
Variance
of
the
Sampling
xx =
n nn
x xx -m
- mm
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
unknown,
t- Test
t-t-Test
m :mmt:: =
,, for
ss
tt ==
, for
Test
for
Mean
for
unknown,
s unknown,
s> s>
1n
s>1n
1n
Test
forfor
a Proportion
aa Proportion
(when
:52::
z- zpp
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

5252
Test
for
Proportion
(when
and
z-Test
p (when
np
nq
np
np
n -p
mpm
nmpnpn p
np
np
n -p pp
z z=
= ==
z ==
sps
1pq>n
1pq>n
nspnpn
1pq>n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
CC
CC
C xR2xxR2R2
C xL2xxL2L2
and
and
d.f.
= =n
d.f.
and
d.f.
= nn -1- 11
n1p
nnn 2p
n2p
n222-2 -1p
1p
p
p
- 1p
-2p2p2222
x
x1xx+
+2xx22
11p
11 11p11 11 +
z z=z ==
,, where
p p=
, where
where
p ==
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
1 11 1 11
p qppaqa
q a + ++ b bb
BB
B n1nn11 n2nn22
and
and
q q=
and
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
22
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Test
Test
forfor
a Variance
aaVariance
or
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
s2ssor
s:s:
Chi-Square
Test
for
Variance
or
Standard
Deviation
s:
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1d.f.
1d.f.
= =n
x ==
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
2 22
s ss
ng
xy - -1-gx21gy2
nngxy
gxy
1g
x21g y2
1 gx21gy2
CC
HAPTER
888
CHAPTER
HAPTER
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
z-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples;
samples;
oror
normally
normally
n1nnand
n2nn
3030
(Independent
samples;
and
or
normally
30
11 and
22
distributed
distributed
populations):
populations):
distributed
populations):
r r=r ==
2 22
2 22
22
2 22
2n
gxgx
2ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
2ng
2ng
y2yy-1-gy2
11gy2
2n
gx2
2ng
gy2
forfor
the
the
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
t- Test
t-t-Test
Test
for
the
Correlation
Coefficient:
t =
tt ==
r rr
-r2 r22
1 1-1 - r
BB
n nB
n -2- 22
(d.f.
(d.f.
= =n
(d.f.
= nn -2-)22))
Equation
Equation
ofof
a Regression
aa Regression
Line:
Line:
yn yn=
+ +b,
Equation
of
Regression
Line:
yn =mx
= mx
mx
+ b,
b,
ng
ng
xy- -1-gx21gy2
1g
x21g y2
nxy
gxy
1 gx21gy2
where
where
and
and
mm
= ==
where
and
m
2 22
2 22
n gx
ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
n gx
gx2
gg
ygyy
gg
xgxx
b b=b =y
= == - -m
= yy -mx
- mx
mx
-m
m
n nn
n nn
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
t-Test
t-t-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples
samples
from
from
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
(Independent
samples
from
normally
distributed
populations,
populations,
):
n1nnor
n2nn6
3030
populations,
or
6
30):):
11 or
22 6
Coefficient
Coefficient
ofof
Determination:
Determination:
Coefficient
of
Determination:
2 22
n1y
g
y2
g1y
- y2
y2
Explained
Explained
variation
variation
Explained
variation g1y
i nnii 22
r2 rr=
==
= ==
2
Total
Total
variation
variation
Total
variation
gg
1y
-ii -y2
g1y
- y2
y222
i1y
1x1x
-11 -x
1m
m
-2x2x22-22 - 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x
1 11 t =tt ==
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
equal,
equal,
d.f.
= =n
n
2- 22
d.f.
If population
population
variances
are
equal,
d.f.
=1nn+
+2nn11 +
22 n i2ynyn2i2i222
gg
1y
-ii -y
g1y
i1y
and
and
and
Standard
Standard
Error
Error
ofof
Estimate:
Estimate:
se ss=
=
Standard
Error
of
Estimate:
=
ee
CC
C n n-n -2- 22
2 22
2 22
1n1n
12s
1n
12s
- 12s
12s
+ 1n
- 12s
12s
1 +
11 +
2 22
11n11 21n22 1
1
1
1
1
1
# # # + ++ . ..
Interval
Interval
forfor
c- Prediction
cy: y:
6 66
y y6
yn yn+
n1nn11 n2nn22
Prediction
Interval
for
c-Prediction
y:yn ynyn -E
-E
E
y 66
yn +E,
+ E,
E,
CC
n1nn+
n
2- 22
BB
C
+2nnB
11 +
22 where
where
where
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
not
not
equal,
equal,
d.f.d.f.
is is
the
If population
population
variances
are
not
equal,
d.f.
is the
the
2 22
n1x
n1x
x2
n1x
- x2
x2
0 00 1 11
s21 ss2121 s22 ss2222
E
=
t
1d.f.
E
=
t
s
s
1
1
+
+
+
+
1d.f.
= =n
E
=
t
s
1
+
+
1d.f.
= nn -22
- 22
22
c
e
c
e
c e
2
2
2 22
smaller
smaller
ofof
n1nn1- or
11 or
n2nn1- and
11 and
+ ++ . ..
2
smaller
of
or
and
11 22 CC
C n nn ng
ng
x xx- -1-gx2
11gx2
ng
gx2
n
CC
C1nn1 n2nn2
1
CC
HAPTER
10
10
CHAPTER
HAPTER
10
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Given
Given
three
three
oror
more
more
independent
independent
samples,
samples,
the
the
test
test
Given
three
or
more
independent
samples,
the
test
statistic
statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
test
test
is isis
statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
test
2 22
1O1O
- -E2
1O
- E2
E2
gg
g
Chi-Square: xx ==
EE
E
22
Chi-Square:
Chi-Square:x 2 =
R21R
R2121 R22R
R2222 R2kR
R2k2k
1212
12
HH
= ==
a aa + ++ + +
+ ++ b bb
H
+
nknnkk
N1N
+ +12
N1N
N1N
+ 12
12n1nn11 n2nn22
Goodness-of-Fit
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
Test:
d.f.
= =k
d.f.
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
d.f.
= kk -1- 11
Test
Test
ofof
Independence:
Independence:
Test
of
Independence:
- -31N
+ +12.
= =k
- 31N
31N
+ 12.
121d.f.
. 1d.f.
1d.f.
= kk -12
- 12
12
d.f.
= =1no.
ofof
rows
- -121no.
ofof
columns
- -12
d.f.
rows
columns
d.f.
= 1no.
1no.
of
rows
- 121no.
121no.
of
columns
- 12
12
Spearman
Spearman
Rank
Rank
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Coefficient:
22 2 22
and
and
s21 ss
s2,ss2d.f.
=
n
1,
d.f.
=
n
1- 11
d.f.
and
d.f.
=1nn- 1,
1,
d.f.
=2nn11
N N
11 DD
22 2,, d.f.
N=
D=
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Runs
Runs
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Runs
Test:
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
Test
forfor
Variances:
Variances:
F-FFF
=
Two-Sample
Test
for
Variances:
F-Test
F
2 22
6 gd
66gd
gd
rs rr=ss =1= 1-1 -- 2 22
n1n
n1n
n1n- -12
- 12
12
s21 ss2121
,, where
==2 , 2where
where
s2 ss222
gn
gn
x BxxBB
gn
x-ii -iAx
iiAiAx
MS
MS
SSSS
MS
SS
B BB
B BB
FF
= ==
, where
,,where
MS
MS
=B ==
= ==
where
F
MS
B B
MS
MS
k kk kk
- -1 11
MS
k -1- 11
WW
W
One-Way
One-Way
Analysis
Analysis
ofof
Variance
Variance
Test:
Test:
One-Way
Analysis
of
Variance
Test:
2 22
CC
HAPTER
999
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Correlation
Coefficient:
22
x 2x =
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Variance
Variance
c- Confidence
cs2s:s22::
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Variance
c-Confidence
2 22
d dgg
1d
- -d2d2
d -m
- dmmdd
g1d
1d
d2
gg
dgdd
tt ==
t =
, where
,, where
d d=
where
d == , s,,dssd=
=
d=
n nn
sd>ssd1n
AA
1n
A n nn- --1 11
d>>1n
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
z-Test
Proportions
Proportions
( n(1(npn1,1p,
must
bebe
atat
least
least
5):5):
n2nqn22q
Proportions
and
must
be
at
least
5):
pand
, and
q must
n n6
3030
population
population
is is
normal
oror
nearly
nearly
normal,
normal,
and
and
.30..
n 66
population
is normal
normal
or
nearly
normal,
and
1d.f.
= =n
1d.f.
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
s21ss2121 s22ss2222
where
where
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx=
+ ++
=
where
=
22
n1nn11 n2nn22
CC
C
zc zzc2 22
np
n qnp
naqnqnaab cbb
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
p :ppn
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
n =p
=
EE
E
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
(Dependent
(Dependent
t-t-Test
t- Test
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Dependent
samples):
samples):
samples):
x xx -m
- mm
z- zm :mmz:: z=z ==
,, for
ss
Test
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
known
with
with
a aa
, for
z-Test
s known
Test
for
Mean
for
known
with
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
normal
normal
population,
population,
oror
forfor
n n
3030
normal
population,
or
for
n
30
1x1x
x
m
-2x2x222-2 -1m
- 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x11 1 11 z z=z ==
, ,,
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
cc- Confidence
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Standard
c-Confidence
Deviation
Deviation
s:s:
Deviation
s:
Transforming
Transforming
a zaa zScore
toto
anan
Value:
x-xx x=
+ +zs
Transforming
Score
to
an
Value:
z-Score
x-Value:
x =m
= mm
+ zs
zs
CC
HAPTER
777
CHAPTER
HAPTER
n qnp
np
nqnqn
p
EE
= =z=c zzcc
E
n
n
BB
B n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
2 22
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
xR2xxR2R2
xL2xxL2L2
Standard
Standard
Score,
Score,
oror
Score:
z- zz-Score:
Standard
Score,
or
Score:
Mean
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
of
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Standard
Deviation
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
ofof
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
of
the
Sampling
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
2 22
gg
1n
-ii -12s
g1n
- 12s
12s
SSSS
SS
i ii
i1n
WW
W
and
and
= ==
MS
= ==
MS
and
MS
WW
W
NN
- -k
NN
- -k
N
- kk
N
- kk
( d.f.
((d.f.
d.f.
=
k
d.f.
=
N
- -k
d.f.
= kk -1,
- 1,
1,
d.f.
=N
N
-)kk))
N N
DD
N=
D=
CC
HAPTER
11
11
CHAPTER
HAPTER
11
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Sign
Sign
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Sign
Test:
When
When
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
the
smaller
smaller
number
number
n n
25,25,
When
the
test
statistic
is the
the
smaller
number
n
25,
ofof
+ +or
- -signs.
of
or
signs.
+ or
- signs.
1x1x
+ +0.52
- -0.5n
1x
+ 0.52
0.52
- 0.5n
0.5n
, where
When
When
isx is
the
,, where
n n7
25,25,
z z=z ==
xx
When
where
is the
the
n 77
25,
2n
2n
2n
2 22
smaller
smaller
number
number
ofof
and
and
isn is
the
total
total
+ +or
- -signs
nn
smaller
number
of
or
signs
and
is the
the
total
+ or
- signs
number
number
ofof
+ +and
- -signs.
number
of
and
signs.
+ and
- signs.
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Wilcoxon
Wilcoxon
Rank
Rank
Sum
Sum
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Wilcoxon
Rank
Sum
Test:
RR
- -m
R
- RmmRR
sum
sum
ofof
the
the
ranks
ranks
forfor
the
the
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
RR
= ==
where
sum
of
the
ranks
for
the
R
sRssRR
n1n1n
n
12
n111n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
smaller
smaller
sample,
sample,
mRmmR=R ==
, ,,
smaller
sample,
2 22
n1nn121n1n
n
12
n221n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
sRssR=R ==
,, and
n1nn
n2nn22
, and
and
11
12
BB
12
B
12
When
When
and
and
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
n1nn
2020
n2nn
20,20,
G,
When
and
the
test
statistic
is G,
20
20,
G,
11
22
the
the
number
number
ofof
runs.
runs.
the
number
of
runs.
When
When
oror
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is isis
n1nn7
2020
n2nn7
20,20,
When
or
the
test
statistic
7
20
7
20,
11 7
22 7
GG
- -m
G
- GmmGG
ofof
runs,
runs,
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
GG
= =number
where
number
of
runs,
G
= number
sGssGG
n121nn22
2n2n
12n
and
mGmmG=
+ +1,
and
=
+ 1,
1, and
G=
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
2n2n
n121n12n
n
n
n2212n
12n
-1nn-2n2n2222
12n
1n121nn22 11 . ..
sGssG=
=
G=
2
2
2
BB
B
1n1n
n
22 1n
n
12
+2n2n221n
+2nn- 12
12
11n+
11 +
11n+
11 +
22 -
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Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
Key
Key
Formulas
KeyFormulas
Formulas
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
From
From
Larson/Farber
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Elementary
Statistics:
Statistics:
Picturing
Picturing
thethe
World,
World,
Fifth
Fifth
Edition
Edition
From
Larson/Farber
Elementary
Statistics:
Picturing
the
World,
Fifth
Edition
2012
Prentice
Prentice
Hall
Hall
2012
2012
Prentice
Hall
CC
HAPTER
222
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Class
Class
Width
Width
Class
Width= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
Sample
Standard
Deviation
of
Frequency
Distribution:
Range
Range
ofof
data
data
Range
of
data
Number
Number
ofof
classes
classes
Number
of
classes
s s=s ==
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
1 round
11round
2 22
upup
toto
next
next
convenient
convenient
number
number
round
up
to
next
convenient
number
1Lower
1Lower
class
class
limit2
limit2
+ +1Upper
class
class
limit2
limit2
1Lower
class
limit2
+ 1Upper
1Upper
class
limit2
Midpoint
Midpoint
= ==
Midpoint
2 22
Class
Class
frequency
frequency
Class
frequency f ff
Relative
Relative
Frequency
Frequency
= ==
= ==
Relative
Frequency
Sample
Sample
size
size
Sample
size n nn
gg
xgxx
m mm
= ==
Population
Population
Mean:
Mean:
Population
Mean:
NN
N
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x xStandard
Standard
Score:
Score:
z z=z ==
= ==
Standard
Score:
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
CC
HAPTER
333
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Classical
Classical
(or(or
Theoretical)
Theoretical)
Probability:
Probability:
Classical
(or
Theoretical)
Probability:
Number
Number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
inin
event
event
EE
Number
of
outcomes
in
event
E
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
P1E2
Total
Total
number
number
ofof
outcomes
outcomes
Total
number
of
outcomes
inin
sample
sample
space
space
in
sample
space
gg
xgxx
x x=
Sample
Sample
Mean:
Mean:
x ==
Sample
Mean:
n nn
# w2# #w2
g g1x
1x
g 1x
w2
x x=
Weighted
Weighted
Mean:
Mean:
Weighted
Mean:
x ==
gg
wgww
Empirical
Empirical
(or(or
Statistical)
Statistical)
Probability:
Probability:
Empirical
(or
Statistical)
Probability:
Frequency
Frequency
ofof
event
event
EE
Frequency
of
event
E f ff
P1E2
P1E2
= ==
= ==
P1E2
n nn
Total
Total
frequency
frequency
Total
frequency
# f2# #f2
g1x
g1x
g1x
f2
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Frequency
aa Frequency
Distribution:
Distribution:
x x=
x ==
Mean
of
Frequency
Distribution:
n nn
= =1Maximum
entry2
entry2
- -1Minimum
entry2
entry2
Range
Range
= 1Maximum
1Maximum
entry2
- 1Minimum
1Minimum
entry2
Range
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
Population
Population
Variance:
Variance:
Population
Variance: s ==
NN
N
2 22
gg
1x
- -m2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
2 22
gg
1x
- -x2
g1x
1x
- x2
x2
Sample
Sample
Variance:
Variance:
Sample
Variance: s ==
n nn -1- 11
2 22
s s=s ==
2s
2s
= ==
Sample
Sample
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
2s
Sample
Standard
Deviation:
g1x
g1x
- - x2
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
CC
C n n-n -1- 11
Empirical
Empirical
Rule
Rule
68-95-99.7
68-95-99.7
Rule)
Rule)
For
For
data
data
with
with
a aa
Empirical
Rule(or(or
(or
68-95-99.7
Rule)
For
data
with
(symmetric)
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
bell-shaped
distribution:
distribution:
(symmetric)
bell-shaped
distribution:
1. 1.
About
About
68%
68%
ofof
thethe
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
m mm
- -s
m mm
+ +s.
1.
About
68%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
-s
s and
+ s.
s.
m mm
- -2s
2. 2.
About
About
95%
95%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
2.
About
95%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 2s
2s
m mm
+ +2s.
+ 2s.
2s.
m mm
- -3s
3. 3.
About
About
99.7%
99.7%
ofof
the
the
data
data
lies
lies
between
between
and
and
3.
About
99.7%
of
the
data
lies
between
and
- 3s
3s
m mm
+ +3s.
+ 3s.
3s.
Chebychevs
Chebychevs
Theorem
Theorem
The
portion
portion
ofof
any
any
data
data
setset
lying
lying
Chebychevs
TheoremThe
The
portion
of
any
data
set
lying
within
within
standard
deviations
deviations
ofof
the
the
mean
mean
is is
at
kk
1k1k
7 77
1212
within
standard
deviations
of
the
mean
is at
at
k standard
1k
12
1 11
least
least
1 1-1 -- 2 . 22..
least
k kk
22
2 22
s2ss=
==
gg
1x
- -m2
P1x2
P1x2
g1x
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Standard
Deviation
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
2 22
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
g1x
P1x2
P1x2
= ==
22
g1x
- -m2
2s
2g
1x
- m2
m2
P1x2
Expected
Expected
Value:
Value:
E1x2
E1x2
= =m
= ==
gg
xP1x2
Expected
Value:
E1x2
= mm
gxP1x2
xP1x2
Binomial
Binomial
Probability
Probability
ofof
successes
inin
trials:
xx
nn
Binomial
Probability
of
successes
in
trials:
x successes
n trials:
n!n!
n!
xx
P1x2
pxxxpqpxnxq-qnxn--=
==
pxpqpxnxq-qnxn--xx
P1x2
= =n=CnnxCC
P1x2
1n1n
- -x2!x!
1n
- x2!x!
x2!x!
Population
Population
Parameters
Parameters
ofof
a Binomial
aa Binomial
Distribution:
Distribution:
Population
Parameters
of
Binomial
Distribution:
22
Variance:
Variance:
s2ss=
=npq
Variance:
= npq
npq
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
1npq
s ss
= ==
1npq
Standard
Deviation:
1npq
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
- -P1A
and
and
B2B2
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
- P1A
P1A
and
B2
22
s2 s=
Variance
Variance
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
Variance
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
AA
B:B:
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
both
both
events
events
and
and
A
B:
Probability
of
occurrence
of
both
events
and
Probability
Probability
ofof
occurrence
occurrence
ofof
either
either
oror
or
both:
both:
AA
BB
Probability
of
occurrence
of
either
or
or
both:
A
B or
CC
C NN
N
Mean
Mean
ofof
a Discrete
aa Discrete
Random
Random
Variable:
Variable:
m mm
= ==
g gxP1x2
xP1x2
gxP1x2
Mean
of
Discrete
Random
Variable:
Mean:
Mean:
m mm
= =np
Mean:
= np
np
# P1B2
# #P1B2
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
A
BB
if if
and
and
are
P1B2
if A
and
are
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A
B are
independent
independent
independent
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
Deviation:
Deviation:
Population
Standard
Deviation:
CC
HAPTER
444
CHAPTER
HAPTER
P1E2
P1E2
= =1= 1-1 -P1E2
Probability
Probability
ofof
a Complement:
aa Complement:
P1E2
- P1E2
P1E2
Probability
of
Complement:
# P1B
# #P1B
P1A
P1A
and
and
B2B2
= =P1A2
P1B
P1A
and
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
A2A
A22
22
s2s=
2 22
s ss
= ==
2s
2s
= ==
2s
g1x
g1x
- - x2 f
g1x
2 22
-x2x2
ff
if if
and
and
are
P1A
P1A
oror
B2B2
= =P1A2
+ +P1B2
A
BB
if A
and
are
P1A
or
B2
= P1A2
P1A2
+ P1B2
P1B2
A
B are
mutually
mutually
exclusive
exclusive
mutually
exclusive
Permutations
Permutations
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Permutations
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
P=rr
nPnnrP
n!n!
n!
==
, where
,,where
r rr
n nn
where
1n1n
1n r2!
- r2!
r2!
Distinguishable
Distinguishable
Permutations:
Permutations:
, ,,
n1nnalike,
n 2nnalike,
Distinguishable
Permutations:
alike,
alike,
11 alike,
22 alike,
alike:
nknnalike:
alike:
kk
n!n!
n!
, ,
!nkk!! ,
n1n!n1#1!n!#2#n!n2#2!n!#2#n!n2
2!! nkn
where
where
n1nn+
n
n
+ +n
where
+2nn+
+3nn+
+
+knnk=k =n
= nn
11 +
22 +
33 +
Combination
Combination
ofof
objects
taken
taken
a time:
aa time:
nn
r at
rr at
Combination
of
objects
taken
at
time:
n objects
n!n!
n!
C=rr ==
nCnn
rC
1n1n
- -r2!r!
1n
- r2!r!
r2!r!
Geometric
Geometric
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
that
that
the
the
first
first
Geometric
Distribution:
The
probability
that
the
first
x -x1x--11
success
success
will
will
occur
occur
onon
trial
trial
number
number
isx is
xx
, ,,
P1x2
= =p1q2
success
will
occur
on
trial
number
is P1x2
P1x2
= p1q2
p1q2
where
where
q q=
where
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
Poisson
Poisson
Distribution:
Distribution:
The
The
probability
probability
ofof
exactly
exactly
x xx
Poisson
Distribution:
The
probability
of
exactly
xe-m
mxmemx-m
e-m
occurrences
occurrences
inin
anan
interval
interval
is is
, where
,, where
P1x2
= ==
occurrences
in
an
interval
is P1x2
where
P1x2
x!x!
x!
and
and
is
the
mean
mean
number
number
ofof
occurences
occurences
e eLe L2.71828
mm
and
is the
the
mean
number
of
occurences
L 2.71828
2.71828
m is
per
per
interval
interval
unit.
unit.
per
interval
unit.
CC
HAPTER
555
CHAPTER
HAPTER
s ss
sxss=
=
xx =
1n
1n
1n
x -m
- xmmxx x xx -m
- mm
Value
- -Mean
Value
Value
- Mean
Mean x xz-Score
= ==
z-Score
= ==
= ==
z-Score
sxssxx
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
Standard
Error
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
CC
HAPTER
666
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Interval
Interval
forfor
:: xc- Confidence
cm :mmx
6 66
m mm
6 66
x x+
Confidence
Interval
for
c-Confidence
x -E
-E
E
x +E,
+ E,
E,
s ss
EE
= =z=c zzcc if if
s
where
where
is
known
and
and
the
the
population
population
is isis
E
s is
where
if s
is known
known
and
the
population
1n
1n
1n
s ss
n n
30,30,
EE
= =t=c ttcc if if
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
oror
oror
the
n
30,
E
normally
distributed
or
or
if the
the
1n
1n
1n
population
population
is is
normally
oror
approximately
approximately
normally
normally
population
is normally
normally
or
approximately
normally
ss
n n6
3030
distributed,
distributed,
is
unknown,
and
and
s is
n 66
30
distributed,
is unknown,
unknown,
and
zcs
zzccss2 22
a aa b bb
m :mmn
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
n ==
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
EE
E
p,p,
Point
Point
Estimate
Estimate
forfor
the
the
population
population
proportion
proportion
ofof
p,
Point
Estimate
for
the
population
proportion
of
x xx
n=
np
n ==
p
successes:
successes:
p
successes:
n nn
cc- Confidence
pp
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Proportion
Proportion
(when
c-Confidence
p (when
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Proportion
(when
np
nnp
n+
n -E
n +E,
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

52:52:
p
6 66
p p6
p
where
where
np
nq
52:
p
-E
E
p 66
p
+ E,
E,
and
where
x -m
- mm
Value
Value
- -Mean
Value
- Mean
Mean x x= ==
z z=z ==
s ss
Standard
Standard
deviation
deviation
Standard
deviation
Central
Limit
Theorem
population
3030
Central
Limit
Theorem
(n((n
oror
population
is isis
n
30
Central
Limit
Theorem
or
population
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
normally
distributed):
mxmm=
m
= mm
xx =
s
22 s s
Variance
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Variance
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
=
Variance
of
the
Sampling
xx =
n nn
x xx -m
- mm
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
unknown,
t- Test
t-t-Test
m :mmt:: =
,, for
ss
tt ==
, for
Test
for
Mean
for
unknown,
s unknown,
s> s>
1n
s>1n
1n
Test
forfor
a Proportion
aa Proportion
(when
:52::
z- zpp
npnp

5 and
55 and
nqnq

5252
Test
for
Proportion
(when
and
z-Test
p (when
np
nq
np
np
n -p
mpm
nmpnpn p
np
np
n -p pp
z z=
= ==
z ==
sps
1pq>n
1pq>n
nspnpn
1pq>n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
CC
CC
C xR2xxR2R2
C xL2xxL2L2
and
and
d.f.
= =n
d.f.
and
d.f.
= nn -1- 11
n1p
nnn 2p
n2p
n222-2 -1p
1p
p
p
- 1p
-2p2p2222
x
x1xx+
+2xx22
11p
11 11p11 11 +
z z=z ==
,, where
p p=
, where
where
p ==
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
1 11 1 11
p qppaqa
q a + ++ b bb
BB
B n1nn11 n2nn22
and
and
q q=
and
q =1= 1-1 -p.
- p.
p.
22
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Test
Test
forfor
a Variance
aaVariance
or
Standard
Standard
Deviation
Deviation
s2ssor
s:s:
Chi-Square
Test
for
Variance
or
Standard
Deviation
s:
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1d.f.
1d.f.
= =n
x ==
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
2 22
s ss
ng
xy - -1-gx21gy2
nngxy
gxy
1g
x21g y2
1 gx21gy2
CC
HAPTER
888
CHAPTER
HAPTER
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
z-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples;
samples;
oror
normally
normally
n1nnand
n2nn
3030
(Independent
samples;
and
or
normally
30
11 and
22
distributed
distributed
populations):
populations):
distributed
populations):
r r=r ==
2 22
2 22
22
2 22
2n
gxgx
2ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
2ng
2ng
y2yy-1-gy2
11gy2
2n
gx2
2ng
gy2
forfor
the
the
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
t- Test
t-t-Test
Test
for
the
Correlation
Coefficient:
t =
tt ==
r rr
-r2 r22
1 1-1 - r
BB
n nB
n -2- 22
(d.f.
(d.f.
= =n
(d.f.
= nn -2-)22))
Equation
Equation
ofof
a Regression
aa Regression
Line:
Line:
yn yn=
+ +b,
Equation
of
Regression
Line:
yn =mx
= mx
mx
+ b,
b,
ng
ng
xy- -1-gx21gy2
1g
x21g y2
nxy
gxy
1 gx21gy2
where
where
and
and
mm
= ==
where
and
m
2 22
2 22
n gx
ng
x- -1-gx2
11gx2
n gx
gx2
gg
ygyy
gg
xgxx
b b=b =y
= == - -m
= yy -mx
- mx
mx
-m
m
n nn
n nn
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
t-Test
t-t-Test
Two-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Independent
(Independent
samples
samples
from
from
normally
normally
distributed
distributed
(Independent
samples
from
normally
distributed
populations,
populations,
):
n1nnor
n2nn6
3030
populations,
or
6
30):):
11 or
22 6
Coefficient
Coefficient
ofof
Determination:
Determination:
Coefficient
of
Determination:
2 22
n1y
g
y2
g1y
- y2
y2
Explained
Explained
variation
variation
Explained
variation g1y
i nnii 22
r2 rr=
==
= ==
2
Total
Total
variation
variation
Total
variation
gg
1y
-ii -y2
g1y
- y2
y222
i1y
1x1x
-11 -x
1m
m
-2x2x22-22 - 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x
1 11 t =tt ==
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
equal,
equal,
d.f.
= =n
n
2- 22
d.f.
If population
population
variances
are
equal,
d.f.
=1nn+
+2nn11 +
22 n i2ynyn2i2i222
gg
1y
-ii -y
g1y
i1y
and
and
and
Standard
Standard
Error
Error
ofof
Estimate:
Estimate:
se ss=
=
Standard
Error
of
Estimate:
=
ee
CC
C n n-n -2- 22
2 22
2 22
1n1n
12s
1n
12s
- 12s
12s
+ 1n
- 12s
12s
1 +
11 +
2 22
11n11 21n22 1
1
1
1
1
1
# # # + ++ . ..
Interval
Interval
forfor
c- Prediction
cy: y:
6 66
y y6
yn yn+
n1nn11 n2nn22
Prediction
Interval
for
c-Prediction
y:yn ynyn -E
-E
E
y 66
yn +E,
+ E,
E,
CC
n1nn+
n
2- 22
BB
C
+2nnB
11 +
22 where
where
where
If If
population
variances
variances
are
are
not
not
equal,
equal,
d.f.d.f.
is is
the
If population
population
variances
are
not
equal,
d.f.
is the
the
2 22
n1x
n1x
x2
n1x
- x2
x2
0 00 1 11
s21 ss2121 s22 ss2222
E
=
t
1d.f.
E
=
t
s
s
1
1
+
+
+
+
1d.f.
= =n
E
=
t
s
1
+
+
1d.f.
= nn -22
- 22
22
c
e
c
e
c e
2
2
2 22
smaller
smaller
ofof
n1nn1- or
11 or
n2nn1- and
11 and
+ ++ . ..
2
smaller
of
or
and
11 22 CC
C n nn ng
ng
x xx- -1-gx2
11gx2
ng
gx2
n
CC
C1nn1 n2nn2
1
CC
HAPTER
10
10
CHAPTER
HAPTER
10
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Test:
Given
Given
three
three
oror
more
more
independent
independent
samples,
samples,
the
the
test
test
Given
three
or
more
independent
samples,
the
test
statistic
statistic
forfor
the
the
Kruskal-Wallis
Kruskal-Wallis
test
test
is isis
statistic
for
the
Kruskal-Wallis
test
2 22
1O1O
- -E2
1O
- E2
E2
gg
g
Chi-Square: xx ==
EE
E
22
Chi-Square:
Chi-Square:x 2 =
R21R
R2121 R22R
R2222 R2kR
R2k2k
1212
12
HH
= ==
a aa + ++ + +
+ ++ b bb
H
+
nknnkk
N1N
+ +12
N1N
N1N
+ 12
12n1nn11 n2nn22
Goodness-of-Fit
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
Test:
d.f.
= =k
d.f.
Goodness-of-Fit
Test:
d.f.
= kk -1- 11
Test
Test
ofof
Independence:
Independence:
Test
of
Independence:
- -31N
+ +12.
= =k
- 31N
31N
+ 12.
121d.f.
. 1d.f.
1d.f.
= kk -12
- 12
12
d.f.
= =1no.
ofof
rows
- -121no.
ofof
columns
- -12
d.f.
rows
columns
d.f.
= 1no.
1no.
of
rows
- 121no.
121no.
of
columns
- 12
12
Spearman
Spearman
Rank
Rank
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Spearman
Rank
Correlation
Coefficient:
22 2 22
and
and
s21 ss
s2,ss2d.f.
=
n
1,
d.f.
=
n
1- 11
d.f.
and
d.f.
=1nn- 1,
1,
d.f.
=2nn11
N N
11 DD
22 2,, d.f.
N=
D=
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
the
the
Runs
Runs
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
the
Runs
Test:
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
Test
forfor
Variances:
Variances:
F-FFF
=
Two-Sample
Test
for
Variances:
F-Test
F
2 22
6 gd
66gd
gd
rs rr=ss =1= 1-1 -- 2 22
n1n
n1n
n1n- -12
- 12
12
s21 ss2121
,, where
==2 , 2where
where
s2 ss222
gn
gn
x BxxBB
gn
x-ii -iAx
iiAiAx
MS
MS
SSSS
MS
SS
B BB
B BB
FF
= ==
, where
,,where
MS
MS
=B ==
= ==
where
F
MS
B B
MS
MS
k kk kk
- -1 11
MS
k -1- 11
WW
W
One-Way
One-Way
Analysis
Analysis
ofof
Variance
Variance
Test:
Test:
One-Way
Analysis
of
Variance
Test:
2 22
CC
HAPTER
999
CHAPTER
HAPTER
Correlation
Correlation
Coefficient:
Coefficient:
Correlation
Coefficient:
22
x 2x =
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Variance
Variance
c- Confidence
cs2s:s22::
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Variance
c-Confidence
2 22
d dgg
1d
- -d2d2
d -m
- dmmdd
g1d
1d
d2
gg
dgdd
tt ==
t =
, where
,, where
d d=
where
d == , s,,dssd=
=
d=
n nn
sd>ssd1n
AA
1n
A n nn- --1 11
d>>1n
Two-Sample
Two-Sample
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
z-Test
zTwo-Sample
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
z-Test
Proportions
Proportions
( n(1(npn1,1p,
must
bebe
atat
least
least
5):5):
n2nqn22q
Proportions
and
must
be
at
least
5):
pand
, and
q must
n n6
3030
population
population
is is
normal
oror
nearly
nearly
normal,
normal,
and
and
.30..
n 66
population
is normal
normal
or
nearly
normal,
and
1d.f.
= =n
1d.f.
1d.f.
= nn -12
- 12
12
s21ss2121 s22ss2222
where
where
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx=
+ ++
=
where
=
22
n1nn11 n2nn22
CC
C
zc zzc2 22
np
n qnp
naqnqnaab cbb
Minimum
Minimum
Sample
Sample
Size
Size
toto
Estimate
Estimate
:: n=
p :ppn
Minimum
Sample
Size
to
Estimate
n =p
=
EE
E
forfor
the
the
Difference
Difference
Between
Between
Means
Means
(Dependent
(Dependent
t-t-Test
t- Test
Test
for
the
Difference
Between
Means
(Dependent
samples):
samples):
samples):
x xx -m
- mm
z- zm :mmz:: z=z ==
,, for
ss
Test
forfor
a Mean
aa Mean
known
with
with
a aa
, for
z-Test
s known
Test
for
Mean
for
known
with
1n
s>s>
1n
s>
1n
normal
normal
population,
population,
oror
forfor
n n
3030
normal
population,
or
for
n
30
1x1x
x
m
-2x2x222-2 -1m
- 1m
1m
- 2m2m2222
11x11 1 11 z z=z ==
, ,,
sxs1s-xxx11-2-xx22
Interval
Interval
forfor
Population
Population
Standard
Standard
cc- Confidence
Confidence
Interval
for
Population
Standard
c-Confidence
Deviation
Deviation
s:s:
Deviation
s:
Transforming
Transforming
a zaa zScore
toto
anan
Value:
x-xx x=
+ +zs
Transforming
Score
to
an
Value:
z-Score
x-Value:
x =m
= mm
+ zs
zs
CC
HAPTER
777
CHAPTER
HAPTER
n qnp
np
nqnqn
p
EE
= =z=c zzcc
E
n
n
BB
B n
2 22
2 22
1n1n
- -12s
1n1n
- -12s
1n
- 12s
12s
1n
- 12s
12s
2 22
6
6
s
s
6
6
6
s
6
xR2xxR2R2
xL2xxL2L2
Standard
Standard
Score,
Score,
oror
Score:
z- zz-Score:
Standard
Score,
or
Score:
Mean
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
ofof
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Mean
of
the
Sampling
Distribution:
Standard
Deviation
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
ofof
the
Sampling
Standard
Deviation
of
the
Sampling
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
Distribution
(Standard
Error):
2 22
gg
1n
-ii -12s
g1n
- 12s
12s
SSSS
SS
i ii
i1n
WW
W
and
and
= ==
MS
= ==
MS
and
MS
WW
W
NN
- -k
NN
- -k
N
- kk
N
- kk
When
When
and
and
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
n1nn
2020
n2nn
20,20,
G,
When
and
the
test
statistic
is G,
20
20,
G,
11
22
the
the
number
number
ofof
runs.
runs.
the
number
of
runs.
When
When
oror
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is isis
n1nn7
2020
n2nn7
20,20,
When
or
the
test
statistic
7
20
7
20,
11 7
22 7
GG
- -m
G
- GmmGG
ofof
runs,
runs,
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
GG
= =number
where
number
of
runs,
G
= number
sGssGG
n121nn22
2n2n
12n
and
mGmmG=
+ +1,
and
=
+ 1,
1, and
G=
n1nn+
n
+2nn22
11 +
( d.f.
((d.f.
d.f.
=
k
d.f.
=
N
- -k
d.f.
= kk -1,
- 1,
1,
d.f.
=N
N
-)kk))
N N
DD
N=
D=
2n2n
n121n12n
n
n
n2212n
12n
-1nn-2n2n2222
12n
1n121nn22 11 . ..
sGssG=
=
G=
2
2
2
BB
B
1n1n
n
22 1n
n
12
+2n2n221n
+2nn- 12
12
11n+
11 +
11n+
11 +
22 -
CC
HAPTER
11
11
CHAPTER
HAPTER
11
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Sign
Sign
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Sign
Test:
When
When
the
the
test
test
statistic
statistic
is is
the
smaller
smaller
number
number
n n
25,25,
When
the
test
statistic
is the
the
smaller
number
n
25,
ofof
+ +or
- -signs.
of
or
signs.
+ or
- signs.
1x1x
+ +0.52
- -0.5n
1x
+ 0.52
0.52
- 0.5n
0.5n
, where
When
When
isx is
the
,, where
n n7
25,25,
z z=z ==
xx
When
where
is the
the
n 77
25,
2n
2n
2n
2 22
smaller
smaller
number
number
ofof
and
and
isn is
the
total
total
+ +or
- -signs
nn
smaller
number
of
or
signs
and
is the
the
total
+ or
- signs
number
number
ofof
+ +and
- -signs.
number
of
and
signs.
+ and
- signs.
Test
Test
Statistic
Statistic
forfor
Wilcoxon
Wilcoxon
Rank
Rank
Sum
Sum
Test:
Test:
Test
Statistic
for
Wilcoxon
Rank
Sum
Test:
RR
- -m
R
- RmmRR
sum
sum
ofof
the
the
ranks
ranks
forfor
the
the
z z=z ==
, where
,, where
RR
= ==
where
sum
of
the
ranks
for
the
R
sRssRR
n1n1n
n
12
n111n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
smaller
smaller
sample,
sample,
mRmmR=R ==
, ,,
smaller
sample,
2 22
n1nn121n1n
n
12
n221n
+2nn+
+ 12
12
11n+
11 +
22 +
sRssR=R ==
,, and
n1nn
n2nn22
, and
and
11
12
BB
12
B
12
41831S4_INS
p5-8
AM
11 1
41831S4_INS
p5-8
11/8/07
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AMAMPage
Page
41831S4_INS
p5-811/8/07
11/8/0710:03
10:03
Page
Table
Table
44
4
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
(continued)
(continued)
Table
Standard
Normal
Distribution
(continued)
Table
Table
44
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
Table
4
Standard
Normal
Distribution
Table
Table
Table
6
6
6
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
11 1

22 2
zz z
zz z
.09
.09.09
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0036
.0036
.0036
.0048
.0048
.0048
.0064
.0064
.0064
.0084
.0084
.0084
.0110
.0110
.0110
.0143
.0143
.0143
.0183
.0183
.0183
.0233
.0233
.0233
.0294
.0294
.0294
.0367
.0367
.0367
.0455
.0455
.0455
.0559
.0559
.0559
.0681
.0681
.0681
.0823
.0823
.0823
.0985
.0985
.0985
.1170
.1170
.1170
.1379
.1379
.1379
.1611
.1611
.1611
.1867
.1867
.1867
.2148
.2148
.2148
.2451
.2451
.2451
.2776
.2776
.2776
.3121
.3121
.3121
.3483
.3483
.3483
.3859
.3859
.3859
.4247
.4247
.4247
.4641
.4641
.4641
t
t t
00 0 zz z
zz z 00 0
zz z
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table
Table
Table
5
5
5
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
.08
.08.08
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0020
.0020
.0020
.0027
.0027
.0027
.0037
.0037
.0037
.0049
.0049
.0049
.0066
.0066
.0066
.0087
.0087
.0087
.0113
.0113
.0113
.0146
.0146
.0146
.0188
.0188
.0188
.0239
.0239
.0239
.0301
.0301
.0301
.0375
.0375
.0375
.0465
.0465
.0465
.0571
.0571
.0571
.0694
.0694
.0694
.0838
.0838
.0838
.1003
.1003
.1003
.1190
.1190
.1190
.1401
.1401
.1401
.1635
.1635
.1635
.1894
.1894
.1894
.2177
.2177
.2177
.2483
.2483
.2483
.2810
.2810
.2810
.3156
.3156
.3156
.3520
.3520
.3520
.3897
.3897
.3897
.4286
.4286
.4286
.4681
.4681
.4681
.07
.07.07
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0028
.0028
.0028
.0038
.0038
.0038
.0051
.0051
.0051
.0068
.0068
.0068
.0089
.0089
.0089
.0116
.0116
.0116
.0150
.0150
.0150
.0192
.0192
.0192
.0244
.0244
.0244
.0307
.0307
.0307
.0384
.0384
.0384
.0475
.0475
.0475
.0582
.0582
.0582
.0708
.0708
.0708
.0853
.0853
.0853
.1020
.1020
.1020
.1210
.1210
.1210
.1423
.1423
.1423
.1660
.1660
.1660
.1922
.1922
.1922
.2206
.2206
.2206
.2514
.2514
.2514
.2843
.2843
.2843
.3192
.3192
.3192
.3557
.3557
.3557
.3936
.3936
.3936
.4325
.4325
.4325
.4721
.4721
.4721
.06
.06.06
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0029
.0029
.0029
.0039
.0039
.0039
.0052
.0052
.0052
.0069
.0069
.0069
.0091
.0091
.0091
.0119
.0119
.0119
.0154
.0154
.0154
.0197
.0197
.0197
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0314
.0314
.0314
.0392
.0392
.0392
.0485
.0485
.0485
.0594
.0594
.0594
.0721
.0721
.0721
.0869
.0869
.0869
.1038
.1038
.1038
.1230
.1230
.1230
.1446
.1446
.1446
.1685
.1685
.1685
.1949
.1949
.1949
.2236
.2236
.2236
.2546
.2546
.2546
.2877
.2877
.2877
.3228
.3228
.3228
.3594
.3594
.3594
.3974
.3974
.3974
.4364
.4364
.4364
.4761
.4761
.4761
.05
.05.05
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0016
.0016
.0016
.0022
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0030
.0030
.0040
.0040
.0040
.0054
.0054
.0054
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0094
.0094
.0094
.0122
.0122
.0122
.0158
.0158
.0158
.0202
.0202
.0202
.0256
.0256
.0256
.0322
.0322
.0322
.0401
.0401
.0401
.0495
.0495
.0495
.0606
.0606
.0606
.0735
.0735
.0735
.0885
.0885
.0885
.1056
.1056
.1056
.1251
.1251
.1251
.1469
.1469
.1469
.1711
.1711
.1711
.1977
.1977
.1977
.2266
.2266
.2266
.2578
.2578
.2578
.2912
.2912
.2912
.3264
.3264
.3264
.3632
.3632
.3632
.4013
.4013
.4013
.4404
.4404
.4404
.4801
.4801
.4801
.04
.04.04 .03
.03.03
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0003 .0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0004 .0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0006 .0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0009
.0008 .0009
.0009
.0012
.0012
.0012
.0012 .0012
.0012
.0016
.0016
.0017
.0016 .0017
.0017
.0023
.0023
.0023
.0023 .0023
.0023
.0031
.0031
.0032
.0031 .0032
.0032
.0041
.0043
.0041
.0041 .0043
.0043
.0055
.0055
.0057
.0055 .0057
.0057
.0073
.0075
.0073
.0073 .0075
.0075
.0096
.0096
.0099
.0096 .0099
.0099
.0125
.0129
.0125
.0125 .0129
.0129
.0162
.0162
.0166
.0162 .0166
.0166
.0207
.0212
.0207
.0207 .0212
.0212
.0262
.0262
.0268
.0262 .0268
.0268
.0329
.0336
.0329
.0329 .0336
.0336
.0409
.0409
.0418
.0409 .0418
.0418
.0505
.0516
.0505
.0505 .0516
.0516
.0618
.0618
.0630
.0618 .0630
.0630
.0749
.0764
.0749
.0749 .0764
.0764
.0901
.0901
.0918
.0901 .0918
.0918
.1075
.1093
.1075
.1075 .1093
.1093
.1271
.1271
.1292
.1271 .1292
.1292
.1492
.1515
.1492
.1492 .1515
.1515
.1736
.1736
.1762
.1736 .1762
.1762
.2005
.2033
.2005
.2005 .2033
.2033
.2296
.2296
.2327
.2296 .2327
.2327
.2611
.2643
.2611
.2611 .2643
.2643
.2946
.2946
.2981
.2946 .2981
.2981
.3300
.3336
.3300
.3300 .3336
.3336
.3669
.3669
.3707
.3669 .3707
.3707
.4052
.4090
.4052
.4052 .4090
.4090
.4443
.4443
.4483
.4443 .4483
.4483
.4840
.4840
.4880
.4840 .4880
.4880
Critical
Critical
Values
Values
Critical
Values
cc c
Level
Level
of
ofConfidence
Confidence
Level
of
Confidence
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.99
zzcc zc
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.645
1.645
1.645
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.575
2.575
2.575
cc c
z
zccz c
zz==0z0= 0
zzcc z c
zz z
.02
.02.02
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0024
.0024
.0024
.0033
.0033
.0033
.0044
.0044
.0044
.0059
.0059
.0059
.0078
.0078
.0078
.0102
.0102
.0102
.0132
.0132
.0132
.0170
.0170
.0170
.0217
.0217
.0217
.0274
.0274
.0274
.0344
.0344
.0344
.0427
.0427
.0427
.0526
.0526
.0526
.0643
.0643
.0643
.0778
.0778
.0778
.0934
.0934
.0934
.1112
.1112
.1112
.1314
.1314
.1314
.1539
.1539
.1539
.1788
.1788
.1788
.2061
.2061
.2061
.2358
.2358
.2358
.2676
.2676
.2676
.3015
.3015
.3015
.3372
.3372
.3372
.3745
.3745
.3745
.4129
.4129
.4129
.4522
.4522
.4522
.4920
.4920
.4920
.01
.01.01
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0025
.0025
.0025
.0034
.0034
.0034
.0045
.0045
.0045
.0060
.0060
.0060
.0080
.0080
.0080
.0104
.0104
.0104
.0136
.0136
.0136
.0174
.0174
.0174
.0222
.0222
.0222
.0281
.0281
.0281
.0351
.0351
.0351
.0436
.0436
.0436
.0537
.0537
.0537
.0655
.0655
.0655
.0793
.0793
.0793
.0951
.0951
.0951
.1131
.1131
.1131
.1335
.1335
.1335
.1562
.1562
.1562
.1814
.1814
.1814
.2090
.2090
.2090
.2389
.2389
.2389
.2709
.2709
.2709
.3050
.3050
.3050
.3409
.3409
.3409
.3783
.3783
.3783
.4168
.4168
.4168
.4562
.4562
.4562
.4960
.4960
.4960
.00
.00.00
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0035
.0035
.0035
.0047
.0047
.0047
.0062
.0062
.0062
.0082
.0082
.0082
.0107
.0107
.0107
.0139
.0139
.0139
.0179
.0179
.0179
.0228
.0228
.0228
.0287
.0287
.0287
.0359
.0359
.0359
.0446
.0446
.0446
.0548
.0548
.0548
.0668
.0668
.0668
.0808
.0808
.0808
.0968
.0968
.0968
.1151
.1151
.1151
.1357
.1357
.1357
.1587
.1587
.1587
.1841
.1841
.1841
.2119
.2119
.2119
.2420
.2420
.2420
.2743
.2743
.2743
.3085
.3085
.3085
.3446
.3446
.3446
.3821
.3821
.3821
.4207
.4207
.4207
.4602
.4602
.4602
.5000
.5000
.5000
zz z
0.0
0.00.0
0.1
0.10.1
0.20.2
0.2
0.3
0.30.3
0.40.4
0.4
0.5
0.50.5
0.60.6
0.6
0.7
0.70.7
0.80.8
0.8
0.9
0.90.9
1.01.0
1.0
1.1
1.11.1
1.21.2
1.2
1.3
1.31.3
1.41.4
1.4
1.5
1.51.5
1.61.6
1.6
1.7
1.71.7
1.81.8
1.8
1.9
1.91.9
2.02.0
2.0
2.1
2.12.1
2.22.2
2.2
2.3
2.32.3
2.42.4
2.4
2.5
2.52.5
2.62.6
2.6
2.7
2.72.7
2.82.8
2.8
2.9
2.92.9
3.03.0
3.0
3.1
3.13.1
3.23.2
3.2
3.3
3.33.3
3.4
3.43.4
.00
.00.00
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5398
.5398
.5398
.5793
.5793
.5793
.6179
.6179
.6179
.6554
.6554
.6554
.6915
.6915
.6915
.7257
.7257
.7257
.7580
.7580
.7580
.7881
.7881
.7881
.8159
.8159
.8159
.8413
.8413
.8413
.8643
.8643
.8643
.8849
.8849
.8849
.9032
.9032
.9032
.9192
.9192
.9192
.9332
.9332
.9332
.9452
.9452
.9452
.9554
.9554
.9554
.9641
.9641
.9641
.9713
.9713
.9713
.9772
.9772
.9772
.9821
.9821
.9821
.9861
.9861
.9861
.9893
.9893
.9893
.9918
.9918
.9918
.9938
.9938
.9938
.9953
.9953
.9953
.9965
.9965
.9965
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.01
.01.01
.5040
.5040
.5040
.5438
.5438
.5438
.5832
.5832
.5832
.6217
.6217
.6217
.6591
.6591
.6591
.6950
.6950
.6950
.7291
.7291
.7291
.7611
.7611
.7611
.7910
.7910
.7910
.8186
.8186
.8186
.8438
.8438
.8438
.8665
.8665
.8665
.8869
.8869
.8869
.9049
.9049
.9049
.9207
.9207
.9207
.9345
.9345
.9345
.9463
.9463
.9463
.9564
.9564
.9564
.9649
.9649
.9649
.9719
.9719
.9719
.9778
.9778
.9778
.9826
.9826
.9826
.9864
.9864
.9864
.9896
.9896
.9896
.9920
.9920
.9920
.9940
.9940
.9940
.9955
.9955
.9955
.9966
.9966
.9966
.9975
.9975
.9975
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
tt
c-confidence
c-confidence
interval
interval
c-confidence
interval
.02
.02.02
.5080
.5080
.5080
.5478
.5478
.5478
.5871
.5871
.5871
.6255
.6255
.6255
.6628
.6628
.6628
.6985
.6985
.6985
.7324
.7324
.7324
.7642
.7642
.7642
.7939
.7939
.7939
.8212
.8212
.8212
.8461
.8461
.8461
.8686
.8686
.8686
.8888
.8888
.8888
.9066
.9066
.9066
.9222
.9222
.9222
.9357
.9357
.9357
.9474
.9474
.9474
.9573
.9573
.9573
.9656
.9656
.9656
.9726
.9726
.9726
.9783
.9783
.9783
.9830
.9830
.9830
.9868
.9868
.9868
.9898
.9898
.9898
.9922
.9922
.9922
.9941
.9941
.9941
.9956
.9956
.9956
.9967
.9967
.9967
.9976
.9976
.9976
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.03
.03.03
.5120
.5120
.5120
.5517
.5517
.5517
.5910
.5910
.5910
.6293
.6293
.6293
.6664
.6664
.6664
.7019
.7019
.7019
.7357
.7357
.7357
.7673
.7673
.7673
.7967
.7967
.7967
.8238
.8238
.8238
.8485
.8485
.8485
.8708
.8708
.8708
.8907
.8907
.8907
.9082
.9082
.9082
.9236
.9236
.9236
.9370
.9370
.9370
.9484
.9484
.9484
.9582
.9582
.9582
.9664
.9664
.9664
.9732
.9732
.9732
.9788
.9788
.9788
.9834
.9834
.9834
.9871
.9871
.9871
.9901
.9901
.9901
.9925
.9925
.9925
.9943
.9943
.9943
.9957
.9957
.9957
.9968
.9968
.9968
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9983
.9983
.9983
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.04
.04.04
.5160
.5160
.5160
.5557
.5557
.5557
.5948
.5948
.5948
.6331
.6331
.6331
.6700
.6700
.6700
.7054
.7054
.7054
.7389
.7389
.7389
.7704
.7704
.7704
.7995
.7995
.7995
.8264
.8264
.8264
.8508
.8508
.8508
.8729
.8729
.8729
.8925
.8925
.8925
.9099
.9099
.9099
.9251
.9251
.9251
.9382
.9382
.9382
.9495
.9495
.9495
.9591
.9591
.9591
.9671
.9671
.9671
.9738
.9738
.9738
.9793
.9793
.9793
.9838
.9838
.9838
.9875
.9875
.9875
.9904
.9904
.9904
.9927
.9927
.9927
.9945
.9945
.9945
.9959
.9959
.9959
.9969
.9969
.9969
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.05
.05.05
.5199
.5199
.5199
.5596
.5596
.5596
.5987
.5987
.5987
.6368
.6368
.6368
.6736
.6736
.6736
.7088
.7088
.7088
.7422
.7422
.7422
.7734
.7734
.7734
.8023
.8023
.8023
.8289
.8289
.8289
.8531
.8531
.8531
.8749
.8749
.8749
.8944
.8944
.8944
.9115
.9115
.9115
.9265
.9265
.9265
.9394
.9394
.9394
.9505
.9505
.9505
.9599
.9599
.9599
.9678
.9678
.9678
.9744
.9744
.9744
.9798
.9798
.9798
.9842
.9842
.9842
.9878
.9878
.9878
.9906
.9906
.9906
.9929
.9929
.9929
.9946
.9946
.9946
.9960
.9960
.9960
.9970
.9970
.9970
.9978
.9978
.9978
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.06
.06.06
.5239
.5239
.5239
.5636
.5636
.5636
.6026
.6026
.6026
.6406
.6406
.6406
.6772
.6772
.6772
.7123
.7123
.7123
.7454
.7454
.7454
.7764
.7764
.7764
.8051
.8051
.8051
.8315
.8315
.8315
.8554
.8554
.8554
.8770
.8770
.8770
.8962
.8962
.8962
.9131
.9131
.9131
.9279
.9279
.9279
.9406
.9406
.9406
.9515
.9515
.9515
.9608
.9608
.9608
.9686
.9686
.9686
.9750
.9750
.9750
.9803
.9803
.9803
.9846
.9846
.9846
.9881
.9881
.9881
.9909
.9909
.9909
.9931
.9931
.9931
.9948
.9948
.9948
.9961
.9961
.9961
.9971
.9971
.9971
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.07
.07.07
.5279
.5279
.5279
.5675
.5675
.5675
.6064
.6064
.6064
.6443
.6443
.6443
.6808
.6808
.6808
.7157
.7157
.7157
.7486
.7486
.7486
.7794
.7794
.7794
.8078
.8078
.8078
.8340
.8340
.8340
.8577
.8577
.8577
.8790
.8790
.8790
.8980
.8980
.8980
.9147
.9147
.9147
.9292
.9292
.9292
.9418
.9418
.9418
.9525
.9525
.9525
.9616
.9616
.9616
.9693
.9693
.9693
.9756
.9756
.9756
.9808
.9808
.9808
.9850
.9850
.9850
.9884
.9884
.9884
.9911
.9911
.9911
.9932
.9932
.9932
.9949
.9949
.9949
.9962
.9962
.9962
.9972
.9972
.9972
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.08
.08.08
.5319
.5319
.5319
.5714
.5714
.5714
.6103
.6103
.6103
.6480
.6480
.6480
.6844
.6844
.6844
.7190
.7190
.7190
.7517
.7517
.7517
.7823
.7823
.7823
.8106
.8106
.8106
.8365
.8365
.8365
.8599
.8599
.8599
.8810
.8810
.8810
.8997
.8997
.8997
.9162
.9162
.9162
.9306
.9306
.9306
.9429
.9429
.9429
.9535
.9535
.9535
.9625
.9625
.9625
.9699
.9699
.9699
.9761
.9761
.9761
.9812
.9812
.9812
.9854
.9854
.9854
.9887
.9887
.9887
.9913
.9913
.9913
.9934
.9934
.9934
.9951
.9951
.9951
.9963
.9963
.9963
.9973
.9973
.9973
.9980
.9980
.9980
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.09
.09.09
.5359
.5359
.5359
.5753
.5753
.5753
.6141
.6141
.6141
.6517
.6517
.6517
.6879
.6879
.6879
.7224
.7224
.7224
.7549
.7549
.7549
.7852
.7852
.7852
.8133
.8133
.8133
.8389
.8389
.8389
.8621
.8621
.8621
.8830
.8830
.8830
.9015
.9015
.9015
.9177
.9177
.9177
.9319
.9319
.9319
.9441
.9441
.9441
.9545
.9545
.9545
.9633
.9633
.9633
.9706
.9706
.9706
.9767
.9767
.9767
.9817
.9817
.9817
.9857
.9857
.9857
.9890
.9890
.9890
.9916
.9916
.9916
.9936
.9936
.9936
.9952
.9952
.9952
.9964
.9964
.9964
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.9998
.9998
.9998
d.f.
d.f.d.f.
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
10
1010
11
1111
12
1212
13
1313
14
1414
15
1515
16
1616
17
1717
18
1818
19
1919
20
2020
21
2121
22
2222
23
2323
24
2424
25
2525
26
2626
27
2727
28
2828
29
2929
q
qq
tt
tt
t
t t
Left-tailed
Left-tailed
test
test
Left-tailed
test
Level
Level
Level
of
of of
confidence,
confidence,
0.50
cc c 0.50
confidence,
0.50
One
One
tail,
tail,
0.25
0.25
AA A
One
tail,
0.25
Two
Two
tails,
tails,
0.50
AA A 0.50
Two
tails,
0.50
1.000
1.000
1.000
.816
.816
.816
.765
.765
.765
.741
.741
.741
.727
.727
.727
.718
.718
.718
.711
.711
.711
.706
.706
.706
.703
.703
.703
.700
.700
.700
.697
.697
.697
.695
.695
.695
.694
.694
.694
.692
.692
.692
.691
.691
.691
.690
.690
.690
.689
.689
.689
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.687
.687
.687
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.674
.674
.674
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.20
3.078
3.078
3.078
1.886
1.886
1.886
1.638
1.638
1.638
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.476
1.476
1.476
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.415
1.415
1.415
1.397
1.397
1.397
1.383
1.383
1.383
1.372
1.372
1.372
1.363
1.363
1.363
1.356
1.356
1.356
1.350
1.350
1.350
1.345
1.345
1.345
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.337
1.337
1.337
1.333
1.333
1.333
1.330
1.330
1.330
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.323
1.323
1.321
1.321
1.321
1.319
1.319
1.319
1.318
1.318
1.318
1.316
1.316
1.316
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.314
1.314
1.314
1.313
1.313
1.313
1.311
1.311
1.311
1.282
1.282
1.282

tt
Right-tailed
Right-tailed
test
test
Right-tailed
test
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.90 0.95
0.95 0.98
0.98 0.99
0.99
0.05
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.01
6.31412.706
12.70631.821
31.82163.657
63.657
6.314
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
2.920
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
2.920 4.303
4.303 6.965
6.965 9.925
9.925
2.353
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
2.353 3.182
3.182 4.541
4.541 5.841
5.841
2.132
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
2.132 2.776
2.776 3.747
3.747 4.604
4.604
2.015
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
2.015 2.571
2.571 3.365
3.365 4.032
4.032
1.943
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.943 2.447
2.447 3.143
3.143 3.707
3.707
1.895
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.895 2.365
2.365 2.998
2.998 3.499
3.499
1.860
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.860 2.306
2.306 2.896
2.896 3.355
3.355
1.833
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
1.833 2.262
2.262 2.821
2.821 3.250
3.250
1.812
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
1.812 2.228
2.228 2.764
2.764 3.169
3.169
1.796
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
1.796 2.201
2.201 2.718
2.718 3.106
3.106
1.782
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
1.782 2.179
2.179 2.681
2.681 3.055
3.055
1.771
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
1.771 2.160
2.160 2.650
2.650 3.012
3.012
1.761
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
1.761 2.145
2.145 2.624
2.624 2.977
2.977
1.753
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
1.753 2.131
2.131 2.602
2.602 2.947
2.947
1.746
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
1.746 2.120
2.120 2.583
2.583 2.921
2.921
1.740
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
1.740 2.110
2.110 2.567
2.567 2.898
2.898
1.734
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
1.734 2.101
2.101 2.552
2.552 2.878
2.878
1.729
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
1.729 2.093
2.093 2.539
2.539 2.861
2.861
1.725
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
1.725 2.086
2.086 2.528
2.528 2.845
2.845
1.721
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
1.721 2.080
2.080 2.518
2.518 2.831
2.831
1.717
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
1.717 2.074
2.074 2.508
2.508 2.819
2.819
1.714
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
1.714 2.069
2.069 2.500
2.500 2.807
2.807
1.711
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
1.711 2.064
2.064 2.492
2.492 2.797
2.797
1.708
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
1.708 2.060
2.060 2.485
2.485 2.787
2.787
1.706
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
1.706 2.056
2.056 2.479
2.479 2.779
2.779
1.703
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
1.703 2.052
2.052 2.473
2.473 2.771
2.771
1.701
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
1.701 2.048
2.048 2.467
2.467 2.763
2.763
1.699
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
1.699 2.045
2.045 2.462
2.462 2.756
2.756
1.645
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
1.645 1.960
1.960 2.326
2.326 2.576
2.576
tt
t
t t
11 1

22 2
tt
Two-tailed
Two-tailed
test
test
Two-tailed
test
tt
11 1

22 2
22 2
22 2
Degrees
Degrees
of
of of
Degrees
freedom
freedom
freedom
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
1010
10
1111
11
1212
12
1313
13
1414
14
1515
15
1616
16
1717
17
1818
18
1919
19
2020
20
2121
21
2222
22
2323
23
2424
24
2525
25
2626
26
2727
27
2828
28
2929
29
3030
30
4040
40
5050
50
6060
60
7070
70
8080
80
9090
90
100
100
100
22 2
LL
Right
tail
Right
tailtail
Right
11 1

22 2
22 2
RR
22 2
Two
tails
Two
tails
Two
tails
AA A
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.90
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.995 0.99
0.99 0.975
0.975 0.95
0.95 0.90
0.90 0.10
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.995
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.016
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
0.001 0.004
0.004 0.016
0.016 2.706
2.706 3.841
3.841 5.024
5.024 6.635
6.635 7.879
7.879
0.010
0.020
0.051
0.103
0.211
4.605
5.991
7.378
9.210
10.597
0.010 0.020
0.020 0.051
0.051 0.103
0.103 0.211
0.211 4.605
4.605 5.991
5.991 7.378
7.378 9.210
9.21010.597
10.597
0.010
0.072
0.115
0.216
0.352
0.584
6.251
7.815
9.348
11.345
12.838
0.072 0.115
0.115 0.216
0.216 0.352
0.352 0.584
0.584 6.251
6.251 7.815
7.815 9.348
9.34811.345
11.34512.838
12.838
0.072
0.207
0.297
0.484
0.711
1.064
7.779
9.488
11.143
13.277
14.860
0.207 0.297
0.297 0.484
0.484 0.711
0.711 1.064
1.064 7.779
7.779 9.488
9.48811.143
11.14313.277
13.27714.860
14.860
0.207
0.412
0.554
0.831
1.145
1.610
9.236
11.071
12.833
15.086
16.750
0.412 0.554
0.554 0.831
0.831 1.145
1.145 1.610
1.610 9.236
9.23611.071
11.07112.833
12.83315.086
15.08616.750
16.750
0.412
0.676
0.872
1.237
1.635
2.204
10.645
12.592
14.449
16.812
18.548
0.676 0.872
0.872 1.237
1.237 1.635
1.635 2.204
2.20410.645
10.64512.592
12.59214.449
14.44916.812
16.81218.548
18.548
0.676
0.989
1.239
1.690
2.167
2.833
12.017
14.067
16.013
18.475
20.278
0.989 1.239
1.239 1.690
1.690 2.167
2.167 2.833
2.83312.017
12.01714.067
14.06716.013
16.01318.475
18.47520.278
20.278
0.989
1.344
1.646
2.180
2.733
3.490
13.362
15.507
17.535
20.090
21.955
1.344 1.646
1.646 2.180
2.180 2.733
2.733 3.490
3.49013.362
13.36215.507
15.50717.535
17.53520.090
20.09021.955
21.955
1.344
1.735
2.088
2.700
3.325
4.168
14.684
16.919
19.023
21.666
23.589
1.735 2.088
2.088 2.700
2.700 3.325
3.325 4.168
4.16814.684
14.68416.919
16.91919.023
19.02321.666
21.66623.589
23.589
1.735
2.156
2.558
3.247
3.940
4.865
15.987
18.307
20.483
23.209
25.188
2.156 2.558
2.558 3.247
3.247 3.940
3.940 4.865
4.86515.987
15.98718.307
18.30720.483
20.48323.209
23.20925.188
25.188
2.156
2.603
3.053
3.816
4.575
5.578
17.275
19.675
21.920
24.725
26.757
2.603 3.053
3.053 3.816
3.816 4.575
4.575 5.578
5.57817.275
17.27519.675
19.67521.920
21.92024.725
24.72526.757
26.757
2.603
3.074
3.571
4.404
5.226
6.304
18.549
21.026
23.337
26.217
28.299
3.074 3.571
3.571 4.404
4.404 5.226
5.226 6.304
6.30418.549
18.54921.026
21.02623.337
23.33726.217
26.21728.299
28.299
3.074
3.565
4.107
5.009
5.892
7.042
19.812
22.362
24.736
27.688
29.819
3.565 4.107
4.107 5.009
5.009 5.892
5.892 7.042
7.04219.812
19.81222.362
22.36224.736
24.73627.688
27.68829.819
29.819
3.565
4.075
4.660
5.629
6.571
7.790
21.064
23.685
26.119
29.141
31.319
4.075 4.660
4.660 5.629
5.629 6.571
6.571 7.790
7.79021.064
21.06423.685
23.68526.119
26.11929.141
29.14131.319
31.319
4.075
4.601
5.229
6.262
7.261
8.547
22.307
24.996
27.488
30.578
32.801
4.601 5.229
5.229 6.262
6.262 7.261
7.261 8.547
8.54722.307
22.30724.996
24.99627.488
27.48830.578
30.57832.801
32.801
4.601
5.142
5.812
6.908
7.962
9.312
23.542
26.296
28.845
32.000
34.267
5.142 5.812
5.812 6.908
6.908 7.962
7.962 9.312
9.31223.542
23.54226.296
26.29628.845
28.84532.000
32.00034.267
34.267
5.142
5.697
6.408
7.564
8.672
10.085
24.769
27.587
30.191
33.409
35.718
5.697 6.408
6.408 7.564
7.564 8.672
8.67210.085
10.08524.769
24.76927.587
27.58730.191
30.19133.409
33.40935.718
35.718
5.697
6.265
7.015
8.231
9.390
10.865
25.989
28.869
31.526
34.805
37.156
6.265 7.015
7.015 8.231
8.231 9.390
9.39010.865
10.86525.989
25.98928.869
28.86931.526
31.52634.805
34.80537.156
37.156
6.265
6.844
7.633
8.907
10.117
11.651
27.204
30.144
32.852
36.191
38.582
6.844 7.633
7.633 8.907
8.90710.117
10.11711.651
11.65127.204
27.20430.144
30.14432.852
32.85236.191
36.19138.582
38.582
6.844
7.434
8.260
9.591
10.851
12.443
28.412
31.410
34.170
37.566
39.997
7.434 8.260
8.260 9.591
9.59110.851
10.85112.443
12.44328.412
28.41231.410
31.41034.170
34.17037.566
37.56639.997
39.997
7.434
8.034
8.897
10.283
11.591
13.240
29.615
32.671
35.479
38.932
41.401
8.034 8.897
8.89710.283
10.28311.591
11.59113.240
13.24029.615
29.61532.671
32.67135.479
35.47938.932
38.93241.401
41.401
8.034
8.643
9.542
10.982
12.338
14.042
30.813
33.924
36.781
40.289
42.796
8.643 9.542
9.54210.982
10.98212.338
12.33814.042
14.04230.813
30.81333.924
33.92436.781
36.78140.289
40.28942.796
42.796
8.643
9.260
9.26010.196
10.196
10.19611.689
11.689
11.68913.091
13.091
13.09114.848
14.848
14.84832.007
32.007
32.00735.172
35.172
35.17238.076
38.076
38.07641.638
41.638
41.63844.181
44.181
44.181
9.260
9.886
10.856
12.401
13.848
15.659
33.196
36.415
39.364
42.980
45.559
9.88610.856
10.85612.401
12.40113.848
13.84815.659
15.65933.196
33.19636.415
36.41539.364
39.36442.980
42.98045.559
45.559
9.886
10.520
11.524
13.120
14.611
16.473
34.382
37.652
40.646
44.314
46.928
10.52011.524
11.52413.120
13.12014.611
14.61116.473
16.47334.382
34.38237.652
37.65240.646
40.64644.314
44.31446.928
46.928
10.520
11.160
12.198
13.844
15.379
17.292
35.563
38.885
41.923
45.642
48.290
11.16012.198
12.19813.844
13.84415.379
15.37917.292
17.29235.563
35.56338.885
38.88541.923
41.92345.642
45.64248.290
48.290
11.160
11.808
12.879
14.573
16.151
18.114
36.741
40.113
43.194
46.963
49.645
11.80812.879
12.87914.573
14.57316.151
16.15118.114
18.11436.741
36.74140.113
40.11343.194
43.19446.963
46.96349.645
49.645
11.808
12.461
13.565
15.308
16.928
18.939
37.916
41.337
44.461
48.278
50.993
12.46113.565
13.56515.308
15.30816.928
16.92818.939
18.93937.916
37.91641.337
41.33744.461
44.46148.278
48.27850.993
50.993
12.461
13.121
13.12114.257
14.257
14.25716.047
16.047
16.04717.708
17.708
17.70819.768
19.768
19.76839.087
39.087
39.08742.557
42.557
42.55745.722
45.722
45.72249.588
49.588
49.58852.336
52.336
52.336
13.121
13.787
14.954
16.791
18.493
20.599
40.256
43.773
46.979
50.892
53.672
13.78714.954
14.95416.791
16.79118.493
18.49320.599
20.59940.256
40.25643.773
43.77346.979
46.97950.892
50.89253.672
53.672
13.787
20.707
22.164
24.433
26.509
29.051
51.805
55.758
59.342
63.691
66.766
20.70722.164
22.16424.433
24.43326.509
26.50929.051
29.05151.805
51.80555.758
55.75859.342
59.34263.691
63.69166.766
66.766
20.707
27.991
29.707
32.357
34.764
37.689
63.167
67.505
71.420
76.154
79.490
27.99129.707
29.70732.357
32.35734.764
34.76437.689
37.68963.167
63.16767.505
67.50571.420
71.42076.154
76.15479.490
79.490
27.991
35.534
37.485
40.482
43.188
46.459
74.397
79.082
83.298
88.379
91.952
35.53437.485
37.48540.482
40.48243.188
43.18846.459
46.45974.397
74.39779.082
79.08283.298
83.29888.379
88.37991.952
91.952
35.534
43.275
45.442
48.758
51.739
55.329
85.527
90.531
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.27545.442
45.44248.758
48.75851.739
51.73955.329
55.32985.527
85.52790.531
90.53195.023
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.275
100.425
104.215
51.172
51.17253.540
53.540
53.54057.153
57.153
57.15360.391
60.391
60.39164.278
64.278
64.27896.578
96.578
96.578
101.879
101.879
106.629
106.629
112.329
112.329
116.321
116.321
51.172
101.879
106.629
112.329
116.321
59.196
59.19661.754
61.754
61.75465.647
65.647
65.64769.126
69.126
69.12673.291
73.291
73.291
107.565
107.565
113.145
113.145
118.136
118.136
124.116
124.116
128.299
128.299
59.196
107.565
113.145
118.136
124.116
128.299
67.328
70.065
74.222
77.929
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.32870.065
70.06574.222
74.22277.929
77.92982.358
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.328
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
41831S4_INS
p5-8
AM
11 1
41831S4_INS
p5-8
11/8/07
10:03
AMAMPage
Page
41831S4_INS
p5-811/8/07
11/8/0710:03
10:03
Page
Table
Table
44
4
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
(continued)
(continued)
Table
Standard
Normal
Distribution
(continued)
Table
Table
44
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
Table
4
Standard
Normal
Distribution
Table
Table
Table
6
6
6
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
11 1

22 2
zz z
zz z
.09
.09.09
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0036
.0036
.0036
.0048
.0048
.0048
.0064
.0064
.0064
.0084
.0084
.0084
.0110
.0110
.0110
.0143
.0143
.0143
.0183
.0183
.0183
.0233
.0233
.0233
.0294
.0294
.0294
.0367
.0367
.0367
.0455
.0455
.0455
.0559
.0559
.0559
.0681
.0681
.0681
.0823
.0823
.0823
.0985
.0985
.0985
.1170
.1170
.1170
.1379
.1379
.1379
.1611
.1611
.1611
.1867
.1867
.1867
.2148
.2148
.2148
.2451
.2451
.2451
.2776
.2776
.2776
.3121
.3121
.3121
.3483
.3483
.3483
.3859
.3859
.3859
.4247
.4247
.4247
.4641
.4641
.4641
t
t t
00 0 zz z
zz z 00 0
zz z
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table
Table
Table
5
5
5
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
.08
.08.08
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0020
.0020
.0020
.0027
.0027
.0027
.0037
.0037
.0037
.0049
.0049
.0049
.0066
.0066
.0066
.0087
.0087
.0087
.0113
.0113
.0113
.0146
.0146
.0146
.0188
.0188
.0188
.0239
.0239
.0239
.0301
.0301
.0301
.0375
.0375
.0375
.0465
.0465
.0465
.0571
.0571
.0571
.0694
.0694
.0694
.0838
.0838
.0838
.1003
.1003
.1003
.1190
.1190
.1190
.1401
.1401
.1401
.1635
.1635
.1635
.1894
.1894
.1894
.2177
.2177
.2177
.2483
.2483
.2483
.2810
.2810
.2810
.3156
.3156
.3156
.3520
.3520
.3520
.3897
.3897
.3897
.4286
.4286
.4286
.4681
.4681
.4681
.07
.07.07
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0028
.0028
.0028
.0038
.0038
.0038
.0051
.0051
.0051
.0068
.0068
.0068
.0089
.0089
.0089
.0116
.0116
.0116
.0150
.0150
.0150
.0192
.0192
.0192
.0244
.0244
.0244
.0307
.0307
.0307
.0384
.0384
.0384
.0475
.0475
.0475
.0582
.0582
.0582
.0708
.0708
.0708
.0853
.0853
.0853
.1020
.1020
.1020
.1210
.1210
.1210
.1423
.1423
.1423
.1660
.1660
.1660
.1922
.1922
.1922
.2206
.2206
.2206
.2514
.2514
.2514
.2843
.2843
.2843
.3192
.3192
.3192
.3557
.3557
.3557
.3936
.3936
.3936
.4325
.4325
.4325
.4721
.4721
.4721
.06
.06.06
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0029
.0029
.0029
.0039
.0039
.0039
.0052
.0052
.0052
.0069
.0069
.0069
.0091
.0091
.0091
.0119
.0119
.0119
.0154
.0154
.0154
.0197
.0197
.0197
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0314
.0314
.0314
.0392
.0392
.0392
.0485
.0485
.0485
.0594
.0594
.0594
.0721
.0721
.0721
.0869
.0869
.0869
.1038
.1038
.1038
.1230
.1230
.1230
.1446
.1446
.1446
.1685
.1685
.1685
.1949
.1949
.1949
.2236
.2236
.2236
.2546
.2546
.2546
.2877
.2877
.2877
.3228
.3228
.3228
.3594
.3594
.3594
.3974
.3974
.3974
.4364
.4364
.4364
.4761
.4761
.4761
.05
.05.05
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0016
.0016
.0016
.0022
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0030
.0030
.0040
.0040
.0040
.0054
.0054
.0054
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0094
.0094
.0094
.0122
.0122
.0122
.0158
.0158
.0158
.0202
.0202
.0202
.0256
.0256
.0256
.0322
.0322
.0322
.0401
.0401
.0401
.0495
.0495
.0495
.0606
.0606
.0606
.0735
.0735
.0735
.0885
.0885
.0885
.1056
.1056
.1056
.1251
.1251
.1251
.1469
.1469
.1469
.1711
.1711
.1711
.1977
.1977
.1977
.2266
.2266
.2266
.2578
.2578
.2578
.2912
.2912
.2912
.3264
.3264
.3264
.3632
.3632
.3632
.4013
.4013
.4013
.4404
.4404
.4404
.4801
.4801
.4801
.04
.04.04 .03
.03.03
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0003 .0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0004 .0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0006 .0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0009
.0008 .0009
.0009
.0012
.0012
.0012
.0012 .0012
.0012
.0016
.0016
.0017
.0016 .0017
.0017
.0023
.0023
.0023
.0023 .0023
.0023
.0031
.0031
.0032
.0031 .0032
.0032
.0041
.0043
.0041
.0041 .0043
.0043
.0055
.0055
.0057
.0055 .0057
.0057
.0073
.0075
.0073
.0073 .0075
.0075
.0096
.0096
.0099
.0096 .0099
.0099
.0125
.0129
.0125
.0125 .0129
.0129
.0162
.0162
.0166
.0162 .0166
.0166
.0207
.0212
.0207
.0207 .0212
.0212
.0262
.0262
.0268
.0262 .0268
.0268
.0329
.0336
.0329
.0329 .0336
.0336
.0409
.0409
.0418
.0409 .0418
.0418
.0505
.0516
.0505
.0505 .0516
.0516
.0618
.0618
.0630
.0618 .0630
.0630
.0749
.0764
.0749
.0749 .0764
.0764
.0901
.0901
.0918
.0901 .0918
.0918
.1075
.1093
.1075
.1075 .1093
.1093
.1271
.1271
.1292
.1271 .1292
.1292
.1492
.1515
.1492
.1492 .1515
.1515
.1736
.1736
.1762
.1736 .1762
.1762
.2005
.2033
.2005
.2005 .2033
.2033
.2296
.2296
.2327
.2296 .2327
.2327
.2611
.2643
.2611
.2611 .2643
.2643
.2946
.2946
.2981
.2946 .2981
.2981
.3300
.3336
.3300
.3300 .3336
.3336
.3669
.3669
.3707
.3669 .3707
.3707
.4052
.4090
.4052
.4052 .4090
.4090
.4443
.4443
.4483
.4443 .4483
.4483
.4840
.4840
.4880
.4840 .4880
.4880
.02
.02.02
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0024
.0024
.0024
.0033
.0033
.0033
.0044
.0044
.0044
.0059
.0059
.0059
.0078
.0078
.0078
.0102
.0102
.0102
.0132
.0132
.0132
.0170
.0170
.0170
.0217
.0217
.0217
.0274
.0274
.0274
.0344
.0344
.0344
.0427
.0427
.0427
.0526
.0526
.0526
.0643
.0643
.0643
.0778
.0778
.0778
.0934
.0934
.0934
.1112
.1112
.1112
.1314
.1314
.1314
.1539
.1539
.1539
.1788
.1788
.1788
.2061
.2061
.2061
.2358
.2358
.2358
.2676
.2676
.2676
.3015
.3015
.3015
.3372
.3372
.3372
.3745
.3745
.3745
.4129
.4129
.4129
.4522
.4522
.4522
.4920
.4920
.4920
.01
.01.01
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0025
.0025
.0025
.0034
.0034
.0034
.0045
.0045
.0045
.0060
.0060
.0060
.0080
.0080
.0080
.0104
.0104
.0104
.0136
.0136
.0136
.0174
.0174
.0174
.0222
.0222
.0222
.0281
.0281
.0281
.0351
.0351
.0351
.0436
.0436
.0436
.0537
.0537
.0537
.0655
.0655
.0655
.0793
.0793
.0793
.0951
.0951
.0951
.1131
.1131
.1131
.1335
.1335
.1335
.1562
.1562
.1562
.1814
.1814
.1814
.2090
.2090
.2090
.2389
.2389
.2389
.2709
.2709
.2709
.3050
.3050
.3050
.3409
.3409
.3409
.3783
.3783
.3783
.4168
.4168
.4168
.4562
.4562
.4562
.4960
.4960
.4960
.00
.00.00
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0035
.0035
.0035
.0047
.0047
.0047
.0062
.0062
.0062
.0082
.0082
.0082
.0107
.0107
.0107
.0139
.0139
.0139
.0179
.0179
.0179
.0228
.0228
.0228
.0287
.0287
.0287
.0359
.0359
.0359
.0446
.0446
.0446
.0548
.0548
.0548
.0668
.0668
.0668
.0808
.0808
.0808
.0968
.0968
.0968
.1151
.1151
.1151
.1357
.1357
.1357
.1587
.1587
.1587
.1841
.1841
.1841
.2119
.2119
.2119
.2420
.2420
.2420
.2743
.2743
.2743
.3085
.3085
.3085
.3446
.3446
.3446
.3821
.3821
.3821
.4207
.4207
.4207
.4602
.4602
.4602
.5000
.5000
.5000
zz z
0.0
0.00.0
0.1
0.10.1
0.20.2
0.2
0.3
0.30.3
0.40.4
0.4
0.5
0.50.5
0.60.6
0.6
0.7
0.70.7
0.80.8
0.8
0.9
0.90.9
1.01.0
1.0
1.1
1.11.1
1.21.2
1.2
1.3
1.31.3
1.41.4
1.4
1.5
1.51.5
1.61.6
1.6
1.7
1.71.7
1.81.8
1.8
1.9
1.91.9
2.02.0
2.0
2.1
2.12.1
2.22.2
2.2
2.3
2.32.3
2.42.4
2.4
2.5
2.52.5
2.62.6
2.6
2.7
2.72.7
2.82.8
2.8
2.9
2.92.9
3.03.0
3.0
3.1
3.13.1
3.23.2
3.2
3.3
3.33.3
3.4
3.43.4
.00
.00.00
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5398
.5398
.5398
.5793
.5793
.5793
.6179
.6179
.6179
.6554
.6554
.6554
.6915
.6915
.6915
.7257
.7257
.7257
.7580
.7580
.7580
.7881
.7881
.7881
.8159
.8159
.8159
.8413
.8413
.8413
.8643
.8643
.8643
.8849
.8849
.8849
.9032
.9032
.9032
.9192
.9192
.9192
.9332
.9332
.9332
.9452
.9452
.9452
.9554
.9554
.9554
.9641
.9641
.9641
.9713
.9713
.9713
.9772
.9772
.9772
.9821
.9821
.9821
.9861
.9861
.9861
.9893
.9893
.9893
.9918
.9918
.9918
.9938
.9938
.9938
.9953
.9953
.9953
.9965
.9965
.9965
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.01
.01.01
.5040
.5040
.5040
.5438
.5438
.5438
.5832
.5832
.5832
.6217
.6217
.6217
.6591
.6591
.6591
.6950
.6950
.6950
.7291
.7291
.7291
.7611
.7611
.7611
.7910
.7910
.7910
.8186
.8186
.8186
.8438
.8438
.8438
.8665
.8665
.8665
.8869
.8869
.8869
.9049
.9049
.9049
.9207
.9207
.9207
.9345
.9345
.9345
.9463
.9463
.9463
.9564
.9564
.9564
.9649
.9649
.9649
.9719
.9719
.9719
.9778
.9778
.9778
.9826
.9826
.9826
.9864
.9864
.9864
.9896
.9896
.9896
.9920
.9920
.9920
.9940
.9940
.9940
.9955
.9955
.9955
.9966
.9966
.9966
.9975
.9975
.9975
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
zzcc zc
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.645
1.645
1.645
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.575
2.575
2.575
.02
.02.02
.5080
.5080
.5080
.5478
.5478
.5478
.5871
.5871
.5871
.6255
.6255
.6255
.6628
.6628
.6628
.6985
.6985
.6985
.7324
.7324
.7324
.7642
.7642
.7642
.7939
.7939
.7939
.8212
.8212
.8212
.8461
.8461
.8461
.8686
.8686
.8686
.8888
.8888
.8888
.9066
.9066
.9066
.9222
.9222
.9222
.9357
.9357
.9357
.9474
.9474
.9474
.9573
.9573
.9573
.9656
.9656
.9656
.9726
.9726
.9726
.9783
.9783
.9783
.9830
.9830
.9830
.9868
.9868
.9868
.9898
.9898
.9898
.9922
.9922
.9922
.9941
.9941
.9941
.9956
.9956
.9956
.9967
.9967
.9967
.9976
.9976
.9976
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.03
.03.03
.5120
.5120
.5120
.5517
.5517
.5517
.5910
.5910
.5910
.6293
.6293
.6293
.6664
.6664
.6664
.7019
.7019
.7019
.7357
.7357
.7357
.7673
.7673
.7673
.7967
.7967
.7967
.8238
.8238
.8238
.8485
.8485
.8485
.8708
.8708
.8708
.8907
.8907
.8907
.9082
.9082
.9082
.9236
.9236
.9236
.9370
.9370
.9370
.9484
.9484
.9484
.9582
.9582
.9582
.9664
.9664
.9664
.9732
.9732
.9732
.9788
.9788
.9788
.9834
.9834
.9834
.9871
.9871
.9871
.9901
.9901
.9901
.9925
.9925
.9925
.9943
.9943
.9943
.9957
.9957
.9957
.9968
.9968
.9968
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9983
.9983
.9983
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.04
.04.04
.5160
.5160
.5160
.5557
.5557
.5557
.5948
.5948
.5948
.6331
.6331
.6331
.6700
.6700
.6700
.7054
.7054
.7054
.7389
.7389
.7389
.7704
.7704
.7704
.7995
.7995
.7995
.8264
.8264
.8264
.8508
.8508
.8508
.8729
.8729
.8729
.8925
.8925
.8925
.9099
.9099
.9099
.9251
.9251
.9251
.9382
.9382
.9382
.9495
.9495
.9495
.9591
.9591
.9591
.9671
.9671
.9671
.9738
.9738
.9738
.9793
.9793
.9793
.9838
.9838
.9838
.9875
.9875
.9875
.9904
.9904
.9904
.9927
.9927
.9927
.9945
.9945
.9945
.9959
.9959
.9959
.9969
.9969
.9969
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.05
.05.05
.5199
.5199
.5199
.5596
.5596
.5596
.5987
.5987
.5987
.6368
.6368
.6368
.6736
.6736
.6736
.7088
.7088
.7088
.7422
.7422
.7422
.7734
.7734
.7734
.8023
.8023
.8023
.8289
.8289
.8289
.8531
.8531
.8531
.8749
.8749
.8749
.8944
.8944
.8944
.9115
.9115
.9115
.9265
.9265
.9265
.9394
.9394
.9394
.9505
.9505
.9505
.9599
.9599
.9599
.9678
.9678
.9678
.9744
.9744
.9744
.9798
.9798
.9798
.9842
.9842
.9842
.9878
.9878
.9878
.9906
.9906
.9906
.9929
.9929
.9929
.9946
.9946
.9946
.9960
.9960
.9960
.9970
.9970
.9970
.9978
.9978
.9978
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.06
.06.06
.5239
.5239
.5239
.5636
.5636
.5636
.6026
.6026
.6026
.6406
.6406
.6406
.6772
.6772
.6772
.7123
.7123
.7123
.7454
.7454
.7454
.7764
.7764
.7764
.8051
.8051
.8051
.8315
.8315
.8315
.8554
.8554
.8554
.8770
.8770
.8770
.8962
.8962
.8962
.9131
.9131
.9131
.9279
.9279
.9279
.9406
.9406
.9406
.9515
.9515
.9515
.9608
.9608
.9608
.9686
.9686
.9686
.9750
.9750
.9750
.9803
.9803
.9803
.9846
.9846
.9846
.9881
.9881
.9881
.9909
.9909
.9909
.9931
.9931
.9931
.9948
.9948
.9948
.9961
.9961
.9961
.9971
.9971
.9971
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
cc c
z
zccz c
zz==0z0= 0
zzcc z c
c-confidence
c-confidence
interval
interval
c-confidence
interval
Critical
Critical
Values
Values
Critical
Values
cc c
Level
Level
of
ofConfidence
Confidence
Level
of
Confidence
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.99
tt
zz z
.07
.07.07
.5279
.5279
.5279
.5675
.5675
.5675
.6064
.6064
.6064
.6443
.6443
.6443
.6808
.6808
.6808
.7157
.7157
.7157
.7486
.7486
.7486
.7794
.7794
.7794
.8078
.8078
.8078
.8340
.8340
.8340
.8577
.8577
.8577
.8790
.8790
.8790
.8980
.8980
.8980
.9147
.9147
.9147
.9292
.9292
.9292
.9418
.9418
.9418
.9525
.9525
.9525
.9616
.9616
.9616
.9693
.9693
.9693
.9756
.9756
.9756
.9808
.9808
.9808
.9850
.9850
.9850
.9884
.9884
.9884
.9911
.9911
.9911
.9932
.9932
.9932
.9949
.9949
.9949
.9962
.9962
.9962
.9972
.9972
.9972
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.08
.08.08
.5319
.5319
.5319
.5714
.5714
.5714
.6103
.6103
.6103
.6480
.6480
.6480
.6844
.6844
.6844
.7190
.7190
.7190
.7517
.7517
.7517
.7823
.7823
.7823
.8106
.8106
.8106
.8365
.8365
.8365
.8599
.8599
.8599
.8810
.8810
.8810
.8997
.8997
.8997
.9162
.9162
.9162
.9306
.9306
.9306
.9429
.9429
.9429
.9535
.9535
.9535
.9625
.9625
.9625
.9699
.9699
.9699
.9761
.9761
.9761
.9812
.9812
.9812
.9854
.9854
.9854
.9887
.9887
.9887
.9913
.9913
.9913
.9934
.9934
.9934
.9951
.9951
.9951
.9963
.9963
.9963
.9973
.9973
.9973
.9980
.9980
.9980
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.09
.09.09
.5359
.5359
.5359
.5753
.5753
.5753
.6141
.6141
.6141
.6517
.6517
.6517
.6879
.6879
.6879
.7224
.7224
.7224
.7549
.7549
.7549
.7852
.7852
.7852
.8133
.8133
.8133
.8389
.8389
.8389
.8621
.8621
.8621
.8830
.8830
.8830
.9015
.9015
.9015
.9177
.9177
.9177
.9319
.9319
.9319
.9441
.9441
.9441
.9545
.9545
.9545
.9633
.9633
.9633
.9706
.9706
.9706
.9767
.9767
.9767
.9817
.9817
.9817
.9857
.9857
.9857
.9890
.9890
.9890
.9916
.9916
.9916
.9936
.9936
.9936
.9952
.9952
.9952
.9964
.9964
.9964
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.9998
.9998
.9998
d.f.
d.f.d.f.
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
10
1010
11
1111
12
1212
13
1313
14
1414
15
1515
16
1616
17
1717
18
1818
19
1919
20
2020
21
2121
22
2222
23
2323
24
2424
25
2525
26
2626
27
2727
28
2828
29
2929
q
qq
tt
tt
t
t t
Left-tailed
Left-tailed
test
test
Left-tailed
test
Level
Level
Level
of
of of
confidence,
confidence,
0.50
cc c 0.50
confidence,
0.50
One
One
tail,
tail,
0.25
0.25
AA A
One
tail,
0.25
Two
Two
tails,
tails,
0.50
AA A 0.50
Two
tails,
0.50
1.000
1.000
1.000
.816
.816
.816
.765
.765
.765
.741
.741
.741
.727
.727
.727
.718
.718
.718
.711
.711
.711
.706
.706
.706
.703
.703
.703
.700
.700
.700
.697
.697
.697
.695
.695
.695
.694
.694
.694
.692
.692
.692
.691
.691
.691
.690
.690
.690
.689
.689
.689
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.687
.687
.687
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.674
.674
.674
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.20
3.078
3.078
3.078
1.886
1.886
1.886
1.638
1.638
1.638
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.476
1.476
1.476
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.415
1.415
1.415
1.397
1.397
1.397
1.383
1.383
1.383
1.372
1.372
1.372
1.363
1.363
1.363
1.356
1.356
1.356
1.350
1.350
1.350
1.345
1.345
1.345
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.337
1.337
1.337
1.333
1.333
1.333
1.330
1.330
1.330
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.323
1.323
1.321
1.321
1.321
1.319
1.319
1.319
1.318
1.318
1.318
1.316
1.316
1.316
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.314
1.314
1.314
1.313
1.313
1.313
1.311
1.311
1.311
1.282
1.282
1.282

tt
Right-tailed
Right-tailed
test
test
Right-tailed
test
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.90 0.95
0.95 0.98
0.98 0.99
0.99
0.05
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.01
6.31412.706
12.70631.821
31.82163.657
63.657
6.314
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
2.920
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
2.920 4.303
4.303 6.965
6.965 9.925
9.925
2.353
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
2.353 3.182
3.182 4.541
4.541 5.841
5.841
2.132
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
2.132 2.776
2.776 3.747
3.747 4.604
4.604
2.015
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
2.015 2.571
2.571 3.365
3.365 4.032
4.032
1.943
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.943 2.447
2.447 3.143
3.143 3.707
3.707
1.895
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.895 2.365
2.365 2.998
2.998 3.499
3.499
1.860
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.860 2.306
2.306 2.896
2.896 3.355
3.355
1.833
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
1.833 2.262
2.262 2.821
2.821 3.250
3.250
1.812
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
1.812 2.228
2.228 2.764
2.764 3.169
3.169
1.796
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
1.796 2.201
2.201 2.718
2.718 3.106
3.106
1.782
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
1.782 2.179
2.179 2.681
2.681 3.055
3.055
1.771
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
1.771 2.160
2.160 2.650
2.650 3.012
3.012
1.761
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
1.761 2.145
2.145 2.624
2.624 2.977
2.977
1.753
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
1.753 2.131
2.131 2.602
2.602 2.947
2.947
1.746
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
1.746 2.120
2.120 2.583
2.583 2.921
2.921
1.740
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
1.740 2.110
2.110 2.567
2.567 2.898
2.898
1.734
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
1.734 2.101
2.101 2.552
2.552 2.878
2.878
1.729
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
1.729 2.093
2.093 2.539
2.539 2.861
2.861
1.725
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
1.725 2.086
2.086 2.528
2.528 2.845
2.845
1.721
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
1.721 2.080
2.080 2.518
2.518 2.831
2.831
1.717
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
1.717 2.074
2.074 2.508
2.508 2.819
2.819
1.714
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
1.714 2.069
2.069 2.500
2.500 2.807
2.807
1.711
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
1.711 2.064
2.064 2.492
2.492 2.797
2.797
1.708
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
1.708 2.060
2.060 2.485
2.485 2.787
2.787
1.706
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
1.706 2.056
2.056 2.479
2.479 2.779
2.779
1.703
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
1.703 2.052
2.052 2.473
2.473 2.771
2.771
1.701
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
1.701 2.048
2.048 2.467
2.467 2.763
2.763
1.699
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
1.699 2.045
2.045 2.462
2.462 2.756
2.756
1.645
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
1.645 1.960
1.960 2.326
2.326 2.576
2.576
tt
t
t t
11 1

22 2
tt
Two-tailed
Two-tailed
test
test
Two-tailed
test
tt
11 1

22 2
22 2
22 2
Degrees
Degrees
of
of of
Degrees
freedom
freedom
freedom
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
1010
10
1111
11
1212
12
1313
13
1414
14
1515
15
1616
16
1717
17
1818
18
1919
19
2020
20
2121
21
2222
22
2323
23
2424
24
2525
25
2626
26
2727
27
2828
28
2929
29
3030
30
4040
40
5050
50
6060
60
7070
70
8080
80
9090
90
100
100
100
22 2
LL
Right
tail
Right
tailtail
Right
11 1

22 2
22 2
RR
22 2
Two
tails
Two
tails
Two
tails
AA A
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.90
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.995 0.99
0.99 0.975
0.975 0.95
0.95 0.90
0.90 0.10
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.995
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.016
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
0.001 0.004
0.004 0.016
0.016 2.706
2.706 3.841
3.841 5.024
5.024 6.635
6.635 7.879
7.879
0.010
0.020
0.051
0.103
0.211
4.605
5.991
7.378
9.210
10.597
0.010 0.020
0.020 0.051
0.051 0.103
0.103 0.211
0.211 4.605
4.605 5.991
5.991 7.378
7.378 9.210
9.21010.597
10.597
0.010
0.072
0.115
0.216
0.352
0.584
6.251
7.815
9.348
11.345
12.838
0.072 0.115
0.115 0.216
0.216 0.352
0.352 0.584
0.584 6.251
6.251 7.815
7.815 9.348
9.34811.345
11.34512.838
12.838
0.072
0.207
0.297
0.484
0.711
1.064
7.779
9.488
11.143
13.277
14.860
0.207 0.297
0.297 0.484
0.484 0.711
0.711 1.064
1.064 7.779
7.779 9.488
9.48811.143
11.14313.277
13.27714.860
14.860
0.207
0.412
0.554
0.831
1.145
1.610
9.236
11.071
12.833
15.086
16.750
0.412 0.554
0.554 0.831
0.831 1.145
1.145 1.610
1.610 9.236
9.23611.071
11.07112.833
12.83315.086
15.08616.750
16.750
0.412
0.676
0.872
1.237
1.635
2.204
10.645
12.592
14.449
16.812
18.548
0.676 0.872
0.872 1.237
1.237 1.635
1.635 2.204
2.20410.645
10.64512.592
12.59214.449
14.44916.812
16.81218.548
18.548
0.676
0.989
1.239
1.690
2.167
2.833
12.017
14.067
16.013
18.475
20.278
0.989 1.239
1.239 1.690
1.690 2.167
2.167 2.833
2.83312.017
12.01714.067
14.06716.013
16.01318.475
18.47520.278
20.278
0.989
1.344
1.646
2.180
2.733
3.490
13.362
15.507
17.535
20.090
21.955
1.344 1.646
1.646 2.180
2.180 2.733
2.733 3.490
3.49013.362
13.36215.507
15.50717.535
17.53520.090
20.09021.955
21.955
1.344
1.735
2.088
2.700
3.325
4.168
14.684
16.919
19.023
21.666
23.589
1.735 2.088
2.088 2.700
2.700 3.325
3.325 4.168
4.16814.684
14.68416.919
16.91919.023
19.02321.666
21.66623.589
23.589
1.735
2.156
2.558
3.247
3.940
4.865
15.987
18.307
20.483
23.209
25.188
2.156 2.558
2.558 3.247
3.247 3.940
3.940 4.865
4.86515.987
15.98718.307
18.30720.483
20.48323.209
23.20925.188
25.188
2.156
2.603
3.053
3.816
4.575
5.578
17.275
19.675
21.920
24.725
26.757
2.603 3.053
3.053 3.816
3.816 4.575
4.575 5.578
5.57817.275
17.27519.675
19.67521.920
21.92024.725
24.72526.757
26.757
2.603
3.074
3.571
4.404
5.226
6.304
18.549
21.026
23.337
26.217
28.299
3.074 3.571
3.571 4.404
4.404 5.226
5.226 6.304
6.30418.549
18.54921.026
21.02623.337
23.33726.217
26.21728.299
28.299
3.074
3.565
4.107
5.009
5.892
7.042
19.812
22.362
24.736
27.688
29.819
3.565 4.107
4.107 5.009
5.009 5.892
5.892 7.042
7.04219.812
19.81222.362
22.36224.736
24.73627.688
27.68829.819
29.819
3.565
4.075
4.660
5.629
6.571
7.790
21.064
23.685
26.119
29.141
31.319
4.075 4.660
4.660 5.629
5.629 6.571
6.571 7.790
7.79021.064
21.06423.685
23.68526.119
26.11929.141
29.14131.319
31.319
4.075
4.601
5.229
6.262
7.261
8.547
22.307
24.996
27.488
30.578
32.801
4.601 5.229
5.229 6.262
6.262 7.261
7.261 8.547
8.54722.307
22.30724.996
24.99627.488
27.48830.578
30.57832.801
32.801
4.601
5.142
5.812
6.908
7.962
9.312
23.542
26.296
28.845
32.000
34.267
5.142 5.812
5.812 6.908
6.908 7.962
7.962 9.312
9.31223.542
23.54226.296
26.29628.845
28.84532.000
32.00034.267
34.267
5.142
5.697
6.408
7.564
8.672
10.085
24.769
27.587
30.191
33.409
35.718
5.697 6.408
6.408 7.564
7.564 8.672
8.67210.085
10.08524.769
24.76927.587
27.58730.191
30.19133.409
33.40935.718
35.718
5.697
6.265
7.015
8.231
9.390
10.865
25.989
28.869
31.526
34.805
37.156
6.265 7.015
7.015 8.231
8.231 9.390
9.39010.865
10.86525.989
25.98928.869
28.86931.526
31.52634.805
34.80537.156
37.156
6.265
6.844
7.633
8.907
10.117
11.651
27.204
30.144
32.852
36.191
38.582
6.844 7.633
7.633 8.907
8.90710.117
10.11711.651
11.65127.204
27.20430.144
30.14432.852
32.85236.191
36.19138.582
38.582
6.844
7.434
8.260
9.591
10.851
12.443
28.412
31.410
34.170
37.566
39.997
7.434 8.260
8.260 9.591
9.59110.851
10.85112.443
12.44328.412
28.41231.410
31.41034.170
34.17037.566
37.56639.997
39.997
7.434
8.034
8.897
10.283
11.591
13.240
29.615
32.671
35.479
38.932
41.401
8.034 8.897
8.89710.283
10.28311.591
11.59113.240
13.24029.615
29.61532.671
32.67135.479
35.47938.932
38.93241.401
41.401
8.034
8.643
9.542
10.982
12.338
14.042
30.813
33.924
36.781
40.289
42.796
8.643 9.542
9.54210.982
10.98212.338
12.33814.042
14.04230.813
30.81333.924
33.92436.781
36.78140.289
40.28942.796
42.796
8.643
9.260
9.26010.196
10.196
10.19611.689
11.689
11.68913.091
13.091
13.09114.848
14.848
14.84832.007
32.007
32.00735.172
35.172
35.17238.076
38.076
38.07641.638
41.638
41.63844.181
44.181
44.181
9.260
9.886
10.856
12.401
13.848
15.659
33.196
36.415
39.364
42.980
45.559
9.88610.856
10.85612.401
12.40113.848
13.84815.659
15.65933.196
33.19636.415
36.41539.364
39.36442.980
42.98045.559
45.559
9.886
10.520
11.524
13.120
14.611
16.473
34.382
37.652
40.646
44.314
46.928
10.52011.524
11.52413.120
13.12014.611
14.61116.473
16.47334.382
34.38237.652
37.65240.646
40.64644.314
44.31446.928
46.928
10.520
11.160
12.198
13.844
15.379
17.292
35.563
38.885
41.923
45.642
48.290
11.16012.198
12.19813.844
13.84415.379
15.37917.292
17.29235.563
35.56338.885
38.88541.923
41.92345.642
45.64248.290
48.290
11.160
11.808
12.879
14.573
16.151
18.114
36.741
40.113
43.194
46.963
49.645
11.80812.879
12.87914.573
14.57316.151
16.15118.114
18.11436.741
36.74140.113
40.11343.194
43.19446.963
46.96349.645
49.645
11.808
12.461
13.565
15.308
16.928
18.939
37.916
41.337
44.461
48.278
50.993
12.46113.565
13.56515.308
15.30816.928
16.92818.939
18.93937.916
37.91641.337
41.33744.461
44.46148.278
48.27850.993
50.993
12.461
13.121
13.12114.257
14.257
14.25716.047
16.047
16.04717.708
17.708
17.70819.768
19.768
19.76839.087
39.087
39.08742.557
42.557
42.55745.722
45.722
45.72249.588
49.588
49.58852.336
52.336
52.336
13.121
13.787
14.954
16.791
18.493
20.599
40.256
43.773
46.979
50.892
53.672
13.78714.954
14.95416.791
16.79118.493
18.49320.599
20.59940.256
40.25643.773
43.77346.979
46.97950.892
50.89253.672
53.672
13.787
20.707
22.164
24.433
26.509
29.051
51.805
55.758
59.342
63.691
66.766
20.70722.164
22.16424.433
24.43326.509
26.50929.051
29.05151.805
51.80555.758
55.75859.342
59.34263.691
63.69166.766
66.766
20.707
27.991
29.707
32.357
34.764
37.689
63.167
67.505
71.420
76.154
79.490
27.99129.707
29.70732.357
32.35734.764
34.76437.689
37.68963.167
63.16767.505
67.50571.420
71.42076.154
76.15479.490
79.490
27.991
35.534
37.485
40.482
43.188
46.459
74.397
79.082
83.298
88.379
91.952
35.53437.485
37.48540.482
40.48243.188
43.18846.459
46.45974.397
74.39779.082
79.08283.298
83.29888.379
88.37991.952
91.952
35.534
43.275
45.442
48.758
51.739
55.329
85.527
90.531
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.27545.442
45.44248.758
48.75851.739
51.73955.329
55.32985.527
85.52790.531
90.53195.023
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.275
100.425
104.215
51.172
51.17253.540
53.540
53.54057.153
57.153
57.15360.391
60.391
60.39164.278
64.278
64.27896.578
96.578
96.578
101.879
101.879
106.629
106.629
112.329
112.329
116.321
116.321
51.172
101.879
106.629
112.329
116.321
59.196
59.19661.754
61.754
61.75465.647
65.647
65.64769.126
69.126
69.12673.291
73.291
73.291
107.565
107.565
113.145
113.145
118.136
118.136
124.116
124.116
128.299
128.299
59.196
107.565
113.145
118.136
124.116
128.299
67.328
70.065
74.222
77.929
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.32870.065
70.06574.222
74.22277.929
77.92982.358
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.328
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
41831S4_INS
p5-8
AM
11 1
41831S4_INS
p5-8
11/8/07
10:03
AMAMPage
Page
41831S4_INS
p5-811/8/07
11/8/0710:03
10:03
Page
Table
Table
44
4
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
(continued)
(continued)
Table
Standard
Normal
Distribution
(continued)
Table
Table
44
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
Table
4
Standard
Normal
Distribution
Table
Table
Table
6
6
6
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
11 1

22 2
zz z
zz z
.09
.09.09
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0036
.0036
.0036
.0048
.0048
.0048
.0064
.0064
.0064
.0084
.0084
.0084
.0110
.0110
.0110
.0143
.0143
.0143
.0183
.0183
.0183
.0233
.0233
.0233
.0294
.0294
.0294
.0367
.0367
.0367
.0455
.0455
.0455
.0559
.0559
.0559
.0681
.0681
.0681
.0823
.0823
.0823
.0985
.0985
.0985
.1170
.1170
.1170
.1379
.1379
.1379
.1611
.1611
.1611
.1867
.1867
.1867
.2148
.2148
.2148
.2451
.2451
.2451
.2776
.2776
.2776
.3121
.3121
.3121
.3483
.3483
.3483
.3859
.3859
.3859
.4247
.4247
.4247
.4641
.4641
.4641
t
t t
00 0 zz z
zz z 00 0
zz z
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table
Table
Table
5
5
5
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
.08
.08.08
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0020
.0020
.0020
.0027
.0027
.0027
.0037
.0037
.0037
.0049
.0049
.0049
.0066
.0066
.0066
.0087
.0087
.0087
.0113
.0113
.0113
.0146
.0146
.0146
.0188
.0188
.0188
.0239
.0239
.0239
.0301
.0301
.0301
.0375
.0375
.0375
.0465
.0465
.0465
.0571
.0571
.0571
.0694
.0694
.0694
.0838
.0838
.0838
.1003
.1003
.1003
.1190
.1190
.1190
.1401
.1401
.1401
.1635
.1635
.1635
.1894
.1894
.1894
.2177
.2177
.2177
.2483
.2483
.2483
.2810
.2810
.2810
.3156
.3156
.3156
.3520
.3520
.3520
.3897
.3897
.3897
.4286
.4286
.4286
.4681
.4681
.4681
.07
.07.07
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0028
.0028
.0028
.0038
.0038
.0038
.0051
.0051
.0051
.0068
.0068
.0068
.0089
.0089
.0089
.0116
.0116
.0116
.0150
.0150
.0150
.0192
.0192
.0192
.0244
.0244
.0244
.0307
.0307
.0307
.0384
.0384
.0384
.0475
.0475
.0475
.0582
.0582
.0582
.0708
.0708
.0708
.0853
.0853
.0853
.1020
.1020
.1020
.1210
.1210
.1210
.1423
.1423
.1423
.1660
.1660
.1660
.1922
.1922
.1922
.2206
.2206
.2206
.2514
.2514
.2514
.2843
.2843
.2843
.3192
.3192
.3192
.3557
.3557
.3557
.3936
.3936
.3936
.4325
.4325
.4325
.4721
.4721
.4721
.06
.06.06
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0029
.0029
.0029
.0039
.0039
.0039
.0052
.0052
.0052
.0069
.0069
.0069
.0091
.0091
.0091
.0119
.0119
.0119
.0154
.0154
.0154
.0197
.0197
.0197
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0314
.0314
.0314
.0392
.0392
.0392
.0485
.0485
.0485
.0594
.0594
.0594
.0721
.0721
.0721
.0869
.0869
.0869
.1038
.1038
.1038
.1230
.1230
.1230
.1446
.1446
.1446
.1685
.1685
.1685
.1949
.1949
.1949
.2236
.2236
.2236
.2546
.2546
.2546
.2877
.2877
.2877
.3228
.3228
.3228
.3594
.3594
.3594
.3974
.3974
.3974
.4364
.4364
.4364
.4761
.4761
.4761
.05
.05.05
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0016
.0016
.0016
.0022
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0030
.0030
.0040
.0040
.0040
.0054
.0054
.0054
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0094
.0094
.0094
.0122
.0122
.0122
.0158
.0158
.0158
.0202
.0202
.0202
.0256
.0256
.0256
.0322
.0322
.0322
.0401
.0401
.0401
.0495
.0495
.0495
.0606
.0606
.0606
.0735
.0735
.0735
.0885
.0885
.0885
.1056
.1056
.1056
.1251
.1251
.1251
.1469
.1469
.1469
.1711
.1711
.1711
.1977
.1977
.1977
.2266
.2266
.2266
.2578
.2578
.2578
.2912
.2912
.2912
.3264
.3264
.3264
.3632
.3632
.3632
.4013
.4013
.4013
.4404
.4404
.4404
.4801
.4801
.4801
.04
.04.04 .03
.03.03
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0003 .0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0004 .0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0006 .0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0009
.0008 .0009
.0009
.0012
.0012
.0012
.0012 .0012
.0012
.0016
.0016
.0017
.0016 .0017
.0017
.0023
.0023
.0023
.0023 .0023
.0023
.0031
.0031
.0032
.0031 .0032
.0032
.0041
.0043
.0041
.0041 .0043
.0043
.0055
.0055
.0057
.0055 .0057
.0057
.0073
.0075
.0073
.0073 .0075
.0075
.0096
.0096
.0099
.0096 .0099
.0099
.0125
.0129
.0125
.0125 .0129
.0129
.0162
.0162
.0166
.0162 .0166
.0166
.0207
.0212
.0207
.0207 .0212
.0212
.0262
.0262
.0268
.0262 .0268
.0268
.0329
.0336
.0329
.0329 .0336
.0336
.0409
.0409
.0418
.0409 .0418
.0418
.0505
.0516
.0505
.0505 .0516
.0516
.0618
.0618
.0630
.0618 .0630
.0630
.0749
.0764
.0749
.0749 .0764
.0764
.0901
.0901
.0918
.0901 .0918
.0918
.1075
.1093
.1075
.1075 .1093
.1093
.1271
.1271
.1292
.1271 .1292
.1292
.1492
.1515
.1492
.1492 .1515
.1515
.1736
.1736
.1762
.1736 .1762
.1762
.2005
.2033
.2005
.2005 .2033
.2033
.2296
.2296
.2327
.2296 .2327
.2327
.2611
.2643
.2611
.2611 .2643
.2643
.2946
.2946
.2981
.2946 .2981
.2981
.3300
.3336
.3300
.3300 .3336
.3336
.3669
.3669
.3707
.3669 .3707
.3707
.4052
.4090
.4052
.4052 .4090
.4090
.4443
.4443
.4483
.4443 .4483
.4483
.4840
.4840
.4880
.4840 .4880
.4880
Critical
Critical
Values
Values
Critical
Values
cc c
Level
Level
of
ofConfidence
Confidence
Level
of
Confidence
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.99
zzcc zc
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.645
1.645
1.645
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.575
2.575
2.575
.02
.02.02
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0024
.0024
.0024
.0033
.0033
.0033
.0044
.0044
.0044
.0059
.0059
.0059
.0078
.0078
.0078
.0102
.0102
.0102
.0132
.0132
.0132
.0170
.0170
.0170
.0217
.0217
.0217
.0274
.0274
.0274
.0344
.0344
.0344
.0427
.0427
.0427
.0526
.0526
.0526
.0643
.0643
.0643
.0778
.0778
.0778
.0934
.0934
.0934
.1112
.1112
.1112
.1314
.1314
.1314
.1539
.1539
.1539
.1788
.1788
.1788
.2061
.2061
.2061
.2358
.2358
.2358
.2676
.2676
.2676
.3015
.3015
.3015
.3372
.3372
.3372
.3745
.3745
.3745
.4129
.4129
.4129
.4522
.4522
.4522
.4920
.4920
.4920
.01
.01.01
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0025
.0025
.0025
.0034
.0034
.0034
.0045
.0045
.0045
.0060
.0060
.0060
.0080
.0080
.0080
.0104
.0104
.0104
.0136
.0136
.0136
.0174
.0174
.0174
.0222
.0222
.0222
.0281
.0281
.0281
.0351
.0351
.0351
.0436
.0436
.0436
.0537
.0537
.0537
.0655
.0655
.0655
.0793
.0793
.0793
.0951
.0951
.0951
.1131
.1131
.1131
.1335
.1335
.1335
.1562
.1562
.1562
.1814
.1814
.1814
.2090
.2090
.2090
.2389
.2389
.2389
.2709
.2709
.2709
.3050
.3050
.3050
.3409
.3409
.3409
.3783
.3783
.3783
.4168
.4168
.4168
.4562
.4562
.4562
.4960
.4960
.4960
.00
.00.00
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0035
.0035
.0035
.0047
.0047
.0047
.0062
.0062
.0062
.0082
.0082
.0082
.0107
.0107
.0107
.0139
.0139
.0139
.0179
.0179
.0179
.0228
.0228
.0228
.0287
.0287
.0287
.0359
.0359
.0359
.0446
.0446
.0446
.0548
.0548
.0548
.0668
.0668
.0668
.0808
.0808
.0808
.0968
.0968
.0968
.1151
.1151
.1151
.1357
.1357
.1357
.1587
.1587
.1587
.1841
.1841
.1841
.2119
.2119
.2119
.2420
.2420
.2420
.2743
.2743
.2743
.3085
.3085
.3085
.3446
.3446
.3446
.3821
.3821
.3821
.4207
.4207
.4207
.4602
.4602
.4602
.5000
.5000
.5000
zz z
0.0
0.00.0
0.1
0.10.1
0.20.2
0.2
0.3
0.30.3
0.40.4
0.4
0.5
0.50.5
0.60.6
0.6
0.7
0.70.7
0.80.8
0.8
0.9
0.90.9
1.01.0
1.0
1.1
1.11.1
1.21.2
1.2
1.3
1.31.3
1.41.4
1.4
1.5
1.51.5
1.61.6
1.6
1.7
1.71.7
1.81.8
1.8
1.9
1.91.9
2.02.0
2.0
2.1
2.12.1
2.22.2
2.2
2.3
2.32.3
2.42.4
2.4
2.5
2.52.5
2.62.6
2.6
2.7
2.72.7
2.82.8
2.8
2.9
2.92.9
3.03.0
3.0
3.1
3.13.1
3.23.2
3.2
3.3
3.33.3
3.4
3.43.4
.00
.00.00
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5398
.5398
.5398
.5793
.5793
.5793
.6179
.6179
.6179
.6554
.6554
.6554
.6915
.6915
.6915
.7257
.7257
.7257
.7580
.7580
.7580
.7881
.7881
.7881
.8159
.8159
.8159
.8413
.8413
.8413
.8643
.8643
.8643
.8849
.8849
.8849
.9032
.9032
.9032
.9192
.9192
.9192
.9332
.9332
.9332
.9452
.9452
.9452
.9554
.9554
.9554
.9641
.9641
.9641
.9713
.9713
.9713
.9772
.9772
.9772
.9821
.9821
.9821
.9861
.9861
.9861
.9893
.9893
.9893
.9918
.9918
.9918
.9938
.9938
.9938
.9953
.9953
.9953
.9965
.9965
.9965
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.01
.01.01
.5040
.5040
.5040
.5438
.5438
.5438
.5832
.5832
.5832
.6217
.6217
.6217
.6591
.6591
.6591
.6950
.6950
.6950
.7291
.7291
.7291
.7611
.7611
.7611
.7910
.7910
.7910
.8186
.8186
.8186
.8438
.8438
.8438
.8665
.8665
.8665
.8869
.8869
.8869
.9049
.9049
.9049
.9207
.9207
.9207
.9345
.9345
.9345
.9463
.9463
.9463
.9564
.9564
.9564
.9649
.9649
.9649
.9719
.9719
.9719
.9778
.9778
.9778
.9826
.9826
.9826
.9864
.9864
.9864
.9896
.9896
.9896
.9920
.9920
.9920
.9940
.9940
.9940
.9955
.9955
.9955
.9966
.9966
.9966
.9975
.9975
.9975
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
tt
c-confidence
c-confidence
interval
interval
c-confidence
interval
.02
.02.02
.5080
.5080
.5080
.5478
.5478
.5478
.5871
.5871
.5871
.6255
.6255
.6255
.6628
.6628
.6628
.6985
.6985
.6985
.7324
.7324
.7324
.7642
.7642
.7642
.7939
.7939
.7939
.8212
.8212
.8212
.8461
.8461
.8461
.8686
.8686
.8686
.8888
.8888
.8888
.9066
.9066
.9066
.9222
.9222
.9222
.9357
.9357
.9357
.9474
.9474
.9474
.9573
.9573
.9573
.9656
.9656
.9656
.9726
.9726
.9726
.9783
.9783
.9783
.9830
.9830
.9830
.9868
.9868
.9868
.9898
.9898
.9898
.9922
.9922
.9922
.9941
.9941
.9941
.9956
.9956
.9956
.9967
.9967
.9967
.9976
.9976
.9976
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.03
.03.03
.5120
.5120
.5120
.5517
.5517
.5517
.5910
.5910
.5910
.6293
.6293
.6293
.6664
.6664
.6664
.7019
.7019
.7019
.7357
.7357
.7357
.7673
.7673
.7673
.7967
.7967
.7967
.8238
.8238
.8238
.8485
.8485
.8485
.8708
.8708
.8708
.8907
.8907
.8907
.9082
.9082
.9082
.9236
.9236
.9236
.9370
.9370
.9370
.9484
.9484
.9484
.9582
.9582
.9582
.9664
.9664
.9664
.9732
.9732
.9732
.9788
.9788
.9788
.9834
.9834
.9834
.9871
.9871
.9871
.9901
.9901
.9901
.9925
.9925
.9925
.9943
.9943
.9943
.9957
.9957
.9957
.9968
.9968
.9968
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9983
.9983
.9983
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.04
.04.04
.5160
.5160
.5160
.5557
.5557
.5557
.5948
.5948
.5948
.6331
.6331
.6331
.6700
.6700
.6700
.7054
.7054
.7054
.7389
.7389
.7389
.7704
.7704
.7704
.7995
.7995
.7995
.8264
.8264
.8264
.8508
.8508
.8508
.8729
.8729
.8729
.8925
.8925
.8925
.9099
.9099
.9099
.9251
.9251
.9251
.9382
.9382
.9382
.9495
.9495
.9495
.9591
.9591
.9591
.9671
.9671
.9671
.9738
.9738
.9738
.9793
.9793
.9793
.9838
.9838
.9838
.9875
.9875
.9875
.9904
.9904
.9904
.9927
.9927
.9927
.9945
.9945
.9945
.9959
.9959
.9959
.9969
.9969
.9969
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.05
.05.05
.5199
.5199
.5199
.5596
.5596
.5596
.5987
.5987
.5987
.6368
.6368
.6368
.6736
.6736
.6736
.7088
.7088
.7088
.7422
.7422
.7422
.7734
.7734
.7734
.8023
.8023
.8023
.8289
.8289
.8289
.8531
.8531
.8531
.8749
.8749
.8749
.8944
.8944
.8944
.9115
.9115
.9115
.9265
.9265
.9265
.9394
.9394
.9394
.9505
.9505
.9505
.9599
.9599
.9599
.9678
.9678
.9678
.9744
.9744
.9744
.9798
.9798
.9798
.9842
.9842
.9842
.9878
.9878
.9878
.9906
.9906
.9906
.9929
.9929
.9929
.9946
.9946
.9946
.9960
.9960
.9960
.9970
.9970
.9970
.9978
.9978
.9978
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.06
.06.06
.5239
.5239
.5239
.5636
.5636
.5636
.6026
.6026
.6026
.6406
.6406
.6406
.6772
.6772
.6772
.7123
.7123
.7123
.7454
.7454
.7454
.7764
.7764
.7764
.8051
.8051
.8051
.8315
.8315
.8315
.8554
.8554
.8554
.8770
.8770
.8770
.8962
.8962
.8962
.9131
.9131
.9131
.9279
.9279
.9279
.9406
.9406
.9406
.9515
.9515
.9515
.9608
.9608
.9608
.9686
.9686
.9686
.9750
.9750
.9750
.9803
.9803
.9803
.9846
.9846
.9846
.9881
.9881
.9881
.9909
.9909
.9909
.9931
.9931
.9931
.9948
.9948
.9948
.9961
.9961
.9961
.9971
.9971
.9971
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.07
.07.07
.5279
.5279
.5279
.5675
.5675
.5675
.6064
.6064
.6064
.6443
.6443
.6443
.6808
.6808
.6808
.7157
.7157
.7157
.7486
.7486
.7486
.7794
.7794
.7794
.8078
.8078
.8078
.8340
.8340
.8340
.8577
.8577
.8577
.8790
.8790
.8790
.8980
.8980
.8980
.9147
.9147
.9147
.9292
.9292
.9292
.9418
.9418
.9418
.9525
.9525
.9525
.9616
.9616
.9616
.9693
.9693
.9693
.9756
.9756
.9756
.9808
.9808
.9808
.9850
.9850
.9850
.9884
.9884
.9884
.9911
.9911
.9911
.9932
.9932
.9932
.9949
.9949
.9949
.9962
.9962
.9962
.9972
.9972
.9972
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.08
.08.08
.5319
.5319
.5319
.5714
.5714
.5714
.6103
.6103
.6103
.6480
.6480
.6480
.6844
.6844
.6844
.7190
.7190
.7190
.7517
.7517
.7517
.7823
.7823
.7823
.8106
.8106
.8106
.8365
.8365
.8365
.8599
.8599
.8599
.8810
.8810
.8810
.8997
.8997
.8997
.9162
.9162
.9162
.9306
.9306
.9306
.9429
.9429
.9429
.9535
.9535
.9535
.9625
.9625
.9625
.9699
.9699
.9699
.9761
.9761
.9761
.9812
.9812
.9812
.9854
.9854
.9854
.9887
.9887
.9887
.9913
.9913
.9913
.9934
.9934
.9934
.9951
.9951
.9951
.9963
.9963
.9963
.9973
.9973
.9973
.9980
.9980
.9980
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.09
.09.09
.5359
.5359
.5359
.5753
.5753
.5753
.6141
.6141
.6141
.6517
.6517
.6517
.6879
.6879
.6879
.7224
.7224
.7224
.7549
.7549
.7549
.7852
.7852
.7852
.8133
.8133
.8133
.8389
.8389
.8389
.8621
.8621
.8621
.8830
.8830
.8830
.9015
.9015
.9015
.9177
.9177
.9177
.9319
.9319
.9319
.9441
.9441
.9441
.9545
.9545
.9545
.9633
.9633
.9633
.9706
.9706
.9706
.9767
.9767
.9767
.9817
.9817
.9817
.9857
.9857
.9857
.9890
.9890
.9890
.9916
.9916
.9916
.9936
.9936
.9936
.9952
.9952
.9952
.9964
.9964
.9964
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.9998
.9998
.9998
d.f.
d.f.d.f.
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
10
1010
11
1111
12
1212
13
1313
14
1414
15
1515
16
1616
17
1717
18
1818
19
1919
20
2020
21
2121
22
2222
23
2323
24
2424
25
2525
26
2626
27
2727
28
2828
29
2929
q
qq
tt
tt
t
t t
Left-tailed
Left-tailed
test
test
Left-tailed
test
Level
Level
Level
of
of of
confidence,
confidence,
0.50
cc c 0.50
confidence,
0.50
One
One
tail,
tail,
0.25
0.25
AA A
One
tail,
0.25
Two
Two
tails,
tails,
0.50
AA A 0.50
Two
tails,
0.50
1.000
1.000
1.000
.816
.816
.816
.765
.765
.765
.741
.741
.741
.727
.727
.727
.718
.718
.718
.711
.711
.711
.706
.706
.706
.703
.703
.703
.700
.700
.700
.697
.697
.697
.695
.695
.695
.694
.694
.694
.692
.692
.692
.691
.691
.691
.690
.690
.690
.689
.689
.689
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.687
.687
.687
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.674
.674
.674
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.20
3.078
3.078
3.078
1.886
1.886
1.886
1.638
1.638
1.638
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.476
1.476
1.476
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.415
1.415
1.415
1.397
1.397
1.397
1.383
1.383
1.383
1.372
1.372
1.372
1.363
1.363
1.363
1.356
1.356
1.356
1.350
1.350
1.350
1.345
1.345
1.345
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.337
1.337
1.337
1.333
1.333
1.333
1.330
1.330
1.330
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.323
1.323
1.321
1.321
1.321
1.319
1.319
1.319
1.318
1.318
1.318
1.316
1.316
1.316
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.314
1.314
1.314
1.313
1.313
1.313
1.311
1.311
1.311
1.282
1.282
1.282

tt
Right-tailed
Right-tailed
test
test
Right-tailed
test
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.90 0.95
0.95 0.98
0.98 0.99
0.99
0.05
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.01
6.31412.706
12.70631.821
31.82163.657
63.657
6.314
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
2.920
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
2.920 4.303
4.303 6.965
6.965 9.925
9.925
2.353
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
2.353 3.182
3.182 4.541
4.541 5.841
5.841
2.132
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
2.132 2.776
2.776 3.747
3.747 4.604
4.604
2.015
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
2.015 2.571
2.571 3.365
3.365 4.032
4.032
1.943
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.943 2.447
2.447 3.143
3.143 3.707
3.707
1.895
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.895 2.365
2.365 2.998
2.998 3.499
3.499
1.860
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.860 2.306
2.306 2.896
2.896 3.355
3.355
1.833
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
1.833 2.262
2.262 2.821
2.821 3.250
3.250
1.812
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
1.812 2.228
2.228 2.764
2.764 3.169
3.169
1.796
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
1.796 2.201
2.201 2.718
2.718 3.106
3.106
1.782
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
1.782 2.179
2.179 2.681
2.681 3.055
3.055
1.771
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
1.771 2.160
2.160 2.650
2.650 3.012
3.012
1.761
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
1.761 2.145
2.145 2.624
2.624 2.977
2.977
1.753
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
1.753 2.131
2.131 2.602
2.602 2.947
2.947
1.746
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
1.746 2.120
2.120 2.583
2.583 2.921
2.921
1.740
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
1.740 2.110
2.110 2.567
2.567 2.898
2.898
1.734
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
1.734 2.101
2.101 2.552
2.552 2.878
2.878
1.729
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
1.729 2.093
2.093 2.539
2.539 2.861
2.861
1.725
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
1.725 2.086
2.086 2.528
2.528 2.845
2.845
1.721
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
1.721 2.080
2.080 2.518
2.518 2.831
2.831
1.717
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
1.717 2.074
2.074 2.508
2.508 2.819
2.819
1.714
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
1.714 2.069
2.069 2.500
2.500 2.807
2.807
1.711
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
1.711 2.064
2.064 2.492
2.492 2.797
2.797
1.708
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
1.708 2.060
2.060 2.485
2.485 2.787
2.787
1.706
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
1.706 2.056
2.056 2.479
2.479 2.779
2.779
1.703
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
1.703 2.052
2.052 2.473
2.473 2.771
2.771
1.701
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
1.701 2.048
2.048 2.467
2.467 2.763
2.763
1.699
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
1.699 2.045
2.045 2.462
2.462 2.756
2.756
1.645
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
1.645 1.960
1.960 2.326
2.326 2.576
2.576
cc c
z
zccz c
zz==0z0= 0
zzcc z c
zz z
tt
t
t t
11 1

22 2
tt
Two-tailed
Two-tailed
test
test
Two-tailed
test
tt
11 1

22 2
22 2
22 2
Degrees
Degrees
of
of of
Degrees
freedom
freedom
freedom
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
1010
10
1111
11
1212
12
1313
13
1414
14
1515
15
1616
16
1717
17
1818
18
1919
19
2020
20
2121
21
2222
22
2323
23
2424
24
2525
25
2626
26
2727
27
2828
28
2929
29
3030
30
4040
40
5050
50
6060
60
7070
70
8080
80
9090
90
100
100
100
22 2
LL
Right
tail
Right
tailtail
Right
11 1

22 2
22 2
RR
22 2
Two
tails
Two
tails
Two
tails
AA A
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.90
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.995 0.99
0.99 0.975
0.975 0.95
0.95 0.90
0.90 0.10
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.995
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.016
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
0.001 0.004
0.004 0.016
0.016 2.706
2.706 3.841
3.841 5.024
5.024 6.635
6.635 7.879
7.879
0.010
0.020
0.051
0.103
0.211
4.605
5.991
7.378
9.210
10.597
0.010 0.020
0.020 0.051
0.051 0.103
0.103 0.211
0.211 4.605
4.605 5.991
5.991 7.378
7.378 9.210
9.21010.597
10.597
0.010
0.072
0.115
0.216
0.352
0.584
6.251
7.815
9.348
11.345
12.838
0.072 0.115
0.115 0.216
0.216 0.352
0.352 0.584
0.584 6.251
6.251 7.815
7.815 9.348
9.34811.345
11.34512.838
12.838
0.072
0.207
0.297
0.484
0.711
1.064
7.779
9.488
11.143
13.277
14.860
0.207 0.297
0.297 0.484
0.484 0.711
0.711 1.064
1.064 7.779
7.779 9.488
9.48811.143
11.14313.277
13.27714.860
14.860
0.207
0.412
0.554
0.831
1.145
1.610
9.236
11.071
12.833
15.086
16.750
0.412 0.554
0.554 0.831
0.831 1.145
1.145 1.610
1.610 9.236
9.23611.071
11.07112.833
12.83315.086
15.08616.750
16.750
0.412
0.676
0.872
1.237
1.635
2.204
10.645
12.592
14.449
16.812
18.548
0.676 0.872
0.872 1.237
1.237 1.635
1.635 2.204
2.20410.645
10.64512.592
12.59214.449
14.44916.812
16.81218.548
18.548
0.676
0.989
1.239
1.690
2.167
2.833
12.017
14.067
16.013
18.475
20.278
0.989 1.239
1.239 1.690
1.690 2.167
2.167 2.833
2.83312.017
12.01714.067
14.06716.013
16.01318.475
18.47520.278
20.278
0.989
1.344
1.646
2.180
2.733
3.490
13.362
15.507
17.535
20.090
21.955
1.344 1.646
1.646 2.180
2.180 2.733
2.733 3.490
3.49013.362
13.36215.507
15.50717.535
17.53520.090
20.09021.955
21.955
1.344
1.735
2.088
2.700
3.325
4.168
14.684
16.919
19.023
21.666
23.589
1.735 2.088
2.088 2.700
2.700 3.325
3.325 4.168
4.16814.684
14.68416.919
16.91919.023
19.02321.666
21.66623.589
23.589
1.735
2.156
2.558
3.247
3.940
4.865
15.987
18.307
20.483
23.209
25.188
2.156 2.558
2.558 3.247
3.247 3.940
3.940 4.865
4.86515.987
15.98718.307
18.30720.483
20.48323.209
23.20925.188
25.188
2.156
2.603
3.053
3.816
4.575
5.578
17.275
19.675
21.920
24.725
26.757
2.603 3.053
3.053 3.816
3.816 4.575
4.575 5.578
5.57817.275
17.27519.675
19.67521.920
21.92024.725
24.72526.757
26.757
2.603
3.074
3.571
4.404
5.226
6.304
18.549
21.026
23.337
26.217
28.299
3.074 3.571
3.571 4.404
4.404 5.226
5.226 6.304
6.30418.549
18.54921.026
21.02623.337
23.33726.217
26.21728.299
28.299
3.074
3.565
4.107
5.009
5.892
7.042
19.812
22.362
24.736
27.688
29.819
3.565 4.107
4.107 5.009
5.009 5.892
5.892 7.042
7.04219.812
19.81222.362
22.36224.736
24.73627.688
27.68829.819
29.819
3.565
4.075
4.660
5.629
6.571
7.790
21.064
23.685
26.119
29.141
31.319
4.075 4.660
4.660 5.629
5.629 6.571
6.571 7.790
7.79021.064
21.06423.685
23.68526.119
26.11929.141
29.14131.319
31.319
4.075
4.601
5.229
6.262
7.261
8.547
22.307
24.996
27.488
30.578
32.801
4.601 5.229
5.229 6.262
6.262 7.261
7.261 8.547
8.54722.307
22.30724.996
24.99627.488
27.48830.578
30.57832.801
32.801
4.601
5.142
5.812
6.908
7.962
9.312
23.542
26.296
28.845
32.000
34.267
5.142 5.812
5.812 6.908
6.908 7.962
7.962 9.312
9.31223.542
23.54226.296
26.29628.845
28.84532.000
32.00034.267
34.267
5.142
5.697
6.408
7.564
8.672
10.085
24.769
27.587
30.191
33.409
35.718
5.697 6.408
6.408 7.564
7.564 8.672
8.67210.085
10.08524.769
24.76927.587
27.58730.191
30.19133.409
33.40935.718
35.718
5.697
6.265
7.015
8.231
9.390
10.865
25.989
28.869
31.526
34.805
37.156
6.265 7.015
7.015 8.231
8.231 9.390
9.39010.865
10.86525.989
25.98928.869
28.86931.526
31.52634.805
34.80537.156
37.156
6.265
6.844
7.633
8.907
10.117
11.651
27.204
30.144
32.852
36.191
38.582
6.844 7.633
7.633 8.907
8.90710.117
10.11711.651
11.65127.204
27.20430.144
30.14432.852
32.85236.191
36.19138.582
38.582
6.844
7.434
8.260
9.591
10.851
12.443
28.412
31.410
34.170
37.566
39.997
7.434 8.260
8.260 9.591
9.59110.851
10.85112.443
12.44328.412
28.41231.410
31.41034.170
34.17037.566
37.56639.997
39.997
7.434
8.034
8.897
10.283
11.591
13.240
29.615
32.671
35.479
38.932
41.401
8.034 8.897
8.89710.283
10.28311.591
11.59113.240
13.24029.615
29.61532.671
32.67135.479
35.47938.932
38.93241.401
41.401
8.034
8.643
9.542
10.982
12.338
14.042
30.813
33.924
36.781
40.289
42.796
8.643 9.542
9.54210.982
10.98212.338
12.33814.042
14.04230.813
30.81333.924
33.92436.781
36.78140.289
40.28942.796
42.796
8.643
9.260
9.26010.196
10.196
10.19611.689
11.689
11.68913.091
13.091
13.09114.848
14.848
14.84832.007
32.007
32.00735.172
35.172
35.17238.076
38.076
38.07641.638
41.638
41.63844.181
44.181
44.181
9.260
9.886
10.856
12.401
13.848
15.659
33.196
36.415
39.364
42.980
45.559
9.88610.856
10.85612.401
12.40113.848
13.84815.659
15.65933.196
33.19636.415
36.41539.364
39.36442.980
42.98045.559
45.559
9.886
10.520
11.524
13.120
14.611
16.473
34.382
37.652
40.646
44.314
46.928
10.52011.524
11.52413.120
13.12014.611
14.61116.473
16.47334.382
34.38237.652
37.65240.646
40.64644.314
44.31446.928
46.928
10.520
11.160
12.198
13.844
15.379
17.292
35.563
38.885
41.923
45.642
48.290
11.16012.198
12.19813.844
13.84415.379
15.37917.292
17.29235.563
35.56338.885
38.88541.923
41.92345.642
45.64248.290
48.290
11.160
11.808
12.879
14.573
16.151
18.114
36.741
40.113
43.194
46.963
49.645
11.80812.879
12.87914.573
14.57316.151
16.15118.114
18.11436.741
36.74140.113
40.11343.194
43.19446.963
46.96349.645
49.645
11.808
12.461
13.565
15.308
16.928
18.939
37.916
41.337
44.461
48.278
50.993
12.46113.565
13.56515.308
15.30816.928
16.92818.939
18.93937.916
37.91641.337
41.33744.461
44.46148.278
48.27850.993
50.993
12.461
13.121
13.12114.257
14.257
14.25716.047
16.047
16.04717.708
17.708
17.70819.768
19.768
19.76839.087
39.087
39.08742.557
42.557
42.55745.722
45.722
45.72249.588
49.588
49.58852.336
52.336
52.336
13.121
13.787
14.954
16.791
18.493
20.599
40.256
43.773
46.979
50.892
53.672
13.78714.954
14.95416.791
16.79118.493
18.49320.599
20.59940.256
40.25643.773
43.77346.979
46.97950.892
50.89253.672
53.672
13.787
20.707
22.164
24.433
26.509
29.051
51.805
55.758
59.342
63.691
66.766
20.70722.164
22.16424.433
24.43326.509
26.50929.051
29.05151.805
51.80555.758
55.75859.342
59.34263.691
63.69166.766
66.766
20.707
27.991
29.707
32.357
34.764
37.689
63.167
67.505
71.420
76.154
79.490
27.99129.707
29.70732.357
32.35734.764
34.76437.689
37.68963.167
63.16767.505
67.50571.420
71.42076.154
76.15479.490
79.490
27.991
35.534
37.485
40.482
43.188
46.459
74.397
79.082
83.298
88.379
91.952
35.53437.485
37.48540.482
40.48243.188
43.18846.459
46.45974.397
74.39779.082
79.08283.298
83.29888.379
88.37991.952
91.952
35.534
43.275
45.442
48.758
51.739
55.329
85.527
90.531
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.27545.442
45.44248.758
48.75851.739
51.73955.329
55.32985.527
85.52790.531
90.53195.023
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.275
100.425
104.215
51.172
51.17253.540
53.540
53.54057.153
57.153
57.15360.391
60.391
60.39164.278
64.278
64.27896.578
96.578
96.578
101.879
101.879
106.629
106.629
112.329
112.329
116.321
116.321
51.172
101.879
106.629
112.329
116.321
59.196
59.19661.754
61.754
61.75465.647
65.647
65.64769.126
69.126
69.12673.291
73.291
73.291
107.565
107.565
113.145
113.145
118.136
118.136
124.116
124.116
128.299
128.299
59.196
107.565
113.145
118.136
124.116
128.299
67.328
70.065
74.222
77.929
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.32870.065
70.06574.222
74.22277.929
77.92982.358
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.328
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
41831S4_INS
p5-8
AM
11 1
41831S4_INS
p5-8
11/8/07
10:03
AMAMPage
Page
41831S4_INS
p5-811/8/07
11/8/0710:03
10:03
Page
Table
Table
44
4
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
(continued)
(continued)
Table
Standard
Normal
Distribution
(continued)
Table
Table
44
Standard
Standard
Normal
Normal
Distribution
Distribution
Table
4
Standard
Normal
Distribution
Table
Table
Table
6
6
6
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Chi-Square
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
Area
11 1

22 2
zz z
zz z
.09
.09.09
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0036
.0036
.0036
.0048
.0048
.0048
.0064
.0064
.0064
.0084
.0084
.0084
.0110
.0110
.0110
.0143
.0143
.0143
.0183
.0183
.0183
.0233
.0233
.0233
.0294
.0294
.0294
.0367
.0367
.0367
.0455
.0455
.0455
.0559
.0559
.0559
.0681
.0681
.0681
.0823
.0823
.0823
.0985
.0985
.0985
.1170
.1170
.1170
.1379
.1379
.1379
.1611
.1611
.1611
.1867
.1867
.1867
.2148
.2148
.2148
.2451
.2451
.2451
.2776
.2776
.2776
.3121
.3121
.3121
.3483
.3483
.3483
.3859
.3859
.3859
.4247
.4247
.4247
.4641
.4641
.4641
t
t t
00 0 zz z
zz z 00 0
zz z
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table
Table
Table
5
5
5
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
t-Distribution
.08
.08.08
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0014
.0014
.0014
.0020
.0020
.0020
.0027
.0027
.0027
.0037
.0037
.0037
.0049
.0049
.0049
.0066
.0066
.0066
.0087
.0087
.0087
.0113
.0113
.0113
.0146
.0146
.0146
.0188
.0188
.0188
.0239
.0239
.0239
.0301
.0301
.0301
.0375
.0375
.0375
.0465
.0465
.0465
.0571
.0571
.0571
.0694
.0694
.0694
.0838
.0838
.0838
.1003
.1003
.1003
.1190
.1190
.1190
.1401
.1401
.1401
.1635
.1635
.1635
.1894
.1894
.1894
.2177
.2177
.2177
.2483
.2483
.2483
.2810
.2810
.2810
.3156
.3156
.3156
.3520
.3520
.3520
.3897
.3897
.3897
.4286
.4286
.4286
.4681
.4681
.4681
.07
.07.07
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0028
.0028
.0028
.0038
.0038
.0038
.0051
.0051
.0051
.0068
.0068
.0068
.0089
.0089
.0089
.0116
.0116
.0116
.0150
.0150
.0150
.0192
.0192
.0192
.0244
.0244
.0244
.0307
.0307
.0307
.0384
.0384
.0384
.0475
.0475
.0475
.0582
.0582
.0582
.0708
.0708
.0708
.0853
.0853
.0853
.1020
.1020
.1020
.1210
.1210
.1210
.1423
.1423
.1423
.1660
.1660
.1660
.1922
.1922
.1922
.2206
.2206
.2206
.2514
.2514
.2514
.2843
.2843
.2843
.3192
.3192
.3192
.3557
.3557
.3557
.3936
.3936
.3936
.4325
.4325
.4325
.4721
.4721
.4721
.06
.06.06
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0015
.0015
.0015
.0021
.0021
.0021
.0029
.0029
.0029
.0039
.0039
.0039
.0052
.0052
.0052
.0069
.0069
.0069
.0091
.0091
.0091
.0119
.0119
.0119
.0154
.0154
.0154
.0197
.0197
.0197
.0250
.0250
.0250
.0314
.0314
.0314
.0392
.0392
.0392
.0485
.0485
.0485
.0594
.0594
.0594
.0721
.0721
.0721
.0869
.0869
.0869
.1038
.1038
.1038
.1230
.1230
.1230
.1446
.1446
.1446
.1685
.1685
.1685
.1949
.1949
.1949
.2236
.2236
.2236
.2546
.2546
.2546
.2877
.2877
.2877
.3228
.3228
.3228
.3594
.3594
.3594
.3974
.3974
.3974
.4364
.4364
.4364
.4761
.4761
.4761
.05
.05.05
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0011
.0011
.0011
.0016
.0016
.0016
.0022
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0030
.0030
.0040
.0040
.0040
.0054
.0054
.0054
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0094
.0094
.0094
.0122
.0122
.0122
.0158
.0158
.0158
.0202
.0202
.0202
.0256
.0256
.0256
.0322
.0322
.0322
.0401
.0401
.0401
.0495
.0495
.0495
.0606
.0606
.0606
.0735
.0735
.0735
.0885
.0885
.0885
.1056
.1056
.1056
.1251
.1251
.1251
.1469
.1469
.1469
.1711
.1711
.1711
.1977
.1977
.1977
.2266
.2266
.2266
.2578
.2578
.2578
.2912
.2912
.2912
.3264
.3264
.3264
.3632
.3632
.3632
.4013
.4013
.4013
.4404
.4404
.4404
.4801
.4801
.4801
.04
.04.04 .03
.03.03
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0003 .0003
.0003
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0004 .0004
.0004
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0006 .0006
.0006
.0008
.0008
.0009
.0008 .0009
.0009
.0012
.0012
.0012
.0012 .0012
.0012
.0016
.0016
.0017
.0016 .0017
.0017
.0023
.0023
.0023
.0023 .0023
.0023
.0031
.0031
.0032
.0031 .0032
.0032
.0041
.0043
.0041
.0041 .0043
.0043
.0055
.0055
.0057
.0055 .0057
.0057
.0073
.0075
.0073
.0073 .0075
.0075
.0096
.0096
.0099
.0096 .0099
.0099
.0125
.0129
.0125
.0125 .0129
.0129
.0162
.0162
.0166
.0162 .0166
.0166
.0207
.0212
.0207
.0207 .0212
.0212
.0262
.0262
.0268
.0262 .0268
.0268
.0329
.0336
.0329
.0329 .0336
.0336
.0409
.0409
.0418
.0409 .0418
.0418
.0505
.0516
.0505
.0505 .0516
.0516
.0618
.0618
.0630
.0618 .0630
.0630
.0749
.0764
.0749
.0749 .0764
.0764
.0901
.0901
.0918
.0901 .0918
.0918
.1075
.1093
.1075
.1075 .1093
.1093
.1271
.1271
.1292
.1271 .1292
.1292
.1492
.1515
.1492
.1492 .1515
.1515
.1736
.1736
.1762
.1736 .1762
.1762
.2005
.2033
.2005
.2005 .2033
.2033
.2296
.2296
.2327
.2296 .2327
.2327
.2611
.2643
.2611
.2611 .2643
.2643
.2946
.2946
.2981
.2946 .2981
.2981
.3300
.3336
.3300
.3300 .3336
.3336
.3669
.3669
.3707
.3669 .3707
.3707
.4052
.4090
.4052
.4052 .4090
.4090
.4443
.4443
.4483
.4443 .4483
.4483
.4840
.4840
.4880
.4840 .4880
.4880
Critical
Critical
Values
Values
Critical
Values
cc c
Level
Level
of
ofConfidence
Confidence
Level
of
Confidence
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.99
0.99
0.99
zzcc zc
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.645
1.645
1.645
1.96
1.96
1.96
2.575
2.575
2.575
cc c
z
zccz c
zz==0z0= 0
zzcc z c
zz z
.02
.02.02
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0006
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0024
.0024
.0024
.0033
.0033
.0033
.0044
.0044
.0044
.0059
.0059
.0059
.0078
.0078
.0078
.0102
.0102
.0102
.0132
.0132
.0132
.0170
.0170
.0170
.0217
.0217
.0217
.0274
.0274
.0274
.0344
.0344
.0344
.0427
.0427
.0427
.0526
.0526
.0526
.0643
.0643
.0643
.0778
.0778
.0778
.0934
.0934
.0934
.1112
.1112
.1112
.1314
.1314
.1314
.1539
.1539
.1539
.1788
.1788
.1788
.2061
.2061
.2061
.2358
.2358
.2358
.2676
.2676
.2676
.3015
.3015
.3015
.3372
.3372
.3372
.3745
.3745
.3745
.4129
.4129
.4129
.4522
.4522
.4522
.4920
.4920
.4920
.01
.01.01
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0018
.0018
.0018
.0025
.0025
.0025
.0034
.0034
.0034
.0045
.0045
.0045
.0060
.0060
.0060
.0080
.0080
.0080
.0104
.0104
.0104
.0136
.0136
.0136
.0174
.0174
.0174
.0222
.0222
.0222
.0281
.0281
.0281
.0351
.0351
.0351
.0436
.0436
.0436
.0537
.0537
.0537
.0655
.0655
.0655
.0793
.0793
.0793
.0951
.0951
.0951
.1131
.1131
.1131
.1335
.1335
.1335
.1562
.1562
.1562
.1814
.1814
.1814
.2090
.2090
.2090
.2389
.2389
.2389
.2709
.2709
.2709
.3050
.3050
.3050
.3409
.3409
.3409
.3783
.3783
.3783
.4168
.4168
.4168
.4562
.4562
.4562
.4960
.4960
.4960
.00
.00.00
.0003
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0007
.0007
.0007
.0010
.0010
.0010
.0013
.0013
.0013
.0019
.0019
.0019
.0026
.0026
.0026
.0035
.0035
.0035
.0047
.0047
.0047
.0062
.0062
.0062
.0082
.0082
.0082
.0107
.0107
.0107
.0139
.0139
.0139
.0179
.0179
.0179
.0228
.0228
.0228
.0287
.0287
.0287
.0359
.0359
.0359
.0446
.0446
.0446
.0548
.0548
.0548
.0668
.0668
.0668
.0808
.0808
.0808
.0968
.0968
.0968
.1151
.1151
.1151
.1357
.1357
.1357
.1587
.1587
.1587
.1841
.1841
.1841
.2119
.2119
.2119
.2420
.2420
.2420
.2743
.2743
.2743
.3085
.3085
.3085
.3446
.3446
.3446
.3821
.3821
.3821
.4207
.4207
.4207
.4602
.4602
.4602
.5000
.5000
.5000
zz z
0.0
0.00.0
0.1
0.10.1
0.20.2
0.2
0.3
0.30.3
0.40.4
0.4
0.5
0.50.5
0.60.6
0.6
0.7
0.70.7
0.80.8
0.8
0.9
0.90.9
1.01.0
1.0
1.1
1.11.1
1.21.2
1.2
1.3
1.31.3
1.41.4
1.4
1.5
1.51.5
1.61.6
1.6
1.7
1.71.7
1.81.8
1.8
1.9
1.91.9
2.02.0
2.0
2.1
2.12.1
2.22.2
2.2
2.3
2.32.3
2.42.4
2.4
2.5
2.52.5
2.62.6
2.6
2.7
2.72.7
2.82.8
2.8
2.9
2.92.9
3.03.0
3.0
3.1
3.13.1
3.23.2
3.2
3.3
3.33.3
3.4
3.43.4
.00
.00.00
.5000
.5000
.5000
.5398
.5398
.5398
.5793
.5793
.5793
.6179
.6179
.6179
.6554
.6554
.6554
.6915
.6915
.6915
.7257
.7257
.7257
.7580
.7580
.7580
.7881
.7881
.7881
.8159
.8159
.8159
.8413
.8413
.8413
.8643
.8643
.8643
.8849
.8849
.8849
.9032
.9032
.9032
.9192
.9192
.9192
.9332
.9332
.9332
.9452
.9452
.9452
.9554
.9554
.9554
.9641
.9641
.9641
.9713
.9713
.9713
.9772
.9772
.9772
.9821
.9821
.9821
.9861
.9861
.9861
.9893
.9893
.9893
.9918
.9918
.9918
.9938
.9938
.9938
.9953
.9953
.9953
.9965
.9965
.9965
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.01
.01.01
.5040
.5040
.5040
.5438
.5438
.5438
.5832
.5832
.5832
.6217
.6217
.6217
.6591
.6591
.6591
.6950
.6950
.6950
.7291
.7291
.7291
.7611
.7611
.7611
.7910
.7910
.7910
.8186
.8186
.8186
.8438
.8438
.8438
.8665
.8665
.8665
.8869
.8869
.8869
.9049
.9049
.9049
.9207
.9207
.9207
.9345
.9345
.9345
.9463
.9463
.9463
.9564
.9564
.9564
.9649
.9649
.9649
.9719
.9719
.9719
.9778
.9778
.9778
.9826
.9826
.9826
.9864
.9864
.9864
.9896
.9896
.9896
.9920
.9920
.9920
.9940
.9940
.9940
.9955
.9955
.9955
.9966
.9966
.9966
.9975
.9975
.9975
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
tt
c-confidence
c-confidence
interval
interval
c-confidence
interval
.02
.02.02
.5080
.5080
.5080
.5478
.5478
.5478
.5871
.5871
.5871
.6255
.6255
.6255
.6628
.6628
.6628
.6985
.6985
.6985
.7324
.7324
.7324
.7642
.7642
.7642
.7939
.7939
.7939
.8212
.8212
.8212
.8461
.8461
.8461
.8686
.8686
.8686
.8888
.8888
.8888
.9066
.9066
.9066
.9222
.9222
.9222
.9357
.9357
.9357
.9474
.9474
.9474
.9573
.9573
.9573
.9656
.9656
.9656
.9726
.9726
.9726
.9783
.9783
.9783
.9830
.9830
.9830
.9868
.9868
.9868
.9898
.9898
.9898
.9922
.9922
.9922
.9941
.9941
.9941
.9956
.9956
.9956
.9967
.9967
.9967
.9976
.9976
.9976
.9982
.9982
.9982
.9987
.9987
.9987
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.03
.03.03
.5120
.5120
.5120
.5517
.5517
.5517
.5910
.5910
.5910
.6293
.6293
.6293
.6664
.6664
.6664
.7019
.7019
.7019
.7357
.7357
.7357
.7673
.7673
.7673
.7967
.7967
.7967
.8238
.8238
.8238
.8485
.8485
.8485
.8708
.8708
.8708
.8907
.8907
.8907
.9082
.9082
.9082
.9236
.9236
.9236
.9370
.9370
.9370
.9484
.9484
.9484
.9582
.9582
.9582
.9664
.9664
.9664
.9732
.9732
.9732
.9788
.9788
.9788
.9834
.9834
.9834
.9871
.9871
.9871
.9901
.9901
.9901
.9925
.9925
.9925
.9943
.9943
.9943
.9957
.9957
.9957
.9968
.9968
.9968
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9983
.9983
.9983
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9991
.9991
.9991
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.04
.04.04
.5160
.5160
.5160
.5557
.5557
.5557
.5948
.5948
.5948
.6331
.6331
.6331
.6700
.6700
.6700
.7054
.7054
.7054
.7389
.7389
.7389
.7704
.7704
.7704
.7995
.7995
.7995
.8264
.8264
.8264
.8508
.8508
.8508
.8729
.8729
.8729
.8925
.8925
.8925
.9099
.9099
.9099
.9251
.9251
.9251
.9382
.9382
.9382
.9495
.9495
.9495
.9591
.9591
.9591
.9671
.9671
.9671
.9738
.9738
.9738
.9793
.9793
.9793
.9838
.9838
.9838
.9875
.9875
.9875
.9904
.9904
.9904
.9927
.9927
.9927
.9945
.9945
.9945
.9959
.9959
.9959
.9969
.9969
.9969
.9977
.9977
.9977
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9988
.9988
.9988
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.05
.05.05
.5199
.5199
.5199
.5596
.5596
.5596
.5987
.5987
.5987
.6368
.6368
.6368
.6736
.6736
.6736
.7088
.7088
.7088
.7422
.7422
.7422
.7734
.7734
.7734
.8023
.8023
.8023
.8289
.8289
.8289
.8531
.8531
.8531
.8749
.8749
.8749
.8944
.8944
.8944
.9115
.9115
.9115
.9265
.9265
.9265
.9394
.9394
.9394
.9505
.9505
.9505
.9599
.9599
.9599
.9678
.9678
.9678
.9744
.9744
.9744
.9798
.9798
.9798
.9842
.9842
.9842
.9878
.9878
.9878
.9906
.9906
.9906
.9929
.9929
.9929
.9946
.9946
.9946
.9960
.9960
.9960
.9970
.9970
.9970
.9978
.9978
.9978
.9984
.9984
.9984
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.06
.06.06
.5239
.5239
.5239
.5636
.5636
.5636
.6026
.6026
.6026
.6406
.6406
.6406
.6772
.6772
.6772
.7123
.7123
.7123
.7454
.7454
.7454
.7764
.7764
.7764
.8051
.8051
.8051
.8315
.8315
.8315
.8554
.8554
.8554
.8770
.8770
.8770
.8962
.8962
.8962
.9131
.9131
.9131
.9279
.9279
.9279
.9406
.9406
.9406
.9515
.9515
.9515
.9608
.9608
.9608
.9686
.9686
.9686
.9750
.9750
.9750
.9803
.9803
.9803
.9846
.9846
.9846
.9881
.9881
.9881
.9909
.9909
.9909
.9931
.9931
.9931
.9948
.9948
.9948
.9961
.9961
.9961
.9971
.9971
.9971
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9994
.9994
.9994
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.07
.07.07
.5279
.5279
.5279
.5675
.5675
.5675
.6064
.6064
.6064
.6443
.6443
.6443
.6808
.6808
.6808
.7157
.7157
.7157
.7486
.7486
.7486
.7794
.7794
.7794
.8078
.8078
.8078
.8340
.8340
.8340
.8577
.8577
.8577
.8790
.8790
.8790
.8980
.8980
.8980
.9147
.9147
.9147
.9292
.9292
.9292
.9418
.9418
.9418
.9525
.9525
.9525
.9616
.9616
.9616
.9693
.9693
.9693
.9756
.9756
.9756
.9808
.9808
.9808
.9850
.9850
.9850
.9884
.9884
.9884
.9911
.9911
.9911
.9932
.9932
.9932
.9949
.9949
.9949
.9962
.9962
.9962
.9972
.9972
.9972
.9979
.9979
.9979
.9985
.9985
.9985
.9989
.9989
.9989
.9992
.9992
.9992
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.08
.08.08
.5319
.5319
.5319
.5714
.5714
.5714
.6103
.6103
.6103
.6480
.6480
.6480
.6844
.6844
.6844
.7190
.7190
.7190
.7517
.7517
.7517
.7823
.7823
.7823
.8106
.8106
.8106
.8365
.8365
.8365
.8599
.8599
.8599
.8810
.8810
.8810
.8997
.8997
.8997
.9162
.9162
.9162
.9306
.9306
.9306
.9429
.9429
.9429
.9535
.9535
.9535
.9625
.9625
.9625
.9699
.9699
.9699
.9761
.9761
.9761
.9812
.9812
.9812
.9854
.9854
.9854
.9887
.9887
.9887
.9913
.9913
.9913
.9934
.9934
.9934
.9951
.9951
.9951
.9963
.9963
.9963
.9973
.9973
.9973
.9980
.9980
.9980
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9996
.9996
.9996
.9997
.9997
.9997
.09
.09.09
.5359
.5359
.5359
.5753
.5753
.5753
.6141
.6141
.6141
.6517
.6517
.6517
.6879
.6879
.6879
.7224
.7224
.7224
.7549
.7549
.7549
.7852
.7852
.7852
.8133
.8133
.8133
.8389
.8389
.8389
.8621
.8621
.8621
.8830
.8830
.8830
.9015
.9015
.9015
.9177
.9177
.9177
.9319
.9319
.9319
.9441
.9441
.9441
.9545
.9545
.9545
.9633
.9633
.9633
.9706
.9706
.9706
.9767
.9767
.9767
.9817
.9817
.9817
.9857
.9857
.9857
.9890
.9890
.9890
.9916
.9916
.9916
.9936
.9936
.9936
.9952
.9952
.9952
.9964
.9964
.9964
.9974
.9974
.9974
.9981
.9981
.9981
.9986
.9986
.9986
.9990
.9990
.9990
.9993
.9993
.9993
.9995
.9995
.9995
.9997
.9997
.9997
.9998
.9998
.9998
d.f.
d.f.d.f.
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
10
1010
11
1111
12
1212
13
1313
14
1414
15
1515
16
1616
17
1717
18
1818
19
1919
20
2020
21
2121
22
2222
23
2323
24
2424
25
2525
26
2626
27
2727
28
2828
29
2929
q
qq
tt
tt
t
t t
Left-tailed
Left-tailed
test
test
Left-tailed
test
Level
Level
Level
of
of of
confidence,
confidence,
0.50
cc c 0.50
confidence,
0.50
One
One
tail,
tail,
0.25
0.25
AA A
One
tail,
0.25
Two
Two
tails,
tails,
0.50
AA A 0.50
Two
tails,
0.50
1.000
1.000
1.000
.816
.816
.816
.765
.765
.765
.741
.741
.741
.727
.727
.727
.718
.718
.718
.711
.711
.711
.706
.706
.706
.703
.703
.703
.700
.700
.700
.697
.697
.697
.695
.695
.695
.694
.694
.694
.692
.692
.692
.691
.691
.691
.690
.690
.690
.689
.689
.689
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.688
.687
.687
.687
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.686
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.683
.674
.674
.674
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.20
3.078
3.078
3.078
1.886
1.886
1.886
1.638
1.638
1.638
1.533
1.533
1.533
1.476
1.476
1.476
1.440
1.440
1.440
1.415
1.415
1.415
1.397
1.397
1.397
1.383
1.383
1.383
1.372
1.372
1.372
1.363
1.363
1.363
1.356
1.356
1.356
1.350
1.350
1.350
1.345
1.345
1.345
1.341
1.341
1.341
1.337
1.337
1.337
1.333
1.333
1.333
1.330
1.330
1.330
1.328
1.328
1.328
1.325
1.325
1.325
1.323
1.323
1.323
1.321
1.321
1.321
1.319
1.319
1.319
1.318
1.318
1.318
1.316
1.316
1.316
1.315
1.315
1.315
1.314
1.314
1.314
1.313
1.313
1.313
1.311
1.311
1.311
1.282
1.282
1.282

tt
Right-tailed
Right-tailed
test
test
Right-tailed
test
0.90
0.90
0.95
0.98
0.99
0.90 0.95
0.95 0.98
0.98 0.99
0.99
0.05
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.02
0.02 0.01
0.01
6.31412.706
12.70631.821
31.82163.657
63.657
6.314
6.314
12.706
31.821
63.657
2.920
2.920
4.303
6.965
9.925
2.920 4.303
4.303 6.965
6.965 9.925
9.925
2.353
2.353
3.182
4.541
5.841
2.353 3.182
3.182 4.541
4.541 5.841
5.841
2.132
2.132
2.776
3.747
4.604
2.132 2.776
2.776 3.747
3.747 4.604
4.604
2.015
2.015
2.571
3.365
4.032
2.015 2.571
2.571 3.365
3.365 4.032
4.032
1.943
1.943
2.447
3.143
3.707
1.943 2.447
2.447 3.143
3.143 3.707
3.707
1.895
1.895
2.365
2.998
3.499
1.895 2.365
2.365 2.998
2.998 3.499
3.499
1.860
1.860
2.306
2.896
3.355
1.860 2.306
2.306 2.896
2.896 3.355
3.355
1.833
1.833
2.262
2.821
3.250
1.833 2.262
2.262 2.821
2.821 3.250
3.250
1.812
1.812
2.228
2.764
3.169
1.812 2.228
2.228 2.764
2.764 3.169
3.169
1.796
1.796
2.201
2.718
3.106
1.796 2.201
2.201 2.718
2.718 3.106
3.106
1.782
1.782
2.179
2.681
3.055
1.782 2.179
2.179 2.681
2.681 3.055
3.055
1.771
1.771
2.160
2.650
3.012
1.771 2.160
2.160 2.650
2.650 3.012
3.012
1.761
1.761
2.145
2.624
2.977
1.761 2.145
2.145 2.624
2.624 2.977
2.977
1.753
1.753
2.131
2.602
2.947
1.753 2.131
2.131 2.602
2.602 2.947
2.947
1.746
1.746
2.120
2.583
2.921
1.746 2.120
2.120 2.583
2.583 2.921
2.921
1.740
1.740
2.110
2.567
2.898
1.740 2.110
2.110 2.567
2.567 2.898
2.898
1.734
1.734
2.101
2.552
2.878
1.734 2.101
2.101 2.552
2.552 2.878
2.878
1.729
1.729
2.093
2.539
2.861
1.729 2.093
2.093 2.539
2.539 2.861
2.861
1.725
1.725
2.086
2.528
2.845
1.725 2.086
2.086 2.528
2.528 2.845
2.845
1.721
1.721
2.080
2.518
2.831
1.721 2.080
2.080 2.518
2.518 2.831
2.831
1.717
1.717
2.074
2.508
2.819
1.717 2.074
2.074 2.508
2.508 2.819
2.819
1.714
1.714
2.069
2.500
2.807
1.714 2.069
2.069 2.500
2.500 2.807
2.807
1.711
1.711
2.064
2.492
2.797
1.711 2.064
2.064 2.492
2.492 2.797
2.797
1.708
1.708
2.060
2.485
2.787
1.708 2.060
2.060 2.485
2.485 2.787
2.787
1.706
1.706
2.056
2.479
2.779
1.706 2.056
2.056 2.479
2.479 2.779
2.779
1.703
1.703
2.052
2.473
2.771
1.703 2.052
2.052 2.473
2.473 2.771
2.771
1.701
1.701
2.048
2.467
2.763
1.701 2.048
2.048 2.467
2.467 2.763
2.763
1.699
1.699
2.045
2.462
2.756
1.699 2.045
2.045 2.462
2.462 2.756
2.756
1.645
1.645
1.960
2.326
2.576
1.645 1.960
1.960 2.326
2.326 2.576
2.576
tt
t
t t
11 1

22 2
tt
Two-tailed
Two-tailed
test
test
Two-tailed
test
tt
11 1

22 2
22 2
22 2
Degrees
Degrees
of
of of
Degrees
freedom
freedom
freedom
11 1
22 2
33 3
44 4
55 5
66 6
77 7
88 8
99 9
1010
10
1111
11
1212
12
1313
13
1414
14
1515
15
1616
16
1717
17
1818
18
1919
19
2020
20
2121
21
2222
22
2323
23
2424
24
2525
25
2626
26
2727
27
2828
28
2929
29
3030
30
4040
40
5050
50
6060
60
7070
70
8080
80
9090
90
100
100
100
22 2
LL
Right
tail
Right
tailtail
Right
11 1

22 2
22 2
RR
22 2
Two
tails
Two
tails
Two
tails
AA A
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.90
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
0.005
0.995 0.99
0.99 0.975
0.975 0.95
0.95 0.90
0.90 0.10
0.10 0.05
0.05 0.025
0.025 0.01
0.01 0.005
0.005
0.995
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.016
2.706
3.841
5.024
6.635
7.879
0.001 0.004
0.004 0.016
0.016 2.706
2.706 3.841
3.841 5.024
5.024 6.635
6.635 7.879
7.879
0.010
0.020
0.051
0.103
0.211
4.605
5.991
7.378
9.210
10.597
0.010 0.020
0.020 0.051
0.051 0.103
0.103 0.211
0.211 4.605
4.605 5.991
5.991 7.378
7.378 9.210
9.21010.597
10.597
0.010
0.072
0.115
0.216
0.352
0.584
6.251
7.815
9.348
11.345
12.838
0.072 0.115
0.115 0.216
0.216 0.352
0.352 0.584
0.584 6.251
6.251 7.815
7.815 9.348
9.34811.345
11.34512.838
12.838
0.072
0.207
0.297
0.484
0.711
1.064
7.779
9.488
11.143
13.277
14.860
0.207 0.297
0.297 0.484
0.484 0.711
0.711 1.064
1.064 7.779
7.779 9.488
9.48811.143
11.14313.277
13.27714.860
14.860
0.207
0.412
0.554
0.831
1.145
1.610
9.236
11.071
12.833
15.086
16.750
0.412 0.554
0.554 0.831
0.831 1.145
1.145 1.610
1.610 9.236
9.23611.071
11.07112.833
12.83315.086
15.08616.750
16.750
0.412
0.676
0.872
1.237
1.635
2.204
10.645
12.592
14.449
16.812
18.548
0.676 0.872
0.872 1.237
1.237 1.635
1.635 2.204
2.20410.645
10.64512.592
12.59214.449
14.44916.812
16.81218.548
18.548
0.676
0.989
1.239
1.690
2.167
2.833
12.017
14.067
16.013
18.475
20.278
0.989 1.239
1.239 1.690
1.690 2.167
2.167 2.833
2.83312.017
12.01714.067
14.06716.013
16.01318.475
18.47520.278
20.278
0.989
1.344
1.646
2.180
2.733
3.490
13.362
15.507
17.535
20.090
21.955
1.344 1.646
1.646 2.180
2.180 2.733
2.733 3.490
3.49013.362
13.36215.507
15.50717.535
17.53520.090
20.09021.955
21.955
1.344
1.735
2.088
2.700
3.325
4.168
14.684
16.919
19.023
21.666
23.589
1.735 2.088
2.088 2.700
2.700 3.325
3.325 4.168
4.16814.684
14.68416.919
16.91919.023
19.02321.666
21.66623.589
23.589
1.735
2.156
2.558
3.247
3.940
4.865
15.987
18.307
20.483
23.209
25.188
2.156 2.558
2.558 3.247
3.247 3.940
3.940 4.865
4.86515.987
15.98718.307
18.30720.483
20.48323.209
23.20925.188
25.188
2.156
2.603
3.053
3.816
4.575
5.578
17.275
19.675
21.920
24.725
26.757
2.603 3.053
3.053 3.816
3.816 4.575
4.575 5.578
5.57817.275
17.27519.675
19.67521.920
21.92024.725
24.72526.757
26.757
2.603
3.074
3.571
4.404
5.226
6.304
18.549
21.026
23.337
26.217
28.299
3.074 3.571
3.571 4.404
4.404 5.226
5.226 6.304
6.30418.549
18.54921.026
21.02623.337
23.33726.217
26.21728.299
28.299
3.074
3.565
4.107
5.009
5.892
7.042
19.812
22.362
24.736
27.688
29.819
3.565 4.107
4.107 5.009
5.009 5.892
5.892 7.042
7.04219.812
19.81222.362
22.36224.736
24.73627.688
27.68829.819
29.819
3.565
4.075
4.660
5.629
6.571
7.790
21.064
23.685
26.119
29.141
31.319
4.075 4.660
4.660 5.629
5.629 6.571
6.571 7.790
7.79021.064
21.06423.685
23.68526.119
26.11929.141
29.14131.319
31.319
4.075
4.601
5.229
6.262
7.261
8.547
22.307
24.996
27.488
30.578
32.801
4.601 5.229
5.229 6.262
6.262 7.261
7.261 8.547
8.54722.307
22.30724.996
24.99627.488
27.48830.578
30.57832.801
32.801
4.601
5.142
5.812
6.908
7.962
9.312
23.542
26.296
28.845
32.000
34.267
5.142 5.812
5.812 6.908
6.908 7.962
7.962 9.312
9.31223.542
23.54226.296
26.29628.845
28.84532.000
32.00034.267
34.267
5.142
5.697
6.408
7.564
8.672
10.085
24.769
27.587
30.191
33.409
35.718
5.697 6.408
6.408 7.564
7.564 8.672
8.67210.085
10.08524.769
24.76927.587
27.58730.191
30.19133.409
33.40935.718
35.718
5.697
6.265
7.015
8.231
9.390
10.865
25.989
28.869
31.526
34.805
37.156
6.265 7.015
7.015 8.231
8.231 9.390
9.39010.865
10.86525.989
25.98928.869
28.86931.526
31.52634.805
34.80537.156
37.156
6.265
6.844
7.633
8.907
10.117
11.651
27.204
30.144
32.852
36.191
38.582
6.844 7.633
7.633 8.907
8.90710.117
10.11711.651
11.65127.204
27.20430.144
30.14432.852
32.85236.191
36.19138.582
38.582
6.844
7.434
8.260
9.591
10.851
12.443
28.412
31.410
34.170
37.566
39.997
7.434 8.260
8.260 9.591
9.59110.851
10.85112.443
12.44328.412
28.41231.410
31.41034.170
34.17037.566
37.56639.997
39.997
7.434
8.034
8.897
10.283
11.591
13.240
29.615
32.671
35.479
38.932
41.401
8.034 8.897
8.89710.283
10.28311.591
11.59113.240
13.24029.615
29.61532.671
32.67135.479
35.47938.932
38.93241.401
41.401
8.034
8.643
9.542
10.982
12.338
14.042
30.813
33.924
36.781
40.289
42.796
8.643 9.542
9.54210.982
10.98212.338
12.33814.042
14.04230.813
30.81333.924
33.92436.781
36.78140.289
40.28942.796
42.796
8.643
9.260
9.26010.196
10.196
10.19611.689
11.689
11.68913.091
13.091
13.09114.848
14.848
14.84832.007
32.007
32.00735.172
35.172
35.17238.076
38.076
38.07641.638
41.638
41.63844.181
44.181
44.181
9.260
9.886
10.856
12.401
13.848
15.659
33.196
36.415
39.364
42.980
45.559
9.88610.856
10.85612.401
12.40113.848
13.84815.659
15.65933.196
33.19636.415
36.41539.364
39.36442.980
42.98045.559
45.559
9.886
10.520
11.524
13.120
14.611
16.473
34.382
37.652
40.646
44.314
46.928
10.52011.524
11.52413.120
13.12014.611
14.61116.473
16.47334.382
34.38237.652
37.65240.646
40.64644.314
44.31446.928
46.928
10.520
11.160
12.198
13.844
15.379
17.292
35.563
38.885
41.923
45.642
48.290
11.16012.198
12.19813.844
13.84415.379
15.37917.292
17.29235.563
35.56338.885
38.88541.923
41.92345.642
45.64248.290
48.290
11.160
11.808
12.879
14.573
16.151
18.114
36.741
40.113
43.194
46.963
49.645
11.80812.879
12.87914.573
14.57316.151
16.15118.114
18.11436.741
36.74140.113
40.11343.194
43.19446.963
46.96349.645
49.645
11.808
12.461
13.565
15.308
16.928
18.939
37.916
41.337
44.461
48.278
50.993
12.46113.565
13.56515.308
15.30816.928
16.92818.939
18.93937.916
37.91641.337
41.33744.461
44.46148.278
48.27850.993
50.993
12.461
13.121
13.12114.257
14.257
14.25716.047
16.047
16.04717.708
17.708
17.70819.768
19.768
19.76839.087
39.087
39.08742.557
42.557
42.55745.722
45.722
45.72249.588
49.588
49.58852.336
52.336
52.336
13.121
13.787
14.954
16.791
18.493
20.599
40.256
43.773
46.979
50.892
53.672
13.78714.954
14.95416.791
16.79118.493
18.49320.599
20.59940.256
40.25643.773
43.77346.979
46.97950.892
50.89253.672
53.672
13.787
20.707
22.164
24.433
26.509
29.051
51.805
55.758
59.342
63.691
66.766
20.70722.164
22.16424.433
24.43326.509
26.50929.051
29.05151.805
51.80555.758
55.75859.342
59.34263.691
63.69166.766
66.766
20.707
27.991
29.707
32.357
34.764
37.689
63.167
67.505
71.420
76.154
79.490
27.99129.707
29.70732.357
32.35734.764
34.76437.689
37.68963.167
63.16767.505
67.50571.420
71.42076.154
76.15479.490
79.490
27.991
35.534
37.485
40.482
43.188
46.459
74.397
79.082
83.298
88.379
91.952
35.53437.485
37.48540.482
40.48243.188
43.18846.459
46.45974.397
74.39779.082
79.08283.298
83.29888.379
88.37991.952
91.952
35.534
43.275
45.442
48.758
51.739
55.329
85.527
90.531
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.27545.442
45.44248.758
48.75851.739
51.73955.329
55.32985.527
85.52790.531
90.53195.023
95.023
100.425
104.215
43.275
100.425
104.215
51.172
51.17253.540
53.540
53.54057.153
57.153
57.15360.391
60.391
60.39164.278
64.278
64.27896.578
96.578
96.578
101.879
101.879
106.629
106.629
112.329
112.329
116.321
116.321
51.172
101.879
106.629
112.329
116.321
59.196
59.19661.754
61.754
61.75465.647
65.647
65.64769.126
69.126
69.12673.291
73.291
73.291
107.565
107.565
113.145
113.145
118.136
118.136
124.116
124.116
128.299
128.299
59.196
107.565
113.145
118.136
124.116
128.299
67.328
70.065
74.222
77.929
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.32870.065
70.06574.222
74.22277.929
77.92982.358
82.358
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169
67.328
118.498
124.342
129.561
135.807
140.169

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