Section 1.4 Shifting, Reflecting, and Stretching Graphs Notes.

Summary of Parent Graphs You need to memorize some basic Parent Graphs

y =c c

y=x

y axis

y=x

x axis

f ( x) = x y axis y= x

x axis

y = x2

y = x3

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts - let c be a positive real number. 1. 2. 3. 4. h( x ) = h( x ) = h( x ) = h( x ) = f ( x) + c f ( x) c f ( x c) f ( x + c) is a vertical shift of c units upward. is a vertical shift of c units downward. is a horizontal shift of c units to the right. is a horizontal shift of c units to the left.

Reflecting Graphs - reflection in the coordinate axes of the graph of y = f ( x ) 1. h( x ) = f ( x ) represents a reflection in the x axis 2. h( x ) = f ( x ) represents a reflection in the y axis

Horizontal shifts, vertical shifts, and reflections are called rigid transformations. Nonrigid transformations are those that cause a distortion, a change in the shape of the original graph. 1. y = c f ( x ) will cause a vertical stretch if c > 1 and a vertical shrink if 0 < c < 1 2. y = f (c x ) will cause a horizontal shrink if c > 1 and a horizontal stretch if 0 < c < 1

Example Problems.
#6 page 48 Sketch the graphs of the three functions by hand.

(a) f ( x ) = ( x 2)

The parent graph is f ( x ) = x 2 , so this is a parabola that opens up. According to our notes above the ( x 2) will shift the graph 2 units to the right.

(b) g( x ) = ( x + 2) + 2 The parent graph is f ( x ) = x 2 , so this is a parabola that opens up. According to our notes above the ( x + 2) will shift the graph 2 units to the left. The +2 at the end shifts the graph 2 units up.

(c) h( x ) = ( x 2) 1 The parent graph is f ( x ) = x 2 , but the negative sign in front of ( x 2) flips this graph over, reflects it in the x axis . So this is going to be a parabola that opens down. The ( x 2) will shift the graph 2 units to the right. The 1 at the end shifts the graph 1 units down
2

2 .

#18 page 49 Identify the parent function and describe the transformation shown in the graph. Write an equation for the graphed function.

The parent function is y = x . The transformation is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left. The new equation is y = x + 2 #26 page 49 Compare the graph of the function with the graph of f ( x ) = x .

y = x + 3 The x will reflect this graph in the y axis so the +3 ends up shifting this graph 3 units to the right rather than 3 units to the left. Lets break this up and first look at y = x + 3 . Without the negative sign this is easy to graph, it is y = x shifted 3 units to the left.

3 3 2 3

Now when we reflect this in the y axis you can see that the shift ends up 3 units to the right and your final answer is

3 3 2 3

#40 page 49 Use your graphing calculator to graph all three functions. Describe g and h relative to f f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2 + 2 3 2 g( x ) = f ( x 1) = ( x 1) 3( x 1) + 2 h( x ) = f (3 x ) = ( 3x ) 3( 3x ) + 2
3 2

f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2 + 2

Based on what we learned above g( x ) should be f ( x ) shifted 1 unit to the right.

3 2

g( x ) = f ( x 1) = ( x 1) 3( x 1) + 2

3 2 h( x ) = f (3 x ) = ( 3x ) 3( 3x ) + 2 will result in a horizontal shrink which means our graph will be scrunched together horizontally.

h( x ) = f (3 x ) = ( 3x ) 3( 3x ) + 2

#46 page 49 g is related to one of the six parent functions. (a) Identify the parent function f . (b) Describe the sequence of transformations from f to g . (c) Sketch the graph of g by hand. (d) Use function notation to write g in terms of the parent function f . 1 2 g( x ) = ( x + 2 ) 2 4 (a) The parent function is f ( x ) = x 2 (b) g( x ) is obtained from f ( x ) by a horizontal shift 2 units to the left, ( x + 2) a vertical shift 2 units down, 2 1 a reflection in the x axis , sign in front of 4 1 and a vertical shrink of 4

(c)

Sometimes nonrigid transformations are hard to see unless you have the parent graph to compare it to. 1 (d) g( x ) = f ( x + 2) 2 4

Homework.
page 48/ 1-11 odd, 15-55 odd