LABOUR MIGRATION IN THE EU

Dumitrascu Roxana Iuliana FEAA, An II, EAI, Gr I

Migration is broadly defined as, movement / motion of a person or group of people from a geographical unit to another, overcoming administrative or political boundaries, with the desire to settle temporarily or permanently in a place other than home " The importance of migration has been growing in the postwar period as a result of people from developing wanting to escape war, oppression, natural disasters or poverty . Currently all European Union member states are affected by international migration flows. Labor migration in Central and Eastern Europe changed national and regional labor markets. For citizens of EU Member States, free movement of workers has been one of the rights recognized in the community. Rigid nature of labor is a problem in most market economies. Across the world there are people who cant find a job because there is a surplus of specialists in certain areas while many organizations cant find qualified staff to work in other spheres of activity. Another reason for emigration is given by an imbalance between income on the one hand and professional skills that a person has. This happens in countries with low living standards. Romania is one of the countries in this category, where the possibility of finding an acceptable job is quite limited, a specialist with good professional qualities being paid much less than in Western countries. The main factors that determine labor migration are wage differences between countries, regional disparities in socio-economic development, income levels, unemployment rates, living standards, public goods and transfers. Motivation for going to another country to obtain a net salary is the main determinant of international migration in general for the highly skilled labor migration. Romania compared to other EU countries offers the lowest monthly gain for employees. The phenomenon of migration is very complex and requires a comprehensive knowledge of its individual, local, national and international costs and benefits, especially when it comes to talk about immigrants with a high level of training, which provides an important gain for the destination countries ,,brain gain, and on the contrary ,,brain loss for the home country. EU is seeking solutions for the issue brain drain which accompanies labor mobility in certain countries or in certain periods. Educated people have a greater propensity for mobility when the odds of winning that match their aspirations are low. In the same time, these people have less trouble adjusting to the country of destination, knowing the language or having better skills that allow them to learn faster. Specialists Migration influence Romania's economy because the state creates specialized workforce but do not receive any benefits, because once trained, the

highly skilled labor who cant find a job (too many graduates and too few jobs in the field) are choosing to go abroad taking advantage of emerging opportunities. The investment made by the state in the formation of these specialists is not amortized, it isnt benefiting from what he created. Economic advantages and disadvantages. Among the negative effects we can mention: reducing the supply of national labour force both qualitative and quantitative reduction of differences in the competitiveness of Romanian products in foreign markets, covering the necessary workforce professions / occupations competently; limiting opportunities to reduce income differences in EU countries and thus encourage labour migration; emphasizing severe demographic aging and the emergence of social problems But migration also has some positive effects, such as: lower unemployment wages increase gaining experience and improving migrant workers skills the income from those who left have raised the standard of living in home countries attract investors acquisition by the immigrants of a new way of thinking that can lead to the formation of new values. For the host country the effects are usually favorable. They manifest themselves in the labour market by helping to reduce labour shortages, by reducing aging process, increase production, including exports, sometimes even in home countries. Consequences of population migration International migration is one of the main factors affecting economic relations between developed and developing countries. For some developing countries and transition economies, migrant transfers are an important source, if not the largest source of external finance after foreign direct investment. Labour mobility allows the labour supply to respond to regional disparities, limiting economic inefficiencies. Low labour mobility quickly leads to inequality between static economic regions and a misappropriation of labor resources. Geographic mobility can help alleviate asymmetric shocks between regions with diversified economies, like in the European Union. A mobile population allows a region to shed workers when jobs are scarce and gives those workers the opportunity seek employment elsewhere where opportunities might be better. While an increase in geographic mobility increases overall economic efficiency, the increased competition for jobs on the local level in otherwise prosperous regions could lead to higher unemployment than before the migration.
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For some developing countries and transition economies, migrant money transfers are an important source, if not the largest source of external finance after foreign direct investment. The impact of money transfers on the Romanian economy is achieved through two main ways of expression: (i) in the form of currency, which relaxes the balance of payments pressures and ensure the payment of imports, and (ii) on the other hand, in the form of currency national money transfers increasing the demand for goods and investment. From a macroeconomic perspective, money transfers contribute in funding the higher external deficits associated with many imports of raw materials and capital goods. Meanwhile, migrant transfers increase national income . However money transfers may induce a higher consumption than actual production and so inducing new waves of migration and increasing economic dependence of these financial flows. Conclusions Mobility as a phenomenon will never disappear, but it will know the new features on the social and political world developments. It is a complex and dynamic process that is influenced by many factors from home countries (push Factors) , but also from destination countries (Pull Factors). Labour migration is fluctuating and the main factors are given by the labour market situation of the destination country. Destination countries policies, especially from the EU will prevent reaching a critical level of the migration. Beyond this, remains the advantages and disadvantages of both sides. If we want that the migration from Romania to become a factor of national economy development it is required that domestic labour and migration labor finding in a balance, taking into consideration the costs, benefits and risks, national interests and those of the EU. Labour migration will always fluctuate depending on the labour market situation in the countries of destination.