Alveolo Palatals

Symbol
Examples
Description
(i)
[c]
Turkish kebap "kebab", Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [t] Czech stn "shadow", Greek in languages like Hindi. "and" More y-like than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
(i)
[]
German Ich
(i)
[]
Mandarin Xi'an, Polish ciana
More y-like than []; something like English she.
(i)
[ dz ] English adze, Italian zero [ d ] English judge [ d ] Polish niedwied "bear" [ d ] Polish dem "jam" []
Spanish cayo (some dialects) Turkish gr "see", Czech dra "hole" Like [d], but with more of a y-sound. Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)
(i)
(i)
(i)
Like [j], but stronger.
(i)
[] [] []
Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [d] in languages like Hindi.
(i)
RP borrow American English borrow, Like [], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by butter many English speakers.
(i)
(i)
[ s ] English sass []
English shoe Mandarin (Sholn), Acoustically similar to [], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. Russian (Pushkin)
(i)
(i)
[]
(i)
[ ts ] tsar
English cats, Russian
(i)
[ t ] English church
Mandarin (i) Bijng, Like [t], but with more of a y-sound. Polish ciebie "you" Like [t] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
(i)
[ t ]
(i)
[ t ] Mandarin zh, Polish czas [ z ] English zoos [ ] journal

English vision, French
(i)
(i)
(i)
[ ] [o] "you burn", Polish le More y-like than [], something like beigey.
Mandarin
formal Russian
(i)
[ ] Rnmn Rbo "People's

Daily", Russian "fat"
Like [] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
Voiceless palatal stop

Voiceless palatal stop
c
Image
IPA number
107
Encoding
c
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0063
c
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The voiceless palatal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is c, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c. It is similar to a voiceless postalveolar affricate [t] (as in English chip), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge, [c] is less common than [t].[1] It is common for the symbol c to represent [t] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal stop:
Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop. Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Albanian[2] Basque Blackfoot Catalan Corsican Czech Dawsahak Majorcan[3] Word kuq ttantta akikoan mags chjodu etina ? IPA [kuc] [caca] Meaning 'red' 'droplet' Notes
[akicoan] 'girl' [macs] [codu] 'wizards'
Allophone of /k/ after front vowels. Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology Also present in the Gallurese dialect See Czech phonology
'nail' 'Czech [tcna] language' [cn] 'small'
Dinka Ega[4] Ganda German Greek Gweno Hungarian[5] Icelandic Irish Khmer Latvian Low Plautdietsch German Macedonian Northern and Norwegian central dialects[6] Limousin Occitan Auvergnat Portuguese Fluminense
car caayi Matjes ka tyk gjla ceist irbis Kjoakj fett tireta tirador pequeno
[car] [c] [caji] [macs] [ce] [ca] [cuk] [coula] [ct] [caap] [cirbis] [coac] [vrca] [fc]
'black' 'understand' 'tea' 'soused herring' 'and' 'to come' 'hen' 'light wind' 'question' 'bird' 'pumpkin' 'church' 'sack' 'fat'
Allophone of more frequent [tj] See Modern Greek phonology See Hungarian phonology See Icelandic phonology See Irish phonology Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms Corresponds to [k] in all other dialects See Macedonian phonology See Norwegian phonology
[ciet] 'drawer' [ciadu] 'drawer' [picnu] 'small' Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ] and before // or //. Generally absent among many speakers and in careful pronunciation. See Portuguese phonology Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology
Romanian[7] Sursilvan[8] Sutsilvan[9] Romansh Surmiran[10] Puter[11] Vallader[12] Kinyarwanda SerboChakavian Croatian dialect Slovak Canarian Spanish dialect Turkish Vietnamese[13] West Frisian Western Desert Language
chin notg tgn vatgas zcher ms-chel ikintu iarija dev
[cin] [nc] [ca] [vcs] [tsycr] [mycl] [icintu]
'torture' 'night' 'dog' 'cows' 'sugar' 'moss' 'question'
[cicaija] 'iarija' [vc] 'nine'
muchacho [mu caco] 'boy' ky ch tjems kutju [cj] [ci ] 'village' See Turkish phonology ay be slightly affricated [t]. See 'elder sister' Vietnamese phonology 'strainer' 'one'
[cms] [kucu]
Voiceless palatal fricative

Voiceless palatal fricative
Image
IPA number
138
Encoding
ç
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+00E7
C
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The symbol is the letter c with a cedilla, as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as faade and aa. However, the sound represented by the letter in French, Portuguese and English orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative but /s/, the voiceless alveolar fricative. Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have // as a phoneme.[1] The sound occurs, however, as an allophone of /x/ in German, or, in other languages, of /h/ in the vicinity of front vowels, such as the non-silent 'h' of huge as in most dialects of English.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Word IPA [2] Azerbaijani some dialects rk [t] Berber Kabyle il [il] Dutch acht [t] [u][disputed
discuss]
Meaning Notes 'bread' Allophone of /c/ 'to measure' Common in southern dialects such as all of Dutch-speaking Belgium and southern 'eight' provinces of the Netherlands.[3] See Dutch phonology 'hue' 'notebook' 'dense' 'snow' 'leaf' Allophone of /j/ between a voiceless 'get obstruent and a word boundary. See (imperative)' Hungarian phonology 'here' See Icelandic phonology 'John (Voc.)' See Irish phonology 'strength' 'person' 'kiss' 'foot' Only as syllable onset. Variation of allophone [x] of rhotic consonant // before [i] or []. For most speakers, only in pretonic position. See Portuguese phonology Allophone of /h/. See Korean phonology Allophone of /h/ before /i/. See Japanese phonology See Norwegian phonology Allophone of /h/. See English phonology Allophone of /h/. See Finnish phonology Allophone of /x/. See German phonology See Modern Greek phonology
English[4][5] Finnish German Greek Haida Hungarian[6] Icelandic Irish Korean Japanese[7] Norwegian Pashto Ghilzai and Wardak dialects[8] Most Brazilian speakers
hue vihko dicht chini xl kapj
[ iko] [dt] [oni] [l] [kp]
hrna [jrtna] a [ an] Shein him [im] hito [ito] kyss [s] [pa]
Portuguese
ricota
[ikt]
'ricotta'
Scottish Gaelic[9] Xrc[10]
eich ?
[e] []
'horses' 'stone'
Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

(Redirected from Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative)
Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

Image
IPA number
182
Encoding
ɕ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0255
s\
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
S;
Braille
The voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (cee with the curl also found in its voiced counterpart ).
Features
alveolo-palatal fricative [, ] Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that: o Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line). o Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth. o It is palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue bowed, raised towards the hard palate. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Adyghe Catalan[1] Chinese Mandarin Chuvash Danish Dutch Word caixa X'n sjl IPA [] (helpinfo) [ka] [i an ] [im] [ l] [blon] [io] [a] (helpinfo) [ida] [lki] [rub]
(helpinfo)
Some speakers sjabloon shio sijang Wazirwola dialect
Japanese[2] Kabardian Korean Pashto Polish[3] Russian Swedish Sweden
Meaning Notes 'three' 'box' See Catalan phonology Contrasts with // and /s/. See Mandarin 'Xi'an' phonology 'lightning' Contrasts with // and /s/. 'soul' See Danish phonology May be [] or [s] instead. See Dutch 'template' phonology 'salt' See Japanese phonology 'hundred' 'market' 'little, slight' 'screw' See Korean phonology
ruba e kjol
Contrasts with // and /s/. See Polish phonology Contrasts with //, /s/, and /s/. See [stj] 'happiness' (helpinfo) Russian phonology [ul] (helpinfo) 'skirt' See Swedish phonology
Tibetan Lhasa dialect Yi
xi
[i ] [i ]
'four' 'thread'
Contrasts with //.
Voiced alveolar affricate

Voiced alveolar affricate
Image
Encoding
ʣ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+02A3
dz
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
dz
The voiced alveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d or d (formerly ).
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Abkhaz Adyghe Albanian Arabic Armenian Najdi Eastern[1] Word xehe IPA [d ] [d a ]
(helpinfo)
Meaning Notes 'water' See Abkhaz phonology 'soldier' 'mineral' 'well' 'snow' 'hole' ] 'Jibra'il' 'Algeria' 'twelve' 'Saturday' corresponds to /d/ or // in other dialects. See Catalan phonology Allophone of /d/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology corresponds to /q/, /g/, or /d/ in other dialects.
[d h] [d lib] [d uk]
(helpinfo)
Western some Western Azerbaijani Cbrayl dialects Berber Kabyle L ayer [2] Catalan dotze French Georgian[3] Greek Hebrew Hungarian Italian[4] Iu Mien Japanese Kabardian Macedonian Ngwe Occitan Pashto Polish[5] European, northern European, Portuguese[6] centralsouthern Brazilian Northern Qiang Russian Nwametaw dialect Rhodanien Provenal Quebec samedi bodza zero nzoc mizu
[d ] [d bj [ld ajr] [dodd ] [samd i] [d vli] [d ami] [d una] [bod ] [d o] [d ] [mid u] [d n] [d v da] [md ]
'bone' 'window pane' 'nutrition' See Modern Hebrew phonology 'elderberry' See Hungarian phonology z may also represent /ts/. See Italian 'zero' phonology 'drum' Some speakers. See Japanese 'water' phonology 'to throw' 'star' See Macedonian phonology 'path' 'young' 'five' 'bell' See Polish phonology
joine dzwon
[d ujne] [pind ] [d vn]

(helpinfo)
[d sejs] dezasseis [d sj] dezessete [d est] ? [ d ] 'sixteen' Apart from a few loanwords, occurs as a result of vowel elision leading to sandhi. See Portuguese phonology
'seventeen' 'rabbit' 'bridgellophone of /ts/ before voiced [pld darm] head' consonants. See Russian phonology
Slovak Ubykh Ukrainian West Frisian Yi
sadzba widze /zzy
[sad ba] [md a] [d win] [ d ] [d ]
'tariff' 'light' 'bell' 'cradle' 'ride'
See Ubykh phonology See Ukrainian phonology
Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

(Redirected from Voiced postalveolar affricate)
Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
Image
IPA number
104 (135)
Encoding
ʤ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+02A4
dZ
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
dZ
The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d (formerly ), or in broad transcription , and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are , , , and d. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of j in jump.
Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Abkhaz Adyghe Albanian Amharic Arabic Standard
[1]
Word xham aac
IPA (?) [dana] (helpinfo) [dam] [ndra] [daras] [du] [dnd] [ d] [dl] [ldiran] [djerwo] [de] [ldba] [d mp] [madao] [dst] [din]
Meaning 'steel' 'dress' 'glass' 'injera' 'bell' 'water' 'fly' 'tree' 'water' 'the neighbors' 'previously married woman' 'that' 'treatment' 'jump' 'food' 'guests' 'jinn'
Notes See Abkhaz phonology
In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [] or []. See Arabic phonology
Armenian Azerbaijani Bengali Berber Chechen Coptic Czech English Esperanto Faroese French
Eastern[2] Western
Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Kabyle
l Iran / dzhyerwo
lba jump manao gestir djinn
See Czech phonology See English phonology See Esperanto phonology See French phonology
Georgian[3] German Goemai Hebrew Hindi-Urdu Hungarian Italian[4] Indonesian Kyrgyz Macedonian Malay Manchu Marathi Occitan Ojibwe Pashto Persian Languedocien Provenal
[dib] Dschungel [d l] [dan] [duk] / lndzsa gemma jahil jahat ? jove ? Most Brazilian grande dialects[5] [dn] [land] [dmma] [dahil] [daman] [dmpr] [dahat] [duwe] [dj]
'pocket' 'jungle' 'twins' 'cockroach' 'to go' 'spear' 'gem' 'stupid' 'bad' 'sweater' 'evil' 'two' 'victory'
See German phonology See Modern Hebrew phonology Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Hungarian phonology See Italian phonology
See Macedonian phonology
See Marathi phonology
[due] 'young' [duve] [idikiw ] 'brother' [de] 'high' [kod] 'where' [di] 'big'
See Ojibwe phonology See Persian phonology Allophone of /d/ before /i, /. ay be palatalized. Even if unstressed rhyme [i] or [] is deleted as often, /d/ will still affricate In free variation with // in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology See Romanian phonology See Scottish Gaelic phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology See Somali phonology May correspond to [] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of // and //. See Spanish phonology See Turkish phonology See Ubykh phonology See Ukrainian phonology
Portuguese Most dialects Romanian Sardinian Campidanese Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Somali Many dialects Spanish Some dialects jambalaya ger gneru Dia / dem joog cnyuge ayudar ac jar [dblaj] [der] [dneru] [dia] [dm][tone?] [do] [k du e] [adu ar] 'jambalaya' 'frost' 'son-in-law' 'God' 'jam' 'stop' 'spouse' 'to help' 'pain' 'ravine' '?' 'source' 'to sow' 'god'
Turkish Turkmen Ubykh Ukrainian West Frisian Zapotec Tilquiapan[6]
[d ] [dr] [amdan] [drl] siedzje [d] dxan [da]
Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
IPA number 216
Encoding
ʥ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+02A5
dz\
X-SAMPA
The voiced alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d (formerly ).
Features
Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that: o Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line). o Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth. o It is palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue bowed, raised towards the hard palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Word All metge [1] Catalan dialects Valencian joc Japanese chijin Korean Polish[2] Russian Serbo-Croatian Yi gamja dwik / avo jji IPA [medd] [dk] [tid ] [kmd] [dvk]
(helpinfo)
Meaning 'doctor' 'game' 'acquaintance' 'potato' 'sound' 'daughter would' 'devil' 'bee'
Notes See Catalan phonology See Japanese phonology See Korean phonology See Polish phonology llophone of /t/. See Russian phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology
[dod b] [d o] [di ]
Voiced retroflex affricate

Voiced retroflex affricate
IPA number
106 (137)
Encoding Entity (decimal) ɖ͡ʐ
Unicode (hex)
U+0256U+0361U+0290
dz`
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum dz.
The voiced retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , sometimes simplified to d .[1] It occurs in such languages as Polish (the laminal affricate d) and Northwest Caucasian languages (apical).
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat). Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Word Polish[2][3] dem IPA [dm]
(helpinfo)
Meaning 'jam' See Polish phonology
Notes
Belarusian [li ba] Russian[3][4] [ m] Slovak Torwali[6] Yi

[5]
(helpinfo)
ds [dus] ? [ i] rry [d ]
'number' See Belarusian phonology Very rare variant, usually pronounced as 2 dedicated sounds: 'jam' d 'juice' 'long' contrasts with a palatal affricate 'tooth'
Voiced palatal stop

Voiced palatal stop
Image
IPA number
108
Encoding
ɟ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+025F
J\
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The voiced palatal stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a barred dotless j which was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter f. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\. The sound does not exist as a phoneme in English, but is perhaps most similar to a voiced postalveolar affricate [d], as in English jump (although it is a stop, not an affricate; the most similar stop phoneme to this sound in English is [], as in argue), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge,[1] [] is a less common sound worldwide than [d]. It is also common for the symbol // to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar stop, or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive, and therefore of secondary importance.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal stop:
Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop. Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Albanian[2] Sudanese Arabic[3] Yemeni Basque Catalan Corsican Czech Dinka Ega[5] French German Greek Word gjuha anddere IPA [uha] [ ml] [aee] [i ] [viula] [ lam] [ ir] Meaning 'tongue' 'camel' 'doll' 'chalk' Corresponds to // in other varieties. See Catalan phonology See Czech phonology Notes Some dialects; corresponds to /d/, // or // in other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Majorcan[4] guix fighjul dlm jir
Hungarian[6] Irish Latvian Ganda Macedonian Central[7] Norwegian fadder Northern[7] Auvergnat digut Occitan Limousin disst Nordestino Portuguese [citation jingle needed] Baiano Romanian[8] Slovak Turkish
'to watch' 'I do' 'blunt' 'become [ ] numerous' Dieu [] 'God' '(academic) Studium [tu m] studies' [metaisi] 'transfusion' metggisi gym [ am] 'guardian' Gaeilge [el] 'Gaelic' imene [imene] 'family' jjajja [ aa] 'grandfather' [raa] 'birth' [fe] [ i] [ i] 'godparent' 'said' (3rd pers. sing.)
Allophone of [dj] for a few speakers. Allophone of more frequent [dj] or [di]. See German phonology See Modern Greek phonology See Hungarian phonology See Irish phonology
See Macedonian phonology Dialectal.[7] See Norwegian phonology See Occitan phonology Speech not featuring post-alveolar affricates often in free variation with // and [j]. Corresponds to [d ~ d] in less substandard speech and other dialects. See Portuguese phonology Allophone of // before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology See Turkish phonology
[gow]
'jingle'
ghimpe alek gne
[impe] [aki] [ yne ]
'thorn' 'far' 'sun'
West Frisian
[citation needed]
djoer
[ ur]
'expensive'
Voiced palatal fricative

Voiced palatal fricative
Image
IPA number
139
Encoding
ʝ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+029D
j\
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
C<vcd>
Braille
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (crossed-tail j), or in broad transcription j, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database.[citation needed] In five of the languages listed below (Kabyle, Margi, Belgian Dutch,[1] Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic) this sound occurs phonemically along with its voiceless counterpart and in several more as a result of phonological processes.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Asturian Berber Kabyle Catalan Majorcan
[2]
Word IPA frayar [fr] cce [ ] figuera [fie] [ ut]

(helpinfo)
Meaning 'to destroy' 'to slip' 'fig tree'
Notes
Dutch Greek[4] Hungarian[5] Irish[6] Pashto Wardak dialect[7]
goed geia
'good' 'hello' 'throw (one/some) in' 'the sun' 'we' 'battery', 'pile' 'son', 'child' 'to show' 'of them' 'smock' 'soil' 'she/they'
Occurs in complementary distribution with []. Corresponds to [ ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology More common in southern Dutch dialects, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium.[3] See Dutch phonology See Modern Greek phonology An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology See Irish phonology
[ a]
dobj be [dob b] an [n ghrian in ] pilha filho [mu] [pi] [fi]
Portuguese Caipira
[citation needed]
Mineiro
Allophone of // as a result of yesmo-like merger, generally as onset after stressed close vowels. Most times the approximant is used instead. See Portuguese phonology See Scottish Gaelic phonology More often is an approximant. May also be represented by <ll> in certain dialects. See Spanish phonology See Swedish phonology Mostly used in more formal older forms
Ripuarian Scottish Gaelic[8] Spanish[9] Swedish[10] West Frisian

[citation needed]
zeije [ts] dhiubh [u] sayo jord hja [sao] [ u ]

(helpinfo)
[ a]
Alveolar approximant
Alveolar approximant
Image
IPA number
151
Encoding
ɹ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0279
r\
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The alveolar approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants is , a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees, or in broad transcription r; the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\. For ease of typesetting, English phonemic transcriptions often[citation needed] use the symbol r instead of , even though the former symbol represents the alveolar trill in phonetic transcription.
Features
Features of the alveolar approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Articulatory properties of alveolar approximant

Voiced alveolar appro imant is the standard description of // in American English. It is articulated with the tongue tip or blade placed closely to the region behind the teeth called the alveolar ridge. Some people claim that in their pronunciation of // the tip or blade of the tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge and could, therefore, be characterized as post-alveolar. Magnetic resonance images of vocal tract configurations during // production show that speakers of American English employ a wide range of articulatory strategies and shape their tongue differently to produce //.[1] This may suggest that a great mastery of tongue muscles is required in order to reach the correct target for //.
Auditory properties of alveolar approximant

The American English // displays a fairly stable pattern of the low third formant (F3) and the close proximity of the second and third formants (F2 and F3).[1] The acoustic analysis of word-initial // done by closely inspecting spectrograms of words pronounced by children and adults has led many researchers to believe that the acoustic interaction between F2 and F3 is a primary cue in distinguishing // from other approximants /w/, /l/, and /j/, as well as labiodental / / in speech perception.
Occurrence
Language Armenian Eastern Burmese[2][3] Chukchi Western and Central Netherlands Leiden American dialects[4] Australian English Received Pronunciation red [ d] 'red' Word IPA [sut] Meaning 'coffee' Notes Occurs only in loanwords, mostly from Pali or English Allophone of [r ~ ~ ] in the syllable coda for some speakers. See Dutch phonology Dialect of this city, unlike any other, uses [] for every instance of /r/. Often retracted and labialized. In non-rhotic varieties, it occurs only before a vowel. May also be a labialized retroflex approximant; corresponds to an alveolar trill or alveolar tap in a few other dialects. For convenience it is often transcribed <r>. See English phonology Most other dialects use a
[te s ] 'animal' door [iek] [do] 'two' 'through'
Dutch
rat
[at]
'rat'
Faroese German
Westerwald
[5]
rur Rebe
[uw ] [eb]
'rudder' 'vine shoot'
Siegerland[6] Upper Lusatian Igbo karama [kaama] Greater So permitir Paulo[7] Inland CentroPortuguese Sul's metro amor cities[8] General marketing Brazilian Spanish Some dialects[10] doscientos 'bottle' 'to allow', 'to [pemiti] enable' [amo] 'love', 'dear'
voiced uvular fricative or uvular trill. See German phonology

[a]
[b]
See Portuguese phonology
[maket] 'marketing'[9]
[c]
Swedish Some speakers rd Vietnamese r Zapotec Tilquiapan[11] rd
Allophone of /s/ in the [do jentos] 'two hundred' syllable coda. See Spanish phonology [ ] 'red' See Swedish phonology [] 'to clean' See Vietnamese phonology Allophone of // before any [d] 'pass' consonant.
As an allophone of other rhotic sounds, // occurs in Edo, Fula, Murinh-patha, and Palauan.[12]
Retroflex approximant
Retroflex approximant
Image
IPA number
152
Encoding
ɻ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+027B
r\`
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
r.
Braille
The retroflex approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase letter r with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.
Features
Features of the retroflex approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream. Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat). Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
The retroflex approximant occurs in American English, Mandarin Chinese, Pashto, a few Brazilian Portuguese dialects and some languages of India like Tamil and Malayalam, as well as several Australian Aboriginal and Indigenous South American languages. Language Arrernte Chinese English Mandarin Word
[example needed]
IPA [ou ] [d]
Meaning 'meat' 'red'
Notes Some speakers. Corresponds to a voiced retroflex fricative //. See Mandarin phonology See English phonology
ru red
American dialects Enindhilyagwa Malayalam Mapuche Pashto
angwura [awua] 'fire' [ i] 'way' rka [uka] [so ] 'house' 'cold' Allophone of retroflex lateral flap / /. See Pashto phonology
Pitjantjatjara Uluu [ l ] 'Uluru' Inland Centrocartas [kats] 'letters' Allophone of rhotic consonant, and seldom /l/, Sul dialects Portuguese in the syllable coda.[a][1][2][3] See Portuguese Brazilian temporal [tpoa] 'rainstorm' phonology caipira speakers
Tamil[4] Yaghan
wrho
[ i] [wao]
'way' 'cave'
See Tamil phonology
a.^ This rhotic approximant is most often a stigmatized retroflex, being referred to as erre caipira (hillbilly ar, in free translation), mostly found in non-metropolitan hinterlands of So Paulo, Paran, south of Minas Gerais and surrounding areas, but may also be post-alveolar, alveolar and/or rhotic vowel, the more common realization in metropolitan areas and the coast. As with [], it appeared as mutation of Iberian // in the development of Brazilian Portuguese from several Amerindian languages (most importantly the lnguas gerais) and Old Portuguese (portugus arcaico) spoken by non-natives of the latter, in the countryside of its more southern states, while more northern dialects started to use the guttural sounds equivalent to Portuguese // in the syllable coda. Originally, both of these major variants elided ars in final of words with more than one syllable, a feature that as with many common Romance characteristics, colloquial Brazilian Portuguese still shares with languages such as Catalan, but now this trait is not more ubiquitous, neither with dialects that use guttural nor with those that use coronal approximant /r/. As non-native speakers also found difficulty in producing the velarized [ ] (dark l) allophone of coda el of European Portuguese, coronal approximant /r/ further expanded as an allophone of /l/, that in other places was conservated or further changed to the now nearly ubiquitous vocalization to [u] even if most Brazilian dialects now have a velarized allophone of /l/ e.g. [ i ~ ] due to impact of more recent European immigration waves on language.
Voiceless alveolar fricative

A voiceless alveolar fricative is a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences:
Voiceless alveolar "hissing" sibilant [s], with a strong hissing sound, as in English sin. One of the most common sounds in the world because of its highly piercing, prominent sound (hence its use to get people's attention, as in "ssssst!"). Voiceless "apico-dental" "lisping-hissing" sibilant [s] (an ad-hoc notation), with a weaker hissing sound reminiscent of the "lisping" English th fricative. Commonly heard in the Spanish spoken in a band of territory in southern Spain, arcing through Andalusia from the southwest to the north to the southeast. Voiceless "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant [s], with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of retroflex fricatives. This sound is well known from the languages of northern Iberia, like Astur-Leonese, Basque, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Galician and Northern Portuguese. Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ ] or [ ], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA.[1] This sounds somewhat like the th in English thin. Occurs in Icelandic. Voiceless alveolar rhotic fricative []. This sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English r (somewhat like what the English cluster hr would sound like). Occurs in Edo, a language spoken in Nigeria. Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ ]. This sounds somewhat like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English l (somewhat like what the English cluster hl would sound like). Occurs in Welsh words with ll.
The first three types are sibilants, meaning that they are made with the teeth closed and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound.
Coronal fricatives Postalveolar Dental Alveolar palato- alveoloretroflex alveolar palatal
sibilant non-sibilant
s / /
Voiceless alveolar sibilant

Voiceless alveolar sibilant
s
Image
IPA number
132
Encoding
s
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0073
s
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
See also: voiceless alveolar fricative The voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in vocal languages. It is the sound in English words such as sea and pass, and is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with s. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as sssst! or psssst!. The voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] is one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have [s].[1] However, some languages have a related sibilant sound, such as [], but no [s]. In addition, sibilants are absent from Australian Aboriginal languages, where fricatives are rare; even the few indigenous Australian languages that have developed fricatives do not have sibilants.[citation needed] Sibilants (or at least, sibilant fricatives) are also absent from the so-called ceceo Spanish dialects of southern Spain (Andalusia), where [ ] replaces all historical [s] consonants.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of passive articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tongue at the alveolar ridge just behind the gums. Its place of active articulation is usually laminal, meaning that the tongue blade (the part just behind the top) contacts the alveolar ridge, with the tongue tip resting behind the lower front teeth. However, according to Ladefoged and Maddieson,[2] an apical articulation (with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge) is also possible, with in fact about an equal number of English speakers using each of the two types. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Comparison with the Spanish apico-alveolar sibilant

The term "voiceless alveolar sibilant" is potentially ambiguous in that it can refer to at least two different sounds. Various languages of northern Iberia (e.g. Astur-Leonese, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Portuguese and Spanish) have a so-called "voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant" which lacks the strong hissing of the [s] described in this article, but rather has a duller, more "grave" sound quality somewhat reminiscent of a voiceless retroflex sibilant. Basque, Mirandese and some Portuguese dialects in northeast Portugal (as well as medieval Spanish and Portuguese in general) have both types of sounds in the same language. There is no general agreement about what actual feature distinguishes these sounds. Spanish phoneticians normally describe the difference as apical (for the northern Iberian sound) vs. laminal (for the more common sound), but Ladefoged and Maddieson[3] claim that English /s/ can be pronounced apical, which is evidently not the same as the apical sibilant of Iberian Spanish and Basque, In addition, Adams[4] asserts that many dialects of Modern Greek have a laminal sibilant with a sound quality similar to the "apico-alveolar" sibilant of northern Iberia. Some authors have instead suggested that the difference lies in tongue shape. Adams[5] describes the northern Iberian sibilant as "retracted". Ladefoged and Maddieson[6] appear to characterize the more common hissing variant as grooved, and some phoneticians (e.g. J. Catford) have characterized it as sulcal (which is more or less a synonym of "grooved"), but in both cases there is some doubt about whether all and only the "hissing" sounds in fact have a "grooved" or "sulcal" tongue shape.
Occurrence
Language Adyghe Modern Arabic Standard[7] Armenian Eastern[8] Word [sa] [dls] IPA 'I' 'to sit' See Arabic phonology Meaning Notes
[s] (helpinfo) 'mountain'
Basque Burmese Chinese Czech Danish Standard[9] Dutch Holland Cantonese Mandarin
su ? sim2 sn svt slge steen zijn Friesland sand sandur sin faade Biss san sziget sali fukusk so satu iebes sand maichent sum /sib cao surd svet Latin American saltador
[su] [s s bj] [sim ] [san ] [svjt] [slj] [sten] [sin] [snd] [sand ] [sin] [fasad] [smi] [bs] [san] [sefe] [sal] [sit] [sali] [ k s ke] [sa] [so] [skka] [satu] [eabes] [spa] [sn] [mejs] [sum]
(helpinfo)
'fire'
Apical. Contrasts with a laminal dental sibilant (/s/)
'I am eating now' 'twinkle' See Cantonese phonology 'three' 'world' 'sell' 'stone' 'to be' 'sand' 'sand' 'you (sg.)' 'front' 'three' 'bite' 'as' 'book' 'year' 'island' 'you go up' 'plural' 'I' 'ox' 'jump' 'one' 'hard' 'flat' 'sand' 'bad' 'catfish' 'apple' 'I hunt' 'deaf' 'hair' 'world' 'jumper' 'money' See Spanish phonology and seseo See Mandarin phonology See Czech phonology See Danish phonology See Dutch phonology In dialects that merge /s/ and /z/ into [s]. Allophone of [z] used word-initially and after voiceless consonants. See English phonology See Finnish phonology See French phonology See German phonology See Modern Greek phonology See Modern Hebrew phonology See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Hungarian phonology See Italian phonology See Japanese phonology
English Faroese Finnish French[10] Georgian[11] German Athens Greek dialect[12] Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Italian[13] Japanese[14] Kabardian Korean Macedonian Malay Maltese Marathi Norwegian Occitan Limousin Polish[15] Persian Portuguese[16] Romanian[17] Russian[18] Slovak Spanish[19] Toda[20]
See Korean phonology See Macedonian phonology
See Marathi phonology See Norwegian phonology See Polish phonology See Persian phonology See Portuguese phonology See Romanian phonology. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
[sib] [kasu] [surd] [vols]

(helpinfo)
[svt] [salta or] ks
Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese[21] West Frisian Yi
su xa slt sy
[su] [sl] [sal] [sa ] [st] [s ]
'water' 'village' 'year' 'far' 'salt' 'die'
See Turkish phonology See Ukrainian phonology See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Vietnamese phonology
Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant

Voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant
S
See also: voiceless alveolar fricative The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant (commonly termed the voiceless apico-alveolar sibilant) is a fricative that is articulated with the tongue in a hollow shape, and usually with tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is a linguistically unusual sibilant sound that is found most notably in a number of languages in a linguistic area covering northern and central Iberia, and is most well known from its occurrence in the Spanish of this area. In the Middle Ages, it occurred in a wider area, covering Romance languages spoken throughout France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as Old and Middle High German. There is no single IPA symbol used for this sound.[citation needed] The symbol s is often used, with a diacritic indicating an apical pronunciation. However, this is potentially problematic in that not all alveolar-retracted sibilants are apical (see below), and not all apical alveolar sibilants are retracted. The ad-hoc non-IPA symbols and S are often used in the linguistic literature, even when IPA symbols are used for other sounds;[citation needed] , however, is a common transcription of the retroflex sibilant []. Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a "whistling" quality, and to sound similar to palato-alveolar []. For this reason, when borrowed into such languages or represented with non-Latin characters, it is often replaced with []. This occurred, for example, in English borrowings from Old French (e.g., push from pousser, cash from caisse); in Polish borrowings from medieval German (e.g., kosztowa from kosten, ur from sr (contemporary sauer); and in representations of Mozarabic (an extinct medieval Romance dialect once spoken in southern Spain) in Arabic characters. The similarity between retracted [s] and [] has resulted in many exchanges in Spanish between the sounds,
during the medieval period when Spanish had both phonemes. Examples are jabn (formerly xabn) "soap" from Latin S P, S PNE , jibia "cuttlefish" (formerly xibia) from Latin SPI , and tijeras "scissors" (earlier tixeras < medieval tiseras) from Latin CSRI S (with initial t- due to influence from TNSOR "shaver"). Many dialects of Modern Greek have a very similar-sounding sibilant that is pronounced with a laminal articulation.[1]
Sound quality and features

Features of the voiceless apical alveolar (apico-alveolar) sibilant:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. It is normally apical, which means it is pronounced with the very tip of the tongue. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
One of the clearest descriptions of this sound is from Obaid:[2] There is a Castilian s, which is a voiceless, concave, apicoalveolar fricative: The tip of the tongue turned upward forms a narrow opening against the alveoli of the upper incisors. It resembles a faint // and is found throughout much of the northern half of Spain.
Occurrence
It occurs as the normal voiceless alveolar sibilant in Astur-Leonese, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Galician, northern European Portuguese, and some Occitan dialects. It also occurs in Basque and Mirandese, where it is opposed to a different voiceless alveolar sibilant, the more common [s]; the same distinction occurs in a few dialects of northeastern Portuguese. Outside of this area, it also occurs in a few dialects of Latin American Spanish (e.g., Antioqueo, in Colombia), and in many dialects of Modern Greek (with a laminal articulation). In medieval times, it occurred in a wider area, including the Romance languages spoken in most or all of France and Iberia (Old Spanish, Galician-Portuguese, Catalan, French, etc.), as well as in the Old and Middle High German of central and southern Germany.[1] In all of these languages, the retracted "apicoalveolar" sibilant was opposed to a non-retracted sibilant much like English [s], and in many of them, both voiceless and voiced versions of both sounds occurred. In general, the retracted "apico-alveolar" variants were written s or ss, while the non-retracted variants were written z, c or . In the Romance languages, the retracted sibilants derived from Latin /s/, /ss/ or /ns/, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from earlier affricates [ts] and [dz], which in turn derived from palatalized /k/ or /t/. The situation was similar in High German, where the retracted sibilants derived largely from Proto-Germanic /s/, while the non-retracted sibilants derived from instances of Proto-Germanic /t/ that were shifted by the High German sound shift. Minimal pairs were common in all languages. Examples in Middle High German, for example,
were wizzen "to know" (Old English witan, cf. "to wit") vs. wissen "known" (Old English wissen), and weiz "white" (Old English wt) vs. weis "way" (Old English ws, cf. "-wise"). This distinction has since vanished from most of these languages:

In most dialects of Spanish, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into the non-retracted [s]. In French and most dialects of Portuguese, the four alveolar sibilants have merged into non-retracted [s] and [z], while in European Portuguese and some recently European-influenced dialects of Brazil all coda [s], voiced [ ] before voiced consonants, was backed to [], [], while in most of Brazilian Portuguese this phenomenon is much rarer, being essentially absent in the dialects that conservated the most archaic Portuguese forms and/or had a greater Indigenous and/or non-Portuguese European influence. In the remaining dialects of Portuguese, found in northern Portugal, they merged into the retracted [s] [ ], or, as in Mirandese, conservated the mediaeval distinction. In central and northern Spanish, the non-retracted [s] was fronted to [ ] after merging with nonretracted [z], while the retracted [s] remains. In German, most instances of [s] were fronted to [s], but some were backed to become [] (initially before a consonant, and following /r/; in many modern High German dialects, also non-initially before a consonant), as in European and fluminense Portuguese.
Because of the widespread medieval distribution, it has been speculated that retracted [s] was the normal pronunciation in spoken Latin. However, it equally well could have been an areal feature inherited from the prehistoric languages of Western Europe, as evidenced by its occurrence in modern Basque. Language Asturian Basque[3] Catalan[4][5] Leonese Galician Mirandese Gascon Languedocien European, inland northern European, coastal northern Portuguese[6] Inland rural capixaba Occitan Carioca do brejo Spanish[7] Castilian Paisa region Word pasu su set pasu sade passo dos sade IPA [pasu] [su] [st] [pas ] [sau e] [pasu] [dys] [dus] [su ( ] Meaning Notes 'step' 'fire' Contrasts with /s/ 'seven' See Catalan phonology 'step' 'health' 'step' Contrasts with /s/ 'two' 'health' See Occitan phonology
Contrasts with /s/. See Portuguese phonology Merges with /s/. See Portuguese cansao [ksasu] 'weariness' phonology pescador [peskdo] 'fisherman' Allophone of coda /s/, much as coda postalveolars elsewhere in the Portuguese-speaking escadas [iskads] 'stairs' world saltador [salta or] 'jumper' See Spanish phonology and seseo
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as "slit" fricative) is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually represented by < >, < > (retracted or alveolarized , respectively), or <> (constricted voiceless ).
Features
Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Scouse[6] English Hiberno-English[7] Italy [ li] Icelandic aki [ 'Italy' ][stress?] 'roof' See Icelandic phonology Word IPA Meaning 'attain' Allophone of /t/ See English phonology Notes
attain [ en]
Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant

Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
Image
IPA number
134
Encoding
ʃ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0283
S
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or voiceless domed postalveolar fricative (IPA [ ]) is a type of consonantal sound, used in many spoken languages, including English. In English, it is usually represented in writing with sh, as in ship.
Symbol
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral sign ). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. An alternative symbol is , an s with hek, which is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with the Czech alphabet of Jan Hus and was adopted in Gaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of many Baltic, Finno-Lappic, North American and African languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneous lip rounding ([]), although this is usually not written down in technical transcriptions.
Occurrence
Language Adyghe Albanian Arabic Armenian Word shtpi xera eir kaixo ciwer chadenn kae sjabloon sheep elko sjkrahs cher viaxe schn segtsg sik s IPA [ d] [ tpi] [ ams] [ un]
(helpinfo)
Standard[1] Eastern[2]
Meaning 'donkey' 'house' 'sun' 'dog' 'work' 'poem' 'hello' 'to consult' 'chain' 'heroically' 'mash' 'template' 'sheep' 'suspenders' 'hospital' 'expensive' 'way' 'quibbling' 'beautiful' 'peace' 'doubt' 'help' 'I' 'she'
Notes
See Arabic phonology
Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Berber Kabyle Breton Bulgarian Czech Dutch[3] English Esperanto Faroese French[4] Galician Georgian[5] German Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Ilokano Irish
[ e.a] [ei] [kaio] [ iwr] [a.dn] [jonaki] [ka] [ blon] [ip] [elko] [ ukrahus] [ ] [bjae] [i] [n] [ alom] [ak] [ite] [ ak] [ i]
See Czech phonology May be [s] or [] instead. See Dutch phonology See English phonology See Esperanto phonology See French phonology
See German phonology See Modern Hebrew phonology See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Hungarian phonology See Irish phonology
Italian[6] Kabardian Latvian Lingala Lithuanian Macedonian Malay Maltese Marathi Norwegian Bokml [citation needed] Nynorsk Auvergnat Occitan Gascon Limousin Persian European[7] Portuguese Brazilian
fasce alle shak arvas syarikat x'ismek sky sjukehus maissant maishant son caixa choque! de efi seinn / dvorite la shan chileno mayo kushoto siya hkali gne siarad mis sjippe fescia
[fae] [ d] [alle] [ ak] [arvas] [ t] [arikat] [ ismek] [b d] [ y] [kehs] [me] [maan] [ ] [h] [kaj] [k] [de ] [ ef] [ i ] [ ei]
'bands' See Italian phonology 'donkey' Contrasts with a labialized form 'scarf' 'Afrikan gray parrot' 'armor' 'what' See Macedonian phonology 'company' 'what is your name?' 'word' 'cloud' 'hospital' 'bad' 'bad' 'his' 'king' 'box' (one is) 'in shock!' 'ten' 'bosses' 'mush' 'sing' See Marathi phonology See Norwegian phonology
See Occitan phonology See Persian phonology May have simultaneous palatalization ([]), most prominently in Brazil. See Portuguese phonology See Romanian phonology See Scottish Gaelic phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology See Somali phonology See Spanish phonology
Romani Vlax Romanian Sahaptin Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Slovene Somali Chilean Spanish Swahili Tagalog Toda[8] Tunica Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Uyghur Welsh Standard Southern dialects Rioplatense
[d rit][tone?] 'courtyard' [ ola] [ an] [ ileno] [mao] [kuoto] [ a] [p ] [ihkali] [yne ] [ ] [ kria] [ hr] [rad] [mi ] [p] [fea] 'school' 'five' 'Chilean' 'Month of May' 'trees' 'he she' 'language' 'stone' 'sun' 'chess' 'thank you' 'city' 'speak' 'month' 'soap' 'nuisance' 'scientific'
See Tagalog phonology
See Turkish phonology See Ukrainian phonology See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Welsh phonology
West Frisian Western Canzs Lombard Yiddish
[ vsnaftl ]
See Yiddish phonology
Yorb Zapotec Zhuang
Tilquiapan
[9]
i xana cib
[ i] [ ana] [ p]
'open' 'how?' 'ten'
Classical Latin phonology did not have [ ]. It does occur in most of today's Latin-descended languages. For example the ch in French chanteur ('singer') is pronounced [ ] and is descended from Latin cantare pronounced [k]. The sc in Latin scientia ('science') indicated /sk/ but has changed to // in the Italian scienza. The sound in Russian denoted by <> is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative [ ].
Voiceless retroflex sibilant

(Redirected from Voiceless retroflex fricative)
Voiceless retroflex sibilant
Image
IPA number
136
Encoding
ʂ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0282
s`
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
s.
Braille
The voiceless retroflex sibilant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of the ess (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical
articulations. Only one language Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat). Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [] and laminal []. Language Abkhaz Adyghe Chinese Faroese Malayalam Norwegian Pashto southern dialect [1] Polish Russian[1] Sicilian Slovak[2] Swedish Telugu Toda[3] Torwali[4] Ubykh Vietnamese Yi Southern dialects[5] Mandarin Word IPA Meaning 'day' 'girl' 'stone' 'eighty' 'scarce'
[stress?]
[am] [paa]
(helpinfo)
Notes See Abkhaz phonology
sh frs forsamling szum strata atka fors ? [a] sa shy
[ ] [f ] [ki] [fml] [odl] [um] (helpinfo) [ut] [ata] [atka] [f] [ bilai] [p] [e] [ [ ] ]
See Mandarin phonology
'gathering' 'to show' 'rustle' 'fool' 'street' 'kerchief' 'rapids' 'person who wishes' (clan name) 'thin rope' 'head' 'milk' 'gold'
See Norwegian phonology See Polish phonology See Russian phonology
See Swedish phonology
See Ubykh phonology See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec
Tilquiapan[6]
[example needed]
Allophone of // before [a] and [u]
Voiceless alveolar affricate

Voiceless alveolar affricate
Image
IPA number
103 (132)
Encoding
ʦ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+02A6
ts
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
ts
The voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ts or ts (formerly with ). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in such languages as German, Cantonese, Italian, Russian, Japanese and Mandarin Chinese, among many others. International auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Abkhaz Adyghe Ainu Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Berber Basque Bulgarian Catalan[2] Cherokee Cantonese Chinese Mandarin Czech Esperanto French Georgian[3] German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Italian[4] Quebec Some Western dialects Kabyle Eastern[1] Word cimbidh cibiea ay iee hotz hots potser tsala-gi cai1 zocn co ceceo petit zehn kortsi cica grazia IPA [atsa] [tsa] [tsuk] [tsimbi ] [tsants]
(helpinfo)
[ ibitsa] [tsj] [i tsts] [ots] [ots] [tsna] [puttse] [tsalai] [tsi ] [ts
Meaning Notes 'hornbeam' See Abkhaz phonology 'tooth' 'autumn' 'tongs' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated 'net' forms 'stick' 'tea' Corresponds to /t/ in other dialects.
'he counts' 'cold' 'sound' 'price' 'maybe' See Catalan phonology 'Cherokee' 'wife' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology See Czech phonology See Esperanto phonology Allophone of /t/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology See German phonology See Modern Greek phonology See Modern Hebrew phonology See Hungarian phonology The letter <z> may also represent /dz/. See Italian phonology
tsan ] 'breakfast' 'what' 'tsetse fly' 'small' 'man' 'ten' 'girl' 'color' 'kitten' 'grace'
[tso] [tsetseo] [ptsi] [k tsi] [tsen] [koritsi] [tseva] [tsits] [ratsja]
Japanese Kabardian Khowar Kiowa Latvian Macedonian Marathi Maltese Nez Perce Pashto Polish[5] Portuguese
[6]
tsunami ch cik zokk cickan co European Brazilian parte sem vida pode ser pre petza / cilj cudz dzeen tsiis cetaman zy
[tsunami] [ts] [tsitseq] [ts] [tsik] [tsvt] [tsv] [tsokk] [tsitskan] [ts] [ts]
(helpinfo)
'tsunami'
See Japanese phonology
'hair' 'children' 'short' 'how many' See Latvian phonology 'flower' See Macedonian phonology See Marathi phonology; depending on 'taste' the word, the letter may also be pronounced as /t/. '(tree) trunk' 'blanket' 'what' 'what' 'lifeless corner' 'maybe' 'price' 'Tsar' 'meat' 'target' 'foreign' 'day' 'this one' 'cheese' 'four' 'to plant' See Polish phonology As a result of vowel elision leading to sandhi, apart of loanwords. See Portuguese phonology See Romanian phonology See Russian phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Romanian Russian Sardinian Campidanese Serbo-Croatian Slovak Tanacross Ukrainian West Frisian Central Alaskan Yup'ik[7] Yi
[patsj vi ] [p tse] [prets] [tsar] [ptsa] [ts ] [tsud i] [tsen] [tsj] [tsis] [tstaman] [ts ]
See Ukrainian phonology Allophone of /t/ before schwa Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

(Redirected from Voiceless postalveolar affricate)
Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate

Image
IPA number
103 (134)
Encoding Entity (decimal) t͡ʃ U+0074U+0361U+0283

tS
Unicode (hex)
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum tS
The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with t or t (formerly ), or in broad transcription c. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip". Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: t. They may be joined with a tiebar (t), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t). Formerly a ligature () was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:[citation needed]

c ; ; ; ; ch ; cs ; cz ; ; tsch ; tx ; tc (older Americanist transcription)
Occurrence
Language Adyghe Albanian Aleut Amharic Arabic
[1]
Word elur Atkan dialect chamul Central Palestinian Jordanian Iraqi kini txalupa hakchioma Bohairic dialect more bleach ar tjrn
IPA [tal] [tlu] [tmul] [anti] [mattab] [titab] [tntuk]

(helpinfo)
Meaning 'boy' 'open' 'to wash' 'you' f. sg. 'library' 'book' 'sparrow' 'the ploughman' 'spectacles' 'boat' 'tobacco' 'touch'
Notes
Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[2] Azeri Bengali Basque Choctaw Coptic Czech English Esperanto Faroese French Galician Georgian[3] German Hebrew Hindi
[kinti] [tma] [talupa] [haktioma] [toh] [mort] [blit ] [tar] [t tn]
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
caoutchouc [kautu] cheio Tschinelle [tejo] [ti i] [tinl] [tuv] [tj]
'guinea pig' See Czech phonology 'bleach' See English phonology 'because' See Esperanto phonology 'lake' Relatively rare, occurs mostly in 'rubber' loanwords. See French phonology Galician-Portuguese /t/ was 'full', 'filled' conservated in Galician and merged with // in Portuguese. 'impasse' 'cymbal' See German phonology 'answer' See Modern Hebrew phonology Contrasts with aspirated form. See 'tea' Hindi-Urdu phonology
Haitian Creole Hungarian Italian[4] K'iche' Macedonian Malay Maltese Marathi Norwegian Nunggubuyu[5] Persian
match
[mat ]
gymlcsl [ymltle] ciao K'iche' cuci bli kjkken [tao] [k ite ] [tka] [tuti] [blit ] [th] [tken] [tao] [tub]
'sports match' '(fruit) juice' 'ciao' 'K'iche'' 'wait' 'wash' 'bleach' 'tea' 'kitchen' 'needle' 'wood'
See Hungarian phonology See Italian phonology Contrasts with ejective form See Macedonian phonology
See Marathi phonology Only in some dialects. See Norwegian phonology See Persian phonology Allophone of /t/ before /i, / and dialectally unstressed /ui/. May be palatalized. Even if unstressed rhyme [i] or [] is deleted as often, /t/ will still affricate. See Portuguese phonology Allophone of // in recent loanwords See Romanian phonology See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Most Brazilian presente [6] Portuguese dialects
[pe t]
'present', 'gift'
Most dialects tchau [taw] Romanian cer [ter] [7] Rotuman joni [tni] Scottish Gaelic slinte [slant] / Serbo-Croatian [tklada][tone?] okolda Spanish[8] chafar [tafa] Swahili jicho [ ito] Finland tjugo [:g] Swedish Some rural Swedish krlek [tek] dialects Tlingit jinkaat [tikat] Turkish uak [utk] Ubykh [tbja] Ukrainian [totr] Urdu Central Alaskan Yup'ik Zapotec Tilquiapan[9] nacaq chane [tj] [nataq] [tan ]
'bye' 'sky' 'to flee' 'health'
'chocolate' See Serbo-Croatian phonology 'to flatten' 'eye' 'twenty' 'love' 'ten' 'airplane' 'pepper' 'four' 'tea' 'parka hood' See Spanish phonology
See Turkish phonology See Ubykh phonology See Ukrainian phonology Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t/.
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate

Image
IPA number
215
Encoding
ʨ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+02A8
ts\
X-SAMPA
The voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with t (formerly ). The voiceless alveolopalatal affricate occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese and Serbo-Croatian.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line). o Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth. o It is palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue bowed, raised towards the hard palate. Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Abadzekh Adyghe Bzhedug Shapsug Most [1] Catalan dialects Valencian Chinese Mandarin Danish Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish[2] Russian Serbo-Croatian Swedish Finland Thai[3] Vietnamese Yi Word fletxa xec IPA [t ]
(helpinfo)
Meaning 'tree' 'arrow' 'cheque'
Notes
[f ett] [tek] [pe ti ]
See Catalan phonology
Bijng (helpinfo) tjener [tn] chijin [tid ] jal tjern ma / Loven kjol cha ji [tal] [t ] [tm]
(helpinfo)
Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology 'servant' See Danish phonology 'acquaintance' See Japanese phonology 'Beijing' 'well' 'pond' 'moth' 'narrowly' 'Loven' See Korean phonology See Norwegian phonology See Polish phonology See Russian phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology
[tt] [l ten] [tul] [tn] [ta] [ti ]
'skirt' See Swedish phonology 'I' (informal) 'father' See Vietnamese phonology Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated 'sour' forms
Voiceless retroflex affricate

Voiceless retroflex affricate

Image
IPA number
105 (136)
Encoding Entity (decimal) ʈ͡ʂ U+0288U+0361U+0282

ts`
Unicode (hex)
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum ts.
The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , sometimes simplified to t,[1] and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech language, some speakers of Russian may use it instead of Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate. a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat). Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Word Chinese Mandarin[2] Zhngwn Polish[3][4] Belarusian Russian Slovak[5] Torwali[6] Yi czas aka ? zha Language IPA [ un ] [s]
(helpinfo)
Meaning 'Chinese' 'time' 'the beginning' 'better' 'to wait' 'to sew' 'a bit'
Notes Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology See Polish phonology See Belarusian phonology The only word where this sound occurs. See Russian phonology contrasts with aspirated form contrasts with aspirated form
[paatak] [lute] [akac] [uwu] [a ]
1. ^ As an affricate, which is considered a double articulation by the IPA, it doesn't appear in the IPA Unicode 5.1 Chart Appendix. appears as 136, but unlike the palato-alveolar and alveolar affricates, there is no unified glyph.
Voiced alveolar fricative

Voiced alveolar sibilant
z
Image
IPA number
133
Encoding
z
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+007A
z
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
See also: voiceless alveolar fricative and voiceless alveolar sibilant The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.
The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is z, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter z is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants unless modified by a diacritic ( and respectively). The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be or . Coronal fricatives Postalveolar Dental Alveolar palato- alveoloretroflex alveolar palatal
sibilant non-sibilant
/ /
Features
Features of the voiced alveolar fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ ] and laminal [ ]. Language Adyghe Albanian Arabic Standard[1] Armenian Eastern[2] Breton Chechen Czech Standard[3] Dutch Friesland English French[4] Georgian[5] German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Italian[7] Japanese[8] Kabardian Kala Lagaw Ya Kashmiri Macedonian Malay Maltese Athens dialect[6] Meaning [ ] (helpinfo) 'one' zjarr [zjar] 'fire' [ a ir] 'visitor' [ t] (helpinfo) 'decoration' iliz [iliz] 'church' / zurma [ uma] 'music' zima [ ma] 'winter' zee [ e] 'sea' ezel size zbre s zli [e ] [sa ] [ b] [ i] [ ys] [ ali] [ e ev] [ min] [ alo] [ka o] [ emb ] [ ] (helpinfo) [ il mi ] [ anun] [ t] [zaman] [zelu] 'donkey' 'size' 'zebra' 'bell' 'sweet' 'dizziness' 'wolf' 'land' 'pledge' 'case' 'everything' 'one' 'go' 'to know' 'why' See Macedonian phonology 'age, period' 'zeal' Word IPA Notes
See Czech phonology See Dutch phonology It is always devoiced if word initially. See Dutch phonology See English phonology See French phonology See German phonology See Modern Greek phonology See Modern Hebrew phonology See Hindi-Urdu phonology See Hungarian phonology See Italian phonology See Japanese phonology
zlog caso zenbu zilamiz
,
zaman zelu
Marathi
[ r]
'if'
See Marathi phonology.
Mirandese
Occitan Limousin [9] Polish Portuguese[10] Romanian[11] Russian[12] Andalusian Latin American Spanish
Mexican
Slovak Swahili Turkish Ukrainian Urdu Vietnamese Northern dialects
Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval daprendizaige [dpdi aj( ] 'learning' Ibero-Romance sibilants: ch /t/, x //, g/j //, c/ /s/, z / /, s/-ss- /s/, -s- / / june [ wne] 'young' See Occitan phonology zero [ r] (helpinfo) 'zero' See Polish phonology casa [ka ] 'house' See Portuguese phonology zar [ ar] 'dice' See Romanian phonology Contrasts with palatalized [ t] 'to pick up' (helpinfo) zae at version. See Russian phonology Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ]. Present comunismo [komuni mo] 'Communism' in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it's always dental [ ]. Some northern dialects. Corresponds to /s/ in other zapato [ pto] 'shoe' Mexican dialects, and to / / in Peninsular Spanish. See Spanish phonology zima [ ma] 'winter' lazima [l im] 'must' gz [ ] 'eye' See Turkish phonology [zub] 'tooth' See Ukrainian phonology [ min] 'land' See Hindi-Urdu phonology da sizze ssy zien guanaz [ a] [s ] [ ] [zin] [ana ] 'skin' 'to say' 'generation' 'son' See Vietnamese phonology Never occurs in word-initial positions
West Frisian Yi Yiddish Zapotec
Tilquiapan[13]
Voiced apico-alveolar fricative

Voiced apico-alveolar fricative
Z
The voiced apico-alveolar fricative, [ ], is a fricative which is articulated with the tip of the tongue (apex) against the alveolar ridge. It is the sibilant found in dialects of central and northern Portuguese, several dialects of European Spanish, Antioqueo Spanish, Catalan, Gascon, Languedocien Occitan, and Modern Greek. Often to speakers of languages or dialects which do not have an apico-alvolear fricative, they are said to have a "whistling" quality.
Occurence
Meaning Notes Catalan 'zeal' See Catalan phonology Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before Galician mesmo [me mo] 'same' /d/ it's pronounced dentally [ ]. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve Mirandese eisistir [ej isti] 'to exist' all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ch /t/, x //, g/j //, c/ /s/, z / /, s/-ss- /s/, s- / / Gascon casrna [ka rno] 'barracks' Occitan See Occitan phonology Languedocien vser [be e] 'to see' European, Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese [example needed] inland northern phonology Portuguese European, Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese [example needed] coastal northern phonology Castilian Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before Spanish mismo [mi mo] 'same' /d/ it's pronounced dentally [ ]. See Spanish Paisa Region phonology
[14][15]
Language
Word IPA zel [ ]
Voiced alveolar sibilant

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages but is relatively uncommon crosslinguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa or Western Asia. In the eastern half of Asia, the Pacific and the Americas, [z] is very rare as a phoneme. The presence of [z] in a given language always implies the presence of a voiceless [s].[citation needed]
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), it can represent this sound as in a number of ways including < >, < > (retracted or alveolarized , respectively), or < > (constricted ).
Features
Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Icelandic English Scouse Word IPA Meaning Notes aki [ aki ] 'the roof' See Icelandic phonology maid [me ] 'maid' Allophone of /d/ See English phonology
South Africa
[citation needed]
round [nd] 'round'
Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant

(Redirected from Voiced postalveolar fricative)
Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
Image
IPA number
135
Encoding
ʒ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0292
Z
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
Braille
The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is , a z with a hek. The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding ([]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription. Although present in English, apart from loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with <g> and <j>), the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of [z] and [j] in words such as measure. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as Cyrillic, as well as the Wikipedia pronunciation respelling for English, the sound is represented by the digraph zh.
Features
Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Adyghe Albanian Angas Arabic Word zhurm zhaam IPA [ata]
(helpinfo)
Meaning 'beard' 'noise' 'chin' 'two' 'hour' 'today' 'sad' 'my grandfather' 'honey' 'the man' 'sheep' 'church' 'men' 'garage' 'vision' 'food' 'day' 'garage' 'magazine' 'sickle' 'wolf' 'wolf' 'genre' 'dragon' 'rose'
Notes
Maghrebi[1]
Armenian Eastern[2] Avar Azerbaijani Berber Berta Bulgarian Chechen Corsican Czech Dutch English Esperanto French[3] German Georgian[4] Goemai Gwichin Hn Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Kabyle
[um] [am] [u] [m]

(helpinfo)
[aq a] pjmrd [pmyrd] jeddi [ddi]
[n ] [m t] ? / iy [i] ghjesgia [jea] mui [mu] garage [ r] vision [vn] manao [madao] jour [u] Garage [aa] [unali] zhiem [iem] zhh [h] zhr [r] ' [ane] rzsa [daha] [ro]
Also in Gallurese See Czech phonology See Dutch phonology See English phonology See Esperanto phonology See French phonology See German phonology
See Modern Hebrew phonology See HindiUrdu phonology See Hungarian phonology
Ingush Tuscan dialect Judaeo-Spanish Ju hoan Kabardian Kazakh Latvian Lithuanian Livonian Macedonian Megrelian Navajo Mmockngie Ngwe dialect Auvergnat Occitan Gascon Pashto Persian European[5] Italian Portuguese Brazilian
ii pigiare mujer vt mona k aa izh
[i] [piare] [mu] [u] [ ] [eti] [avet][stress?] [mona][stress?] [ku] [aba] [ii] [ i] [ ]
'sheep' 'press' 'woman' 'person' 'tree' 'seven' 'smoke' 'wife' 'six' 'toad' 'two' 'urine' 'to split' 'money' 'chew' 'eyelash' 'eggplant' 'genipap' 'embers' 'yellow' 'one' 'cereal' 'I' 'to answer' 'what' 'dew' 'giraffe' 'what' 'berry' 'frog' 'dragon' 'five' 'bush' 'luggage' 'orange' 'anger' Southern dialects See Italian phonology
See Latvian phonology
See Macedonian phonology
[a] [aren] [owul] [moe] beringela [b l] argent jenipapo jar / ut wai ito yo [nipapu] [ar] [ut][tone?] [wi] [ito][tone?] [o]
Romanian Serbo-Croatian Sioux Lakota Slovenian South Spanish American[6] Dawsahak Tagish Turkish Turkmen Northern Tutchone Southern Ukrainian Urdu Veps Welayta West Frisian Yiddish Zapotec Tilquiapan[7]
See Persian phonology National spellings diverge in its representation with j or g in many words. May have simultaneous palatalization ([]), specially in Brazil. See Portuguese phonology See Romanian phonology See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Some dialects.[6] See Spanish phonology and yesmo
[wb] [] jale [l][stress?] iraf [iraf] zhi [i] zhr [ r] aa [ b] [daha] v [vi] [aa] bagaazje [ba] [an] llan [a]
See Turkish phonology
See Ukrainian phonology See HindiUrdu phonology
See Yiddish phonology
The sound in Russian denoted by <> is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative [ ].
Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant

(Redirected from Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative)
Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
Image
IPA number
183
Encoding
ʑ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0291
z\
X-SAMPA
Braille
The voiced alveolo-palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent XSAMPA symbol is z\. The closest representation in English is a voiced postalveolar fricative as in the word Asia.
Features
alveolo-palatal fricative [, ] Features of the voiced alveolo-palatal fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that: o Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line). o Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth. o It is palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue bowed, raised towards the hard palate. Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only. It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Abkhaz Adyghe Catalan[1] Chinese Southern Min Japanese Kabardian Lower Sorbian Wazirwola Pashto dialect Polish[2] Russian Yi Word ajut kaji asety IPA [aa] [aw] [ut] [kn a t ] [kai] [a] [ast][stress?] [mi] [rb]
(helpinfo)
Meaning Notes 'hare' See Abkhaz phonology 'shadow' 'help' (n.) See Catalan phonology 'today' 'fire' 'mouth' 'tenth' 'we' 'foal' 'I drive' 'tobacco' Also denoted by the digraph <zi>. See Polish phonology ost speakers. Usually written <> or <>. See Russian phonology Found in free variation with [d] between vowels. See Japanese phonology
rebi yi
[je ] [i ]
Voiced retroflex sibilant

(Redirected from Voiced retroflex fricative)
Voiced retroflex sibilant
Image
IPA number
137
Encoding
ʐ
Entity (decimal)
Unicode (hex)
U+0290
z`
X-SAMPA
Kirshenbaum
z.
Braille
The voiced retroflex fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`.Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a zee (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant).
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex fricative:
Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence. Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated sub-apical - with the tip of the tongue curled up. But more generally it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat). Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation. It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [] and laminal []. Language Abkhaz Adyghe Chinese Faroese Pashto Polish[1] Russian[1] Slovak[2] Torwali[3] Ubykh Vietnamese Yi Southern dialects southern dialect Mandarin Word IPA [aba] []
(helpinfo)
Meaning Notes 'half' See Abkhaz phonology 'old' 'meat' 'run' 'thirsty' 'wife' 'skin' See Pashto phonology Also represented by <rz>. See Polish phonology See Russian phonology May also be a retroflex approximant ([ ]). See Mandarin phonology
ru renn
[ou ] [n] [tai] [n]

(helpinfo)
ona
[ko]
(helpinfo)
abka [apka] ? [u ] [a] r ry [o] [ ]
'frog' 'straight' 'firewood' See Ubykh phonology 'diamond' See Vietnamese phonology 'grass'

Alveolo Palatals

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Alveolo Palatals

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Mandarin Xi'an, Polish ciana

More y-like than []; something like English she.

Like [j], but stronger.

English cats, Russian

[ t ] Mandarin zh, Polish czas [ z ] English zoos [ ] journal

[ ] Rnmn Rbo "People's

Like [] with the tongue curled or pulled back.

Voiceless palatal stop

[akicoan] 'girl' [macs] [codu] 'wizards'

'nail' 'Czech [tcna] language' [cn] 'small'

chin notg tgn vatgas zcher ms-chel ikintu iarija dev

[cin] [nc] [ca] [vcs] [tsycr] [mycl] [icintu]

'torture' 'night' 'dog' 'cows' 'sugar' 'moss' 'question'

[cicaija] 'iarija' [vc] 'nine'

Voiceless palatal fricative

hue vihko dicht chini xl kapj

[ iko] [dt] [oni] [l] [kp]

Scottish Gaelic[9] Xrc[10]

Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant

alveolo-palatal fricative [, ] Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative:

Some speakers sjabloon shio sijang Wazirwola dialect

Japanese[2] Kabardian Korean Pashto Polish[3] Russian Swedish Sweden

Tibetan Lhasa dialect Yi

Contrasts with //.

Voiced alveolar affricate

[d ujne] [pind ] [d vn]

Slovak Ubykh Ukrainian West Frisian Yi

sadzba widze /zzy

[sad ba] [md a] [d win] [ d ] [d ]

'tariff' 'light' 'bell' 'cradle' 'ride'

See Ubykh phonology See Ukrainian phonology

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Word xham aac

Notes See Abkhaz phonology

In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [] or []. See Arabic phonology

Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology

lba jump manao gestir djinn

See Macedonian phonology

See Marathi phonology

Turkish Turkmen Ubykh Ukrainian West Frisian Zapotec Tilquiapan[6]

[d ] [dr] [amdan] [drl] siedzje [d] dxan [da]

Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate

IPA number 216

Voiced retroflex affricate

Encoding Entity (decimal) &#598;&#865;&#656;

Meaning 'jam' See Polish phonology

Belarusian [li ba] Russian[3][4] [ m] Slovak Torwali[6] Yi

Voiced palatal stop

Majorcan[4] guix fighjul dlm jir

ghimpe alek gne

[impe] [aki] [ yne ]

'thorn' 'far' 'sun'

Voiced palatal fricative

Word IPA frayar [fr] cce [ ] figuera [fie] [ ut]

Meaning 'to destroy' 'to slip' 'fig tree'

Dutch Greek[4] Hungarian[5] Irish[6] Pashto Wardak dialect[7]

dobj be [dob b] an [n ghrian in ] pilha filho [mu] [pi] [fi]

Ripuarian Scottish Gaelic[8] Spanish[9] Swedish[10] West Frisian

zeije [ts] dhiubh [u] sayo jord hja [sao] [ u ]

Encoding Entity (decimal) ɖ͡ʐ

Encoding Entity (decimal) t͡ʃ U+0074U+0361U+0283

Encoding Entity (decimal) ʈ͡ʂ U+0288U+0361U+0282