Safe RC Design

ISO SAF120108M4-Rev1
Berkeley, California, USA

Version 12
December 2009

SAFE

DESIGN OF SLABS, BEAMS AND FOUNDATIONIS
REINFORCED AND POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE
Reinforced Concrete
Design Manual

Copyright
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2009
All rights reserved.

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TM
and
Watch & Learn
TM
are trademarks of Computers & Structures, Inc. Adobe and Acrobat are
registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorported. AutoCAD is a registered trademark
of Autodesk, Inc.

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TM
and all associated documentation are proprietary and
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Inc. Unlicensed use of these programs or reproduction of documentation in any form,
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1995 University Avenue
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DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE USER
ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY
OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL
DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY
A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.

i
Contents
1 Introduction 1-1
2 Design for ACI 318-08
2.1 Notations 2-1
2.2 Design Load Combinations 2-4
2.3 Limits on Material Strength 2-5
2.4 Strength Reduction Factors 2-5
2.5 Beam Design 2-5
2.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement 2-6
2.5.2 Design Beam Shear
Reinforcement 2-14
2.5.3 Design Beam Torsion
Reinforcement 2-16
2.6 Slab Design 2-21
2.6.1 Design for Flexure 2-21
2.6.2 Check for Punching Shear 2-23
2.6.3 Design Punching Shear
Reinforcement 2-29
SAFE Reinforced Concrete Design
ii
3 Design for AS 3600-01
3.1 Notations 3-1
3.5 Beam Design 3-5
3.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 3-13
3.5.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 3-16
Reinforcement 3-24
4 Design for BS 8110-97
4.1 Notations 4-1
4.4 Partial Safety Factors 4-5
4.5 Beam Design 4-6
Reinforcement 4-24
5 Design for CSA A23.3-04
5.1 Notations 5-1
Contents
iii
5.5 Beam Design 5-6
Reinforcement 5-32
6 Design for Eurocode 2-2004
6.1 Notations 6-1
6.5 Beam Design 6-8
Reinforcement 6.28
7 Design for Hong Kong CP-04
7.1 Notations 7-1
iv
7.5 Beam Design 7-5
Reinforcement 7-24
8 Design for IS 456-2000
8.1 Notations 8-1
8.4 Beam Design 8-5
8.4.1 Effects of Torsion 8-5
Reinforcement 8-25
9 Design for NZS 3101-06
9.1 Notations 9-1
9.5 Beam Design 9-6
9.5.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement 9-6
Contents
v
Reinforcement 9-28
10 Design for Singapore CP-65-99
10.1 Notations 10-1
10.5 Beam Design 10-5
10.5.2 Design Beam Shear
Reinforcement 10-14
10.5.3 Design Beam Torsion
Reinforcement 10-17
Reinforcement 10-25
References

1 - 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
SAFE automates several slab and mat design tasks. Specifically, it integrates
slab design moments across design strips and designs the required reinforce-
ment; it checks slab punching shear around column supports and concentrated
loads; and it designs beam flexural, shear, and torsion reinforcement. The de-
sign procedures are outlined in the chapter entitled "SAFE Design Features in
the Key Features and Terminology manual. The actual design algorithms vary
based on the specific design code chosen by the user. This manual describes
the algorithms used for the various codes.
It should be noted that the design of reinforced concrete slabs is a complex sub-
ject and the design codes cover many aspects of this process. SAFE is a tool to
help the user in this process. Only the aspects of design documented in this
manual are automated by SAFE design capabilities. The user must check the
results produced and address other aspects not covered by SAFE.

Notations 2 - 1
Chapter 2
Design for ACI 318-08
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the concrete design pro-
cedure that is used by SAFE when the American code ACI 318-08 [ACI 2008]
is selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 2-1. For
referencing to the pertinent sections or equations of the ACI code in this chap-
ter, a prefix ACI followed by the section or equation number is used herein.
The design is based on user-specified load combinations. The program pro-
vides a set of default load combinations that should satisfy the requirements for
the design of most building type structures.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code is
based on inch-pound-second units. For simplicity, all equations and descrip-
tions presented in this chapter correspond to inch-pound-second units unless
otherwise noted.
2.1 Notations
Table 2-1 List of Symbols Used in the ACI 318-08 Code

A
cp

Area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the section, sq-in
A
g
Gross area of concrete, sq-in
2 - 2 Notations

A
l
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for torsion, sq-in
A
o
Area enclosed by the shear flow path, sq-in
A
oh
Area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse
torsional reinforcement, sq-in
A
s
Area of tension reinforcement, sq-in
A'
s
Area of compression reinforcement, sq-in
A
t
/s Area of closed shear reinforcement per unit length of member for
torsion, sq-in/in
A
v
Area of shear reinforcement, sq-in
A
v
/s Area of shear reinforcement per unit length, sq-in/in
a Depth of compression block, in
a
max
Maximum allowed depth of compression block, in
b Width of section, in
b
f
Effective width of flange (flanged section), in
b
o
Perimeter of the punching shear critical section, in
b
w
Width of web (flanged section), in
b
1
Width of the punching shear critical section in the direction of
bending, in
b
2
Width of the punching shear critical section perpendicular to the
direction of bending, in
c Depth to neutral axis, in
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, in
d' Distance from compression face to compression reinforcement, in
E
c
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi
E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi
f '
c
Specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
f '
s
Stress in the compression reinforcement, psi
Chapter 2 - Design for ACI 318-08
Notations 2 - 3

f
y
Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, psi
f
yt
Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, psi
h Overall depth of a section, in
h
f
Height of the flange, in
M
u
Factored moment at a section, lb-in
N
u
Factored axial load at a section occurring simultaneously with V
u
or
T
u
, lb
P
u
Factored axial load at a section, lb
p
cp
Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, in
p
h
Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement, in
s Spacing of shear reinforcement along the beam, in
T
cr
Critical torsion capacity, lb-in
T
u
Factored torsional moment at a section, lb-in
V
c
Shear force resisted by concrete, lb
V
max
Maximum permitted total factored shear force at a section, lb
V
s
Shear force resisted by transverse reinforcement, lb
V
u
Factored shear force at a section, lb
o
s

Punching shear scale factor based on column location
|
c

Ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the punching
shear critical section
|
1

Factor for obtaining depth of the concrete compression block
c
c

Strain in the concrete
c
c max

Maximum usable compression strain allowed in the extreme
concrete fiber, (0.003 in/in)
c
s

Strain in the reinforcement
2 - 4 Design Load Combinations

c
s,min

Minimum tensile strain allowed in the reinforcement at nominal
strength for tension controlled behavior (0.005 in/in)
|
Strength reduction factor
f

Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure
v

Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of shear

Shear strength reduction factor for light-weight concrete
u
Angle of compression diagonals, degrees
2.2 Design Load Combinations
The design load combinations are the various combinations of the load cases
for which the structure needs to be designed. For ACI 318-08, if a structure is
subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live (PL), snow (S), wind (W), and
earthquake (E) loads, and considering that wind and earthquake forces are re-
versible, the following load combinations may need to be considered
(ACI 9.2.1):
1.4D (ACI 9-1)
1.2D + 1.6L (ACI 9-2)
1.2D + 1.6 (0.75 PL) (ACI 13.7.6.3, 9-2)
0.9D 1.6W
1.2D + 1.0L 1.6W
(ACI 9-6)
(ACI 9-4)
0.9D 1.0E
1.2D + 1.0L 1.0E
(ACI 9-7)
(ACI 9-5)
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6S
1.2D + 1.6S 0.8W
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S 1.6W
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S 1.0E
(ACI 9-2)
(ACI 9-3)
(ACI 9-3)
(ACI 9-4)
(ACI 9-5)

Limits on Material Strength 2 - 5
These are the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the ACI
318-08 code is used. The user should use other appropriate load combinations
if roof live load is treated separately, or if other types of loads are present.
2.3 Limits on Material Strength
The concrete compressive strength, , '
c
f should not be less than 2,500 psi (ACI
5.1.1). If the input '
c
f is less than 2,500 psi, SAFE continues to design the
members based on the input '
c
f and does not warn the user about the violation
of the code. The user is responsible for ensuring that the minimum strength is
satisfied.
2.4 Strength Reduction Factors
The strength reduction factors, |, are applied to the specified strength to obtain
the design strength provided by a member. The | factors for flexure, shear, and
torsion are as follows:
| = 0.90 for flexure (tension controlled) (ACI 9.3.2.1)
| = 0.75 for shear and torsion (ACI 9.3.2.3)
These values can be overwritten; however, caution is advised.
2.5 Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, SAFE calculates and reports the required areas
of reinforcement for flexure, shear, and torsion based on the beam moments,
shear forces, torsion, load combination factors, and other criteria described in
this section. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at each station
along the length of the beam.
Beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Effects
resulting from any axial forces and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
2 - 6 Beam Design
Design flexural reinforcement
Design shear reinforcement
Design torsion reinforcement
2.5.1 Design Flexural Reinforcement
The beam top and bottom flexural reinforcement is designed at each station
along the beam. In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment
of a particular beam, for a particular station, the following steps are involved:
Determine factored moments
Determine required flexural reinforcement
2.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments
In the design of flexural reinforcement of concrete beams, the factored mo-
ments for each load combination at a particular beam station are obtained by
factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases, with the corre-
sponding load factors.
The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum negative
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Calculation of
bottom reinforcement is based on positive beam moments. In such cases, the
beam may be designed as a rectangular or flanged beam. Calculation of top re-
inforcement is based on negative beam moments. In such cases, the beam may
be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
2.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement
In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both the
tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is added
when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of a
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding compression
reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the strength of
the concrete. Note that the flexural reinforcement strength, f
y
, is limited to 80
ksi (ACI 9.4), even if the material property is defined using a higher value.
Beam Design 2 - 7
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block, as
shown in Figure 2-1 (ACI 10.2). Furthermore, it is assumed that the net tensile
strain in the reinforcement shall not be less than 0.005 (tension controlled)
(ACI 10.3.4) when the concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit
of 0.003. When the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at this de-
sign condition, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated assuming
that the additional moment will be carried by compression reinforcement and
additional tension reinforcement.
The design procedure used by SAFE, for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the text that follows. For reinforced con-
crete design where design ultimate axial compression load does not exceed
( ) c g
f A 0.1 ' (ACI 10.3.5), axial force is ignored; hence, all beams are designed
for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Axial compression greater
than
( ) c g
f A 0.1 ' and axial tensions are always included in flexural and shear
design.
2.5.1.2.1 Design of Rectangular Beams
In designing for a factored negative or positive moment, M
u
(i.e., designing top
or bottom reinforcement), the depth of the compression block is given by a (see
Figure 2-1), where,
b f
M
d d a
c
u
| ' 85 . 0
2
2
= (ACI 10.2)
and the value of | is taken as that for a tension-controlled section, which by de-
fault is 0.90 (ACI 9.3.2.1) in the preceding and the following equations.
The maximum depth of the compression zone, c
max
, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than c
smin
, which
is equal to 0.005 for tension controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):
max
max
max min
c
c s
c d
c
c c
=
+
(ACI 10.2.2)
2 - 8 Beam Design
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'

Figure 2-1 Rectangular Beam Design
where,
c
cmax
= 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)
c
smin
= 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)
The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular compression block, a
max
, is
given by:
a
max
=|
1
c
max
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
where |
1
is calculated as:
c
f
1
4000
0.85 0.05 ,
1000
|
' | |
=
|
\ .
0.65 s |
1
s 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
If a s a
max
(ACI 10.3.4), the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
Beam Design 2 - 9
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
a
d f
M
A
y
u
s
|

This reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if M
u
is positive, or at the top
if M
u
is negative.
If a > a
max
, compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5.1) and is cal-
culated as follows:
The compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given by:
max
' 85 . 0 ba f C
c
= (ACI 10.2.7.1)
and the moment resisted by concrete compression and tension reinforce-
ment is:
max
2
uc
a
M C d |
| |
=
|
\ .
(ACI 9.3.2.1)
Therefore the moment required to be resisted by compression reinforce-
ment and tension reinforcement is:
M
us
= M
u
M
uc

The required compression reinforcement is given by:
( )( )
'
' 0.85 ' '
us
s
s c
M
A
f f d d |
=

, where
y c s s
f
c
d c
E f s
(

=
max
max
max
'
' c (ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
The required tension reinforcement for balancing the compression in the
concrete is:
1
max
2
uc
s
y
M
A
a
f d |
=
(
(

2 - 10 Beam Design
and the tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement
is given by:
( )
2
'
us
s
y
M
A
f d d |
=

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement is A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
, and the total
compression reinforcement is A'
s
. A
s
is to be placed at the bottom and A'
s
is
to be placed at the top if M
u
is positive, and vice versa if M
u
is negative.
2.5.1.2.2 Design of Flanged Beams
In designing a flanged beam, a simplified stress block, as shown in Figure 2-2,
is assumed if the flange is under compression, i.e., if the moment is positive. If
the moment is negative, the flange comes under tension, and the flange is ig-
nored. In that case, a simplified stress block similar to that shown in Figure 2-1
is assumed on the compression side.
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
w
T s
T
s
c
c
0.85 f '
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
c
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
w
T s
T
s
c
c
0.85 f '
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
c

Figure 2-2 T-Beam Design

Beam Design 2 - 11
2.5.1.2.2.1 Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment
In designing for a factored negative moment, M
u
(i.e., designing top reinforce-
ment), the calculation of the reinforcement area is exactly the same as de-
scribed previously, i.e., no flanged beam data is used.
2.5.1.2.2.2 Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment
If M
u
> 0, the depth of the compression block is given by:
f c
u
b f
M
d d a
| ' 85 . 0
2
2
= (ACI 10.2)
where, the value of | is taken as that for a tension-controlled section, which by
default is 0.90 (ACI 9.3.2.1) in the preceding and the following equations.
The maximum depth of the compression zone, c
max
, is calculated based on the
limitation that the tension reinforcement strain shall not be less than c
smin
, which
is equal to 0.005 for tension controlled behavior (ACI 10.3.4):
d c
s c
c
min max
max
max
c c
c
+
= (ACI 10.2.2)
where,
c
cmax
= 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3)
c
smin
= 0.005 (ACI 10.3.4)
max
, is
given by:
max 1 max
c a | = (ACI 10.2.7.1)
where |
1
is calculated as:
c
f
1
' 4000
0.85 0.05 ,
1000
|
| |
=
|
\ .
0.65 s |
1
s 0.85 (ACI 10.2.7.3)
2 - 12 Beam Design
If a s h
f
, the subsequent calculations for A
s
are exactly the same as previously
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case, the width of
the beam is taken as b
f
. Compression reinforcement is required if a > a
max
.
If a > h
f
, the calculation for A
s
has two parts. The first part is for balancing
the compressive force from the flange, C
f
, and the second part is for balanc-
ing the compressive force from the web, C
w
, as shown in Figure 2-2. C
f
is
given by:
( ) ( )
max
, min ' 85 . 0 a h b b f C
f w f c f
= (ACI 10.2.7.1)
Therefore,
y
f
s
f
C
A =
1
and the portion of M
u
that is resisted by the flange is
given by:

( )
max
min ,
2
f
uf f
h a
M C d |
| |
| =
|
\ .
(ACI 9.3.2.1)
Again, the value for | is 0.90 by default. Therefore, the balance of the mo-
ment, M
u
, to be carried by the web is:
M
uw
= M
u
M
uf

The web is a rectangular section with dimensions b
w
and d, for which the de-
sign depth of the compression block is recalculated as:

w c
uw
b f
M
d d a
| ' 85 . 0
2
2
1
= (ACI 10.2)
If a
1
s a
max
(ACI 10.3.4), the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
1
2
a
d f
M
A
y
uw
s
|
, and
A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2

This reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom of the flanged beam.
Beam Design 2 - 13
If a
1
> a
max
, compression reinforcement is required (ACI 10.3.5.1) and is cal-
culated as follows:
The compressive force in the web concrete alone is given by:
max
0.85 '
w c w
C f b a = (ACI 10.2.7.1)
Therefore the moment resisted by the concrete web and tension reinforce-
ment is:
|
| |
=
|
\ .
max
2
uc w
a
M C d
and the moment resisted by compression and tension reinforcement is:
M
us
= M
uw
M
uc

Therefore, the compression reinforcement is computed as:
( )( )
us
s
s c
M
A
f f d d
,
0.85 |
' =
' ' '
where
s s c y
c d
f E f
c
max
max
max
c
' (
' = s
(

(ACI 10.2.2, 10.2.3, 10.2.4)
The tension reinforcement for balancing compression in the web concrete
is:
2
max
2
uc
s
y
M
A
a
f d |
=
(
(

is:
( ) | '
3
d d f
M
A
y
us
s
=
2 - 14 Beam Design
The total tension reinforcement is A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
+ A
s3
, and the total com-
pression reinforcement is A'
s
. A
s
s
is to
be placed at the top.
2.5.1.2.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required in a beam section is
given by the minimum of the two following limits:
|
|
.
|
\
|
= d b
f
d b
f
f
A
w
y
w
y
c
s
200
,
' 3
max
min ,
(ACI 10.5.1)
A
s
>
3
4
A
s(required)
(ACI 10.5.3)
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforce-
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
Rectangular beam
Flanged beam
Rectangular beam
Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
0.4bd
A
0.4b d
0.4bd
A
0.4b d
'
s

2.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement
The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination at each station
along the length of the beam. In designing the shear reinforcement for a par-
ticular beam, for a particular load combination, at a particular station due to the
beam major shear, the following steps are involved:
Determine the factored shear force, V
u
.
Determine the shear force, V
c
, that can be resisted by the concrete.
Determine the shear reinforcement required to carry the balance.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
Beam Design 2 - 15
2.5.2.1 Determine Factored Shear Force
In the design of the beam shear reinforcement, the shear forces for each load
combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corre-
sponding shear forces for different load cases, with the corresponding load
combination factors.
2.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity
The shear force carried by the concrete, V
c
, is calculated as:
d b f V
w c c
' 2 = (ACI 11.2.1.2, 11.2.1.2, 11.2.2.3)
A limit is imposed on the value of
c
f ' as '
c
f s 100 (ACI 11.1.2)
The value of should be specified in the material property definition.
2.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement
The shear force is limited to a maximum of:
( ) max c c w
V V 8 f ' b d = + (ACI 11.4.7.9)
Given V
u
, V
c
, and V
max
, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows
where, |, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3). The flexural rein-
forcement strength, f
yt
, is limited to 60 ksi (ACI 11.5.2) even if the material
property is defined with a higher value.
If
u c
V V 0.5 , | s

s
A
v
= 0 (ACI 11.5.6.1)
If
c u
V V V
max
0.5 , | | < s
( )
d f
V V
s
A
yt
c u v
|
|
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)
If V
u
> |V
max
, a failure condition is declared. (ACI 11.4.7.9)
2 - 16 Beam Design
If V
u
exceeds the maximum permitted value of |V
max
, the concrete section
should be increased in size (ACI 11.4.7.9).
Note that if torsion design is considered and torsion reinforcement is required,
the equation given in ACI 11.5.6.3 does not need to be satisfied independently.
See the subsequent section Design of Beam Torsion Reinforcement for details.
If the beam depth h is
10" h s for rectangular,
min 24", max 2.5 ,
2
f
b
h h
| |
s

|
\ .
for T-beam,
the minimum shear reinforcement given by ACI 11.4.6.3 is not enforced (ACI
11.4.6.1).
|
|
.
|
\
|
>
yt
w
w
yt
c v
f
b
b
f
f
s
A 50
,
' 75 . 0
max

(ACI 11.4.6.3)
The maximum of all of the calculated A
v
/s values obtained from each load
combination is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
The beam shear reinforcement requirements considered by the program are
based purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup require-
ments to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be investigated
independently of the program by the user.
2.5.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement
The torsion reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at each
station along the length of the beam. The following steps are involved in de-
signing the longitudinal and shear reinforcement for a particular station due to
the beam torsion:
Determine the factored torsion, T
u
.
Determine special section properties.
Beam Design 2 - 17
Determine critical torsion capacity.
Determine the torsion reinforcement required.
2.5.3.1 Determine Factored Torsion
In the design of beam torsion reinforcement, the torsions for each load combi-
nation at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the corresponding
torsions for different load cases with the corresponding load combination fac-
tors (ACI 11.6.2).
In a statically indeterminate structure where redistribution of the torsion in a
member can occur due to redistribution of internal forces upon cracking, the
design T
u
is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code
(ACI 11.6.2.2). However, the program does not automatically redistribute the
internal forces and reduce T
u
. If redistribution is desired, the user should release
the torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
2.5.3.2 Determine Special Section Properties
For torsion design, special section properties, such as A
cp
, A
oh
, A
o
, p
cp
, and p
h
, are
calculated. These properties are described in the following (ACI 2.1).
A
cp
= Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
A
oh
= Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse
torsional reinforcement
A
o
= Gross area enclosed by shear flow path
p
cp
= Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
p
h
= Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement
In calculating the section properties involving reinforcement, such as A
oh
, A
o
,
and p
h
, it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 1.75 inches. This is equiva-
lent to a 1.5 inch clear cover and a #4 stirrup. For torsion design of flanged
beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange
area is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion rein-
2 - 18 Beam Design
forcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during T
cr
calculation.
With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam section are
given as:
A
cp
= bh (ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)
A
oh
= (b 2c)(h 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1, R11.5.3.6(b))
A
o
= 0.85 A
oh
(ACI 11.5.3.6, 2.1)
p
cp
= 2b + 2h (ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)
p
h
= 2(b 2c) + 2(h 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1)
where, the section dimensions b, h, and c are shown in Figure 2-3. Similarly,
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as:
A
cp
= b
w
h + (b
f
b
w
)h
f
(ACI 11.5.1, 2.1)
A
oh
= (b
w
2c)(h 2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1, R11.5.3.6(b))
A
o
= 0.85 A
oh
(ACI 11.5.3.6, 2.1)
p
cp
= 2b
f
+ 2h (ACI11.5.1, 2.1)
p
h
= 2(h 2c) + 2(b
w
2c) (ACI 11.5.3.1, 2.1)
where the section dimensions b
f
, b
w
, h, h
f
, and c for a flanged beam are shown
in Figure 2-3. Note that the flange width on either side of the beam web is lim-
ited to the smaller of 4h
f
or (h h
f
) (ACI 13.2.4).
2.5.3.3 Determine Critical Torsion Capacity
The critical torsion capacity, T
cr
, for which the torsion in the section can be
ignored is calculated as:

2
' 1
4 '
cp
u
cr c
cp g c
A
N
T f
p A f
|
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
(ACI 11.5.1(c))
where A
cp
and p
cp
are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as de-
scribed in the previous section, N
u
is the factored axial force (compression posi-
Beam Design 2 - 19
tive), | is the strength reduction factor for torsion, which is equal to 0.75 by de-
fault (ACI 9.3.2.3), and f '
c
is the specified concrete compressive strength.
2.5.3.4 Determine Torsion Reinforcement
If the factored torsion T
u
is less than the threshold limit, T
cr
, torsion can be
safely ignored (ACI 11.6.1). In that case, the program reports that no torsion
reinforcement is required. However, if T
u
exceeds the threshold limit, T
cr
, it is
assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups, longitudi-
nal bars, and compression diagonals (ACI R11.6.3.6). Note that the longitudi-
nal reinforcement strength, f
y
, is limited to 80 ksi (ACI 9.4) and the transverse
reinforcement strength, f
yt
, is limited to 60 ksi, even if the material property is
defined with a higher value.
If T
u
> T
cr
, the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, A
t
/s, is calculated
as:
yt o
u t
f A
T
s
A
2
tan
|
u
= (ACI 11.5.3.6)
and the required longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:
u | tan 2
y o
h u
l
f A
p T
A = (ACI 11.5.3.7, 11.5.3.6)
where, the minimum value of A
t
/s is taken as:
w
yt
t
b
f s
A 25
= (ACI 11.5.5.3)
and the minimum value of A
l
is taken as:
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
=
y
yt
h
t
y
cp c
l
f
f
p
s
A
f
A f
A
5
(ACI 11.5.5.3)
In the preceding expressions, u is taken as 45 degrees. The code allows any
value between 30 and 60 degrees (ACI 11.5.3.6).
2 - 20 Beam Design
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
f
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
f
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b

Figure 2-3 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
An upper limit of the combination of V
u
and T
u
that can be carried by the sec-
tion is also checked using the equation:
|
|
.
|
\
|
' + s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
w
c
oh
h u
w
u
f
d b
V
A
p T
d b
V
8
7 . 1
2
2
2
| (ACI 11.5.3.1)
For rectangular sections, b
w
is replaced with b. If the combination of V
u
and T
u

exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete sec-
tion should be increased in size.
When torsional reinforcement is required (T
u
> T
cr
), the area of transverse
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.
'
> |
.
|
\
|
+
y
w
w
yt
c t v
f
b
b
f
f
s
A
s
A 50
, 75 . 0 max 2 (ACI 11.5.5.2)
Slab Design 2 - 21
If this equation is not satisfied with the originally calculated A
v
/s and A
t
/s, A
v
/s
is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, A
v
/s does not need to satisfy
the ACI Section 11.4.6.3 independently.
l
and A
t
/s values obtained from each
load combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
The beam torsion reinforcement requirements considered by the program are
based purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements or
longitudinal reinforcement requirements to satisfy spacing considerations must
be investigated independently of the program by the user.
2.6 Slab Design
Similar to conventional design, the SAFE slab design procedure involves de-
fining sets of strips in two mutually perpendicular directions. The locations of
the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The mo-
ments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis, and a flexural de-
sign is carried out based on the ultimate strength design method (ACI 318-08)
for reinforced concrete as described in the following sections. To learn more
about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips" in the Key
Features and Terminology manual.
2.6.1 Design for Flexure
SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the de-
sign of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained
by multiplying the slab element stiffness matrices by the element nodal dis-
placement vectors. Those moments will always be in static equilibrium with
the applied loads, irrespective of the refinement of the finite element mesh.
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is carried out at spe-
cific locations along the length of the strip. These locations correspond to the
element boundaries. Controlling reinforcement is computed on either side of
those element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
combination involves the following:
Determine factored moments for each slab strip.
2 - 22 Slab Design
Design flexural reinforcement for the strip.
These two steps, described in the text that follows, are repeated for every load
combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top and bottom of
the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding controlling load
combination, is obtained and reported.
2.6.1.1 Determine Factored Moments for the Strip
For each element within the design strip, for each load combination, the pro-
gram calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are then
added to get the strip moments.
2.6.1.2 Design Flexural Reinforcement for the Strip
The reinforcement computation for each slab design strip, given the bending
moment, is identical to the design of rectangular beam sections described ear-
lier (or to the flanged beam if the slab is ribbed). In some cases, at a given de-
sign section in a design strip, there may be two or more slab properties across
the width of the design strip. In that case, the program automatically designs
the tributary width associated with each of the slab properties separately using
its tributary bending moment. The reinforcement obtained for each of the tribu-
tary widths is summed to obtain the total reinforcement for the full width of the
design strip at the considered design section. This is the method used when
drop panels are included. Where openings occur, the slab width is adjusted ac-
cordingly.
2.6.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Slab Reinforcement
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for each direction of a
slab is given by the following limits (ACI 7.12.2):
A
s,min
= 0.0020 bh for f
y
= 40 ksi or 50 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(a))
A
s,min
= 0.0018 bh for f
y
= 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(b))
A
s,min
= bh
f
y
60000 0018 . 0
for f
y
> 60 ksi (ACI 7.12.2.1(c))
Slab Design 2 - 23
In addition, an upper limit on both the tension reinforcement and compression
reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area.
2.6.2 Check for Punching Shear
The algorithm for checking punching shear is detailed in the section entitled
Slab Punching Shear Check in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
Only the code-specific items are described in the following sections.
2.6.2.1 Critical Section for Punching Shear
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d / 2 from
the face of the support (ACI 11.11.1.2). For rectangular columns and concen-
trated loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides paral-
lel to the sides of the columns or the point loads (ACI 11.11.1.3). Figure 2-4
shows the auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various col-
umn shapes. The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching
perimeter may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
Edge Column Edge Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2

Figure 2-4 Punching Shear Perimeters
2 - 24 Slab Design
2.6.2.2 Transfer of Unbalanced Moment
The fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is taken to be
f
M
u

and the fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of shear is
taken to be
v
M
u
.
( )
2 1
3 2 1
1
b b
f
+
= (ACI 13.5.3.2)

v
= 1
f
(ACI 13.5.3.1)
For flat plates,
v
is determined from the following equations taken from ACI
421.2R-07 Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in Flat Plates
[ACI 2007].
For interior columns,
( )
1
1
1 2 3
vx
y x
l l
=
+
(ACI 421.2 C-11)
( )
1
1
1 2 3
vy
x y
l l
=
+
(ACI 421.2 C-12)
For edge columns,

vx
= same as for interior columns (ACI 421.2 C-13)
( ) 2 . 0 3 2 1
1
1
+
=
y x
vy
l l
(ACI 421.2 C-14)

vy
= 0 when
x y
l l 0.2 s
For corner columns,
vx
= 0.4 (ACI 421.2 C-15)
vy
= same as for edge columns (ACI 421.2 C-16)
where b
1
is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the
span and b
2
is the width of the critical section measured in the direction per-
Slab Design 2 - 25
pendicular to the span. The values l
x
and l
y
are the projections of the shear-
critical section onto its principal axes, x and y, respectively.
2.6.2.3 Determine Concrete Capacity
The concrete punching shear stress capacity is taken as the minimum of the fol-
lowing three limits:
c
c
s
c c
o
c
f
d
v f
b
f
4
2
min 2
4
|
|
o
|
|
| |
' +
|
\ .
| |
' = +
|
\ .
'
(ACI 11.11.2.1)
where, |
c
is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b
o
is the perimeter of the critical section, and o
s
is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section.
s
40 for interior columns,
30 for edge columns, and
20 for corner columns.
o

(ACI 11.11.2.1)
c
f ' as:
c
f ' s 100 (ACI 11.1.2)
2.6.2.4 Computation of Maximum Shear Stress
Given the punching shear force and the fractions of moments transferred by ec-
centricity of shear about the two axes, the shear stress is computed assuming
linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section.
2 - 26 Slab Design
2
2 3 1 33 4 3 23 4 3
2
0
22 33 23
3
3 3 1 22 4 3 23 4 3
2
22 33 23
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= +
V
U U U
U
V
U U
M V y y I y y I x x V
v
b d I I I
M V x x I x x I y y
I I I
Eq. 1
22 22
1
,
=
=

n
sides
I I where "sides" refers to the sides of the critical section
for punching shear Eq. 2
33 33
1
,
=
=

n
sides
23 23
1
,
=
=

n
sides
The equations for
22 33 23
, , and I I I are different depending on whether the
side of the critical section for punching shear being considered is parallel to
the 2-axis or parallel to the 3-axis. Refer to Figure 2-5.
2
22 2 3
( ) , = I Ld y y for the side of the critical section parallel
to the 2-axis Eq. 5a
3 3
2
22 2 3
( ) ,
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld y y for the side of the critical section
parallel to the 3-axis Eq. 5b
3 3
2
33 2 3
( ) ,
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld x x for the side of the critical section
parallel to the 2-axis Eq. 6a
2
33 2 3
( ) , = I Ld x x for the side of the critical section parallel
to the 3-axis Eq. 6b
Slab Design 2 - 27

Figure 2-5 Shear Stress Calculations at Critical Sections
23 2 3 2 3
( )( ), = I Ld x x y y for side of critical section parallel
to 2-axis or 3-axis Eq. 7
where,
b
0
= Perimeter of the critical section for punching shear
d = Effective depth at the critical section for punching shear based on the
average of d for 2 direction and d for 3 direction
I
22
= Moment of inertia of the critical section for punching shear about an
axis that is parallel to the local 2-axis
Plan View For Side of Critical Section Parallel to 3-Axis
y
2
- y
3
L
Critical section for
punching shear
shown by heavy line
2
3
Side of critical section
being considered
shown solid
Center of side of critical
section being considered.
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Work This Sketch With Equations 5b, 6b and 7
Centroid of entire
critical section for
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
y
2
- y
3
L
punching shear shown
by heavy line. Side of
critical section being
considered shown solid
2
3
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Work This Sketch With Equations 5a, 6a and 7
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
2 - 28 Slab Design
I
33
I
23
= Product of the inertia of the critical section for punching shear with re-
spect to the 2 and 3 planes
L = Length of the side of the critical section for punching shear currently
being considered
M
U2
= Moment about the line parallel to the 2-axis at the center of the column
(positive in accordance with the right-hand rule)
M
U3
v
U
= Punching shear stress
V
U
= Shear at the center of the column (positive upward)
x
1
, y
1
= Coordinates of the column centroid
x
2
, y
2
= Coordinates of the center of one side of the critical section for punch-
ing shear
x
3
, y
3
= Coordinates of the centroid of the critical section for punching shear
x
4
, y
4
= Coordinates of the location where stress is being calculated
V2
= Percent of M
U2
resisted by shear
V3
= Percent of M
U3
resisted by shear
2.6.2.5 Determine Capacity Ratio
linear variation along the perimeter of the critical section. The ratio of the
maximum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress capacity is re-
ported as the punching shear capacity ratio by SAFE. If this ratio exceeds 1.0,
punching shear reinforcement is designed as described in the following section.
Slab Design 2 - 29
2.6.3 Design Punching Shear Reinforcement
The use of shear studs as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted, provided
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 6 inches, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (ACI 11.11.3). If the
slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching shear reinforce-
ment is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased by the user.
The algorithm for designing the required punching shear reinforcement is used
when the punching shear capacity ratio exceeds unity. The Critical Section for
Punching Shear and Transfer of Unbalanced Moment as described in the ear-
lier sections remain unchanged. The design of punching shear reinforcement is
described in the subsections that follow.
The concrete punching shear stress capacity of a section with punching shear
reinforcement is limited to:
c c
f v ' 2 | s for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.1)
c c
f v ' 3 | s for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)
V
max
= 6 '
c
f b
o
d for shear links (ACI 11.11.3.2)
V
max
= 8 '
c
f b
o
d for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)
Given V
u
, V
c
, and V
max
, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as follows,
where, |, the strength reduction factor, is 0.75 (ACI 9.3.2.3).
( )
u c
v
ys
V V
A
s f d
|
|
= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)

2 - 30 Slab Design
2 '
>
c o v
y
f b A
s f
for shear studs (ACI 11.11.5.1)
If V
u
> |V
max
, a failure condition is declared. (ACI 11.11.3.2)
If V
u
max
should be increased in size.
2.6.3.3 Determine Reinforcement Arrangement
Punching shear reinforcement in the vicinity of rectangular columns should be
arranged on peripheral lines, i.e., lines running parallel to and at constant dis-
tances from the sides of the column. Figure 2-6 shows a typical arrangement of
shear reinforcement in the vicinity of a rectangular interior, edge, and corner
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
(only first and last
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Interior Column Edge Column Corner Column
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

Figure 2-6 Typical arrangement of shear studs
and critical sections outside shear-reinforced zone
The distance between the column face and the first line of shear reinforcement
shall not exceed d / 2(ACI R11.3.3, 11.11.5.2. The spacing between adjacent
shear reinforcement in the first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not
exceed 2d measured in a direction parallel to the column face (ACI 11.11.3.3).
Punching shear reinforcement is most effective near column corners where
there are concentrations of shear stress. Therefore, the minimum number of
Slab Design 2 - 31
lines of shear reinforcement is 4, 6, and 8, for corner, edge, and interior col-
umns respectively.
2.6.3.4 Determine Reinforcement Diameter, Height, and Spacing
The punching shear reinforcement is most effective when the anchorage is
close to the top and bottom surfaces of the slab. The cover of anchors should
not be less than the minimum cover specified in ACI 7.7 plus half of the
diameter of the flexural reinforcement.
Punching shear reinforcement in the form of shear studs is generally available
in 3/8-, 1/2-, 5/8-, and 3/4-inch diameters.
When specifying shear studs, the distance, s
o
, between the column face and the
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.5d. The spacing
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not
exceed 2d, and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adja-
cent stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of s
o
and the spacing, s,
between the peripheral lines are specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (ACI 11.11.5.2)
0 75 for 6
0 50 for 6
u c
u c
. d v f
s
. d v f
|
|
' s
s

' >
(ACI 11.11.5.2)
g s 2d (ACI 11.11.5.3)
The limits of s
o
and the spacing, s, between for the links are specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (ACI 11.11.3)
0 50 s . d s (ACI 11.11.3)

Notations 3 - 1
Chapter 3
Design for AS 3600-01
cedure that is used by SAFE when the Australian code AS 3600-2001 [AS
2001] is selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 3-1.
For referencing to the pertinent sections of the AS code in this chapter, a prefix
AS followed by the section number is used.
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
units unless otherwise noted.
3.1 Notations
Table 3-1 List of Symbols Used in the AS 3600-2001 Code

A
g
Gross area of concrete, mm
2

A
l
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for torsion, mm
2


3 - 2 Notations

A
s
Area of tension reinforcement, mm
2

A
sc
Area of compression reinforcement, mm
2

A
st
2

A
s(required)
Area of required tension reinforcement, mm
2

A
sv
Area of shear reinforcement, mm
2

A
sv,min
Minimum area of shear reinforcement, mm
2

A
sv
/s Area of shear reinforcement per unit length, mm
2
/mm
A
sw
/s Area of shear reinforcement per unit length consisting of closed
ties, mm
2
/mm
A
t
Area of a polygon with vertices at the center of longitudinal bars at
the corners of a section, mm
2

a Depth of compression block, mm
a
b
Depth of compression block at balanced condition, mm
a
max
Maximum allowed depth of compression block, mm
b Width of member, mm
b
ef
Effective width of flange (flanged section), mm
b
w
Width of web (flanged section), mm
c Depth to neutral axis, mm
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, mm
d' Concrete cover to compression reinforcement, mm
d
o
Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
outermost tension reinforcement, mm
d
om
Mean value of d
o
, averaged around the critical shear perimeter, mm
D Overall depth of a section, mm
D
s
Thickness of slab (flanged section), mm
E
c
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa
f '
c
Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f '
cf
Characteristic flexural tensile strength of concrete, MPa
Chapter 3 - Design for AS 3600-01
Notations 3 - 3

f
cv
Concrete shear strength, MPa
f
sy
Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, MPa
f
sy,f
Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, MPa
f '
s
Stress in the compression reinforcement, MPa
J
t
Torsional modulus, mm
3

k
u
Ratio of the depth to the neutral axis from the compression face, to
the effective depth, d
M
ud
Reduced ultimate strength in bending without axial force, N-mm
M* Factored moment at section, N-mm
N* Factored axial load at section, N
s Spacing of shear reinforcement along the beam, mm
T
uc
Torsional strength of section without torsional reinforcement, N-
mm
T
u.max
Maximum permitted total factored torsion at a section, N-mm
T
us
Torsion strength of section with torsion reinforcement, N-mm
T* Factored torsional moment at a section, N-mm
u
t
Perimeter of the polygon defined by A
t
, mm
V* Factored shear force at a section, N
V
u.max
Maximum permitted total factored shear force at a section, N
V
u.min
Shear strength provided by minimum shear reinforcement, N
V
uc
Shear force resisted by concrete, N
V
us
Shear force resisted by reinforcement, N
1
Factor for obtaining depth of compression block in concrete
|
h

Ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimensions of the punch-
ing critical section
c
c

Strain in concrete
c
c, max

Maximum usable compression strain allowed in extreme concrete
fiber, (0.003 mm/mm)
c
s

Strain in reinforcement


|
Strength reduction factor
u
t

Angle of compression strut for torsion, degrees
u
v

Angle of compression strut for shear, degrees
for which the structure needs to be designed. For AS 3600-01, if a structure is
versible, the following load combinations may need to be defined (AS 3.3.1):
1.35D (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(a))
1.2D + 1.5L (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
1.2D + 1.5(0.75 PL) (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(b))
1.2D + 0.4L + 1.0S (AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(g))
0.9D 1.0W
1.2D 1.0W
1.2D + 0.4L 1.0W
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(e))
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(d))
1.0D 1.0E
1.0D + 0.4L 1.0E
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(f))
(AS/NZS 1170.0-02, 4.2.2(f))
Note that the 0.4 factor on the live load in three of the combinations is not valid
for live load representing storage areas. These are also the default design load
combinations in SAFE whenever the AS 3600-2001 code is used. If roof live
load is treated separately or other types of loads are present, other appropriate
load combinations should be used.
The upper and lower limits of f '
c
are 65 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively, for all
framing types (AS 6.1.1.1(b)).
Strength Reduction Factors 3 - 5
' 65MPa s
c
f (AS 6.1.1.1)
' 20MPa
c
f > (AS 6.1.1.1)
The upper limit of f
sy
is 500 MPa for all frames (AS 6.2.1, Table 6.2.1).
The code allows use of f '
c
and f
sy
beyond the given limits, provided special care
is taken regarding the detailing and ductility (AS 6.1.1, 6.2.1, 19.2.1.1).
SAFE enforces the upper material strength limits for flexure and shear design
of beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are taken as the upper limits if they are defined in the material properties as be-
ing greater than the limits. The user is responsible for ensuring that the mini-
mum strength is satisfied.
The strength reduction factor, |, is defined as given in AS 2.3(c), Table 2.3:
| = 0.80 for flexure (tension controlled) (AS 2.3(c))
| = 0.70 for shear and torsion (AS 2.3(c))
3.5 Beam Design
the text that follows. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at each
station along the length of the beam.

3 - 6 Beam Design
In the design of flexural reinforcement of concrete beams, the factored
moments for each load combination at a particular beam station are obtained by
factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases with the corre-
bottom reinforcement is based on positive beam moments. In such cases the
inforcement is based on negative beam moments. In such cases the beam may
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding compression re-
inforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or the strength of the
concrete. Note that the flexural reinforcement strength, f
y
, is limited to 500MPa
(AS 6.2.1), even if the material property is defined using a higher value.
Beam Design 3 - 7
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block, as
shown in Figure 3-1 (AS 8.1.2.2).
The following assumptions are used for the stress block used to compute the
flexural bending capacity of rectangular sections (AS 8.1.2.2).
The maximum strain in the extreme compression fiber is taken as 0.003.
A uniform compressive stress of 0.85f '
c
acts on an area bounded by:
The edges of the cross-sections.
A line parallel to the neutral axis at the strength limit under the loading
concerned, and located at a distance k
u
d from the extreme compression
fiber.
max
, is
given by
d k a
u
=
max
where, (AS 8.1.3)
( ) | | 28 ' 007 . 0 85 . 0 =
c
f
0.65 0.85 s s (AS 8.1.2.2)
k
u
= 0.4
The design procedure used by SAFE for both rectangular and flanged sections
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the following subsections. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed (A
sc
f
sy
> 0.15N
*
) (AS
10.7.1a); hence, all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and
torsion only.
*
Figure 3-1), where,
b f
M
d d a
c
| ' 85 . 0
2
*
2
= (AS 8.1.2.2)

3 - 8 Beam Design
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
u
a k d =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
cs
A
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
u
a k d =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
cs
A

where, the value of | is taken as that for a tension controlled section (k
u
0.4),
which by default is 0.80 (AS 2.3) in the preceding and following equations.
If a s a
max
, the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
*
a
d f
M
A
sy
st
|

*
if M
*
is negative.
If a > a
max
, i.e., k
u
> 0.4, compression reinforcement is required (AS 8.1.3)
and is calculated as follows:
max
' 85 . 0 ba f C
c
= (AS 8.1.2.2)
Beam Design 3 - 9
and the moment resisted by concrete compression and tension reinforcement
is:
| |
.
|
\
|
=
2
max
a
d C M
uc

Therefore, the moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement
and tension reinforcement is:
uc us
M M M =
*

( )( ) ' 0.85 '
us
sc
s c
M
A
f f d d |
=
'
, where
0.003
s s sy
c d
f E f
c
' (
' = s
(

(AS 8.1.2.1, 6.2.2)
The required tension reinforcement for balancing the compression in the con-
crete is:
|
(

=
2
max
1
a
d f
M
A
sy
uc
s

and the tension reinforcement for balancing the compression reinforcement is
given by:
( )
2
us
s
sy
M
A
f d d |
=
'

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement is A
st
= A
s1
+ A
s2
pression reinforcement is A
sc
. A
st
is to be placed at the bottom and A
sc
is to be
placed at the top if M
*
*
is negative.

3 - 10 Beam Design
In designing a flanged beam, a simplified stress block, as shown in Figure 3-2,
is assumed if the flange is under compression, i.e., if the moment is positive. If
the moment is negative, the flange comes under tension, and the flange is ig-
nored. In that case, a simplified stress block similar to that shown in Figure 3-1
is assumed on the compression side (AS 8.1.3).

(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
sc
A
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
w
T s
T
s
c
c
0.85 f '
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
s
D
c
u
a k d =
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
sc
A
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
c
0.85 f '
w
T s
T
s
c
c
0.85 f '
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
s
D
c
u
a k d =


*
ment), the calculation of the reinforcement is exactly the same as above, i.e., no
flanged beam data is used.
If M
*
Beam Design 3 - 11
f c
b f
M
d d a
| ' 85 . 0
2
*
2
=
where, the value of | is taken as that for k
u
0.4, which is 0.80 by default (AS
2.3) in the preceding and the following equations.
max
, is
given by:
d k a
u
=
max
where, k
u
= 0.4 (AS 8.1.3)
If a s D
s
st
are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case, the
width of the beam is taken as b
f
. Compression reinforcement is required
when a > a
max
.
If a > D
s
st
f
w
, as shown in Figure 3-2. C
f
is
given by:
( ) ( )
max
, min ' 85 . 0 a D b b f C
s w ef c f
= (AS 8.1.2.2)
Therefore,
1
=
f
s
sy
C
A
f
*
given by:
( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
, min
max
a D
d C M
s
f uf
|
Therefore, the balance of the moment, M
*
to be carried by the web is:
*
uw uf
M M M =
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions b
w
and d, for which the design
depth of the compression block is recalculated as:
2
1
2
0.85 |
=
'
uw
c w
M
a d d
f b


3 - 12 Beam Design
If a
1
s a
max
, the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
2
1
2
|
=
| |
|
\ .
uw
s
sy
M
A
a
f d
, and
2 1 s s st
A A A + =
If a
1
> a
max
, compression reinforcement is required and is calculated as fol-
lows:
The compression force in the web concrete alone is given by:
max
' 85 . 0 a b f C
w c w
= (AS 8.1.2.2)
ment is:
| |
.
|
\
|
=
2
max
a
d C M
w uc

uc uw us
M M M =
( )( )
,
0.85
us
sc
s c
M
A
f f d d |
=
' ' '
where
max
max
0.003
s s sy
c d
f E f
c
' (
' = s
(

(AS 8.1.2.1, 6.2.2)
The tension reinforcement for balancing compression in the web concrete is:
Beam Design 3 - 13
2
max
2
|
=
(
(

uc
s
sy
M
A
a
f d

is:
( )
3
|
=
'
us
s
sy
M
A
f d d

The total tensile reinforcement is A
st
= A
s1
+ A
s2
+ A
s3
, and the total compres-
sion reinforcement is A
sc
. A
st
is to be placed at the bottom and A
sc
is to be
placed at the top.
3.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
given by the following limit:
2
.min
0.22 ,
cf
st
sy
f
D
A bd
d f
'
| |
=
|
\ .
where (AS 8.1.4.1)
c cf
f f ' 6 . 0 ' = (AS 6.1.1.2)

0 04 Rectangular beam
0 04 Flanged beam
0 04 Flanged beam
st
w
sc
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d


3 - 14 Beam Design
*
.
uc
these steps.
3.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force
uc
, is calculated as:
3 1
3 2 1
'
(
=
o w
c st
o w uc
d b
f A
d b V | | | (AS 8.2.7.1)
where,
1 . 1
1000
6 . 1 1 . 1
1
> |
.
|
\
|
=
o
d
| (AS 8.2.7.1)
2
= 1, or (AS 8.2.7.1)
= 0
5 . 3
1
*
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
g
A
N
for members subject to significant axial tension, or
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
g
A
N
14
1
*
for members subject to significant axial compression.
Beam Design 3 - 15
3
= 1
The shear force is limited to:
o v uc u
d b V V 6 . 0
min .
+ = (AS 8.2.9)
o c u
bd f V ' 2 . 0
max .
= (AS 8.2.6)
Given V
*
, V
uc
, and V
u.max
, the required shear reinforcement is calculated as fol-
lows, where, |, the strength reduction factor, is 0.6 by default (AS 2.3).
If
*
/ 2,
uc
V V | s
0
sv
A
,
s
= if D 750 mm; otherwise A
sv.min
shall be provided. (AS 8.2.5).
If
( )
*
.min
/ 2 ,
uc u
V V V | | < s
0,
sv
A
s
= if D < b
w
/2 or 250 mm, whichever is greater (AS 8.2.5(c)(i));
otherwise A
sv.min
shall be provided.
If
*
.min .max
,
u u
V V V | | < s
( )
*
.
,
cot
uc
sv
sy f o v
V V
A
s f d
|
u
= (AS 8.2.10)
and greater than A
sv.min,
defined as:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
f sy
w sv
f
b
s
A
.
min .
35 . 0 (AS 8.2.8)
u
v
= the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and the lon-
gitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees when
V
*
=|V
u.min
to 45 degrees when V
*
=| V
u,max
.

3 - 16 Beam Design
If
*
max
, V V | > a failure condition is declared. (AS 8.2.6)
If V
*
exceeds its maximum permitted value |V
max
, the concrete section size
should be increased (AS 8.2.6).
Note that if torsion design is considered and torsion reinforcement is required,
the calculated shear reinforcement is ignored. Closed stirrups are designed for
combined shear and torsion according to AS 8.3.4(b).
sv
load combination.
ments to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be investigated in-
dependently of the program by the user.
the beam torsion:
*
.
tors.
Beam Design 3 - 17
design T
*
is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code (AS 8.3.2).
However, the program does not automatically redistribute the internal forces
and reduce T
*
. If redistribution is desired, the user should release the torsional
degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
For torsion design, special section properties such as A
t
, J
t
, and u
t
are calcu-
lated. These properties are described in the following (AS 8.3).
A
t
= Area of a polygon with vertices at the center of longitudinal bars at
the corners of the cross-section
u
t
= Perimeter of the polygon defined by A
t

J
t
= Torsional modulus
sw
/s and
A
l
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 50 mm. This is equivalent
to 38-mm clear cover and a 12-mm-diameter stirrup. For torsion design of
flanged beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the
flange area is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion
reinforcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during T
uc
calcu-
lation. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam sec-
tion are given as:
A
t
=
( )( ) 2 2 , b c h c (AS 8.3.5)
u
t
=
( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 , b c h c + (AS 8.3.6)
J
t
= 0.4x
2
y (AS 8.3.3)
where, the section dimensions b, h and, c are as shown in Figure 3-3. Similarly,
A
t
=
( )( ) 2 2 ,
w
b c h c (AS 8.3.5)
u
t
=
( ) ( ) 2 2 2 2 ,
c w c
h b + (AS 8.3.6)

3 - 18 Beam Design
J
t
=
0.4Ex
2
y (AS 8.3.3)
w
, h, and c for a flanged beam are as shown in
Figure 3-3. The values x and y refer to the smaller and larger dimensions of a
component rectangle, respectively.
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
s
D
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
s
D
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b

The torsional strength of the section without torsion reinforcement, T
uc
, is cal-
culated as:
0.3 '
uc t
T = J f
c
(AS 8.3.5)
where J
t
is the torsion modulus of the concrete cross-section as described in de-
tail in the previous section.
Torsion reinforcement also can be ignored if any of the following is satisfied:
uc
T T | 25 . 0
*
s (AS 8.3.4(a)(i))
Beam Design 3 - 19
5 . 0
* *
s +
uc uc
V
V
T
T
| |
(AS 8.3.4(a)(ii))
1
* *
s +
uc uc
V
V
T
T
| |
and D max(250mm, b/2) (AS 8.3.4(a)(iii))
*
alone or in combination with V
*
does not satisfy any
of the three conditions in the preceding description, torsion reinforcement is
needed. It is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups
and longitudinal bars (AS 8.3).
If T
*
> T
cr
sw
/s, is calcu-
lated as:
t f sy
t sw
A f
T
s
A
.
*
2
tan
|
u
= (AS 8.3.5(b))
where, the minimum value of A
sw
/s is taken as follows:
f sy
w sw
f
b
s
A
.
min .
35 . 0
= (AS 8.2.8)
The value
t
is the angle between the axis of the concrete compression strut and
the longitudinal axis of the member, which varies linearly from 30 degrees
when T
*
= |T
uc
to 45 degrees when T
*
= |T
u,max
.
The following equation shall also be satisfied for combined shear and torsion
by adding additional shear stirrups.
0 . 1
* *
s +
us us
V
V
T
T
| |
(AS 8.3.4(b))
where,
t t
sw
f sy us
A
s
A
f T u cot 2
.
|
.
|
\
|
= (AS 8.3.5(b))
( )
v o f sy sv us
s d f A V u cot /
.
= (AS 8.2.10(a))

3 - 20 Beam Design
The required longitudinal rebar area is calculated as:
sy
t t
sw
f sy
l
f
u
s
A
f
A
u
2
.
cot 5 . 0 |
.
|
\
|
= (AS 8.3.6(a))
*
and T
*
0 . 1
max .
*
max .
*
s +
u u
V
V
T
T
| |
(AS 8.3.3)
where,
o w c u
d b f V ' 2 . 0
max .
= (AS 8.2.6)
t c u
J f T ' 2 . 0
max .
= (AS 8.3.5(a))
w
*
and T
*

*
> T
cr
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups satisfy the following limit.
f sy
sw sv
f
b
s
A
s
A
.
35 . 0
2 > |
.
|
\
|
+ (AS 8.3.7, 8.2.8)
sv
/s and A
sw
/s,
A
sv
/s is increased to satisfy this condition. In that case, A
sv
/s does not need to
satisfy AS Section 8.2.8 independently.
The maximum of all the calculated A
l
and A
sw
combination is reported along with the controlling combination.
The beam torsion reinforcement requirements reported by the program are
based purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup requirements
and longitudinal rebar requirements to satisfy spacing considerations must be
investigated independently of the program by the user.
Slab Design 3 - 21
3.6 Slab Design
ments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis and a flexural de-
sign is carried out based on the ultimate strength design method (AS 3600-
2001) for reinforced concrete, as described in the following sections. To learn
more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips" in the
Key Features and Terminology manual.
SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the
design of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained
by multiplying the slab element stiffness matrices by the element nodal
displacement vectors. These moments will always be in static equilibrium with
cific locations along the length of the strip. Those locations correspond to the
These two steps, which are described in the following subsections, are repeated
for every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
and bottom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding
controlling load combination numbers, is obtained and reported.

3 - 22 Slab Design
cordingly.
The minimum flexural tensile reinforcement required for each direction of a
slab is given by the following limits (AS 9.1.1):
A
s
> 0.0025 bh for flat slabs (AS 9.1.1(a))
A
s
> 0.0020 bh for slabs supported by beams/walls and slab footings
(AS 9.1.1(b))
Only the code-specific items are described in the following subsections.
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d
om
/2 from
the face of the support (AS 9.2.1.1). For rectangular columns and concentrated
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to
the sides of the columns or the point loads (AS 9.2.1.3). Figure 3-4 shows the
Slab Design 3 - 23
auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various column shapes.
The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching perimeter
may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2

The shear capacity,
cv
f , is calculated based on the minimum of the two expres-
sions from AS 3600-01 equation 11-35, as shown, with the d
om
and u terms re-
moved to convert force to stress.
2
0 17 1
min
0 34
c
h
cv
c
. f
f
. f
|
| |
' +
|
= \ .
'
(AS 9.2.3(a))
where, |
h
is the ratio of the longest dimension to the shortest dimension of the
critical section.

3 - 24 Slab Design
3.6.2.3 Determine Maximum Shear Stress
The maximum design shear stress is computed along the major and minor axis
of column separately using the following equation:
*
max *
m m
1.0
8
(
= +
(

v
o o
uM V
v
ud V ad
(AS 9.2.4(a))
The ratio of the maximum shear stress and the concrete punching shear stress
capacity is reported as the punching shear capacity ratio by SAFE. If this ratio
exceeds 1.0, punching shear reinforcement is designed as described in the fol-
lowing section.
The design guidelines for shear links or shear studs are not available in AS
3600-2001. SAFE uses the NZS 3101-06 guidelines to design shear studs or
shear links.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 150 mm, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (NZS 12.7.4.1). If the
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.
reinforcement is as previously determined for the punching check.
Slab Design 3 - 25
V
max
= 3 V
u,min
= 3*V
u
(AS 92.2.4(a), (d))
where V
u
is computed from AS 9.2.3 or 9.2.4. Given V*, V
u
, and V
u,max
, the re-
quired shear reinforcement is calculated as follows, where, | is the strength re-
duction factor.
( )
*
m
,
u
sv
sy o
V V
A
s f d
|
= (AS 8.2.10)
Minimum punching shear reinforcement should be provided such that:
m
1
'
16
>
s c o
V f ud (NZS 12.7.4.3)
If V
*
> |V
max
, a failure condition is declared. (NZS 12.7.3.4)
If V
*
max
column.
shall not exceed d/2. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 2d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face (NZS 12.7.4.4).
umns respectively.

3 - 26 Slab Design
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

not be less than the minimum cover specified in NZS 3.11 plus half of the
o
between adjacent shear studs, g, at the first peripheral line of studs shall not ex-
ceed 2d and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adjacent
stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of s
o
and the spacing, s, be-
tween the peripheral lines are specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (NZS 12.7.4.4)
s s 0.5d (NZS 12.7.4.4)
g s 2d (NZS 12.7.4.4)

Notations 4 - 1
Chapter 4
Design for BS 8110-97
cedure that is used by SAFE when the British code BS 8110-1997 [BSI 1997]
is selected. For light-weight concrete and torsion, reference is made to BS
8110-2:1985 [BSI 1985]. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in
Table 4-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the British code BS
8110-1997 in this chapter, a prefix BS followed by the section number is
used.
The design is based on user-specified loading combinations. The program pro-
4.1 Notations
Table 4-1 List of Symbols Used in the BS 8110-1997 Code

A
g
Gross area of cross-section, mm
2

4 - 2 Notations

A
l
2

A
s
2

A'
s
2

A
sv
Total cross-sectional area of links at the neutral axis, mm
2

A
sv,t
Total cross-sectional area of closed links for torsion, mm
2

A
sv
/ s
v
Area of shear reinforcement per unit length, mm
2
/mm
b Width or effective width of the section in the compression zone,
mm
b
f
Width or effective width of flange, mm
b
w
Average web width of a flanged beam, mm
C Torsional constant, mm
4

d Effective depth of tension reinforcement, mm
d' Depth to center of compression reinforcement, mm
E
c
E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as 200,000 MPa
f Punching shear factor considering column location
f
cu
Characteristic cube strength at 28 days, MPa
f '
s
f
y
Characteristic strength of reinforcement, MPa
f
yv
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement, MPa
h Overall depth of a section in the plane of bending, mm
Chapter 4 - Design for BS 8110-97
Notations 4 - 3

h
f
Flange thickness, mm
h
min
Smaller dimension of a rectangular section, mm
h
max
Larger dimension of a rectangular section, mm
K
Normalized design moment,
2
u
cu
M
bd f

K'
Maximum
2
u
cu
M
bd f
for a singly reinforced concrete section, taken
as 0.156 by assuming that moment redistribution is limited to
10%.
k
1
Shear strength enhancement factor for support compression
k
2

Concrete shear strength factor, | |
3
1
25
cu
f
k
3
Shear strength reduction factor for light-weight concrete
M Design moment at a section, N-mm
M
single
Limiting moment capacity as singly reinforced beam, N-mm
s
v
Spacing of the links along the length of the beam, mm
T Design torsion at ultimate design load, N-mm
u Perimeter of the punching critical section, mm
V Design shear force at ultimate design load, N
v Design shear stress at a beam cross-section or at a punching criti-
cal section, MPa
v
c
Design concrete shear stress capacity, MPa
v
max
Maximum permitted design factored shear stress, MPa

v
t
Torsional shear stress, MPa
x Neutral axis depth, mm
x
bal
Depth of neutral axis in a balanced section, mm
z Lever arm, mm
| Torsional stiffness constant
|
b
Moment redistribution factor in a member
f
Partial safety factor for load
m
Partial safety factor for material strength
c
c
Maximum concrete strain, 0.0035
c
s
Strain in tension reinforcement
c
'
s
Strain in compression reinforcement
for which the structure needs to be designed. The design load combinations are
obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads by appropriate partial factors
of safety,
f
(BS 2.4.1.3). For BS 8110-1997, if a structure is subjected to dead
(D), live (L), pattern live (PL), snow (S), and wind (W) loads, and considering
that wind forces are reversible, the following load combinations may need to
be considered (BS 2.4.3).
1.4D
1.4D + 1.6L
(BS 2.4.3)
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL)
(BS 2.4.3)
1.0D 1.4W
1.4D 1.4W
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2W
(BS 2.4.3)
1.4D + 1.6L + 1.6S
1.2D + 1.2S 1.2W
1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S 1.2W
(BS 2.4.3)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the BS
8110-1997 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other types of
loads are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used. Note
that the automatic combination, including pattern live load, is assumed and
should be reviewed before using for design.
The concrete compressive strength, f
cu
, should not be less than 25 MPa (BS
3.1.7.2). SAFE does not enforce this limit for flexure and shear design of
beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are used for design even if they are outside of the limits. It is the user's respon-
sibility to use the proper strength values while defining the materials.
4.4 Partial Safety Factors
The design strengths for concrete and reinforcement are obtained by dividing
the characteristic strength of the material by a partial safety factor,
m
. The val-
ues of
m
used in the program are listed in the following table, as taken from BS
Table 2.2 (BS 2.4.4.1):
Values of
m
for the Ultimate Limit State
Reinforcement 1.15
Concrete in flexure and axial load 1.50
Concrete shear strength without shear reinforcement 1.25
These factors are already incorporated into the design equations and tables in
the code. Note that for reinforcement, the default factor of 1.15 is for Grade
500 reinforcement. If other grades are used, this value should be overwritten as
necessary. Changes to the partial safety factors are carried through the design
equations where necessary, typically affecting the material strength portions of
the equations.
4 - 6 Beam Design
4.5 Beam Design
the subsections that follow. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at
each station along the length of the beam.
Beam Design 4 - 7
inforcement is based on negative beam moments. In such cases, the beam is
always designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged beam.
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the compression
the concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block shown
in Figure 4-1 (BS 3.4.4.4). Furthermore, it is assumed that moment redistribu-
tion in the member does not exceed 10% (i.e., |
b
> 0.9; BS 3.4.4.4). The code
also places a limitation on the neutral axis depth, x/d s 0.5, to safeguard against
non-ductile failures (BS 3.4.4.4). In addition, the area of compression rein-
forcement is calculated assuming that the neutral axis depth remains at the
maximum permitted value.
(L- and T-beams) is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed (0.1f
cu
A
g
) (BS 3.4.4.1);
hence, all beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion
only.
For rectangular beams, the limiting moment capacity as a singly reinforced
beam, M
single
, is first calculated for a section. The reinforcement is determined
based on M being greater than, less than, or equal to M
single
. See Figure 4-1.
Calculate the ultimate limiting moment of resistance of the section as singly
reinforced.
M
single
= K'f
cu
bd
2
, where (BS 3.4.4.4)
K' = 0.156
4 - 8 Beam Design
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
c = 0.0035 0 67
cu m
. f
= 0 9 a . x
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f
(I) BEAM
SECTION
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
c = 0.0035 0 67
cu m
. f
= 0 9 a . x
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f

If M s M
single
, the area of tension reinforcement, A
s
, is given by:
0 87
s
y
M
A ,
. f z
= , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
d
K
d z 95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (BS 3.4.4.4)
2
bd f
M
K
cu
= (BS 3.4.4.4)
This reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if M is positive, or at the top
if M is negative.
If M > M
single
, compression reinforcement is required and calculated as fol-
lows:
Beam Design 4 - 9
( )
single
'
'
0.67
'
s
cu
s
c
M M
A
f
f d d
=
| |

|
\ .
(BS 3.4.4.4)
where d' is the depth of the compression reinforcement from the concrete
compression face, and

y s
f f 87 . 0 ' = if
'
1
1
2 800
y
f
d
d
(
s
(

(BS 3.4.4.1, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
(
=
d
d
E f
c s s
'
2
1 ' c if
'
1
1
2 800
(
>
(

y
f
d
d
(BS 3.4.4.1, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
The tension reinforcement required for balancing the compression in the con-
crete and the compression reinforcement is calculated as:
( )
single single
'
,
0.87
0.87
s
y
y
M M M
A
f z
f d d
= +
where (BS 3.4.4.4)

d
K
d z 777 . 0
9 . 0
'
25 . 0 5 . 0 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (BS 3.4.4.4)
In designing for a factored negative moment, M (i.e., designing top reinforce-
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by consider-
ing alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is assumed
to be located in the flange. Based on this assumption, the program calculates
the exact depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend beyond
the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular beam of width b
f
.
4 - 10 Beam Design
If the stress block extends beyond the flange depth, the contribution of the web
to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into account. See Figure 4-2.
x
b
f
d
A
s
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
e
s
h
f
C
f
T
f
C
w
T
w
bw
A
s
'
C
s
T
s
d' f
s
'
e = 0.0035 0.67 f /
cu m
g 0.67 f /
cu m
g

Figure 4-2 Design of a T-Beam Section
Assuming the neutral axis to lie in the flange, the normalized moment is given
by:
K =
2
d b f
M
f cu
(BS 3.4.4.4)
Then the moment arm is computed as:
z = d
)
`
+
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0
K
s 0.95d (BS 3.4.4.4)
the depth of the neutral axis is computed as:
x =
45 . 0
1
(d z) (BS 3.4.4.4)
and the depth of the compression block is given by:
Beam Design 4 - 11
a = 0.9x (BS 3.4.4.4)
If a s h
f
s
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in that case, the width of
f
. Compression reinforcement is required when K > K'.
If a > h
f
, when M |
f
f
cu
bd
2
and h
f
0.45d, then
( )
( )
0 1 0 45
0 87 0 5
cu f
s
y f
M . f bd . d h
A ,
. f d . h
+
=
where (BS 3.4.4.5)

b
b
d
h
b
b
d
h
w
f
w
f
f
15 . 0
2
1 1 45 . 0 +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= | (BS 3.4.4.5)
Otherwise the calculation for A
s
f
w
, as shown in Figure 4-2.
In that case, the ultimate resistance moment of the flange is given by:
( ) ( )
0.45 0.5
f cu f w f f
M f b b h d h = (BS 3.4.4.5)
The moment taken by the web is computed as:
f w
M M M =
and the normalized moment resisted by the web is given by:
K
w
=
2
w
cu w
M
f b d
(BS 3.4.4.4)
If K
w
s 0.156 (BS 3.4.4.4), the beam is designed as a singly reinforced con-
crete beam. The reinforcement is calculated as the sum of two parts, one to
balance compression in the flange and one to balance compression in the
web.
( )
0 87 0 87 0 5
f
w
s
y y f
M
M
A ,
. f z . f d . h
= +
where
4 - 12 Beam Design
d
K
d z
w
95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
If K
w
> K' (BS 3.4.4.4), compression reinforcement is required and is calcu-
lated as follows:
The ultimate moment of resistance of the web only is given by:
2
' d b f K M
w cu uw
= (BS 3.4.4.4)
The compression reinforcement is required to resist a moment of magnitude
M
w
M
uw
. The compression reinforcement is computed as:
( )
0 67
w uw
s
cu
s
c
M M
A
. f
f d d'
' =
| |
'
|
\ .
(BS 3.4.4.4)
where, d
is the depth of the compression reinforcement from the concrete

0 87
s y
f ' . f = if
1
1
2 800
(
'
s
(

y
f
d
d
(BS 3.4.4.1, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
2
1
s s c
d
f ' E
d
c
'
(
=
(

if
1
1
2 800
(
'
>
(

y
f
d
d
(BS 3.4.4.1, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
The area of tension reinforcement is obtained from equilibrium as:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 87 0 777 0 87 0 87 0 5
f
uw w uw
s
f y y f
M
M M M
A
. f . d . f d d . f d . h
= + +
'

4.5.1.2.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
given by the following table, which is taken from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3)
with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength.
Beam Design 4 - 13
Minimum percentage
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
f
y
= 250 MPa f
y
= 500 MPa
Rectangular 100
bh
A
s

0.24 0.13
f
w
b
b
< 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.32 0.18
T- or L-Beam
with web in
tension
f
w
b
b
> 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.24 0.13
T-Beam with
web in
compression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.48 0.26
L-Beam with
web in
compression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.36 0.20
The minimum flexural compression reinforcement, if it is required, provided in
a rectangular or flanged beam is given by the following table, which is taken
from BS Table 3.25 (BS 3.12.5.3).
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
Rectangular
100
bh
A
s
'

0.20
Web in tension
100
f f
s
h b
A
'

0.40
T- or L-Beam
Web in compression
100
h b
A
w
s
'

0.20
ment and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows
(BS 3.12.6.1):
4 - 14 Beam Design
0 04 Flanged beam
0 04 Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d
' s

Determine the shear stress, v.
Determine the shear stress, v
c
these steps.
4.5.2.1 Determine Shear Stress
sponding shear forces for different load cases with the corresponding load
combination factors. The shear stress is then calculated as:
d b
V
v
w
= (BS 3.4.5.2)
The maximum allowable shear stress, v
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min(0.8
cu
f , 5 MPa) (BS 3.4.5.2)
For light-weight concrete, v
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min(0.63
cu
f , 4 MPa) (BS 8110-2:1985 5.4)
Beam Design 4 - 15
The shear stress carried by the concrete, v
c
, is calculated as:
c c
c
c
c c
v A
N
v
M A
NVh
v v + s + = 1 6 . 0 ' (BS 3.4.5.12)
1 1
3 4
1 2 3
0.79 100 400
s
c
m
k k k A
v
bd d
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
k
1
is the enhancement factor for support compression,
and is conservatively taken as 1 (BS 3.4.5.8)
k
2
=
1
3
25
cu
f
,
| |
|
\ .
1 s k
2
s
3
1
25
40
|
.
|
\
|
(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
m
= 1.25 (BS 2.4.4.1)
However, the following limits also apply:
0.15 s
bd
A
s
100
s 3 (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
4
1
400
|
.
|
\
|
d
> 0.67 (unreinforced) or > 1 (reinforced)(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
f
cu
s 40 MPa (for calculation purposes only) (BS 3.4.5.4)
1 s
M
Vh
(BS 3.4.5.12)
A
s
is the area of tension reinforcement.
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(BS Table 3.8, BS 3.4.5.3):
If v s (v
c
+ 0.4),
4 - 16 Beam Design
yv
w
v
sv
f
b
s
A
87 . 0
4 . 0
= (BS 3.4.5.3, Table 3.7)
If (v'
c
+ 0.4) < v s v
max
,
( )
yv
w c
v
sv
f
b v v
s
A
87 . 0
'
= (BS 3.4.5.3, Table 3.7)
If v > v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (BS 3.4.5.2)
In the preceding expressions, a limit is imposed on f
yv
as:
f
yv
s 500 MPa. (BS 3.4.5.1)
sv
/s
v
values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination.
the beam torsion:
Determine the torsional shear stress, v
t
.
Determine critical torsion stress.
Note that this section refers to BS 8110-2:1985 instead of BS 8110-1997 code.
Beam Design 4 - 17
4.5.3.1 Determine Torsional Shear Stress
tors.
In typical framed construction, specific consideration of torsion is not usually
required where torsional cracking is adequately controlled by shear reinforce-
ment. If the design relies on the torsional resistance of a beam, further consid-
eration should be given using the following sections (BS 8110-2:85 3.4.5.13).
The torsional shear stress, v
t
, for a rectangular section is computed as:
( )
2
min max min
2
3
t
T
v
h h h /
=
(BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.1)

For flanged sections, the section is considered as a series of rectangular seg-
ments and the torsional shear stress is computed for each rectangular compo-
nent using the preceding equation, but considering a torsional moment attrib-
uted to that segment, calculated as:
( )
3
min max
seg
3
min max
h h
T T
h h
| |
|
=
|
\ .
(BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.2)

h
max
= Larger dimension of a rectangular section
h
min
= Smaller dimension of a rectangular section
If the computed torsional shear stress, v
t
, exceeds the following limit for sec-
tions with the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than 550
mm, a failure condition is generated:

2 1
min 0 8 5N/mm
550
t cu
y
v ( . f , ) s (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.5)
4 - 18 Beam Design
4.5.3.2 Determine Critical Torsion Stress
The critical torsion stress, v
t,min
, for which the torsion in the section can be ig-
nored is calculated as:
( )
2
min
min 0 067 0 4N/mm
t , cu
v . f , . = (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.6)
where f
cu
t,min
is defined as:
( )
2
min
min 0 067 0 4N/mm
t , cu
v . f , . = x 0.8 (BS 8110-2:85 5.5)
If the factored torsional shear stress, v
t
is less than the threshold limit, v
t,min
, tor-
sion can be safely ignored (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.6). In that case, the program re-
ports that no torsion reinforcement is required. However, if v
t
exceeds the
threshold limit, v
t,min
, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by
closed stirrups and longitudinal bars (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.6).
If v
t
> v
t,min
the required closed stirrup area per unit spacing, A
sv,t
/s
v
, is calculated
as:
( )
yv v
t sv
f y x
T
s
A
87 . 0 8 . 0
1 1
,
= (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.7)
( )
y v
yv t sv
l
f s
y x f A
A
1 1 ,
+
= (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.7)
In the preceding expressions, x
1
is the smaller center-to-center dimension of the
closed link, and y
1
is the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link.
Beam Design 4 - 19
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f

An upper limit of the combination of v and v
t
that can be carried by the section
is also checked using the equation:
( )
2
min 0 8 5N/mm
t cu
v v . f , + s (BS 8110-2:85 2.4.5)
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min(0.63
cu
f , 4 MPa) (BS 8110-2:85 5.4)
If the combination of shear stress, v, and torsional shear stress, v
t
, exceeds this
limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete section should be
increased in size.
l
and A
sv,t
/s
v
values obtained from each
longitudinal rebar requirements to satisfy spacing considerations must be in-
vestigated independently of the program by the user.
4 - 20 Slab Design
4.6 Slab Design
sign is completed based on the ultimate strength design method (BS 8110-97)
for reinforced concrete, as described in the following sections. To learn more
placement vectors. These moments will always be in static equilibrium with the
applied loads, irrespective of the refinement of the finite element mesh.
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is performed at spe-
These two steps are described in the subsections that follow and are repeated
controlling load combination, is obtained and reported.
Slab Design 4 - 21
cordingly.
slab is given by the following limits (BS 3.12.5.3, BS Table 3.25) with interpo-
lation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
0 0024 if 250MPa
0 0013 f 500MPa
y
s
y
. bh f
A
. bh i f
=
>

=
(BS 3.12.5.3)
reinforcement has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area
(BS 3.12.6.1).
The punching shear is checked at the face of the column (BS 3.7.6.4) and at a
critical section at a distance of 1.5d from the face of the support (BS 3.7.7.6).
For rectangular columns and concentrated loads, the critical area is taken as a
4 - 22 Slab Design
rectangular area with the sides parallel to the sides of the columns or the point
loads (BS 3.7.7.1). Figure 4-4 shows the auto punching perimeters considered
by SAFE for the various column shapes. The column location (i.e., interior,
edge, corner) and the punching perimeter may be overwritten using the Punch-
ing Check Overwrites.
1.5d
Interior Column
Circular Column T-Shape Column
Edge Column Corner Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d

The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as (BS 3.7.7.4, 3.7.7.6):
4
1
3
1
2 1
400 100 79 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d bd
A k k
v
s
m
c
(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)

k
1
and is conservatively taken as 1 (BS 3.4.5.8)
Slab Design 4 - 23
k
2
=
1
3
25
cu
f
,
| |
|
\ .
1 k
2

3
1
25
40
|
.
|
\
|
(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
m
= 1.25 (BS 3.4.5.2)
However, the following limitations also apply:
0.15 s
bd
A
s
100
s 3 (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
4
1
400
|
.
|
\
|
d
> 0.67 (unreinforced) or > 1 (reinforced) (BS 3.4.5.4)
v s min(0.8
cu
f , 5MPa) (BS 3.7.6.4)
max
is defined as:
v s min(0.63
cu
f , 4 MPa) (BS 8110-2:1985 5.4)
f
cu
s 40 MPa (for calculation purpose only) (BS 3.4.5.4)
A
s
= area of tension reinforcement, which is taken as zero in the current
implementation.
centricity of shear about the bending axis, the nominal design shear stress, v
max
,
is calculated as:
| |
= + |
|
\ .
1.5
,
M
x
V V f
eff x
Vy
(BS 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
| |
|
= +
|
\ .
1.5
,
M
y
V V f
eff y
Vx
(BS 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
4 - 24 Slab Design
,
max
,
max
eff x
eff y
V
u d
v
V
u d
(BS 3.7.7.3)
where,
u is the perimeter of the critical section
x and y are the lengths of the sides of the critical section parallel to the
axis of bending
M
x
and M
y
are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the
column at the connection
V is the total punching shear force
f is a factor to consider the eccentricity of punching shear force and is
taken as:
1.00 for interior columns
1.25 for edge columns
1.25 for corner columns
f
(BS 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)

lowing section.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 200 mm (BS
3.7.7.5). If the slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching
shear reinforcement is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased
by the user.
Slab Design 4 - 25
carried out as explained in the subsections that follow.
The shear stress is limited to a maximum of:
v
max
= 2v
c
(BS 3.7.7.5)
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(BS 3.7.7.5).
If v s 1.6v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( ) 0.4
0.87 0.87
>
c
yv yv
v - v ud
ud
f f
, (BS 3.7.7.5)
If 1.6v
c
s v < 2.0v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( ) 5 0.7
0.4
0.87 0.87
>
c
yv yv
v - v ud
ud
f f
, (BS 3.7.7.5)
If v > v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (BS 3.7.7.5)
If v exceeds the maximum permitted value of v
max
, the concrete section should
be increased in size.
4 - 26 Slab Design
column.
first line (perimeter) of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 1.5d measured in a
direction parallel to the column face (BS 3.7.7.6).
umns respectively.

I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2
d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2
d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

Figure 4-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and
critical sections outside shear-reinforced zone
not be less than the minimum cover specified in BS 3.3 plus half of the diame-
ter of the flexural reinforcement.
Slab Design 4 - 27
in 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-, and 20-millimeter diameters.
o
ceed 1.5d. The limits of s
o
and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are
specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (BS 3.7.7.6)
s s 0.75d (BS 3.7.7.6)
g s 1.5d (BS 3.7.7.6)

Notations 5 - 1
Chapter 5
Design for CSA A23.3-04
cedure that is used by SAFE when the Canadian code CSA A23.3-04 [CSA 04]
is selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 5-1. For
referencing to the pertinent sections of the Canadian code in this chapter, a pre-
fix CSA followed by the section number is used.
5.1 Notations
Table 5-1 List of Symbols Used in the CSA A23.3-04 Code

A
c
Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, sq-
mm
A
ct
Area of concrete on flexural tension side, sq-mm
5 - 2 Notations

A
l
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for torsion, sq-mm
A
o
Gross area enclosed by shear flow path, sq-mm
A
oh
Area enclosed by centerline of outermost closed transverse tor-
sional reinforcement, sq-mm
A
s
Area of tension reinforcement, sq-mm
A'
s
Area of compression reinforcement, sq-mm
A
s(required)
Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, sq-mm
A
t
/ s Area of closed shear reinforcement for torsion per unit length, sq-
mm/mm
A
v
Area of shear reinforcement, sq-mm
A
v
/ s Area of shear reinforcement per unit length, sq-mm/mm
a
b
b
f
b
w
b
0
Perimeter of the punching critical section, mm
b
1
Width of the punching critical section in the direction of bending,
mm
b
2
Width of the punching critical section perpendicular to the direc-
tion of bending, mm
c Depth to neutral axis, mm
c
b
Depth to neutral axis at balanced conditions, mm
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, mm
d
v
Effective shear depth, mm
d' Distance from compression face to compression reinforcement,
mm
h
s
Thickness of slab (flanged section), mm
E
c
E
s
Chapter 5 - Design for CSA A23.3-04
Notations 5 - 3

f '
c
f '
s
f
y
f
yt
h Overall depth of a section, mm
I
g
Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement.
M
f
Factored moment at section, N-mm
N
f
Factored axial force at section, N
p
c
Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, mm
p
h
Perimeter of area A
oh
, mm
s Spacing of the shear reinforcement along the length of the beam,
mm
s
z
Crack spacing parameter
T
f
Factored torsion at section, N-mm
V
c
Shear resisted by concrete, N
V
r,max
Maximum permitted total factored shear force at a section, N
V
f
Factored shear force at a section, N
V
s
Shear force at a section resisted by steel, N
o
1

Ratio of average stress in rectangular stress block to the specified
concrete strength
|
Factor accounting for shear resistance of cracked concrete
|
1

|
c

c
c

Strain in concrete
c
s

Strain in reinforcing steel
c
x

Longitudinal strain at mid-depth of the section
|
c

Strength reduction factor for concrete

|
s

Strength reduction factor for steel
|
m

Strength reduction factor for member
f

v

Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of
shear
u
Angle of diagonal compressive stresses, degrees

Shear strength factor
for which the structure needs to be designed. For CSA A23.3-04, if a structure
is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live (PL), snow (S), wind (W), and
versible, the following load combinations may need to be considered (CSA
8.3.2, Table C.1)
1.4D (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1 Case 1)
1.25D + 1.5L
1.25D + 1.5L + 0.5S
1.25D + 1.5L 0.4W
0.9D + 1.5L
0.9D + 1.5L + 0.5S
0.9D + 1.5L 0.4W
(CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1 Case 2)
1.25D + 1.5(0.75 PL) (CSA 13.8.4.3)
1.25D + 1.5S
1.25D + 1.5S + 0.5L
1.25D + 1.5S 0.4W
0.9D + 1.5S
0.9D + 1.5S + 0.5L
0.9D + 1.5S 0.4W
1.25D 1.4W
1.25D + 0.5L 1.4W
1.25D + 0.5S 1.4W
0.9D 1.4W
0.9D + 0.5L 1.4W
0.9D + 0.5S 1.4W
1.0D 1.0E
1.0D + 0.5L 1.0E
1.0D + 0.25S 1.0E
1.0D + 0.5L + 0.25S 1.0E

These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the
CSA A23.3-04 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other types
of loads are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used.
c
are 80 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively, for all
framing types (CSA 8.6.1.1).
20 MPa f '
c
80 MPa (CSA 8.6.1.1)
The upper limit of f
y
is 500 MPa for all frames (CSA 8.5.1).
f
y
500 MPa (CSA 8.5.1)
The strength reduction factors, |, are material dependent and defined as:
|
c
= 0.65 for concrete (CSA 8.4.2)
|
s
= 0.85 for reinforcement (CSA 8.4.3a)
5 - 6 Beam Design
5.5 Beam Design
Beam Design 5 - 7
factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations. Positive beam
moments produce bottom reinforcement. In such cases the beam may be de-
signed as a rectangular or flanged beam. Negative beam moments produce top
reinforcement. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular or in-
verted flanged beam.
concrete.
in Figure 5-1 (CSA 10.1.7). Furthermore, it is assumed that the compression
carried by the concrete is less than or equal to that which can be carried at the
balanced condition (CSA 10.1.4). When the applied moment exceeds the mo-
ment capacity at the balanced condition, the area of compression reinforcement
is calculated assuming that the additional moment will be carried by compres-
sion and additional tension reinforcement.
crete design where design ultimate axial compression load does not exceed (0.1
f '
c
A
g
), axial force is ignored; hence, all beams are designed for major direction
flexure, shear, and torsion only. Axial compression greater than 0.1 f '
c
A
g
and
axial tensions are always included in flexural and shear design.
f
Figure 5-1), where,
5 - 8 Beam Design
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.0035 c =
1 c c
f o | '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
cs
A
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.0035 c =
1 c c
f o | '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
cs
A

b f
M
d d a
c c
f
| o '
2
1
2
= (CSA 10.1)
where the value of |
c
is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and the following
equations. The parameters o
1
, |
1
, and c
b
are calculated as:
o
1
= 0.85 0.0015f '
c
> 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
|
1
= 0.97 0.0025f '
c
> 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
c
b
=
y
f + 700
700
d (CSA 10.5.2)
The balanced depth of the compression block is given by:
a
b
= |
1
c
b
(CSA 10.1.7)
Beam Design 5 - 9
If a s a
b
(CSA 10.5.2), the area of tension reinforcement is given by:
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
a
d f
M
A
y s
f
s
|

f
if M
f
is negative.
If a > a
b
(CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is calcu-
lated as follows:
The factored compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given by:
b c c
ba f C '
1
o | = (CSA 10.1.7)
and the factored moment resisted by concrete compression and tension rein-
forcement is:
M
fc
= C |
.
|
\
|

2
b
a
d
Therefore, the moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement
M
fs
= M
f
M
fc

( )( )
1
,
fs
s
s s c c
M
A
f f d d | | o
' =
' ' '
where
s
f '
= 0.0035 E
s
(

c
d c '
s f
y
(CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
crete is:
5 - 10 Beam Design
s
b
y
fc
s
a
d f
M
A
| |
.
|
\
|

=
2
1

given by:
( )
2
fs
s
y s
M
A
f d d |
=
'

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
pression reinforcement is A'
s
. A
s
s
is to be
placed at the top if M
f
f
is negative.
f
If M
f
2
1
2
f
c c f
M
a d d
f b o |
=
'
(CSA 10.1)
where, the value of |
c
is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and the following
equations. The parameters o
1
, |
1
, and c
b
are calculated as:
o
1
= 0.85 0.0015 f '
c
> 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
|
1
= 0.97 0.0025 f '
c
> 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
c
b
=
y
f + 700
700
d (CSA 10.5.2)
Beam Design 5 - 11
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.0035 c =
1 c c
f o | '
w
T s
T
s
c f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
s
h
c
1 c c
f o | '
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.0035 c =
1 c c
f o | '
w
T s
T
s
c f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
s
h
c
1 c c
f o | '

The balanced depth of the compression block is given by:
a
b
= |
1
c
b
(CSA 10.1.4,10.1.7)
If a s h
s
s
defined for the rectangular beam design. However, in this case the width of
f
. Compression reinforcement is required when a > a
b
.
If a > h
s
, calculation for A
s
has two parts. The first part is for balancing the
compressive force from the flange, C
f
, and the second part is for balancing
the compressive force from the web, C
w
as shown in Figure 5-2. C
f
is given
by:
( ) ( )
1
min ,
f c f w s b
C f b b h a o ' = (CSA 10.1.7)
Therefore,
s y
c f
s
f
C
A
|
|
=
1
f
given by:
5 - 12 Beam Design
( )
c
b s
f ff
a h
d C M | |
.
|
\
|
=
2
, min

f
to be carried by the web is:
M
fw
= M
f
M
ff

w
and d, for which the de-
sign depth of the compression block is recalculated as:
w c c
fw
b f
M
d d a
| o '
2
1
2
1
= (CSA 10.1)
If a
1
s a
b
(CSA 10.5.2), the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
2
1
2
fw
s
s y
M
A ,
a
f d |
=
| |
|
\ .
and
A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2

If a
1
> a
b
(CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is calcu-
lated as follows:
b w c c
a b f C '
1
o | = (CSA 10.1.7)
ment is:
M
fc
= C |
.
|
\
|

2
b
a
d
M
fs
= M
fw
M
fc

Beam Design 5 - 13
( )( )
'
1
,
' '
fs
s
s c c c
M
A
f f d d | | o
' =

where
s
f ' = c
c
E
s
c d
c
' (
(

s f
y
(CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
s
b
y
fc
s
a
d f
M
A
| |
.
|
\
|

=
2
2

is:
( )
3
fs
s
y s
M
A
f d d |
=
'

s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
+ A
s3
sion reinforcement is A'
s
. A
s
s
is to be
placed at the top.
given by the minimum of the following two limits:
A
s
>
0.2
c
y
f
f
'
b
w
h (CSA 10.5.1.2)
A
s
>
3
4
A
s(required)
(CSA 10.5.1.3)
In addition, the minimum flexural tension reinforcement provided in a flanged
beam with the flange under tension in an ordinary moment resisting frame is
given by the limit:
5 - 14 Beam Design
A
s
> 0.004 (b b
w
) h
s
(CSA 10.5.3.1)
0 04 Flanged beam
0 04 Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d
' s

ticular beam, for a particular loading combination, at a particular station due to
the beam major shear, the following steps are involved:
f
.
c
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated
with these steps.
c
, is calculated as:

c c c w v
V f b d | | ' = (CSA 11.3.4)
Beam Design 5 - 15
'
c
f s 8 MPa (CSA 11.3.4)
|
c
is the resistance factor for concrete. By default it is taken as 0.65 (CSA
8.4.2).
is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
2.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is taken
by the program as the default value. For concrete using lower density ag-
gregate, the user can change the value of in the material property data.
The recommended value for is as follows (CSA 8.6.5):
=
1.00, for normal density concrete,
0.85, for semi-low-density concrete
in which all of the fine aggregate is natural sand,
0.75, for semi-low-density concrete
in which none of the fine aggregate is natural
sand.
(CSA 8.6.5)
| is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete
(CSA 2.2). Its value is normally between 0.1 and 0.4. It is determined
according to CSA 11.3.6, and described further in the following sections.
w
b is the effective web width. For rectangular beams, it is the width of the
beam. For flanged beams, it is the width of the web of the beam.
v
d is the effective shear depth. It is taken as the greater of 0.9d or 0.72h(CSA
2.3), where d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the cen-
troid of the tension reinforcement, and h is the overall depth of the cross-
section in the direction of the shear force (CSA 2.3).
The value of | is preferably taken as the special value (CSA 11.3.6.2) or it is
determined using the simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), if applicable. When
the conditions of the special value or simplified method do not apply, the gen-
eral method is used (CSA 11.3.6.4).
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the depth of a flanged
beam below the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of the web or 350
mm, | is taken as 0.21 (CSA 11.3.6.2).
5 - 16 Beam Design
When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing f
y
does not ex-
ceed 400 MPa, the specified concrete strength f '
c
does not exceed 60 MPa, and
the tensile force is negligible, | is determined in accordance with the simplified
method, as follows (CSA 11.3.6.3):
When the section contains at least the minimum transverse reinforcement, |
is taken as 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.3a).
| = 0.18 (CSA 11.3.6.3(a))
When the section contains no transverse reinforcement, | is determined
based on the specified maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, a
g
.
For a maximum size of coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, | is taken as:
230
1000
| =
+
v
d
(CSA 11.3.6.3(b))
where d
v
is the effective shear depth expressed in millimeters.
For a maximum size of coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, | is taken as:
230
1000
| =
+
ze
s
(CSA 11.3.6.3 c)
where,
z
g
z
ze
s
a
s
s 85 . 0
15
35
>
+
= (CSA 11.3.6.3.c)
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, s
ze
, shall be taken as
the minimum of d
v
and the maximum distance between layers of distributed
longitudinal reinforcement. However, s
ze
is conservatively taken as equal to d
v
.
In summary, for simplified cases, | can be expressed as follows:
Beam Design 5 - 17
0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
230
, if no transverse reinforcement is provided, and 20mm,
1000
230
, if no transverse reinforcement is provided, and 20mm.
1000
g
v
g
ze
a
d
a
S
|
= >
<
+

When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing f
y
is greater
than 400 MPa, the specified concrete strength f '
c
is greater than 60 MPa, or
tension is not negligible, | is determined in accordance with the general
method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.1, 11.3.6.4):
( ) ( )
0.40 1300
1 1500 1000
|
c
= -
+ +
x ze
S
(CSA 11.3.6.4)
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, s
ze
is taken
equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided (CSA
11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determined as stated in the simplified method.
300 if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
35
0.85 otherwise.
15
ze
z z
g
S
S S
a
=

>

(CSA 11.3.6.3, 11.3.6.4)
The value of a
g
in the preceding equations is taken as the maximum aggregate
size for f '
c
of 60 MPa, is taken as zero for f '
c
of 70 MPa, and linearly interpo-
lated between these values (CSA 11.3.6.4).
The longitudinal strain, c
x
at mid-depth of the cross-section is computed from
the following equation:
( )
s s
f f v f
x
A E
N V d M
2
5 . 0 + +
= c (CSA 11.3.6.4)
In evaluating c
x
the following conditions apply:
c
x
is positive for tensile action.
5 - 18 Beam Design
V
f
and M
f
are taken as positive quantities. (CSA 11.3.6.4(a))
M
f
is taken as a minimum of V
f
d
v
. (CSA 11.3.6.4(a))
N
f
is taken as positive for tension. (CSA 2.3)
A
s
is taken as the total area of longitudinal reinforcement in the beam. It is
taken as the envelope of the reinforcement required for all design load combi-
nations. The actual provided reinforcement might be slightly higher than this
quantity. The reinforcement should be developed to achieve full strength (CSA
11.3.6.3(b)).
If the value of c
x
is negative, it is recalculated with the following equation, in
which A
ct
is the area of concrete in the flexural tensile side of the beam, taken
as half of the total area.
( )
ct c s s
f f v f
x
A E A E
N V d M
+
+ +
=
2
5 . 0
c (CSA 11.3.6.4(c))
200, 000
s
E = MPa (CSA 8.5.4.1)
'
4500
c c
E f = MPa (CSA 8.6.2.3)
If the axial tension is large enough to induce tensile stress in the section, the
value of c
x
is doubled (CSA 11.3.6.4(e)).
For sections closer than d
v
from the face of the support, c
x
is calculated based
on M
f
and V
f
at a section at a distance d
v
from the face of the support (CSA
11.3.6.4(d)). This condition currently is not checked by SAFE.
An upper limit on c
x
is imposed as:
003 . 0 s
x
c (CSA 11.3.6.4(f))
In both the simplified and general methods, the shear strength of the section
due to concrete, v
c
depends on whether the minimum transverse reinforcement
is provided. To check this condition, the program performs the design in two
passes. In the first pass, it assumes that no transverse shear reinforcement is
needed. When the program determines that shear reinforcement is required, the
Beam Design 5 - 19
program performs the second pass assuming that at least minimum shear rein-
forcement is provided.
The shear force is limited to
,max r
V where:
d b f V
w c c r
' 25 . 0
max ,
| = (CSA 11.3.3)
Given V
f
, V
c
, and V
r,max
lows:
If , s
f c
V V
0 =
v
A
s
(CSA 11.3.5.1)
If
,max
, < s
c f r
V V V
( )
tan
f c
v
s yt v
V V
A
s f d
u
|
= (CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)

If
,max
, >
f r
V V a failure condition is declared. (CSA 11.3.3)
A minimum area of shear reinforcement is provided in the following regions
(CSA 11.2.8.1):
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force V
f
exceeds
V
c

(b) in regions of beams with an overall depth greater than 750 mm
(c) in regions of beams where the factored torsion T
f
exceeds 0.25T
cr
.
Where the minimum shear reinforcement is required by CSA 11.2.8.1, or by
calculation, the minimum area of shear reinforcement per unit spacing is taken
as:
5 - 20 Beam Design
w
yt
c
v
b
f
f
s
A
'
06 . 0 > (CSA 11.2.8.2)
In the preceding equations, the term u is used, where u is the angle of inclina-
tion of the diagonal compressive stresses with respect to the longitudinal axis
of the member (CSA 2.3). The u value is normally between 22 and 44 degrees.
It is determined according to CSA 11.3.6.
Similar to the | factor, which was described previously, the value of u is pref-
erably taken as the special value (CSA 11.3.6.2), or it is determined using the
simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), whenever applicable. The program uses the
general method when conditions for the simplified method are not satisfied
(CSA 11.3.6.4).
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the depth of the
flanged beam below the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of the
web or 350 mm, u is taken as 42 degrees (CSA 11.3.6.2).
If the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing f
y
does not ex-
ceed 400 MPa, or the specified concrete strength f'
c
does not exceed 60 MPa,
u is taken to be 35 degree (CSA 11.3.6.3).
o
35 u = for 0 s
f
P or 400 s
y
f MPa or f '
c
60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.3)
If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal re-
inforcing f
y
> 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f '
c
> 60 MPa, u is
determined using the general method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.4),
29 7000 u c = +
x
for 0, <
f
P >
y
f 400 MPa, f '
c
60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
where c
x
is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section for the
factored load. The calculation procedure is described in preceding sections.
v
load combination.
Beam Design 5 - 21
the beam torsion:
f
.
torsions for different load cases, with the corresponding load combination fac-
tors.
design T
f
is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code (CSA
11.2.9.2). However, the program does not automatically redistribute the inter-
nal forces and reduce T
f
. If redistribution is desired, the user should release the
torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
c
, A
oh
, A
o
, p
c
, and p
h
, are
calculated. These properties are described in the following (CSA 2.3).
A
c
5 - 22 Beam Design
A
oh
= Area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse
torsional reinforcement
A
o
p
c
p
h
= Perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional
reinforcement
oh
, A
o
,
and p
h
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 50 millimeters. This is
equivalent to 38-mm clear cover and a 12-mm stirrup. For torsion design of
flanged beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the
flange area is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion
reinforcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during T
cr
calcula-
tion. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam sec-
tion are given as follows:
A
c
= bh (CSA 11.2.9.1)
A
oh
= (b 2c)(h 2c) (CSA 11.3.10.3)
A
o
= 0.85 A
oh
(CSA 11.3.10.3)
p
c
= 2b + 2h (CSA 11.2.9.1)
p
h
= 2(b 2c) + 2(h 2c) (CSA 11.3.10.4)
the special section properties for a flanged beam section are given as follows:
A
c
= b
w
h + (b
f
b
w
)h
s
(CSA 11.2.9.1)
A
oh
= (b
w
2c)(h 2c) (CSA 11.3.10.3)
A
o
= 0.85 A
oh
(CSA 11.3.10.3)
p
c
= 2b
f
+ 2h (CSA 11.2.9.1)
p
h
= 2(h 2c) + 2(b
w
2c) (CSA 11.3.10.4)
Beam Design 5 - 23
f
, b
w
, h, h
f
s
or 1/12 the span length (CSA 10.3.4).
cr
, for which the torsion in the section can be ig-
nored, is calculated as:
4
' 38 . 0
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
c
c c
cr
p
A
f
T
|
(CSA 11.2.9.1)
where A
cp
and p
c
are the area and perimeter of the concrete cross-section as de-
scribed in the previous section, is a factor to account for low-density con-
crete, |
c
is the strength reduction factor for concrete, which is equal to 0.65,
and f '
c
f
is less than the threshold limit, T
cr
, torsion can be
safely ignored (CSA 11.2.9.1). In that case, the program reports that no torsion
reinforcement is required. However, if T
f
exceeds the threshold limit, T
cr
, it is
assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups and longi-
tudinal bars (CSA 11.3).
If T
f
> T
cr
t
/s, is calculated
as:
tan
2
f
t
s o yt
T
A
s A f
u
|
= (CSA 11.3.10.3)
( )
y s
o
f h
s f f
v
f
l
f
A
T p
V V N
d
M
A
|
u cot
2
45 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
=
(CSA 11.3.10.6, 11.3.9)
5 - 24 Beam Design
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
s
h
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
s
h
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b

In the preceding expressions, u is computed as previously described for
shear, except that if the general method is being used, the value c
x
, calculated
as specified in CSA 11.3.6.4, is replaced by:
( )
2
2
0.9
0.5
2
2
f h f
f f
v o
x
s s
M p T
V N
d A
E A
c
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
= (CSA 11.3.10.5)
u
and T
u
tion also is checked using the equation:
c c
oh
h f
v w
f
f
A
p T
d b
V
' 25 . 0
7 . 1
2
2
2
| s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
(CSA 11.3.10.4(b))
w
f
and T
f

exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared. In that case, the concrete
section should be increased in size.
Slab Design 5 - 25
f
> T
cr
closed stirrups and the area of regular shear stirrups must satisfy the following
limit.
yt
w
c
t v
f
b
f
s
A
s
A
' 06 . 0 2 > |
.
|
\
|
+ (CSA 11.2.8.2)
v
/s and A
t
/s, A
v
/s
is increased to satisfy this condition.
l
and A
t
5.6 Slab Design
sign is performed based on the ultimate strength design method (CSA A23.3-
04) for reinforced concrete as described in the following sections. To learn
more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips" in the
Key Features and Terminology manual.
5 - 26 Slab Design
these element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load
design strip at the considered design section. Where openings occur, the slab
width is adjusted accordingly.
The minimum flexural tensile reinforcement required for each direction of a
slab is given by the following limit (CSA 13.10.1):
Slab Design 5 - 27
A
s
> 0.002 bh (CSA 7.8.1)
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from the
face of the support (CSA 13.3.3.1 and CSA 13.3.3.2). For rectangular columns
and concentrated loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the
sides parallel to the sides of the columns or the point loads (CSA 13.3.3.3).
Figure 5-4 shows the auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the
various column shapes. The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and
the punching perimeter may be overwritten using the Punching Check Over-
writes.
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2

5 - 28 Slab Design
f
M
u

taken to be
v
M
u
, where
f
=
( )
1 2
1
,
1 2 3 b b +
and (CSA 13.10.2)
v
= 1
( )
1 2
1
,
1 2 3 b b +
(CSA 13.3.5.3)
where b
1
span, and b
2
pendicular to the span.
5.6.2.3 Determination of Concrete Capacity
The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:
0
2
1 0 19
min 0 19
0 38
c c
c
s
v c c
c c
. f
d
v . f
b
. f
|
|
o
|
|
| |
' +
|
\ .
| |
' = +
|
\ .
'
(CSA 13.3.4.1)
where, |
c
is the ratio of the minimum to the maximum dimensions of the criti-
cal section, b
0
s
is a scale factor
based on the location of the critical section.
o

4, for interior columns

3, for edge colums, and
2, for corner columns.
s
(CSA 13.3.4.1(b))
Slab Design 5 - 29
The value of
c
f ' is limited to 8 MPa for the calculation of the concrete shear
capacity (CSA 13.3.4.2).
If the effective depth, d, exceeds 300 mm, the value of v
c
is reduced by a factor
equal to 1300/(1000 + d) (CSA 13.3.4.3).
2
2 3 1 33 4 3 23 4 3
2
0
22 33 23
3
3 3 1 22 4 3 23 4 3
2
22 33 23
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= +
V
f f f
f
V
f f
V M V y y I y y I x x
v
b d I I I
M V x x I x x I y y
I I I
Eq. 1
22 22
1
,
=
=

n
sides
I I where "sides" refers to the sides of the critical
section for punching shear Eq. 2
33 33
1
,
=
=

n
sides
23 23
1
,
=
=

n
sides
The equations for
22 33
, , I I and
23
I are different depending on whether
the side of the critical section for punching shear being considered is par-
allel to the 2-axis or parallel to the 3-axis. Refer to Figures 5-5.
5 - 30 Slab Design

2
22 2 3
( ) , = I Ld y y for side of critical section parallel to 2-axis Eq. 5a
3 3
2
22 2 3
( ) ,
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld y y for side of critical section
parallel to 3-axis Eq. 5b
3 3
2
33 2 3
( ) ,
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld x x for side of critical section
parallel to 2-axis Eq. 6a
2
33 2 3
( ) , = I Ld x x for side of critical section parallel to 3-axis Eq. 6b
y
2
- y
3
L
punching shear
shown by heavy line
2
3
being considered
shown solid
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
y
2
- y
3
L
2
3
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
Slab Design 5 - 31
23 2 3 2 3
( )( ), = I Ld x x y y for side of critical section parallel
to 2-axis or 3-axis Eq. 7
where,
b
0
= Perimeter of the critical section for punching shear
d = Effective depth at the critical section for punching shear based on the
average of d for 2 direction and d for 3 direction
I
22
I
33
I
23
= Product of inertia of the critical section for punching shear with respect
to the 2 and 3 planes
being considered
M
f2
M
f3
V
f
V
f
= Shear at the center of the column (positive upward)
x
1
, y
1
= Coordinates of the column centroid
x
2
, y
2
= Coordinates of the center of one side of the critical section for punch-
ing shear
x
3
, y
3
= Coordinates of the centroid of the critical section for punching shear
x
4
, y
4
= Coordinates of the location where stress is being calculated
V2
= Percent of M
f2
resisted by shear
5 - 32 Slab Design
V3
= Percent of M
f3
resisted by shear
lowing section.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 200 mm (CSA
13.2.1). If the slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punching
shear reinforcement is not designed, and the slab thickness should be increased
by the user.
performed as explained in the subsections that follow.
reinforcement is taken as:
c c c
f v ' 28 . 0 | = for shear studs (CSA 13.3.8.3)
0.19 '
c c c
v f | = for shear stirrups (CSA 13.3.9.3)
The shear force is limited to a maximum of
,max
,
r
v where
,max
0.75 '
r c c
v f | = for shear studs (CSA 13.3.8.2)
Slab Design 5 - 33
,max
0.55 '
r c c
v f | = for shear stirrups (CSA 13.3.9.2)
Given v
f
, v
c
, and v
f,,max
where, |
s
, is the strength reduction factor.
If v
f
> v
r,max
,
( )
f c
v
o
s yv
v v
A
b
s f |

= (CSA 13.3.8.5, 13.3.9.4)
If v
f
> v
r,max
, a failure condition is declared.

(CSA 13.3.8.2)
If v
f
exceeds the maximum permitted value of v
rmax
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

5 - 34 Slab Design
shall not exceed
0.4d for shear studs (CSA 13.3.8.6)
0.25d for shear stirrups (CSA 13.3.8.6)
umns respectively.
not be less than the minimum cover specified in CSA 7.9 plus half of the di-
ameter of the flexural reinforcement.
o
first peripheral line of shear studs should not be smaller than 0.4d. The limits of
s
o
and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:
0.4
o
s d s (CSA 13.3.8.6)
0.75 0.56 '
0.50 0.56 '
f c c
f c c
d v f
s
d v f
|
|
s

>
(CSA 13.3.8.6)
For shear stirrups,
s 0.25
o
s d (CSA 13.3.9.5)
s 0.25 s d (CSA 13.3.9.5)
The minimum depth for reinforcement should be limited to 300 mm (CSA
13.3.9.1).

Notations 6 - 1
Chapter 6
Design for Eurocode 2-2004
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the concrete design
procedure that is used by SAFE when the European code, Eurocode 2-2004
[EN 1992-1-1:2004] is selected. Reference is also made to Eurocode 0 [EN
1990] for the load combinations and is identified with the prefix EC0. Vari-
ous notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 6-1. For referencing to the
pertinent sections of the Eurocode in this chapter, a prefix EC2 followed by
the section number is used.
The design is based on user-specified loading combinations. However, the pro-
gram provides a set of default load combinations that should satisfy require-
ments for the design of most building type structures.
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
6.1 Notations
Table 6-1 List of Symbols Used in the Eurocode 2-2004

A
c
Area of concrete section, mm
2

6 - 2 Notations

A
s
2

A'
s
2

A
sl
2

A
sw
2

A
sw
/s
v
2
/mm
A
t
/s Area of transverse reinforcement per unit length for torsion,
mm
2
/mm
mm
b
f
b
w
d' Effective depth of compression reinforcement, mm
E
c
E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
f
cd

Design concrete strength =
cc
f
ck
/
c
, MPa
f
ck
Characteristic compressive concrete cylinder strength at 28 days,
MPa
f
ctm
Mean value of concrete axial tensile strength, MPa
f
cwd
Design concrete compressive strength for shear design =
cc

cwk
c
f
, MPa
f
cwk
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength for shear design,
MPa
f'
s
Compressive stress in compression reinforcement, MPa
f
yd

Design yield strength of reinforcement = f
yk
/
s
, MPa
f
yk
f
ywd

Design strength of shear reinforcement = f
ywk
/
s
, MPa
f
ywk
Chapter 6 - Design for Eurocode 2-2004
Notations 6 - 3

h Overall depth of section, mm
h
f
M
Ed
Design moment at a section, N-mm
m
Normalized design moment, M/bd
2
qf
cd

m
lim
Limiting normalized moment capacity as a singly reinforced
beam
s
v
Spacing of the shear reinforcement, mm
T
Ed
Torsion at ultimate design load, N-mm
T
Rdc
Torsional cracking moment, N-mm
T
Rd,max
Design torsional resistance moment, N-mm
u Perimeter of the punch critical section, mm
V
Rdc
Design shear resistance from concrete alone, N
V
Rd,max
Design limiting shear resistance of a cross-section, N
V
Ed
Shear force at ultimate design load, N
x Depth of neutral axis, mm
x
lim
Limiting depth of neutral axis, mm
z Lever arm, mm
o
cc

Coefficient accounting for long-term effects on the concrete com-
pressive strength
o
cw

Coefficient accounting for the state of stress in the compression
chord
o
Redistribution factor
c
c

Concrete strain
c
s

c
s

Strain in compression steel
c

Partial safety factor for concrete strength
s

Partial safety factor for reinforcement strength

Factor defining the effective depth of the compression zone

v
Effectiveness factor for shear resistance without concrete crush-
ing
q
Concrete strength reduction factor for sustained loading and stress
block
l
Tension reinforcement ratio
o
cp

Axial stress in the concrete, MPa
u
Angle of the concrete compression strut
e
Normalized tension reinforcement ratio
e'
Normalized compression reinforcement ratio
e
lim

Normalized limiting tension reinforcement ratio
for which the structure needs to be checked. Eurocode 0-2002 allows load
combinations to be defined based on EC0 Eq. 6.10 or the less favorable of EC0
Eqs. 6.10a and 6.10b.

> >
+ + +
1 1
, , 0 , 1 , 1 , , ,
j i
i k i i Q k Q P j k j G
Q Q P G (EC0 Eq. 6.10)

> >
+ + +
1 1
, , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 1 , , ,
j i
i k i i Q k Q P j k j G
Q Q P G (EC0 Eq. 6.10a)

> >
+ + +
1 1
, , 0 , 1 , 1 , , ,
j i
i k i i Q k Q P j k j G j
Q Q P G (EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Load combinations considering seismic loading are automatically generated
based on EC0 Eq. 6.12b.

> >
+ + +
1 1
, , 2 ,
j i
i k i Ed j k
Q A P G (EC0 Eq. 6.12b)
For this code, if a structure is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pattern live (PL),
snow (S), wind (W), and earthquake (E) loads, and considering that wind and
earthquake forces are reversible, the following load combinations need to be
Design Load Combinations 6 - 5
considered if equation 6.10 is specified for generation of the load combinations
(EC0 6.4.3):
Gj,sup
D (EC0 Eq. 6.10)
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L
(EC0 Eq. 6.10)
Gj,sup
D + (0.75)
Q,1
PL
(EC0 Eq. 6.10)
Gj,inf
D
Q,1
W
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
W
(EC0 Eq. 6.10)
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L
Q,i
0,i
W
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L +
Q,i
0,i
S
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
L
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
S
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
S
Q,i
0,i
W
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
S +
Q,i
0,i
L
(EC0 Eq. 6.10)
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L +
Q,i
0,i
S
Q,i
0,i
W
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
L +
Q,i
0,i
S
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
S
Q,i
0,i
W +
Q,i
0,i
L
(EC0 Eq. 6.10)
D 1.0E
D 1.0E +
2,i
L
D 1.0E +
2,i
L +
2,i
S
(EC0 Eq. 6.12b)
If the load combinations are specified to be generated from the max of EC0
Eqs. 6.10a and 6.10b, the following load combinations from both equations are
considered in the program.
Gj,sup
D

Gj,sup
D
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
0,1
L

Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Gj,sup
D + (0.75)
Q,1
0,1
PL

Gj,sup
D + (0.75)
Q,1
PL
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Gj,inf
D
Q,1
0,1
W
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
0,1
W
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Gj,inf
D
Q,1
W

Gj,sup
D
Q,1
W
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
0,1
L
Q,i
0,i
W
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
0,1
L +
Q,i
0,i
S
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
0,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
L
Gj,sup
D
Q,1
0,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
S
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
0,1
S +
Q,i
0,i
L
Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
0,1
S
Q,i
0,i
W
(EC0 Eq. 6.10a)

Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L
Q,i
0,i
W

Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
L +
Q,i
0,i
S

Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
S
Q,i
0,i
W

Gj,sup
D +
Q,1
S +
Q,i
0,i
L
Gj,inf
D
Q,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
L
Gj,inf
D
Q,1
W +
Q,i
0,i
S
(EC0 Eq. 6.10b)
D 1.0E
D 1.0E +
2,i
L
D 1.0E +
2,i
L +
2,i
S
(EC0 Eq. 6.12b)

For both sets of load combinations, the variable values for the CEN Default
version of the load combinations are defined in the list that follows.
Gj,sup
= 1.35 (EC0 Table A1.2(B))
Gj,inf
= 1.00 (EC0 Table A1.2(B))
Q,1
= 1.5 (EC0 Table A1.2(B))
Q,i
= 1.5 (EC0 Table A1.2(B))
0,i
= 0.7 (live load, assumed not to be storage) (EC0 Table A1.1)
0,i
= 0.6 (wind load) (EC0 Table A1.1)
0,i
= 0.5 (snow load, assumed H 1000 m) (EC0 Table A1.1)
= 0.85 (EC0 Table A1.2(B))
2,i
= 0.3 (live, assumed office/residential space) (EC0 Table A1.1)
2,i
= 0 (snow, assumed H 1000 m) (EC0 Table A1.1)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the
Eurocode 2-2004 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other
types of loads are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used.
ck
, should not be greater than 90 MPa (EC2
3.1.2(2)). The lower and upper limits of the reinforcement yield strength, f
yk
,
should be 400 and 600 MPa, respectively (EC2 3.2.2(3)).
ing greater than the limits. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that the mini-
The design strengths for concrete and steel are obtained by dividing the charac-
teristic strengths of the materials by the partial safety factors,
s
and
c
as shown
here.
/
cd cc ck c
f f = o (EC2 3.1.6(1))
/
yd yk s
f f = (EC2 3.2.7(2))
/
ywd ywk s
f f = (EC2 3.2.7(2))
cc
is the coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive
strength.
cc
is taken as 1.0 by default and can be overwritten by the user (EC2
3.1.6(1)).
The partial safety factors for the materials and the design strengths of concrete
and reinforcement are given in the text that follows (EC2 2.4.2.4(1), Table
2.1N):
6 - 8 Beam Design
Partial safety factor for reinforcement,
s
= 1.15
Partial safety factor for concrete,
c
= 1.5
These values are recommended by the code to give an acceptable level of
safety for normal structures under regular design situations (EC2 2.4.2.4). For
accidental and earthquake situations, the recommended values are less than the
tabulated values. The user should consider those separately.
6.5 Beam Design
Beam Design 6 - 9
concrete.
in Figure 6-1 (EC2 3.1.7(3)). The area of the stress block and the depth of the
compressive block is taken as:
ab f F
cd c
q = (EC2 3.1.7(3), Fig 3.5)
a = x (EC2 3.1.7(3), Fig 3.5)
where x is the depth of the neutral axis. The factor defining the effective
height of the compression zone and the factor q defining the effective strength
are given as:
8 . 0 = for f
ck
50 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
|
.
|
\
|
=
400
50
8 . 0
ck
f
for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
6 - 10 Beam Design
0 . 1 = q for f
ck
50 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
|
.
|
\
|
=
200
50
0 . 1
ck
f
q for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa (EC2 3.1.7(3))
Furthermore, it is assumed that moment redistribution in the member does not
exceed the code-specified limiting value. The code also places a limitation on
the neutral axis depth, to safeguard against non-ductile failures (EC2 5.5(4)).
When the applied moment exceeds the limiting moment capacity as a singly
reinforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated assuming
that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted value.
The limiting value of the ratio of the neutral axis depth at the ultimate limit
state to the effective depth,
( )
lim
, x d is expressed as a function of the ratio of
the redistributed moment to the moment before redistribution, o, as follows:
2
1
lim
k
k
d
x
=
|
.
|
\
| o
for f
ck
s 50 MPa (EC2 5.5(4))
4
3
lim
k
k
d
x
=
|
.
|
\
|
o
for f
ck
> 50 MPa (EC2 5.5(4))
For reinforcement with f
yk
s 500 MPa, the following values are used:
k
1
= 0.44 (EC 5.5(4))
k
2
= k
4
= 1.25(0.6 + 0.0014/
cu2
) (EC 5.5(4))
k
3
= 0.54 (EC 5.5(4))
o is assumed to be 1
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow.

Beam Design 6 - 11
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
cu3
c
cd
f q
a x =
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
c
f '
h
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
cu3
c
cd
f q
a x =
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
c
f '
h

For rectangular beams, the normalized moment, m, and the normalized section
capacity as a singly reinforce beam, m
lim
, are obtained first. The reinforcement
area is determined based on whether m is greater than, less than, or equal to
m
lim
.
The normalized design moment, m, is calculated as:
cd
f bd
M
m
q
2
=
The normalized concrete moment capacity as a singly reinforced beam, m
lim
,
is calculated as:
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
lim lim
lim
2
1
d
x
d
x
m

6 - 12 Beam Design
If m s m
lim
, a singly reinforced beam is designed. The normalized reinforce-
ment ratio is calculated as:
m 2 1 1 = e
The area of tension reinforcement, A
s
, is then given by:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
yd
cd
s
f
bd f
A
q
e
Ed
is positive, or at the
top if M
Ed
is negative.
If m > m
lim
, both tension and compression reinforcement is designed as fol-
lows:
The normalized steel ratios e', e
lim
, and e are calculated as:
lim
lim
lim
2 1 1 m
d
x
=
|
.
|
\
|
= e
lim
'
1
m m
d d
e

=
'

'
lim
e e e + =
where, d' is the depth to the compression reinforcement from the concrete
compression face.
The area of compression and tension reinforcement, A'
s
and A
s
, are given by:
cd
s
s cd
f bd
A
f f
q
e
q
(
' ' =
(
'

(
(
=
yd
cd
s
f
bd f
A
q
e
where, f '
s
is the stress in the compression reinforcement, and is given by:
Beam Design 6 - 13
c
' (
' = s
(

3
lim
1
s s cu yd
d
f E f
x
(EC2 6.1, 3.2.7(4), Fig 3.8)
Ed
(i.e., designing top rein-
forcement), the calculation of the reinforcement area is exactly the same as de-
ing alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially, the neutral axis is as-
sumed to be located within the flange. Based on this assumption, the program
calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend be-
yond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular beam of
width b
f
. If the stress block extends beyond the flange, additional calculation is
required. See Figure 6-2.
The normalized design moment, m, is calculated as:
cd
f bd
M
m
q
2
= (EC2 6.1, 3.1.7(3))
The limiting values are calculated as:
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
lim lim
lim
2
1
d
x
d
x
m

(EC2 5.5(4), 3.1.7(3))
lim
lim
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
x
e
a
max
= e
lim
d
The values e, and a are calculated as:
e = 1 1 2m
a = ed
6 - 14 Beam Design
x
d
A
s
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
e
s
h
f
C
f
T
f
C
w
T
w
b
w
b
f
A
s
'
C
s
T
s
d' f
s
'
e
cu3
h f
cd
a = x l
h f
cd

If a s h
f
s
f
. Compression reinforcement is required when m >
m
lim
.
If a > h
f
s
the compressive force from the flange, and the second part is for balancing
the compressive force from the web, as shown in Figure 6-2. The reinforce-
ment area required for balancing the flange compression, A
s2
is given as:
( )
2
f w f cd
s
yd
b b h f
A
f
q
=
and the corresponding resistive moment is given by
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2 2
f
yd s
h
d f A M
The reinforcement required for balancing the compressive force from the
web, considering a rectangular section of width b
w
to resist the moment,
M
1
= M M
2
, is determined as follows:
Beam Design 6 - 15
cd w
f d b
M
m
q
2
1
1
=
If m
1
s m
lim
,
1 1
2 1 1 m = e
(
(
=
yd
w cd
s
f
d b f
A
q
e
1 1

If m
1
> m
lim
,
e' =
1 lim
1
m m
d d
'

lim
lim
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
x
e
1 lim
e e e' = +
'
'
cd
s
s cd
f bd
A
f f
q
e
q
(
' =
(

(
(
=
yd
w cd
s
f
d b f
A
q
e
1 1

where, f '
s
is given by:
c
' (
' = s
(

3
lim
1
s s cu yd
d
f E f
x
(EC2 6.1, 3.2.7(4), Fig 3.8)
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
, and the total compression rein-
forcement is A'
s
. A
s
s
is to be placed at the
top.
6 - 16 Beam Design
given by the maximum of the following two limits:
bd
f
f
A
yk
ctm
s
26 . 0
min ,
= (EC2 9.2.1.1(1))
bd A
s
0013 . 0
min ,
= (EC2 9.2.1.1(1))
where f
ctm
is the mean value of axial tensile strength of the concrete and is com-
puted as:
( ) 3 2
30 . 0
ck ctm
f f = for f
ck
50 MPa (EC2 3.12, Table 3.1)
( ) 10 1 ln 12 . 2
cm ctm
f f + = for f
ck
> 50 MPa (EC2 3.12, Table 3.1)
8 MPa
cm ck
f f = + (EC2 3.12, Table 3.1)
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for control of cracking
should be investigated independently by the user.
An upper limit on the tension reinforcement and compression reinforcement
has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area (EC
9.2.1.1(3)).
beam major shear, the following steps are involved (EC2 6.2):
Ed
.
Rd,c
Determine the shear reinforcement required.
The following three section describe in detail the algorithms associated with
these steps.
Beam Design 6 - 17
Rd,c
, is calculated as:
( )
1 3
, , 1 1
100
Rd c Rd c ck cp w
V C k f k b d o
(
= +

(EC2 6.2.2(1))
with a minimum of:
( ) d b k v V
w cp c Rd
o
1 min ,
+ = (EC2 6.2.2(1))
where
f
ck
is in MPa
200
1 2.0 k
d
= + s with d in mm (EC2 6.2.2(1))
1
= tension reinforcement ratio =
d b
A
w
s1
s 0.02 (EC2 6.2.2(1))
A
s1
= area of tension reinforcement (EC2 6.2.2(1))
/ 0.2
cp Ed c cd
N A f o = < MPa (EC2 6.2.2(1))
The value of C
Rd,c
, v
min
and k
1
for use in a country may be found in its National
Annex. The program default values for C
Rd,c
, v
min
, and k
1
are given as follows
(EC2 6.2.2(1)):
C
Rd,c
= 0.18/
c
(EC2 6.2.2(1))

v
min
= 0.035 k
3/2
f
ck
1/2

(EC2 6.2.2(1))
k
1
= 0.15.

(EC2 6.2.2(1))
6 - 18 Beam Design
For light-weight concrete:
C
Rd,c
= 0.18/
c
(EC2 11.6.1(1))

v
min
= 0.03 k
3/2
f
ck
1/2

(EC2 11.6.1(1))
k
1
= 0.15.

(EC2 11.6.1(1))
1
,max
,
cot tan
cw w cd
Rd
b z f
V
o v
u u
=
+
where (EC2 6.2.3(3))
cw
is conservatively taken as 1 (EC2 6.2.3(3))
|
.
|
\
|
=
250
1 6 . 0
1
ck
f
v (EC2 6.2.2(6))
z = 0.9d (EC2 6.2.3(1))
is taken as 45. (EC2 6.2.3(2))
Given V
Ed
, V
Rdc
, V
Rd,max
lows:
If V
Ed
s V
Rdc
,
v
sw
s
A
=
s
A
sw min ,

If V
R,dc
< V
Ed
s V
Rd,max

s
A
zf
V
s
A
sw
ywd
Ed sw
min ,
cot
> =
u
(EC2 6.2.3(3))
If V
Ed
> V
Rd,max
a failure condition is declared. (EC2 6.2.3(3))
The minimum shear reinforcement is defined as:
Beam Design 6 - 19
w
yk
ck sw
b
f
f
s
A 08 . 0
min ,
= (EC2 9.2.2(5))
sw
/s
v
values obtained from each load
load combination.
station along the length of the beam. The following steps are involved in
designing the longitudinal and shear reinforcement for a particular station due
to the beam torsion:
Ed
.
torsions for different load cases with the corresponding load combination
factors.
design T
Ed
is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code (EC2
6.3.1(2)). However, the program does not automatically redistribute the inter-
nal forces and reduce T
Ed
. If redistribution is desired, the user should release the
torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
6 - 20 Beam Design
k
, t
ef
, u, u
k
, and z
i
are cal-
culated. These properties are described as follows (EC2 6.3.2).
A = Area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the cross-section
A
k
= Area enclosed by centerlines of the connecting walls, where the
centerline is located a distance of t
ef
/2 from the outer surface
t
ef
= Effective wall thickness, A/u. It is taken as at least twice the dis-
tance between the edge and center of the longitudinal rebar.
u = Outer perimeter of the cross-section
u
k
= Perimeter of the area A
k

z
i
= Side length of wall i, defined as the distance between the intersec-
tion points of the wall centerlines
k
and u
k
,
it is assumed that the distance between the centerline of the outermost closed
stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 50 mm. This is equivalent to 38-
mm clear cover and a 12-mm stirrup. For torsion design of flanged beam sec-
tions, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange area is inef-
ficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion reinforcement
calculation. However, the flange is considered during calculation of torsion
section properties. With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangu-
lar beam section are given as:
A = bh (EC2 6.3.2(1))
A
k
= (b t
ef
)(h t
ef
) (EC2 6.3.2(1))
u = 2b + 2h

(EC2 6.3.2(1))
u
k
= 2(b t
ef
) + 2(h t
ef
) (EC2 6.3.2(3))
t
ef
= A/u > 2 x cover to center (EC2 6.3.2(1))
Beam Design 6 - 21
A = b
w
h (EC2 6.3.2(1))
A
k
= (b
w
t
ef
)(h t
ef
) (EC2 6.3.2(1))
u = 2b
w
+ 2h

(EC2 6.3.2(1))
u
k
= 2(h t
ef
) + 2(b
w
t
ef
) (EC2 6.3.2(3))
f
, b
w
, h, h
f
in Figure 6-3.
The torsion in the section can be ignored with only minimum shear reinforce-
ment (EC2 9.2.1.1) required if the following condition is satisfied:
0 . 1
, ,
s +
c Rd
Ed
c Rd
Ed
V
V
T
T
(EC2 6.3.2(5))
where V
Rd,c
is as defined in the previous section and T
Rd,c
is the torsional crack-
ing moment, calculated as:
k ef ctd c Rd
A t f T 2
,
= (EC2 6.3.2(1), 6.3.2(5))
c ctk ct ctd
f f o /
05 . 0
= (EC2 Table 3.1)
If the expression in the previous subsection is satisfied, torsion can be safely
ignored (EC2 6.3.2(5)) with only minimum shear reinforcement required. In
that case, the program reports that no torsion reinforcement is required. How-
ever, if the equation is not satisfied, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is
provided by closed stirrups, longitudinal bars, and compression diagonals.
If torsion reinforcement in the form of closed stirrups is required, the shear due
to this torsion, V
t
, is first calculated, followed by the required stirrup area, as:
u cot
ywd
t t
zf
V
s
A
= (EC2 6.2.3(3))
6 - 22 Beam Design
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
ef
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b

( )
2
Ed con
t ef
k
T T
V h t
A
= (EC2 6.3.2(1))
The required longitudinal reinforcement for torsion is defined as:
,
,
1
Ed
con Rd c
Rd c
V
T T
V
| |
=
|
|
\ .
(EC2 6.3.2(5))
yd
k
k
Ed
sl
f
u
A
T
A u cot
2
= (EC2 6.3.2(3))
where u is the angle of the compression struts, as previously defined for beam
shear. In the preceding expressions, u is taken as 45 degrees. The code allows
any value between 21.8 and 45 degrees (EC2 6.2.3(2)), while the program as-
sumes the conservative value of 45 degrees.
When torsional reinforcement is required, an upper limit on the combination of
V
Ed
and T
Ed
that can be carried by the section without exceeding the capacity of
the concrete struts also is checked using:
Slab Design` 6 - 23
0 . 1
max , max ,
s +
Rd
Ed
Rd
Ed
V
V
T
T
(EC2 6.3.2(4))
where T
Rd,max
, the design torsional resistance moment is defined as:
u u vo cos sin 2
max , ef k cd cw Rd
t A f T = (EC2 6.3.2(4))
If this equation is not satisfied, a failure message is declared. In that case, the
concrete section should be increased in size.
sl
and A
t
6.6 Slab Design`
Similar to conventional design, the SAFE slab design procedure involves
defining sets of strips in two mutually perpendicular directions. The locations
of the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The
moments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis and a flexural
design is carried out based on the ultimate strength design method (Eurocode
2-2004) for reinforced concrete, as described in the following sections. To
learn more about the design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips"
in the Key Features and Terminology manual.
6 - 24 Slab Design`
These two steps, described in the subsections that follow, are repeated for
every load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top
6.6.1.1 Determine Factored Moments for Strip
slab is given by the following limits (EC2 9.3.1.1):
Slab Design` 6 - 25
bd
f
f
A
yk
ctm
s
26 . 0
min ,
= (EC2 9.2.1.1(1))
bd A
s
0013 . 0
min ,
= (EC2 9.2.1.1(1))
where f
ctm
is the mean value of axial tensile strength of the concrete and is com-
puted as:
( ) 3 2
30 . 0
ck ctm
f f = for f
ck
50 MPa (EC2 Table 3.1)
( ) 2.12ln 1 10
ctm cm
f f = + for f
ck
> 50 MPa (EC2 Table 3.1)
8 MPa
cm ck
f f = + (EC2 Table 3.1)
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required for control of cracking
should be investigated independently by the user.
An upper limit on the tension reinforcement and compression reinforcement
has been imposed to be 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area (EC
9.2.1.1(3)).
The punching shear is checked at the face of the column (EC2 6.4.1(4)) and at
a critical section at a distance of 2.0d from the face of the support (EC2
6.4.2(1)). The perimeter of the critical section should be constructed such that
its length is minimized. Figure 6-4 shows the auto punching perimeters consid-
ered by SAFE for the various column shapes. The column location (i.e., inte-
rior, edge, corner) and the punching perimeter may be overwritten using the
Punching Check Overwrites.
6 - 26 Slab Design`
2d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
2d 2d
2d 2d
2d
2d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
2d 2d
2d 2d
2d

The concrete punching shear stress capacity is taken as:
( )
1 3
, , 1 1
100
Rd c Rd c ck cp
V C k f k o
(
= +

(EC2 6.4.4(1))
with a minimum of:
( )
cp c Rd
k v V o
1 min ,
+ = (EC2 6.4.4(1))
where f
ck
is in MPa and
200
1 2.0 k
d
= + s with d in mm (EC2 6.4.4(1))
1
=
y x 1 1
s 0.02 (EC2 6.4.4(1))
Slab Design` 6 - 27
where
1x
and
1y
are the reinforcement ratios in the x and y directions respec-
tively, conservatively taken as zeros, and

cp
= (
cx
+
cy
)/2 (EC2 6.4.4(1))
where
cx
and
cy
are the normal concrete stresses in the critical section in the x
and y directions respectively, conservatively taken as zeros.
c c Rd
C 18 . 0
,
= (EC2 6.4.4(1))

2 1 2 3
min
035 . 0
ck
f k = v (EC2 6.4.4(1))
k
1
= 0.15 (EC2 6.4.4(1))
centricity of shear, the nominal design shear stress, v
Ed
, is calculated as:
,2 1 ,3 1
1,2 1,3
1 ,
(
= + +
(
(

Ed Ed
Ed
Ed
Ed Ed
M u M u
V
v k k
ud V W V W
where (EC2 6.4.4(2))
k is the function of the aspect ratio of the loaded area in Table 6.1 of
EN 1992-1-1
u
1
is the effective perimeter of the critical section
d is the mean effective depth of the slab
M
Ed
is the design moment transmitted from the slab to the column at the
connection along bending axis 2 and 3
V
Ed
is the total punching shear force
W
1
accounts for the distribution of shear based on the control perimeter
along bending axis 2 and 3.
6 - 28 Slab Design`
lowing section.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 200 mm.
performed as described in the subsections that follow.
The shear is limited to a maximum of

V
Rd,max
calculated in the same manner as
explained previously for beams.
Given v
Ed
, v
Rd,c
, and v
Rd,max
lows (EC2 6.4.5).
If v
R,dc
< v
Ed
s v
Rd,max

( )
( )
,
1
,
0.75
1.5
Ed Rd c
sw r
ywd ef
v v
A u d s
f
= (EC2 6.4.5)
If v
Ed
> v
Rd,max,
a failure condition is declared. (EC2 6.2.3(3))
If v
Ed
exceeds the maximum permitted value of V
Rd,max
Slab Design` 6 - 29
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

Figure 6-5 Typical arrangement of shear studs and
critical sections outside shear-reinforced zone
shall not exceed 2d. The spacing between adjacent shear reinforcement in the
direction parallel to the column face (EC2 9.4.3(1)).
umns respectively.
not be less than the minimum cover specified in EC2 4.4.1 plus half of the di-
ameter of the flexural reinforcement.
6 - 30 Slab Design`
o
ceed 1.5d and should not exceed 2d at additional perimeters. The limits of s
o

and the spacing, s, between the peripheral lines are specified as:
0.3d s
o
s 2d (EC2 9.4.3(1))
s s 0.75d (EC2 9.4.3(1))
g s 1.5d (first perimeter) (EC2 9.4.3(1))
g s 2d (additional perimeters) (EC2 9.4.3(1))

Notations 7- 1
Chapter 7
Design for Hong Kong CP-04
cedure that is used by SAFE when the Hong Kong limit state code CP-04 [CP
04], which also incorporates Amendment 1 published in June 2007, is selected.
The various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 7-1. For referenc-
ing to the pertinent sections of the Hong Kong code in this chapter, a prefix
CP followed by the section number is used.
7.1 Notations
Table 7-1 List of Symbols Used in the CP-04 Code

A
g
2

A
l
2

7 - 2 Notations
A
s
2

A'
s
2

A
sv
2

A
sv,t
2

A
sv
/s
v

2
/mm
mm
b
f
b
w
4

E
c
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, N/mm
2

E
s
Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as 200,000 N/mm
2

f
cu
Characteristic cube strength, N/mm
2

f '
s
Stress in the compression reinforcement, N/mm
2

f
y
Characteristic strength of reinforcement, N/mm
2

f
yv
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement, N/mm
2

h
f
h
min
h
max
K
Normalized design moment,
2
u
cu
M
bd f

K'
Maximum
2
u
cu
M
bd f
for a singly reinforced concrete section
Chapter 7 - Design for Hong Kong CP-04
Design Load Combinations 7 - 3
k
1
k
2

Concrete shear strength factor, | |
3
1
25
cu
f
M
single
s
v
u Perimeter of the punch critical section, mm
v Design shear stress at a beam cross-section or at a punching critical
section, N/mm
2

v
c
Design concrete shear stress capacity, N/mm
2

v
max
Maximum permitted design factored shear stress, N/mm
2

v
t
Torsional shear stress, N/mm
2

x
bal
z Lever arm, mm
|
Torsional stiffness constant
|
b

f

m

c
c

Maximum concrete strain
c
s

c'
s

7 - 4 Limits on Material Strength
of safety,
f
(CP 2.3.1.3). For CP-04, if a structure is subjected to dead (D), live
(L), pattern live (PL), and wind (W) loads, and considering that wind forces are
reversible, the following load combinations may need to be considered. (CP
2.3.2.1, Table 2.1).
1.4D
1.4D + 1.6L
(CP 2.3.2)
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL) (CP 2.3.2)
1.0D 1.4W
1.4D 1.4W
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2W
(CP 2.3.2)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the CP-
04 code is used. If roof live load is separately treated or other types of loads are
present, other appropriate load combinations should be used. Note that the
automatic combination, including pattern live load, is assumed and should be
reviewed before using for design.
cu
, should not be less than 20 N/mm
2
(CP
3.1.3). The program does not enforce this limit for flexure and shear design of
beams and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths
are used for design even if they are outside of the limits. It is the user's respon-
sible to use the proper strength values while defining the materials.
m
. The val-
ues of
m
used in the program are listed in the following table, as taken from CP
Table 2.2 (CP 2.4.3.2):
Beam Design 7 - 5
Values of
m
Reinforcement 1.15
These factors are incorporated into the design equations and tables in the code,
but can be overwritten.
7.5 Beam Design
the sections that follow. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at each
along the length of the beam. In designing the flexural reinforcement for the
major moment of a particular beam, for a particular station, the following steps
are involved:
7 - 6 Beam Design
the concrete.
in Figure 7-1 (CP 6.1.2.4(a)), where c
c,max
is defined as:
( )
2
max 1
2
2
0 0035 if 60N/mm
0 0035 0 00006 60 if 60N/mm
cu
c,
cu cu
. f
. . f f
c

s
=

>

exceed 10% (i.e., |
b
> 0.9; CP 6.1.2.4(b)). The code also places a limitation on
the neutral axis depth,
2
2
2
0.5 for 45 N/mm
0.4 for 45 70 N/mm
0.33 for 70 100N/mm
cu
cu
cu
f
x
f
d
f
s < s
< s
(CP 6.1.2.4(b))
Beam Design 7 - 7
to safeguard against non-ductile failures (CP 6.1.2.4(b)). In addition, the area
of compression reinforcement is calculated assuming that the neutral axis depth
remains at the maximum permitted value.
The depth of the compression block is given by:
2
2
2
0.9 for 45 N/mm
0.8 for 45 < 70 N/mm
0.72 for 70 < 100 N/mm
a
= s
cu
cu
cu
x f
x f
x f
(CP 6.1.2.4(a), Fig 6.1)
crete design where design ultimate axial compression load does not ex-
ceed (0.1f
cu
A
g
) (CP 6.1.2.4(a)), axial force is ignored; hence, all beams are de-
signed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Axial compression
greater than 0.1f
cu
A
g
and axial tensions are always included in flexural and shear
design.
beam, M
single
, is obtained first for a section. The reinforcing is determined based
on whether M is greater than, less than, or equal to M
single
. See Figure 7-1
Calculate the ultimate limiting moment of resistance of the section as singly re-
inforced.
M
single
= K'f
cu
bd
2
, where (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
2
2
2
0.156 for 45N/mm
' 0.120 for 45 70N/mm
0.094 for 70 100N/mm
= < s
< s
cu
cu
cu
f
K f
f

If M s M
single
s
, is obtained from:
,
0.87
s
y
M
A
f z
= where (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
7 - 8 Beam Design
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
c
c
0 67
cu m
. f
a
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
c
c
0 67
cu m
. f
a
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f


d
K
d z 95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
2
bd f
M
K
cu
= (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
if M is negative.
If M > M
single
lows:
( )
sin
0.67
gle
s
cu
s
c
M M
A
f
f d d
' =
| |
' '
|
\ .
(CP 6.1.2.4(c))
Beam Design 7 - 9
1 0.87 ,
s s c y
d
f E f
x
c
'
| |
' = s
|
\ .
(CP 6.1.2.4(c), 3.2.6, Fig. 3.9)
2
2
2
, for 45N/mm
0.45
, for 45 70 N/mm
0.40
, for 70 100 N/mm
0.36
cu
cu
cu
d z
f
d z
x f
d z
f

s

= < s

< s
(CP 6.1.2.4(a), Fig 6.1)

'
0.5 0.25
0.9
K
z d

= +
`
0.95d (CP 6.1.2.4(c))

The tension reinforcement required for balancing the compression in the con-
crete and the compression reinforcement is calculated as:
( )
single single
0.87 0.87
s
y y
M M M
A
f z f d d
= +
'
(CP 6.1.2.4(c))
ing alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially, the neutral axis is as-
sumed to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the program
calculates the exact depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend
beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular beam of
7 - 10 Beam Design
width b
f
. If the stress block extends beyond the flange depth, the contribution of
the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into account. See Figure 7-
2.
by:

2
.
cu f
M
K
f b d
= (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
z = d 0.5 0.25
0.9
K

+
`

)
s 0.95d, (CP 6.1.2.4(c))
the depth of the neutral axis is computed as:
2
2
2
, for 45N/mm
0.45
, for 45 70N/mm
0.40
, for 70 100N/mm
0.36
cu
cu
cu
d z
f
d z
x f
d z
f

s

= < s

< s
(CP 6.1.2.4(c), Fig 6.1)

2
2
2
0.9 for 45 N/mm
0.8 for 45 < 70 N/mm
0.72 for 70 < 100 N/mm
a
= s
cu
cu
cu
x f
x f
x f
(CP 6.1.2.4(a), Fig 6.1)
If a s h
f
s
f
If a > h
f
s
f
w
Beam Design 7 - 11

x
b
f
d
A
s
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
e
s
h
f
C
f
T
f
C
w
T
w
bw
A
s
'
C
s
T
s
d' f
s
'
e
c
0.67 f /
cu m
g 0.67 f /
cu m
g

( ) ( )
0.67
0.5
f cu f w f f
c
M f b b h d h
=
f w
M M M =
K
w
=
2
w
cu w
M
f b d

If K
w
s K' (CP 6.1.2.4(c)), the beam is designed as a singly reinforced con-
web.
7 - 12 Beam Design
( )
,
0.87 0.87 0.5
f
w
s
y y f
M
M
A
f z f d h
= +
where
d
K
d z
w
95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
If K
w
> K', compression reinforcement is required and is calculated as fol-
lows:
2
uw cu w
M Kf b d =
M
w
M
uw
( )
0.67
w uw
s
cu
s
c
M M
A
f
f d d
' =
| |
' '
|
\ .

where, d' is the depth of the compression reinforcement from the concrete
1 0.87
s s c y
d
f E f
x
c
| |
= s
|
\ .
(CP 6.1.2.4(c), 3.2.6, Fig 3.9)
1
0.87 0.5 '
f
uw w uw
s
y f
M
M M M
A
f d h z d d
(
= + +
(

(

0.5 0.25 0.95
0.9
K
z d d
| |
'
= + s
|
|
\ .

Beam Design 7 - 13
7.5.1.2.2.3 Minimum and Maximum Reinforcement
given by the following table, which is taken from CP Table 9.1(CP 9.2.1.1)
with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
Minimum percentage
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
f
y
= 250 MPa f
y
= 460 MPa
Rectangular 100
bh
A
s
0.24 0.13
f
w
b
b
< 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.32 0.18
T or L-Beam
with web in
tension
f
w
b
b
> 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.24 0.13
T-Beam with
web in com-
pression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.48 0.26
L-Beam with
web in com-
pression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.36 0.20
from CP Table 9.1 (CP 9.2.1.1).
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
Rectangular
100
s
A
bh
'

0.20
Web in tension
100
s
f f
A
b h
'

0.40
T or L-Beam
Web in compression
100
s
w
A
b h
'

0.20
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area on both the tension
reinforcement and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as
follows (CP 9.2.1.3):
7 - 14 Beam Design
0 04 Flanged beam
0 04 Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d
' s

(CP 9.2.1.3)
beam major shear, the following steps are involved (CP 6.1.2.5):
c
these steps.
bd
V
v = (CP 6.1.2.5(a))
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min(0.8
cu
f , 7 MPa) (CP 6.1.2.5(a))
c
, is calculated as:
Beam Design 7 - 15
c c
c
c
c c
v A
N
v
M A
NVh
v v + s + = 1 6 . 0 ' (CP 6.1.2.5(k))
4
1
3
1
2 1
400 100 79 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d bd
A k k
v
s
m
c
(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)

1
k is the enhancement factor for support compression,
and is conservatively taken as 1 (CP 6.1.2.5(g))
k
2
=
1
3
25
cu
f
,
| |
|
\ .
1 k
2

3
1
25
80
|
.
|
\
|
(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
1.25
m
= (CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
100
0.15 3,
s
A
bd
s s (CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
| |
>
|
\ .
1
4
0 67 Members without shear reinforcement 400
1 00 Members with shear reinforcement
. ,
. , d

(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
1 s
M
Vh
(CP 6.1.2.5(k))
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(CP Table 6.2, CP 6.1.2.5(b)):
Calculate the design average shear stress that can be carried by minimum
shear reinforcement, v
r
, as:
7 - 16 Beam Design
( )
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
N
mm
N
mm
N
mm
0.4 if 40
0.4 if 40 80
40
80
0.4 if 80
40
| |
= < s
|
\ .
>
cu
cu
r cu
cu
f
f
v f
f
(CP 6.1.2.5(b), Table 6.2)
If v v
c
+ v
r
, minimum reinforcement is required:
,
0.87
s r
v yv
A v b
s f
= (CP 6.1.2.5(b))
If v > v
c
+ v
r
,
( )
0 87
c
sv
v yv
v v' b
A
s . f
= (CP 6.1.2.5(b))
If v > v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (CP 6.1.2.5(b))
The maximum of all the calculated A
sv
/s
v
values obtained from each load com-
bination is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated load
combination.
t
.
Beam Design 7 - 17
torsions for different load cases, with the corresponding load combination fac-
tors.
eration should be given, as follows (CP 6.3.1).
t
( ) 3 /
2
min max
2
min
h h h
T
v
t
= (CP 6.3.3(a))
For flanged sections, the section is considered as a series of rectangular
segments and the torsional shear stress is computed for each rectangular com-
ponent using the preceding equation, but considering a torsional moment
attributed to that segment, calculated as:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
max
3
min
max
3
min
h h
h h
T T
seg
(CP 6.3.3(b))
h
max
h
min
t
, exceeds the following limit for sec-
tions with the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than 550
mm, a failure condition is generated:

2 1
min(0.8 , 7N/mm )
550
s
t cu
y
v f (CP 6.3.4, Table 6.17)
7 - 18 Beam Design
t,min
( )
2
,min
min 0.067 , 0.6 N/mm
t cu
v f = (CP 6.3.4, Table 6.17)
where f
cu
t
is less than the threshold limit, v
t,min
, tor-
sion can be safely ignored (CP 6.3.5). In that case, the program reports that no
torsion reinforcement is required. However, if v
t
exceeds the threshold limit,
v
t,min
, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stirrups
and longitudinal bars (CP 6.3.5).
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f

If v
t
> v
t,min
sv,t
/s
v
, is calcu-
lated as:
Slab Design 7 - 19
( )
yv v
t sv
f y x
T
s
A
87 . 0 8 . 0
1 1
,
= (CP 6.3.6)
( )
y v
yv t sv
l
f s
y x f A
A
1 1 ,
+
= (CP 6.3.6)
1
is the smaller center-to-center dimension of
the closed link, and y
1
is the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed
link.
t
tion also is checked using the equation:
( )
2
min 0.8 , 7 N/mm
t cu
v v f + s (CP 6.3.4)
If the combination of v and v
t
exceeds this limit, a failure message is de-
clared. In that case, the concrete section should be increased in size.
l
and A
sv,t
/s
v
7.6 Slab Design
Similar to conventional design, the SAFE slab design procedure involves
defining sets of strips in two mutually perpendicular directions. The locations
of the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The
moments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis, and a flexural
design is performed based on the ultimate strength design method (CP-04) for
reinforced concrete, as described in the following sections. To learn more about
the design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips" in the Key Fea-
tures and Terminology manual.
7 - 20 Slab Design
displacement vectors. Those moments will always be in static equilibrium with
The design of the slab reinforcement for a particular strip is completed at spe-
the element boundaries. The slab flexural design procedure for each load com-
bination involves the following:
Slab Design 7 - 21
The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required in each direction of a
slab is given by the following limits (CP 9.3.1.1), with interpolation for rein-
forcement of intermediate strength:
0 0024 if 250 MPa
0 0013 if 460 MPa
y
s
y
. bh f
A
. bh f
s
>

>
(CP 9.3.1.1(a))
(CP 9.2.1.3).
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of 1.5d from
the face of the support (CP 6.1.5.7(d)). For rectangular columns and concen-
lel to the sides of the columns or the point loads (CP 6.1.5.7). Figure 7-4 shows
the auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various column
shapes. The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner) and the punching pe-
rimeter may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.
7 - 22 Slab Design
1.5d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d

The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as (CP 6.1.5.7(d), Table
6.3):
4
1
3
1
2 1
400 100 79 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d bd
A k k
v
s
m
c
(CP 6.1.2.5(d), Table 6.3)

1
k is the enhancement factor for support compression,
and is conservatively taken as 1 (CP 6.1.2.5(g), 6.1.5.7(d))
k
2
=
3
1
25
|
.
|
\
|
cu
f
1 k
2

3
1
25
80
|
.
|
\
|
(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
1.25
m
= (CP 2.4.3.2, Table 2.2)
Slab Design 7 - 23
100
0.15 3,
s
A
bd
s s (CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
| |
>

|
\ .
1
4
0 67 Members without shear reinforcement 400
1 00 Members with shear reinforcement
. ,
. , d

(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)
A
s
implementation.
v s min(0.8
cu
f , 7 MPa) (CP 6.1.5.7(b))
f
cu
s 80 MPa (for calculation purpose only) (CP Table 6.3)
centricity of shear about the bending axis, the nominal design shear stress, v
max
,
is calculated as:
,
1.5
eff x
M
x
V V f
Vy
| |
= + |
|
\ .
(CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))
.
1.5
eff y
M
y
V V f
Vx
| |
|
= +
|
\ .
(CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))
,
max
,
max
eff x
eff y
V
u d
v
V
u d
(CP 6.1.5.7)
where,
u is the perimeter of the critical section,
7 - 24 Slab Design
axis of bending,
M
x
and M
y
are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the col-
umn at the connection,
V is the total punching shear force, and
taken as
1 00 for interior columns
1 25 for edge columns
1 25 for corner columns
.
f .
.
(CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))

lowing section.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 200 mm (CP
6.1.5.7(e)). If the slab thickness does not meet these requirements, the punch-
ing shear reinforcement is not designed and the slab thickness should be in-
creased by the user.
carried out as described in the subsections that follow.
Slab Design 7 - 25
v
max
= 2v
c
(CP 6.1.5.7(e))
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(CP 6.1.5.7(e)).
If v s 1.6v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( )
0.87 0.87
>
c
r
yv yv
v v ud
v ud
f f
, (CP 6.1.5.7(e))
If 1.6v
c
s v < 2.0v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( ) 5 0.7
,
0.87 0.87
c
yv yv
v v ud
ud
f f
>
r
v
(CP 6.1.5.7(e))
0.4
0.4
40
2/3
r
cu
v =
f
| |
|
\ .
N/mm
2
(CP 6.1.5.7, Table 6.2)
If v > 2.0v
c
, a failure condition is declared. (CP 6.1.5.7(e))
max
7 - 26 Slab Design
column.
direction parallel to the column face (CP 6.1.5.7(f)).
umns respectively.

I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

not be less than the minimum cover specified in CP 4.2.4 plus half of the
Slab Design 7 - 27
o
o
specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
s s 0.75d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
g s 1.5d (CP 6.1.5.7(f))
Stirrups are only permitted when slab thickness is greater than 200 mm (CP
6.1.5.7(e)).

Notations 8 - 1
Chapter 8
Design for IS 456-2000
cedure that is used by SAFE when the Indian Code IS 456-2000 [IS 2000] is
selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 8-1. For ref-
erencing to the pertinent sections of the Indian code in this chapter, a prefix
IS followed by the section number is used.
8.1 Notations
Table 8-1 List of Symbols Used in the IS 456-2000 Code

A
c
Area of concrete, mm
2

A
cv
Area of section for shear resistance, mm
2

A
g
Gross cross-sectional area of a frame member, mm
2

8 - 2 Notations
A
s
2

A'
s
2

A
sv
2

A
sv
/s
v

2
/mm
a Depth to the center of the compression block, mm
a
1
mm
a
2
tion of bending, mm
mm
b
f
b
w
d' Effective depth of compression reinforcement, mm
D Overall depth of a beam or slab, mm
D
f
Flange thickness in a flanged beam, mm
E
c
E
s
f
cd

Design concrete strength = f
ck
/
c
, MPa
f
ck
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, MPa
f
sc
Compressive stress in beam compression steel, MPa
f
yd

Design yield strength of reinforcement = f
y

/
s
, MPa
f
y
f
ys
k Enhancement factor of shear strength for depth of the beam
M
single
Design moment resistance of a section as a singly reinforced sec-
tion, N-mm
M
u
Ultimate factored design moment at a section, N-mm
Chapter 8 - Design for IS 456-2000
Notations 8- 3
M
t
Equivalent factored bending moment due to torsion at a section,
N-mm
M
e1
Equivalent factored moment including moment and torsion ef-
fects (M
e1
= M
u
+M
t
) at a section, N-mm
M
e2
Residual factored moment when M
t
> M
u
at a section applied in
the opposite sense of M
e1
at a section, N-mm
m
Normalized design moment, M/bd
2
of
ck

s
v
Spacing of the shear reinforcement along the length of the beam,
mm
T
u
Factored torsional moment at a section, N-mm
V
u
V
e
Equivalent factored shear force including torsion effects, N
v
c
Allowable shear stress in punching shear mode, N
x
u
Depth of neutral axis, mm
x
u,max
Maximum permitted depth of neutral axis, mm
z Lever arm, mm
o
Concrete strength reduction factor for sustained loading, as well
as reinforcement over strength factor for computing capacity
moment at a section
|
Factor for the depth of compressive force resultant of the concrete
stress block
|
c

Ratio of the minimum to maximum dimensions of the punching
critical section
c

Partial safety factor for concrete strength
f

Partial safety factor for load, and fraction of unbalanced moment
transferred by flexure
m

s

Partial safety factor for reinforcement strength
o
Enhancement factor of shear strength for compression
c
c,max

Maximum concrete strain in the beam and slab (= 0.0035)
c
s

Strain in tension steel
c
s
'
Strain in compression steel
t
v

Average design shear stress resisted by concrete, MPa
t
c

Basic design shear stress resisted by concrete, MPa
t
c,max

Maximum possible design shear stress permitted at a section,
MPa
t
cd

Design shear stress resisted by concrete, MPa

for which the structure needs to be designed. For IS 456-2000, if a structure is
versible, the following load combinations may need to be considered (IS 36.4,
Table 18):
1.5D (IS 36.4.1)
1.5D + 1.5L
1.5D + 1.5S
(IS 36.4.1)
1.5D + 1.5(0.75 PL) (IS 31.5.2.3)
1.5D 1.5W
0.9D 1.5W
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2W
1.5D + 1.5L 1.0W
(IS 36.4.1)
1.5D 1.5E
0.9D 1.5E
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2E
1.5D + 1.5L 1.0E
(IS 36.4.1)
Partial Safety Factors 8- 5
1.5D + 1.5L + 1.5S
1.2D + 1.2S 1.2W
1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S 1.2W
1.2D + 1.2S 1.2E
1.2D + 1.2L + 1.2S 1.2E
(IS 36.4.1)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the IS
456-2000 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other types of
loads are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used.
The design strength for concrete and reinforcement is obtained by dividing the
characteristic strength of the material by a partial safety factor,
m
. The values
of
m
used in the program are as follows:
Partial safety factor for reinforcement,
s
= 1.15 (IS 36.4.2.1)
Partial safety factor for concrete,
c
= 1.5 (IS 36.4.2.1)
These factors are already incorporated into the design equations and tables in
the code. These values can be overwritten; however, caution is advised.
8.4 Beam Design
of steel for flexure, shear, and torsion based on the beam moments, shear
forces, torsion, load combination factors, and other criteria described in the
subsections that follow. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at each
8.4.1 Effects of Torsion
IS 456, 14.1 states that wherever torsion is required to maintain equilibrium,
beams must be designed for torsion. However, torsion can be ignored for inde-
terminate structures where torsion develops primarily because of compatibility
8 - 6 Beam Design
of deformations. However, the program does not automatically redistribute the
internal forces and reduce torsion. If redistribution is desired, the user should
release the torsional degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
Note that the torsion design can be turned off by choosing not to consider tor-
sion in the Design Preferences.
Determine design bending moments and shears
8.4.1.1 Determine Design Bending Moments and Shears
IS 456 uses a simplified approach and does not require the calculation of shear
stresses produced by torsion separately. Rather, torsion and bending shear are
combined as an equivalent shear V
e
, and bending moment and torsion are com-
bined as an equivalent bending moment M
e
. The beam is checked for adequacy
and then designed for the equivalent moment and shear. If the shear stress
caused by equivalent shear is less than the concrete shear capacity, torsion is
ignored completely and only required minimum shear links are computed. If
the shear stress caused by equivalent shear is more than the concrete shear ca-
pacity, additional longitudinal reinforcement and shear links are computed, as
detailed in the subsections that follow.
8.4.1.2 Determine Factored Moments when Torsion is Excluded
Beam Design 8- 7
8.4.1.3 Determine Factored Moments when Torsion is Included
ments and torsion for each load combination at a particular beam station are
obtained by factoring the corresponding moments and torsion for different load
cases with the corresponding load factors.
The equivalent moment at a particular station is computed as described in the
text that follows. The beam is then designed for the maximum positive and
maximum negative factored moments obtained from all the of the load combi-
nations. Calculation of bottom reinforcement is based on positive beam mo-
ments. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular or flanged
beam. Calculation of top reinforcement is based on negative beam moments. In
such cases the beam may be designed as a rectangular or inverted flanged
beam.
The equivalent moment is calculated from the following equation:
M
e1
= M
u
+M
t
, where (IS 41.4.2)
|
.
|
\
| +
=
7 . 1
1 b D
T M
u t
(IS 41.4.2)
and D and b are the overall depth and width of the beam, respectively.
If M
t
exceeds M
u
, additional reinforcement will be computed for the moment
M
e2
applied in the opposite sense of M
u
. Effectively, this will result in additional
longitudinal reinforcement on the compression face of the beam because the
moment sign is reversed. The additional moment M
e2
is computed as:
M
e2
= M
t
M
u
(IS 41.4.2.1)
8.4.1.4 Determine Factored Shears when Torsion is Excluded
In the design of the beam shear reinforcement, the factored shear forces for
each load combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the
corresponding shear forces for different load cases with the corresponding load
8 - 8 Beam Design
8.4.1.5 Determine Factored Shears when Torsion is Included
In the design of beam shear reinforcement, the factored shear forces for each
load combination at a particular beam station are obtained by factoring the cor-
responding shear forces for different load cases with the corresponding load
The equivalent shear at a particular station is computed as described in the text
that follows. The beam is then designed for the equivalent shear at the station.
When a torsional moment is to be included, the equivalent shear V
e
is calcu-
lated from the following equation:
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
b
T
V V
u
u e
6 . 1 (IS 41.3.1)
where b is the width of the beam web.
along the beam.
singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding compression
the concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified parabolic stress block shown
in Figure 8-1 (IS 38.1). The area of the stress block, c, and the depth of the cen-
ter of the compressive force from the extreme compression fiber, a, are taken
as
c = o f
ck
x
u
(IS 38.1)
a = | x
u
(IS 38.1)
Beam Design 8- 9
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.0035 c =
0 67
cu m
. f
0 42
u
. x
cs
T s
T
s
c
u
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f
C
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0.0035 c =
0 67
cu m
. f
0 42
u
. x
cs
T s
T
s
c
u
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
'
s
f
C

where x
u
is the depth of the neutral axis, and o and | are taken as:
o = 0.36 (IS 38.1)
| = 0.42 (IS 38.1)
where o is the reduction factor to account for sustained compression and the
partial safety factor for concrete and is generally taken to be 0.36 for the as-
sumed parabolic stress block (IS 38.1). The | factor considers the depth to the
center of the compressive force.
exceed the code-specified limiting value. The code also places a limitation on
the neutral axis depth, as shown in the following table, to safeguard against
non-ductile failures (IS 38.1). SAFE uses interpolation between these three
values.
f
y
(MPa) x
u,max
/d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
8 - 10 Beam Design
When the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity of the beam as a sin-
gly reinforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated as-
suming that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted value.
The maximum fiber compression is taken as:
c
c,max
= 0.0035 (IS 38.1)
(L- and T-beams), is summarized in the subsections that follow. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force can be neglected; hence all beams are de-
signed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only.
8.4.2.2 Design of Rectangular Beams
For rectangular beams, the limiting depth of the neutral axis, x
u,max
, and the mo-
ment capacity as a singly reinforced beam, M
single
, are obtained first. The rein-
forcement area is determined based on whether M
u
is greater than, less than, or
equal to M
single
.
Calculate the limiting depth of the neutral axis.
max
0 53 if 250 MPa
250
0 53 0 05 if 250 415 MPa
165
415
0 48 0 02 if 415 500 MPa
85
0 46 if 500 MPa
y
y
y
u,
y
y
y
. f
f
. . f
x
f d
. . f
. f
s
< s
< s
>
(IS 38.1)
Calculate the limiting ultimate moment of resistance as a
singly reinforced beam.
,max ,max 2
single
1
u u
ck
x x
M bd f
d d
o |
| |
=
|
\ .
(IS G-1.1)
Calculate the depth of the neutral axis as:
1 1 4
2
u
m x
d
|
|

=
where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
Beam Design 8- 11
ck
u
f bd
M
m
o
2
=

If M
u
s M
single
the area of tension reinforcement, A
s
, is obtained from
( )
,
/
u
s
y s
M
A
f z
= where (IS G-1.1)
1 .
u
x
z d
d
|

=
`
)
(IS 38.1)
u
is positive, or at the
top if M
u
is negative.
If M
u
> M
single
, the area of compression reinforcement, A'
s
, is given by:
( )
single
0.67
'
u
s
ck
sc
m
M M
A
f
f d d
' =
| |

|
\ .
(IS G-1.2)
s
y
u
s c sc
f
x
d
E f
c s
(
(
=
max ,
max ,
'
1
(IS G-1.2)
The required tension reinforcement is calculated as:
( ) ( ) ( )
single single
,
'
u
s
y s y s
M M M
A
f z f d d
= +
where (IS G-1.2)

,max
1
u
x
z d
d
|

=
`
)
(IS 38.1)
A
s
s
is to be placed at the top if M
u
is posi-
tive, and vice versa if M
u
is negative.
8 - 12 Beam Design
8.4.2.3 Design of Flanged Beams
8.4.2.3.1 Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment
u
8.4.2.3.2 Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment
to be located within the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the program
calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend be-
width b
f.
. If the stress block extends beyond the flange depth, the contribution
of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into account. See Figure
8-2.

Assuming the neutral axis lies in the flange, the depth of the neutral axis is cal-
culated as:
Beam Design 8- 13
|
|
2
4 1 1 m
d
x
u

=

where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
ck f
u
f d b
M
m
o
2
=

If
|
|
.
|
\
|
s |
.
|
\
|
d
D
d
x
f
u
, the neutral axis lies within the flange and the subsequent
calculations for A
s
are exactly the same as previously defined for the rectan-
gular beam design (IS G-2.1). However, in this case, the width of the beam is
taken as b
f
. Compression reinforcement is required when M
u
> M
single
.
If
|
|
.
|
\
|
> |
.
|
\
|
d
D
d
x
f
u
, the neutral axis lies below the flange and the calculation
for A
s
has two parts. The first part is for balancing the compressive force
from the flange, C
f
, and the second part is for balancing the compressive
force from the web, C
w
Calculate the ultimate resistance moment of the flange as:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
45 . 0
f
f w f ck f
d b b f M

(IS G-2.2)
where
f
is taken as:
if 0 2
0 15 0 65 if 0 2
f f
f
u f f
D D . d
. x . D D . d
=

+ >
(IS G-2.2)
Calculate the moment taken by the web as
M
w
= M
u
M
f
.
Calculate the limiting ultimate moment of resistance of the web for tension
reinforcement as:
8 - 14 Beam Design
M
w,single
= of
ck
b
w
d
2

(
d
x
d
x
u u max , max ,
1 | where (IS G-1.1)
max
0 53 if 250 MPa
250
0 53 0 05 if 250 415 MPa
165
415
0 48 0 02 if 415 500 MPa
85
0 46 if 500 MPa
y
y
y
u,
y
y
y
. f
f
. . f
x
f d
. . f
. f
s
< s
< s
>
(IS 38.1)
If M
w
s M
w,single
, the beam is designed as a singly reinforced concrete beam.
The area of reinforcement is calculated as the sum of two parts, one to bal-
ance compression in the flange and one to balance compression in the web.
( )( ) ( )
0 5
f
w
s
y s f y s
M
M
A ,
f d . y f z
= +
where
)
`
=
d
x
d z
u
| 1

|
|
2
4 1 1 m
d
x
u

=

2
w
w ck
M
m
b d f o
=
If M
w
> M
w,single
, the area of compression reinforcement, A'
s
, is given by:
( )
,single
0.67
'
w w
s
ck
s
m
M M
A
f
f d d
' =
| |
'
|
\ .

,max
,max
'
1
y
sc c s
u s
f
d
f E
x
c
(
= s
(

(IS G-1.2)
Beam Design 8- 15
The required tension reinforcement is calculated as:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
single single
0.5
f w, w w,
s
y s f y s y s
M M M M
A
f d f z f d d
= + +
'
where
,max
1
u
x
z d
d
|

=
`
)

given as (IS 26.5.1.1):
bd
f
A
y
s
85 . 0
> (IS 26.5.1.1)
ment (IS 26.5.1.1) and the compression reinforcement (IS 26.5.1.2) is imposed
upon request as follows:
(IS 26.5.1.1)
0 04 Flanged beam
(IS 26.5.1.2)
0 04 Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d
' s

ticular beam, for a particular load combination, at a particular station, the fol-
lowing steps are involved (IS 40.1):
Determine the design shear stress
Determine the shear stress that can be resisted by the concrete
Determine the shear reinforcement required to carry the balance
8 - 16 Beam Design
8.4.3.1 Design for Shear when Torsion is Excluded
Determine the design nominal shear stress as follows.
For prismatic sections
t
v
=
bd
V
u
(IS 40.1)
For non-prismatic sections (beams with varying depth)
t
v
=
u
u
M
V tan
d
,
bd
|
where (IS 40.1.1)
= angle between the top and bottom edges of the beam
M
u
is the moment at the section, and the negative sign is considered when
the numerical value of the moment increases in the same direction as
the depth, d, and the positive sign is considered when the numerical
value of the moment decreases in the same direction as the depth in-
creases.
t
v
s t
c,max
(IS 40.2.3, Table 20)
The maximum nominal shear stress, t
c,max
is given in IS Table 20 as follows:
Maximum Shear Stress, t
c,max
(MPa)
(IS 40.2.3, IS Table 20)
Concrete Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
t
c,max
(MPa)
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
c,max
, is computed using linear interpola-
tion for concrete grades between those indicated in IS Table 20.
Determine the design shear stress that can be carried by the concrete, as:
t
cd
= kot
c
, (IS 40.2)
where k is the enhancement factor for the depth of the section, taken as 1.0 for
beams, and is computed as follows for other slabs:
Beam Design 8- 17
k = 1 (IS 40.2.1.1)
o is the enhancement factor for compression and is given as:
1 3 1 5 if 0 Under Compression
1 if 0 Under Tension
u
u
g ck
u
P
. P ,
A f
P ,
o

+ s >
(IS 40.2.2)
o is always taken as 1
is the factor for light-weight concrete, and
t
c
is the basic design shear strength for concrete, which is given by:
1 1
3 4
100
0 64
25
s ck
c
A f
.
bd
t
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(IS 40.2.1)
The preceding expression approximates IS Table 19. It should be noted that the
value of
c
has already been incorporated in IS Table 19 (see note in IS
36.4.2.1). The following limitations are enforced in the determination of the
design shear strength as is the case in the Table.
0.15 s
bd
A
s
100
s 3 (IS 40.2.1, Table 19)
f
ck
s 40 MPa (for calculation purpose only) (IS 40.2.1, Table 19)
Determine required shear reinforcement:
If t
v
s t
cd
+ 0.4,
0.4
0.87
sv
v y
A b
s f
= (IS 40.3, 26.5.1.6)
If t
cd
+ 0.4 < t
v
s t
c,max
,
( )
0.87
v cd
sv
v y
b
A
s f
t t
=
(IS 40.4(a))

8 - 18 Beam Design
0.4
0.87
sv
v y
A b
s f
>
(IS 40.4(a))

If t
v
> t
c,max
, a failure condition is declared. (IS 40.2.3)
In calculating the shear reinforcement, a limit is imposed on the f
y
as:
f
y
s 415 MPa (IS 40.4)
8.4.3.2 Design for Shear when Torsion is Included
Determine the design nominal shear stress as:
t
ve
=
bd
V
e
(IS 40.1)
t
ve
s t
c,max
(IS 40.2.3)
c,max
is determined as defined in the last
section.
Determine required shear reinforcement:
If t
ve
s t
cd
,
0.4
0.87
sv
v y
A b
s f
= (IS 41.3, 26.5.1.6)
If t
ve
t
cd
, provide 2-legged closed stirrups, taken as the maximum of:
) 87 . 0 ( 5 . 2 ) 87 . 0 (
1 1 1 y
u
y
u
v
sv
f d
V
f d b
T
s
A
+ = and (IS 41.4.3)
y
c ve
v
sv
f
b
s
A
87 . 0
) ( t t
= (IS 41.4.3)
sv
/s
v
load combination.
Slab Design 8- 19
8.5 Slab Design
sign is completed based on the limit state of collapse (IS 456-2000) for rein-
forced concrete as described in the following sections. To learn more about the
design strips, refer to the section entitled "Design Strips" in the Key Features
and Terminology manual.
SAFE designs the slab on a strip-by-strip basis. The moments used for the de-
sign of the slab elements are the nodal reactive moments, which are obtained
placement vectors. Those moments will always be in static equilibrium with
8 - 20 Slab Design
slab is given by the following limits (IS 26.5.2):
0 0015 if 415 MPa
0 0012 if 415 MPa
y
s
y
. bD f
A
. bD f
<
s

>
(IS 26.5.2.1)
(IS 26.5.1.1).
Only the code-specific items are described in the following sections.
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from
the face of the support (IS 31.6.1). For rectangular columns and concentrated
Slab Design 8- 21
loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides parallel to
the sides of the columns or the point loads (IS 31.6.1). Figure 8-4 shows the
auto punching perimeters considered by SAFE for the various column shapes.
The column location (i.e., interior, edge, corner), and the punching perimeter
may be overwritten using the Punching Check Overwrites.
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2

The fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is taken to be oM
u

taken to be (1 o) M
u
(IS 31.6.2.2), where:
( )
1 2
1
1 2 3 a a
o =
+
(IS 31.3.3)
8 - 22 Slab Design
and a
1
is the width of the critical section measured in the direction of the span
and a
2
is the width of the critical section measured in the direction perpendicu-
lar to the span.
The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as:
v
c
= k
s
t
c
(IS 31.6.3.1)
k
s
= 0.5 + |
c
s 1.0 (IS 31.6.3.1)
t
c
= 0.25
ck
f (IS 31.6.3.1)
|
c
= ratio of the minimum to the maximum dimensions of the support
section.
2
2 3 1 33 4 3 23 4 3
2
0 22 33 23
3
3 3 1 22 4 3 23 4 3
2
22 33 23
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= +
V
U U U
U
V
U U
v
b d I I I
M V x x I x x I y y
I I I
Eq. 1
22 22
1 =
=

n
sides
I I , where "sides" refers to the sides of the critical
33 33
1 =
=

n
sides
23 23
1 =
=

n
sides
Slab Design 8- 23

The equations for
22 33 23
, and I I I are different depending on whether the
side of the critical section for punching shear being considered is parallel to
the 2-axis or parallel to the 3-axis. Refer to Figures 8-5.
2
22 2 3
( ) = I Ld y y , for side of critical section parallel to 2-axis Eq. 5a
3 3
2
22 2 3
( )
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld y y , for side of critical section
parallel to 3-axis Eq. 5b
3 3
2
33 2 3
( )
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld x x , for side of critical section
parallel to 2-axis Eq. 6a
y
2
- y
3
L
punching shear
shown by heavy line
2
3
being considered
shown solid
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
y
2
- y
3
L
2
3
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
8 - 24 Slab Design
2
33 2 3
( ) = I Ld x x , for side of critical section parallel to 3-axis Eq. 6b
23 2 3 2 3
( )( ) = I Ld x x y y , for side of critical section
parallel to 2-axis or 3-axis Eq. 7
where,
b
0
= Perimeter of critical section for punching shear
d = Effective depth at critical section for punching shear based on the aver-
age of d for the 2 direction and d for the 3 direction
I
22
= Moment of inertia of critical section for punching shear about an axis
that is parallel to the local 2-axis
I
33
I
23
= Product of inertia of critical section for punching shear with respect to
the 2 and 3 planes
L = Length of side of critical section for punching shear currently being
considered
M
U2
= Moment about line parallel to 2-axis at center of column (positive in
accordance with the right-hand rule)
M
U3
= Moment about line parallel to 3-axis at center of column (positive in
accordance with the right-hand rule)
v
U
=Punching shear stress
V
U
= Shear at center of column (positive upward)
x
1
, y
1
= Coordinates of column centroid
x
2
, y
2
= Coordinates of center of one side of critical section for punching shear
x
3
, y
3
= Coordinates of centroid of critical section for punching shear
x
4
, y
4
= Coordinates of location where you are calculating stress
Slab Design 8- 25
V2
= Percent of M
U2
resisted by shear
V3
= Percent of M
U3
resisted by shear
lowing section.
The use of shear studs as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted.
completed as described in the subsections that follow.
reinforcement is as previously determined, but limited to:
c c
v t 5 . 1 s (IS 31.6.3.2)
V
max
= 0.5
c
t b
o
d (IS 31.6.3.2)
Given V
u
, V
c
, and V
max
(IS 31.6.3.2).
( ) 0.5
0.87
u c
v
y
V V S
A
f d
= (IS 31.6.3.2, 40.4(a))

If V
u
> V
max
, a failure condition is declared. (IS 31.6.3.2)
8 - 26 Slab Design
If V
u
exceeds the maximum permitted value of V
max
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

direction parallel to the column face.
umns respectively.
Slab Design 8- 27
not be less than the minimum cover specified in IS 26.4 plus half of the diame-
o
ceed 2d. The limits of s
o
specified as:
s
o
s 0. 5d
s s 0.5d
g s 2d

Notations 9 - 1
Chapter 9
Design for NZS 3101-06
cedure that is used by SAFE when the New Zealand code NZS 3101-06 [NZS
06] is selected. Various notations used in this chapter are listed in Table 9-1.
For referencing to the pertinent sections of the New Zealand code in this chap-
ter, a prefix NZS followed by the section number is used.
9.1 Notations
Table 9-1 List of Symbols Used in the NZS 3101-06 Code

A
co
Area enclosed by perimeter of the section, sq-mm
A
cv
Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, sq-mm
A
g
Gross area of concrete, sq-mm
9 - 2 Notations

A
l
Area of longitudinal reinforcement for torsion, sq-mm
A
o
Gross area enclosed by shear flow path, sq-mm
A
s
Area of tension reinforcement, sq-mm
A'
s
Area of compression reinforcement, sq-mm
A
s(required)
Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, sq-mm
A
t
/s
Area of closed shear reinforcement per unit length for torsion, sq-
mm/mm
A
v
Area of shear reinforcement, sq-mm
A
v
/s
Area of shear reinforcement per unit length, sq-mm/mm
a
b
a
max
Maximum allowed depth of compression block, mm
b
f
b
w
b
0
Perimeter of the punching critical section, mm
b
1
mm
b
2
tion of bending, mm
c Distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis, mm
c
b
Distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis at bal-
anced condition, mm
d Distance from extreme compression fiber to tension reinforce-
ment, mm
d' Distance from extreme compression fiber to compression rein-
forcement, mm
E
c
E
s
f '
c
Chapter 9 - Design for NZS 3101-06
Notations 9 - 3

f '
s
f
y
f
yt
h Overall depth of sections, mm
h
f
Thickness of slab or flange, mm
k
a
Factor accounting for influence of aggregate size on shear
strength
k
d
Factor accounting for influence of member depth on shear
strength
M
*
Factored design moment at a section, N-mm
p
c
Outside perimeter of concrete section, mm
p
o
Perimeter of area A
o
, mm
s Spacing of shear reinforcement along the length, mm
T
*
Factored design torsion at a section, N-mm
t
c
Assumed wall thickness of an equivalent tube for the gross
section, mm
t
o
Assumed wall thickness of an equivalent tube for the area
enclosed by the shear flow path, mm
V
c
Shear force resisted by concrete, N
V
*
v
*
Average design shear stress at a section, MPa
v
c
Design shear stress resisted by concrete, MPa
v
max
Maximum design shear stress permitted at a section, MPa
v
tn
Shear stress due to torsion, MPa
o
s

Punching shear factor accounting for column location
o
1

Concrete strength factor to account for sustained loading and
equivalent stress block
|
1

|
c


c
c

Strain in concrete
c
c,max

Maximum usable compression strain allowed in the extreme
concrete fiber, (0.003 in/in)
c
s

Strain in reinforcement
|
b

Strength reduction factor for bending
|
s

Strength reduction factor for shear and torsion
f

v

Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity of
shear
for which the structure needs to be designed. For NZS 3101-06, if a structure is
versible, the following load combinations may need to be considered (AS/NZS
1170.0, 4.2.2):
1.35D (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(a))
1.2D + 1.5L (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(b))
1.2D + 1.5(0.75 PL) (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(b))
1.2D + 0.4L + 1.0S (AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(g))
1.2D 1.0W
0.9D 1.0W
1.2D + 0.4L 1.0W
(AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(d))
(AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(e))
(AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(d))
1.0D 1.0E
1.0D + 0.4L 1.0E
(AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(f))
(AS/NZS 1170.0, 4.2.2(f))
Note that the 0.4 factor on the live load in three of the combinations is not valid
for live load representing storage areas. These are also the default design load
combinations in SAFE whenever the NZS 3101-06 code is used. If roof live
load is treated separately or if other types of loads are present, other appropri-
ate load combinations should be used.
c
shall be as follows:
25 ' 100MPa s s
c
f (NZS 5.2.1)
The lower characteristic yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement, f
y
, should
be equal to or less than 500 MPa for all frames (NZS 5.3.3). The lower charac-
teristic yield strength of transverse (stirrup) reinforcement, f
yt
, should not be
greater than 500 MPa for shear or 800 MPa for confinement (NZS 5.3.3).
The code allows use of f '
c
and f
y
beyond the given limits, provided special
study is conducted (NZS 5.2.1).
The strength reduction factors, |, are applied to the specified strength to obtain
the design strength provided by a member. The | factors for flexure, shear, and
torsion are as follows:
|
b
= 0.85 for flexure (NZS 2.3.2.2)
|
s
= 0.75 for shear and torsion (NZS 2.3.2.2)
9 - 6 Beam Design
9.5 Beam Design
9.5.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement
Beam Design 9 - 7
inforcement is based on negative beam moments. In such cases the beam may
the concrete.
in Figure 9-1 (NZS 7.4.2.7). Furthermore, it is assumed that the compression
carried by the concrete is 0.75 times that which can be carried at the balanced
condition (NZS 9.3.8.1). When the applied moment exceeds the moment ca-
pacity at the balanced condition, the area of compression reinforcement is cal-
culated assuming that the additional moment will be carried by compression re-
inforcement and additional tension reinforcement.
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0 003 . c =
1 c
f o '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
0 003 . c =
1 c
f o '
1
a c | =
cs
T s
T
s
c
c
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'

9 - 8 Beam Design
crete design where design ultimate axial compression load does not exceed (0.1
f '
c
A
g
), axial force is ignored; hence, all beams are designed for major direction
flexure, shear, and torsion only. Axial compression greater than 0.1 f '
c
A
g
and
axial tensions are always included in flexural and shear design.
In designing for a factored negative or positive M
*
(i.e., designing top or bot-
tom reinforcement), the depth of the compression block is given by a (see Fig-
ure 9-1), where,
*
2
1
2
c b
M
a d d
f b o |
=
'
(NZS 7.4.2)
where the default value of |
b
is 0.85 (NZS 2.3.2.2) in the preceding and follow-
ing equations. The factor o
1
is calculated as follows (NZS 7.4.2.7):
o ' = s
1
0.85 for 55MPa
c
f
1 1
0.85 0.004( 55) for 55MPa, 0.75 0.85
c c
f f o o ' ' = > s s
The value |
1
and c
b
are calculated as follows:
1
0.85 for 30,
c
f | ' = s (NZS 7.4.2.7)
1 1
0.85 0.008( 30), 0.65 0.85
c
f | | ' = s s (NZS 7.4.2.7)
c
b
c y s
c d
f E
c
c
=
+
(NZS 7.4.2.8)
The maximum allowed depth of the rectangular compression bloack, a
max
, is
given by:
a
max
= 0.75|
1
c
b
(NZS 7.4.2.7, 9.3.8.1)
If a s a
max
(NZS 9.3.8.1), the area of tension reinforcement is give by:
Beam Design 9 - 9
*
2
s
b y
M
A
a
f d |
=
| |
|
\ .

The reinforcement is to be placed at the bottom if M
*
if M
*
is negative.
If a > a
max
(NZS 9.3.8.1), compression reinforcement is required (NZS
7.4.2.9) and is calculated as follows:
C = o
1 c
f ' ba
max
(NZS 7.4.2.7)
and the moment resisted by concrete compression and tension reinforcement
is:
M
*
c
= C |
.
|
\
|

2
max
a
d |
b

Therefore the moment required to be resisted by compression reinforcement
M
*
s
= M
*
M
*
c

( )( )
1
*
s
s
s c b
M
A
f f d d' o |
' =
' '
, where
s c,max s y
c d'
f E f
c
c
(
' = s
(

(NZS 7.4.2.2, 7.4.2.4)
crete is:
A
s1
=
b y
c
a
d f
M
| |
.
|
\
|

2
*
max

9 - 10 Beam Design
given by:
A
s2
=
( )
b y
s
d d f
M
| '
*

Therefore, the total tension reinforcement, A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
sion reinforcement is A'
s
. A
s
s
is to be placed
at the top if M
*
*
is negative.
*
If M
*
a = d
f b c
b f
M
d
| o
'
1
*
2
2
(NZS 7.4.2)
max
, is
given by:
a
max
= 0.75|
1
c
b
(NZS 7.4.2.7, 9.3.8.1)
If a s h
f
s
f
. Compression reinforcement is required when a > a
max
.
If a > h
f
, calculation for A
s
has two parts. The first part is for balancing the
compressive force from the flange, C
f
, and the second part is for balancing
the compressive force from the web, C
w
Beam Design 9 - 11
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
1 c
f o '
w
T s
T
s
c f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
c
1 c
f o '
(I) BEAM
SECTION
s
A
(II) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(III) STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
0.003 c =
1 c
f o '
w
T s
T
s
c f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
c
1 c
f o '

C
f
is given by:
( ) 1 f c f w f
C f b b h o ' = (NZS 7.4.2.7)
Therefore, A
s1
=
y
f
f
C
*
given by:
b
s
f f
d
d C M | |
.
|
\
|
=
2
*

*
, to be carried by the web is:
M
*
w
= M
*
M
*
f

w
and d, for which the
depth of the compression block is recalculated as:
2
1
1
2
*
w
c b w
M
a d d
f b o |
=
'
(NZS 7.4.2 )
9 - 12 Beam Design
If a
1
s a
max
(NZS 9.3.8.1), the area of tension reinforcement is then given by:
A
s2
=
|
.
|
\
|

2
1
*
a
d f
M
y b
w
|
, and
A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2

If a
1
> a
max
(NZS 9.3.8.1), compression reinforcement is required and is cal-
culated as follows:
1 max w c w
C f b a o ' = (NZS 7.4.2.7)
and the moment resisted by the concrete web and tension reinforcement is:
max
2
*
c w b
a
M C d |
| |
=
|
\ .

The moment resisted by compression and tension reinforcement is:
M
*
s
= M
*
w
M
*
c

( )( )
1
*
s
s
s c b
M
A
f f d d' o |
' =
' '
, where
max s c, s y
c d'
f E f
c
c
(
' = s
(

(NZS 7.4.2.2, 7.4.2.4)
A
s2
=
max
2
*
c
y b
M
a
f d |
| |
|
\ .

Beam Design 9 - 13
is:
A
s3
=
( )
b y
s
d d f
M
| '
*

Total tension reinforcement is A
s
= A
s1
+ A
s2
+ A
s3
, and the total compression re-
inforcement is A'
s
. A
s
is to be placed at the bottom, and A'
s
is to be placed at the
top.
given by the maximum of the two limits:
4
c
s w
y
f
A b d
f
'
> (NZS 9.3.8.2.1)
1.4 >
w
s
y
b d
A
f
(NZS 9.3.8.2.1)
0 04 Flanged beam
0 04 Flanged beam
s
w
s
w
. bd
A
. b d
. bd
A
. b d
' s

*
.
9 - 14 Beam Design
c
these steps.
9.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force and Moment
combination at a particular beam section are obtained by factoring the corre-
sponding shear forces for different load cases with the corresponding load com-
bination factors.
c
, is calculated as:
V
c
= v
c
A
cv
(NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The allowable shear stress capacity is given by:
v
c
= k
d
k
a
k
n
v
b
(NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The basic shear strength for a rectangular section is computed as,
v
b
=
(
+
d b
A
w
s
10 07 . 0 '
c
f , where (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
c
f ' s 50 MPa, and (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
0.08 '
c
f s v
b
s 0.2 '
c
f (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
where
1 0 normal concrete
0 85 sandlight-weight concrete
0 75 all light-weight concrete
. ,
. ,
. ,
(NZS 9.3.9.3.5)
Beam Design 9 - 15
The factor k
a
allows for the influence of maximum aggregate size on shear
strength. For concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20 mm or more, k
a

shall be taken as 1.0. For concrete where the maximum aggregate size is 10
mm or less, the value of k
a
shall be taken as 0.85. Interpolation is used between
these limits. The program default for k
a
is 1.0.
0 85 10mm
10
0 85 0 15 20mm
20
1 00 20mm
g
g
a g
g
. , a
a
k . . , a
. , a
s
| |
= + <
|
\ .
>
(NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The factor k
d
allows for the influence of member depth on strength and it shall
be calculated from the following conditions:
For members with shear reinforcement equal to or greater than the nomi-
nal shear reinforcement given in NZS 9.3.9.4.15, k
d
= 1.0
For members with an effective depth equal to or smaller than 400 mm,
k
d
= 1.0 (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
For members with an effective depth greater than 400,
( )
0.25
400/
d
k d = where d is in mm (NZS 9.3.9.3.4)
The factor k
n
allows for the influence of axial loading (NZS 10.3.10.3.1).
| |
= + |
|
\ .
| |
+ |
|
\ .
*
*
*
1 N = 0
1 3 N > 0
1 12 N < 0
*
n
'
g c
*
'
g c
,
N
k ,
A f
N
,
A f
(NZS 10.3.10.3.1)
The average shear stress is computed for rectangular and flanged sections as:
9 - 16 Beam Design
v
*
=
d b
V
w
*
(NZS 7.5.1)
The average shear stress is limited to a maximum of,
v
max
= min{ } 0.2 , 8 MPa '
c
f (NZS 7.5.2, 9.3.9.3.3)
The shear reinforcement is computed as follows:
If v
*
s |
s
( ) 2
c
v or h max(300 mm, 0.5b
w
),
s
A
v
= 0 (NZS 9.3.9.4.13)
If |
s
( ) 2
c
v < v
*
s |
s
v
c
,
s
A
v
=
1
16
'
w
c
yt
b
f
f
(NZS 7.5.10, 9.3.9.4.15)
If |
s
v
c
< v
*
s |
s
v
max
, (NZS 9.3.9.4.2)
( )
d f
v v
s
A
yt s
c s v
|
|
=
*

If v
*
> v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (NZS 7.5.2, 9.3.9.3.3)
If the beam depth h is less than the minimum of 300 mm and 0.5b
w
, no shear
reinforcement is required (NZS 9.3.9.4.13).
v
/s values, obtained from each load
load combination.
Beam Design 9 - 17
*
.
Note that the torsion design can be turned off by choosing not to consider tor-
sion in the Design Preferences.
torsions for different load cases with the corresponding load combination
factors.
design T
*
is permitted to be reduced in accordance with the code (NZS 7.6.1.3).
However, the program does not automatically redistribute the internal forces
and reduce T
*
. If redistribution is desired, the user should release the torsional
degree of freedom (DOF) in the structural model.
co
, A
o
, p
c
, p
o
, t
c
, and t
o
are
calculated. These properties are described in the following (NZS 7.1).
A
co
A
o
p
c
9 - 18 Beam Design
p
o
= Perimeter of area A
o

t
c
= Assumed wall thickness of an equivalent tube for the gross
section
t
o
= Assumed wall thickness of an equivalent tube for the area
enclosed by the shear flow path
o
, p
o
,
and t
o
closed stirrup and the outermost concrete surface is 50 mm. This is equivalent
to a 38-mm clear cover and a 12-mm stirrup. For torsion design of flanged
beam sections, it is assumed that placing torsion reinforcement in the flange
area is inefficient. With this assumption, the flange is ignored for torsion rein-
forcement calculation. However, the flange is considered during T
cr
calculation.
With this assumption, the special properties for a rectangular beam section are
given as:
A
co
= bh (NZS 7.1)
A
o
= (b 2c)(h 2c) (NZS 7.1)
p
c
= 2b + 2h (NZS 7.1)
p
o
= 2(b 2c) + 2(h 2c) (NZS 7.1)
t
c
= 0.75 A
o
/p
o
(NZS 7.1)
t
o
= 0.75 A
co
/p
c
(NZS 7.1)
A
co
= b
w
h + (b
f
b
w
)h
f
(NZS 7.1)
A
o
= (b
w
2c)(h 2c) (NZS 7.1)
p
c
= 2b
f
+ 2h (NZS 7.1)
p
o
= 2(h 2c) + 2(b
w
2c) (NZS 7.1)
t
c
= 0.75 A
o
/p
o
(NZS 7.1)
t
o
= 0.75 A
co
/p
c
(NZS 7.1)
Beam Design 9 - 19
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
f
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
c h 2
f
h
f
b
h h
b
c
c
c c
c
c
b 2c
w
b 2c
w
b

f
, b
w
, h, h
f
f
(NZS 7.6.1.7).
cr
c c co cr
f t A T ' 1 . 0 | = (NZS 7.6.1.2)
where A
co
and t
c
are as described in the previous section, and f '
c
is the specified
concrete compressive strength. The stress caused by torsion should also be lim-
ited in order to ignore torsion, defined as:
c
o o
f
t A
T
' 08 . 0
2
*
s
|
(NZS 7.6.1.3)
9 - 20 Beam Design
If the factored torsion, T
*
, is less than the threshold limit, T
cr
, and meets the tor-
sion stress limit, torsion can be safely ignored (NZS 7.6.1). In that case, the
program reports that no torsion reinforcement is required. However, if T
*
ex-
ceeds the threshold limit, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided
by closed stirrups and longitudinal bars (NZS 7.6.4.1).
If T
*
> T
cr
and/or the torsion stress limit is not met, the required closed stirrup
area per unit spacing, A
t
/s, is calculated as:
yt
o tn t
f
t v
s
A
= (NZS 7.6.4.2)
y
o o tn
l
f
p t v
A = (NZS 7.6.4.3)
where the torsional shear stress v
tn
is defined as:
o o
tn
t A
T
v
2
*
|
= (NZS 7.6.1.6)
The minimum closed stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement shall be such that
the following is satisfied, where A
t
/s can be from any closed stirrups for shear
and A
l
can include flexure reinforcement, provided it is fully developed.
o y
c o
o
l t
A f
t A
sp
A A 5 . 1
= (NZS 7.6.2)
*
and T
*
min(0 2 8 MPa)
n tn c
v v . f ' , + < (NZS 7.6.1.8, 7.5.2)
w
*
and T
*

Slab Design 9 - 21
l
and A
t
9.6 Slab Design
sign is completed based on the ultimate strength design method (NZS 3101-06)
9 - 22 Slab Design
slab is given by the following limit (NZS 12.5.6.2, 8.8, 2.4.4 ):
0 7
500 MPa
0 0014 500 MPa
y
y
s
y
.
bh f
f
A
. bh f
<
>

>
(NZS 12.5.6.2, 8.8.1)

The slab reinforcement requirements reported by the program do not consider
crack control. Any minimum requirements to satisfy crack limitations must be
investigated independently of the program by the user.
Slab Design 9 - 23
Only the code-specific items are described in the following.
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of d/2 from
the face of the support (NZS 12.7.1(b)). For rectangular columns and concen-
lel to the sides of the columns or the point loads (NZS 12.7.1(b)). Figure 9-4
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
Interior Column
Circular Column
d 2
d 2
d 2
T-Shape Column
L-Shape Column
d 2
d 2

f
M
*

taken to be
v
M
*
, where
9 - 24 Slab Design
f
=
( )
2 1
3 2 1
1
b b +
(NZS 12.7.7.2 )
v
= 1
( )
2 1
3 2 1
1
b b +
(NZS 12.7.7.1)
where b
1
span and b
2
pendicular to the span.
The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as the minimum of the
following three limits:
|
o
| |
' +
|
\ .
| |
' = +
|
\ .
'
0
1 2
1
6
1
min 1
6
1
3
c
c
s
c c
c
f
d
v f
b
f
(NZS 12.7.3.2)
where, |
c
is the ratio of the maximum to the minimum dimension of the critical
section (NZS 12.1, 12.7.3.2(a)), b
0
s

is a scale factor based on the location of the critical section.
o

20 for interior columns,

15 for edge columns,
10 for corner columns.
s
(NZS 12.7.3.2(b))
c
f ' as follows:
'
c
f s 100 (NZS 9.3.9.3.5(6))
Slab Design 9 - 25
*
* * *
2
2 3 1 33 4 3 23 4 3
2
0
22 33 23
* *
3
3 3 1 22 4 3 23 4 3
2
22 33 23
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= +
V
V
v
b d I I I
M V x x I x x I y y
I I I
Eq. 1
22 22
1 =
=

n
sides
33 33
1 =
=

n
sides
23 23
1 =
=

n
sides
The equations for
22 33, 23
, and I I I are different depending on whether the side
of the critical section for punching shear being considered is parallel to the 2-
axis or parallel to the 3-axis. Refer to Figures 9-5.
2
22 2 3
( ) = I Ld y y , for side of critical section parallel to 2-axis Eq. 5a
3 3
2
22 2 3
( )
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld y y , for the side of the critical section

9 - 26 Slab Design

3 3
2
33 2 3
( )
12 12
= + +
Ld dL
I Ld x y , for the side of the critical section
parallel to the 2-axis Eq. 6
2
33 2 3
( ) = I Ld x x , for the side of the critical section
23 2 3 2 3
( )( ) = I Ld x x y y , for the side of the critical section
parallel to the 2-axis or 3-axis Eq. 7
where,
y
2
- y
3
L
punching shear
shown by heavy line
2
3
being considered
shown solid
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
y
2
- y
3
L
2
3
Coordinates are (x
2
,y
2
).
Centroid of entire
punching shear.
Coordinates are (x
3
,y
3
).
x
2
- x
3
Slab Design 9 - 27
b
0
= Perimeter of critical section for punching shear
d = Effective depth at critical section for punching shear based on average
of d for 2 direction and d for 3 direction
I
22
I
33
I
23
= Product of inertia of critical section for punching shear with respect to
the 2 and 3 planes
being considered
*
2
M = Moment about line parallel to 2-axis at center of column (positive per
right-hand rule)
*
3
M = Moment about line parallel to 3-axis at center of column (positive per
right-hand rule)
V
*
V
*
= Shear at center of column (positive upward)
x
1
, y
1
= Coordinates of column centroid
x
2
, y
2
= Coordinates of center of one side of critical section for punching shear
x
3
, y
3
= Coordinates of centroid of critical section for punching shear
x
4
, y
4
= Coordinates of location where you are calculating stress
V2
= Percent of M
U2
resisted by shear
V3
= Percent of M
U3
resisted by shear
9 - 28 Slab Design
lowing section.
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 150 mm, and not
less than 16 times the shear reinforcement bar diameter (NZS 12.7.4.1). If the
performed as described in the subsections that follow.
reinforcement is determined as:
c c
f v '
6
1
= (NZS 12.7.3.5)
v
max
= 0.5
c
f ' (NZS 12.7.3.4)
Given v
*
, v
c
, and v
max
where, |, is the strength reduction factor.
Slab Design 9 - 29
( )
n c
v
yv
v v
A
s f d |

= (NZS 12.7.4.2(a))
Minimum punching shear reinforcement should be provided such that:
d b f V
o c s
'
16
1
> (NZS 12.7.4.3)
If v
n
> |v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (NZS 12.7.3.4)
If v
n
exceeds the maximum permitted value of |v
max
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

9 - 30 Slab Design
direction parallel to the column face (NZS 12.7.4.4).
umns respectively.
not be less than the minimum cover specified in NZS 3.11 plus half of the
o
ceed 2d and in the case of studs in a radial pattern, the angle between adjacent
stud rails shall not exceed 60 degrees. The limits of s
o
and the spacing, s, be-
tween the peripheral lines are specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (NZS 12.7.4.4)
s s 0.5d (NZS 12.7.4.4)
g s 2d (NZS 12.7.4.4)

Notations 10 - 1
Chapter 10
Design for Singapore CP 65-99
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the concrete design
procedure that is used by SAFE when the Singapore standard, Structural Use of
Concrete code CP 65-99 [CP 99], is selected. The program also includes the
recommendations of BC 2:2008 Design Guide of High Strength Concrete to
Singapore Standard CP65 [BC 2008]. Various notations used in this chapter are
listed in Table 10-1. For referencing to the pertinent sections of the Singapore
code in this chapter, a prefix CP followed by the section number is used.
The design is based on user-specified load combinations. The program
provides a set of default load combinations that should satisfy the requirements
for the design of most building type structures.
based on Newton-millimeter-second units. For simplicity, all equations and
descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Newton-millimeter-second
10.1 Notations
Table 10-1 List of Symbols Used in the CP 65-99 Code

A
g
2

10 - 2 Notations

A
l
2

A
s
2

A'
s
2

A
sv
2

A
sv,t
2

A
sv
/s
v

Area of shear reinforcement per unit length of the member,
mm
2
/mm
mm
b
f
b
w
4

E
c
E
s
f
cu
Characteristic cube strength, MPa
f '
s

f
y
f
yv
Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement, MPa (< 460 MPa)
h
f
h
min
h
max
K
Normalized design moment, M
u
/bd
2
f
cu

Chapter 10 - Design for Singapore CP 65-99
Notations 10 - 3

K'
Maximum
2
u
cu
M
bd f
for a singly reinforced concrete section
k
1
k
2

Concrete shear strength factor,
| |
1
3
30
cu
f
M
single
s
v
u Perimeter of the punching critical section, mm
v Design shear stress at a beam cross-section or at a punching critical
section, MPa
v
c
Design concrete shear stress capacity, MPa
v
max
Maximum permitted design factored shear stress, MPa
v
t
Torsional shear stress, MPa
x
bal
z Lever arm, mm
|
Torsional stiffness constant
|
b

f

m

c
c

Maximum concrete strain
c
s

c'
s


of safety,
f
(CP 2.4.1.3). If a structures is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pat-
tern live (PL), and wind (W) loads, and considering that wind forces are re-
versible, the following load combinations may need to be considered (CP
2.4.3).
1.4D
1.4D + 1.6L
(CP 2.4.3)
1.4D + 1.6(0.75PL) (CP 2.4.3)
1.0D 1.4W
1.4D 1.4W
1.2D + 1.2L 1.2W
(CP 2.4.3)
These are also the default design load combinations in SAFE whenever the CP
65-99 code is used. If roof live load is treated separately or other types of loads
are present, other appropriate load combinations should be used. Note that the
automatic combination, including pattern live load, is assumed and should be
reviewed before using for design.
cu
, should not be less than 30 MPa (CP
3.1.7.2).
The program does not enforce this limit for flexure and shear design of beams
and slabs or for torsion design of beams. The input material strengths are used
for design even if they are outside of the limits. It is the user's responsible to
use the proper strength values while defining the materials.
Partial Safety Factors 10 - 5
m
. The
values of
m
used in the program are listed in the table that follows and are
taken from CP Table 2.2 (CP 2.4.4.1):
Values of
m
Reinforcement 1.15
These factors are incorporated into the design equations and tables in the code,
but can be overwritten.
10.5 Beam Design
10 - 6 Beam Design
the concrete.
in Figure 10-1 (CP 3.4.4.4), where c
c
is defined as:
( )
0 0035 if 60MPa
60
0 0035 if 60MPa
50000
cu
c
cu
cu
. f
f
. f
c
s
=

>
(CP 2.5.3, BC 2.2)

Beam Design 10 - 7
exceed 10% (i.e., |
b
> 0.9; CP 3.4.4.4). The code also places a limitation on the
neutral axis depth,
2
2
2
0.5 for 60N/mm
0.4 for 60 75N/mm
0.33 for 75 105N/mm
cu
cu
cu
f
x
f
d
f
s < s
< s
(CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2)

to safeguard against non-ductile failures (CP 3.4.4.4). In addition, the area of
compression reinforcement is calculated assuming that the neutral axis depth
remains at the maximum permitted value.
The depth of the compression block is given by:
cu
cu
cu
x f
x f
x f
= s
2
2
2
0.9 for 60 N/mm
0.8 for 60 < 75 N/mm
0.72 for 75 < 105 N/mm
a (CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2)
crete design where design ultimate axial compression load does not ex-
ceed (0.1f
cu
A
g
) (CP 3.4.4.1), axial force is ignored; hence, all beams are de-
signed for major direction flexure, shear, and torsion only. Axial compression
greater than 0.1f
cu
A
g g
and axial tensions are always included in flexural and
shear design.
beam, M
single
, is first calculated for a section. The reinforcement is determined
based on whether M is greater than, less than, or equal to M
single
. See Figure
10-1.
Calculate the ultimate limiting moment of resistance of the section as singly re-
inforced.
M
single
= K'f
cu
bd
2
, where (CP 3.4.4.4)
10 - 8 Beam Design
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
c
c
0 67
cu m
. f
a
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
s
f '
BEAM
SECTION
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
c
c
0 67
cu m
. f
a
cs
T s
T
s
c
x
s
C
d'
d
b
s
A
s
A'
s
f '


2
2
2
0.156 for 60 N/mm
' 0.120 for 60 75N/mm
0.094 for 75 105N/mm and no moment redistribution.
s
= < s
< s
cu
cu
cu
f
K f
f

If M s M
single
s
, is given by:
z f
M
A
y
s
87 . 0
= , where (CP 3.4.4.4)
d
K
d z 95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (CP 3.4.4.4)
2
bd f
M
K
cu
= (CP 3.4.4.4)
Beam Design 10 - 9
if M is negative.
If M > M
single
lows:
( )
single
0 67
s
cu
s
m
M M
A'
. f
f ' d d
=
| |
'
|
\ .
(CP 3.4.4.4)
s
f ' = 0.87 f
y
if
1
1
2 800
(
'
s
(

y
f
d
d
(CP 3.4.4.1, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
c s s
E f c = '
2
1
'
(
(

d
d

if
1
1
2 800
(
'
>
(

y
f
d
d
(CP 3.4.4.4, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
The tension reinforcement required for balancing the compression in the
concrete and the compression reinforcement is calculated as:
( )
single single
0 87 0 87
s
y y
M M M
A
. f z . f d d
= +
'
, where (CP 3.4.4.4)
d
K
d z 95 . 0
9 . 0
'
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = (CP 3.4.4.4)
10 - 10 Beam Design
to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the program calcu-
lates the exact depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend be-
width b
f
. If the stress block extends beyond the flange width, the contribution
of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into account. See Figure
10-2.
BEAM
SECTION
s
A
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
c
c
w
T s
T
s
c
0 67
cu m
. f
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
x
0 67
cu m
. f
BEAM
SECTION
s
A
STRAIN
DIAGRAM
STRESS
DIAGRAM
s
A'
w
b
f
b
d
d'
s
f '
c
c
w
T s
T
s
c
0 67
cu m
. f
f
T
f
C
w
C
s
C
f
h
x
0 67
cu m
. f

by:
K =
2
d b f
M
f cu
(CP 3.4.4.4)
Beam Design 10 - 11
z = d
)
`
+
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0
K
s 0.95d (CP 3.4.4.4)
the depth of neutral axis is computed as:
2
2
2
, for 60N/mm
0.45
, for 60 75N/mm
0.40
, for 75 105N/mm
0.36
cu
cu
cu
d z
f
d z
x f
d z
f

s

= < s

< s
(CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2, Fig 2.3)

cu
cu
cu
x f
x f
x f
= s
2
2
2
0.9 for 60 N/mm
0.8 for 60 < 75 N/mm
0.72 for 75 < 105 N/mm
a (CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2, Fig 2.3)
If a s h
f
s
f
If a > h
f
,
If M |
f
f
cu
bd
2
and h
f
0.45d then,
( )
( )
f y
f cu
s
h d f
h d bd f M
A
5 . 0 87 . 0
45 . 0 1 . 0
+
= , where (BS 3.4.4.5)
b
b
d
h
b
b
d
h
w
f
w
f
f
15 . 0
2
1 1 45 . 0 +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= | (BS 3.4.4.5)
Otherwise the calculation for A
s
f
w
10 - 12 Beam Design
( ) ( )
0.45 0.5
f cu f w f f
M f b b h d h = (CP 3.4.4.5)
f w
M M M =
K
w
=
2
w
cu w
M
f b d
(CP 3.4.4.4)
If K
w
s 0.156 (CP 3.4.4.4), the beam is designed as a singly reinforced con-
web.
( ) z f
M
h d f
M
A
y
w
f y
f
s
87 . 0 5 . 0 87 . 0
+
= , where
d
K
d z
w
95 . 0
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0 s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
If K
w
> K' (CP 3.4.4.4), compression reinforcement is required and is calcu-
lated as follows:
M
uw
= K' f
cu
b
w
d
2
(CP 3.4.4.4)
M
w
M
uw
( )
0 67
w uw
s
cu
s
m
M M
A
. f
f d d'
' =
| |
'
|
\ .

where, d' is the depth of the compression reinforcement from the concrete
Beam Design 10 - 13
y s
f f 87 . 0 ' = if
1
1
2 800
(
'
s
(

y
f
d
d
(CP 3.4.4.4, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
(
=
d
d
E f
c s s
' 2
1 ' c

if
1
1
2 800
(
'
>
(

y
f
d
d
(CP 3.4.4.4, 2.5.3, Fig 2.2)
1
0.87 0.5 '
f
uw w uw
s
y f
M
M M M
A
f d h z d d
(
= + +
(

(

0.5 0.25 0.95
0.9
K
z d d
| |
'
= + s
|
|
\ .

The minimum flexural tension reinforcement required in a beam section is giv-
en by the following table, which is taken from CP Table 3.27 (CP 3.12.5.3)
with interpolation for reinforcement of intermediate strength.
Minimum percentage
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
f
y
= 250 MPa f
y
= 460 MPa
Rectangular 100
bh
A
s
0.24 0.13
f
w
b
b
< 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.32 0.18
T- or L-Beam
with web in
tension
f
w
b
b
> 0.4 100
h b
A
w
s

0.24 0.13
T-Beam with
web in
compression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.48 0.26
L-Beam with
web in
compression

100
h b
A
w
s

0.36 0.20
10 - 14 Beam Design
from CP Table 3.27 (CP 3.12.5.3).
Section Situation
Definition of
percentage
Minimum
percentage
Rectangular
100
s
A
bh
'

0.20
Web in tension
100
s
f f
A
b h
'

0.40
T- or L-Beam
Web in compression
100
s
w
A
b h
'

0.20
For f
cu
> 40 MPa, the minimum percentage shown in CP Table 3.27 shall be
multiplied by a factor of
2/ 3
40
cu
f | |
|
\ .
(CP 3.12.5.3, BC 2.2).
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross cross-sectional area on both the tension
reinforcement and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request (CP
3.12.6.1).
beam major shear, the following steps are involved (CP 3.4.5):
c
these steps.
Beam Design 10 - 15
d b
V
v
w
= (CP 3.4.5.2)
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min (0.8
cu
f , 7 MPa). (CP 3.4.5.2)
max
is defined as:
v
max
= min(0.63
cu
f , 4 MPa) (CP Part 2 5.4)
c
, is calculated as:
c c
c
c
c c
v A
N
v
M A
NVh
v v + s + = 1 6 . 0 ' (CP 3.4.5.12)
4
1
3
1
2 1
400 100 84 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d bd
A k k
v
s
m
c
(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)

k
1
and is conservatively taken as 1 (CP 3.4.5.8)
k
2
=
1
3
30
cu
f | |
|
\ .
, 1 k
2

1
3
80
30
| |
|
\ .
(CP 3.4.5.4)
m
= 1.25 (CP 2.4.4.1)
10 - 16 Beam Design
0.15 s
bd
A
s
100
s 3 (CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
4
1
400
|
.
|
\
|
d
> 0.67 (unreinforced) or > 1 (reinforced)(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
f
cu
s 80 MPa (for calculation purpose only) (CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
1 s
M
Vh
(CP 3.4.5.12)
A
s
is the area of tension reinforcement
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(CP Table 3.8, CP 3.4.5.3):
Calculate the design average shear stress that can be carried by minimum
shear reinforcement, v
r
, as:
-
2
3
2
2
0.4 if 40N/mm

0.4 if 40 80N/mm
40
s
=

| |
< s
|
\ .
cu
r
cu
cu
f
v
f
f
(CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
2
80N/mm s
cu
f (for calculation purpose only) (CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
If v v'
c
+ v
r
,
,
0.87
s r
v yv
A v b
s f
= (CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)
If v > v'
c
+ v
r
,
( ) '
0.87
c
sv
v yv
v v b
A
s f
= (CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)

If v > v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (CP 3.4.5.2)
Beam Design 10 - 17
In the preceding expressions, a limit is imposed on the f
yv
as
f
yv
s 460 MPa (CP 3.4.5.1)
sv
/s
v
load combination.
the beam torsion:
t
.
Note that references in this section refer to CP 65:Part 2.
tors.
eration should be given using the following sections (CP Part 2 3.4.5.15).
10 - 18 Beam Design
t
( ) 3 /
2
min max
2
min
h h h
T
v
t
= (CP Part 2 2.4.4.1)

For flanged sections, the section is considered as a series of rectangular seg-
ments and the torsional shear stress is computed for each rectangular compo-
nent using the preceding equation, but considering a torsional moment attrib-
uted to that segment, calculated as:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
max
3
min
max
3
min
h h
h h
T T
seg
(CP Part 2 2.4.4.2)
h
max
h
min
t
, does not satisfy the following limit
for sections with a larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link less than
550 mm, a failure condition is generated:

( )
2 1
min 0.8 , 7N/mm
550
t cu
y
v f s (CP Part 2 2.4.5)
t,min
( )
2
,min
min 0.067 , 0.6N/mm
t cu
v f = (CP Part 2 2.4.6)
where f
cu
t,min
is defined as:
( )
2
,min
min 0.067 , 0.6N/mm
t cu
v f = x 0.8 (CP Part 2 5.5)
Beam Design 10 - 19
t
, is less than the threshold limit, v
t,min
, tor-
sion can be safely ignored (CP Part 2 2.4.6). In that case, the program reports
that no torsion reinforcement is required. However, if v
t
exceeds the threshold
limit, v
t,min
, it is assumed that the torsional resistance is provided by closed stir-
rups and longitudinal bars (CP Part 2 2.4.6).
If v
t
> v
t,min
sv,t
/s
v
, is calcu-
lated as:

( )
yv v
t sv
f y x
T
s
A
87 . 0 8 . 0
1 1
,
= (CP Part 2 2.4.7)
( )
y v
yv t sv
l
f s
y x f A
A
1 1 ,
+
= (CP Part 2 2.4.7)
1
is the smaller center-to-center dimension of the
closed link and y
1
is the larger center-to-center dimension of the closed link.
t
that can be carried by the section
also is checked using the equation:
( )
2
min 0.8 , 7N/mm
t cu
v v f + s (CP Part 2 2.4.5)
If the combination of v and v
t
exceeds this limit, a failure message is declared.
In that case, the concrete section should be increased in size.
l
and A
sv,t
/s
v

10 - 20 Slab Design
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f
c b
w
2
c
c
c c
c
c
c b 2
h
s
d
Closed Stirrup in
Rectangular Beam
Closed Stirrup in
T-Beam Section
c h 2
h
b
c h 2
w
b
b
f

10.6 Slab Design
the strips are usually governed by the locations of the slab supports. The
moments for a particular strip are recovered from the analysis and a flexural
design is completed based on the ultimate strength design method (CP 65-99)
Slab Design 10 - 21
These two steps described in the subsections that follow are repeated for every
load combination. The maximum reinforcement calculated for the top and bot-
tom of the slab within each design strip, along with the corresponding control-
ling load combination, is obtained and reported.
gram calculates the nodal reactive moments. The nodal moments are then add-
ed to get the strip moments.
slab is given by the following limit (CP 3.12.5.3, CP Table 3.25) with interpo-
lation for reinforcement of intermediate strength:
10 - 22 Slab Design
0 0024 if 250 MPa
0 0013 if 460 MPa
y
s
y
. bh f
A
. bh f
=
>

=
(CP 3.12.5.3)
For f
cu
> 40 N/mm
2
, the preceding minimum reinforcement shall be multiplied
by (f
cu
/40)
2/3
.
(CP 3.12.6.1).
The punching shear is checked on a critical section at a distance of 1.5d from
the face of the support (CP 3.7.7.4, 3.7.7.6). For rectangular columns and con-
centrated loads, the critical area is taken as a rectangular area with the sides
parallel to the sides of the columns or the point loads (CP 3.7.7.1). Figure 10-4
The concrete punching shear factored strength is taken as (CP 3.7.7.4, 3.7.7.6):
4
1
3
1
2 1
400 100 84 . 0
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
d bd
A k k
v
s
m
c
(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)

k
1
and is conservatively taken as 1 (CP 3.4.5.8)

Slab Design 10 - 23
1.5d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
Interior Column
L-Shape Column
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d
1.5d
1.5d


k
2
=
1
3
30
cu
f | |
|
\ .
1 k
2

3
1
30
80
|
.
|
\
|
(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
m
= 1.25 (CP 3.4.5.2)
0.15 s
bd
A
s
100
s 3 (CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
4
1
400
|
.
|
\
|
d
> 0.67 (unreinforced) or > 1 (reinforced)(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
max
is defined as:
v s min(0.63 ,
cu
f 4 MPa) (CP Part 2 5.4)
v s min (0.8 ,
cu
f 7 MPa) (CP 3.4.5.2, Table 3.9)
10 - 24 Slab Design
f
cu
s 80 MPa (for calculation purpose only) (CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)
A
s
implementation.
centricity of shear about the two axes, the nominal design shear stress, v, is cal-
culated as:
,
1.5
x
eff x
y
M
V V f
V
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
(CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
,
1.5
y
eff y
x
M
V V f
V
| |
= +
|
\ .
(CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)
,
max
,
max
eff x
eff y
V
u d
v
V
u d
(CP 3.7.7.3)
where,
u is the perimeter of the critical section,
axis of bending
M
x
and M
y
are the design moments transmitted from the slab to the col-
umn at the connection
V is the total punching shear force
taken as:
Slab Design 10 - 25
1 00 for interior columns,
1 25 for edge columns, and
1 25 for corner columns.
.
f .
.
(CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)

lowing section.
The use of shear links as shear reinforcement in slabs is permitted, provided
that the effective depth of the slab is greater than or equal to 200 mm (CP
3.7.7.5). If the slab thickness does not meet this requirement, the punching
shear reinforcement is not designed and the slab thickness should be increased
by the user.
completed as described in the following subsections.
v
max
= 2v
c
(CP 3.7.7.5)
Given v, v
c
, and v
max
(CP 3.7.7.5).
10 - 26 Slab Design
If v s 1.6v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( ) 0.4
0.87 0.87
>
c
yv yv
v v ud
ud
f f
, (CP 3.7.7.5)
If 1.6v
c
s v < 2.0v
c
,
s
A
v
=
( ) 5 0.7
0.4
0.87 0.87
>
c
yv yv
v v ud
ud
f f
, (CP 3.7.7.5)
If v > v
max
, a failure condition is declared. (CP 3.7.7.5)
max
tances from the sides of the column. Figure 10-5 shows a typical arrangement
of shear reinforcement in the vicinity of a rectangular interior, edge, and corner
column.
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x
I
y
Typical Studrail
studs shown)
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
Critical section
centroid
Free
edge
Free
edge
Critical
section
centroid
Free edge
Outermost
peripheral line
of studs
I
y
I
y
y
x
d 2 d 2
d 2
x
I
x
I
x
g
y
g
x
g
0
s
0
s 0
s
x
I
y
x x

Slab Design 10 - 27
direction parallel to the column face (CP 3.7.7.6).
umns respectively.
not be less than the minimum cover specified in CP 3.3 plus half of the diame-
o
o
specified as:
s
o
s 0.5d (CP 3.7.7.6)
s s 0.75d (CP 3.7.7.6)
g s 1.5d (CP 3.7.7.6)

R - 1
References
ACI, 2007. Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement in Flat
Plates (ACI 421.2R-07), American Concrete Institute, 38800
Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete
Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AS, 2001. Australian Standard
TM
for Concrete Structure (AS 3600-2001)
incorporating Amendment No.1 and Amendment No. 2, Stan-
dards Australia International Ltd, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW
2001, Australia.
BC, 2008. BC 2:2008, Design Guide of High Strength Concrete to Sin-
gapore Standard CP65, February 2008, Building and Construc-
tion Authority, Singapore.
BSI, 1997. BS 8110-1:1997 Incorporating Amendments Nos. 1, 2, and 3,
Structural Use of Concrete, Part 1, Code of Practice for Design
and Construction, British Standards Institution, London, UK,
2005.
R - 2

BSI, 1985. BS 8110-2:1985 Reprinted, incorporating Amendments Nos.
1, 2, and 3, Structural Use of Concrete, Part 2, Code of Practice
for Special Circumstances, British Standards Institution, London,
UK, 2005.
CP, 1999. CP 65:Part 1:1999, Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Concrete Part 1: Design and Construction Incorporating Erratum
No. 1, September 2000, Singapore Productivity and Standards
Board, Singapore.
EN 1992-1-1, 2004. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1-1,
General Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
EN 1990:2002. Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design (includes Amend-
ment A1:2005), European Committee for Standardization, Brus-
sels, Belgium.
CSA, 2004. A23.3-04, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Stan-
dards Association, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada.
HK CP, 2004. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004,
Buildings Department, 12/F-18/F Pioneer Centre, 750 Nathan
Road, Mongkok, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
IS, 2000. Code of Practice for Plan and Reinforced Concrete, Third Edi-
tion, Twentieth Reprint, March 2000, Bureau of Indian Stan-
dards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi
110002, India.
NZS, 2006. Concrete Structures Standard, Part 1 Design of Concrete
Structures, Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Welling-
ton, New Zealand.

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ISO SAF120108M4-Rev1

Berkeley, California, USA

= (ACI 11.4.7.1, 11.4.7.2)

where (BS 3.4.4.4)

where (BS 3.4.4.5)

is the depth of the compression reinforcement from the concrete

(BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.1)

(BS 8110-2:85 2.4.4.2)

(BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)

(BS 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)

= (CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)

4, for interior columns

(CP 6.1.2.4(a), Fig 6.1)

0.95d (CP 6.1.2.4(c))

(CP 6.1.2.4(c), Fig 6.1)

(CP 6.1.2.5(c), Table 6.3)

(CP 6.1.2.5(d), Table 6.3)

(CP 6.1.5.6(b), 6.1.5.6(c))

where (IS G-1.2)

= (IS 31.6.3.2, 40.4(a))

(NZS 12.5.6.2, 8.8.1)

20 for interior columns,

(CP 2.5.3, BC 2.2)

(CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2)

(CP 3.4.4.4, BC 2.2, Fig 2.3)

(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)

= (CP 3.4.5.3, Table 3.8)

= (CP Part 2 2.4.4.1)

(CP 3.4.5.4, Table 3.9)

(CP 3.7.6.2, 3.7.6.3)

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