5-1

Solutions for Chapter 5 Problems

1. General Wave Equations
P5.1: Starting with Maxwells equations for simple, charge-free media, derive the
Helmholtz equation for H.

( )
2
2
t t
t t
o c o c
o c
c c | |
V V = V + = V V
|
c c
\ .
c c

c c
E
H E E + E
H H
= -

Using a vector identity we also have:
( )
2
V V = V V H H H
But 0 V = H , leading to
2
2
2
t t
o c
c c
V +
c c
H H
H =


P5.2: Derive equation (5.10) by starting with the phasor point form of Maxwells
equations for simple, charge-free media.

For charge-free media the phasor form of Maxwells equations are:
( )
0
0
s
s
s s
s s
j
j
e
o e c
V =
V =
V =
V = +
D
B
E H
H E

Now we take the curl of both sides of Faradays Law,
( ) ( ) ( )
s s s s
j j j j e e e o ec V V = V = V = + E H H E
Now since
( )
2
V V = V V
s s s
E E E , and since 0
s
V = E , we have
( )
2
s s
j j e o ec V = + E E


P5.3: A wave with = 6.0 cm in air is incident on a nonmagnetic, lossless liquid media.
In the liquid, the wavelength is measured as 1.0 cm. What is the waves frequency (a) in
air? (b) in the liquid? (c) What is the liquids relative permittivity?

(a)
8
3 1 0
5
0 . 0 6
p
u
c x m s
f G H z
m
= = = =
(b) the frequency doesnt change with the media (the wavelength does) so f = 5 GHz
(c)
5-2
( )
9 7
2
8
8
1
5 1 0 0 . 0 1 5 1 0
3 1 0
3 6
0 . 5 1 0
p
r
r
m c
u f x m x
s s
x
x

c
c
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .



P5.4: Suppose Hs(z) = Hys(z) ay. Start with (5.14) and derive (5.29).

Since Hs is only a function of z, (5.14) becomes
2
2
2
0 .
s
s
H
H
z

c
=
c
(a)
If we let ,
z
s
H A e

= then
2
2
2
, an d .
z z s s
H H
A e A e
z z


c c
= =
c c

So (a) becomes
( ) ( )
2 2
0, or 0. = + = This has two solutions:
(1) for 0, w e h a ve , , o r .
z z
s s o
H A e H H e


+
+ = = = =
(2) for 0, w e h a ve , , o r .
z z
s s o
H A e H H e



= = = =
The general solution is the linear superposition of the two, or
( )
.
z z
s o o y
H e H e
+
= + H a


P5.5: Given o = 1.0x10
-5
S/m , cr = 2.0, r = 50., and f = 10. MHz, find , o, |, and q.

( )
r o r o
j j j e o ec c o | = + = +
r o
r o
j
j
e
q
o e c c
=
+

( ) ( ) ( )
6 7
2 10 10 50 4 10 3948
r o
j j x x j e t t

= =
( ) ( ) ( )
5 6 12 5 3
1 10 2 10 10 2 8.854 10 1 10 1.11 10
r o
j x j x x x j x o ec c t

+ = + = +
Inserting these into the expressions for and q,
3 3 257
9.4 10 2.1 1 , 9.4 10 , 2.1 , 1880
j
x j m x Np m rad m e o | q

= + = = = O
These results are confirmed by ML0501.


P5.6: MATLAB: In some material, the constitutive parameters are constant over a large
frequency range and are given as o = .10 S/m , cr = 4.0, and r = 600. Write a MATLAB
routine that will plot o, |, and q (magnitude and phase) versus the log of frequency from
1 Hz up to 100 GHz.

% M-File: MLP0506
%
5-3
% This program is a modification of ML0501.
% For a given material, it will plot the attenuation,
% phase constant and intrinsic impedance vs f.
%
% Wentworth, 1/23/03
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Initialize Variables
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
sig=0.10;
er=4;
ur=600;

% Perform Calculation
for i=1:10
for j=1:10
m=(i-1)*10+j;
f(m)=j*10^(i-1);
w(m)=2*pi*f(m);
A(m)=i*(w(m)*ur*uo);
B(m)=complex(sig,w(m)*er*eo);
gamma(m)=sqrt(A(m)*B(m));
alpha(m)=real(gamma(m));
beta(m)=imag(gamma(m));
eta(m)=sqrt(A(m)/B(m));
meta(m)=abs(eta(m));
aeta(m)=180*angle(eta(m))/pi;
end
end

subplot(3,1,1)
plot(f,alpha,'-o',f,beta,'-*')
ylabel('1/m')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')a
legend('alpha','beta')
subplot(3,1,2)
semilogx(f,meta)
ylabel('magnitude of eta (ohms)')
subplot(3,1,3)
semilogx(f,aeta)
ylabel('phase of eta (degrees)')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')

5-4


P5.7: Suppose E(x,y,t) = 5.0 cos(tx10
6
t 3.0x + 2.0y) az V/m. Find the direction of
propagation, ap, and H(x,y,t).

3 2
5
j x j y
s z
e e

= E a
We assume nonmagnetic material and therefore have
3 2 3 2
10 15
j x j y j x j y
s s x y
j j e e j e e e

V = = + E H a a
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
1 0 1 5
2 . 5 3 3 . 8
j x j y j x j y j x j y j x j y
s x y x y
o
j j
e e e e e e e e
j j e e

= + =

H a a a a
( ) ( )
6 6
A
( , , ) 2.53 cos 10 3 2 3.80 cos 10 3 2
m
x y
x y t x t x y x t x y t t = + + H a a
To find the direction of propagation,
s s
P
s s

E H
a
E H

6 4 6 4
19 12.65
j x j y j x j y
s s x y
e e e e

= E H a a
And with the exponential terms canceling in the top and bottom of the equation for ap, we
have:
0 . 8 3 0 . 5 5 .
P x y
= a a a

Fig. P5.6
5-5

P5.8: Suppose in free space, H(x,t) = 100.cos(2tx10
7
t |x + t/4) az mA/m. Find E(x,t).

( ) 0 . 1 0 0 , , 4
1 2 0 0 . 1 0 0 1 2
j x j
s z P x
j x j j x j
s P s x z y
e e
e e e e
| |
| | | |
| t
q t t

= = =
= = =
H a a a
E a H a a a

( ) 12 cos
y
t x t e | | = + E a
Since free space is stated,
2 2
2 3 0 r a d m
c f
t t
| t

= = =
and then
7
2
1 2 c o s 2 1 0
3 0 4
y
V
x t x
m
t t
t t
| |
= +
|
\ .
E a


2. Propagation in Lossless, Charge-Free Media
P5.9: Start with the Helmholtz equation (5.11), and using = j|, derive (5.41), the
traveling wave equation.

2
2 2 2
2
0, let ( ) , an d w i t h = j w e h ave 0 .
x s
s s s x s x x s
E
E z E
z
| |
c
V = = + =
c
E E E a
Let
2
2
2
, s o an d
z x x x s x s
x s
E E
E A e A e A e
z z


c c
= = =
c c

Now we have
2 2 2 2
0, o r 0
z z
A e A e

| | + = + =
This can be factored:
( ) ( )
2 2
0 j j | | | + = + = ,
suggesting two solutions. The first solution uses j | = and
.
j z j z
x s o
E A e E e
| | +
= =
Likewise, the second solution uses j | = + and
.
j z j z
x s o
E A e E e
| |
= =
The complete solution is a linear superposition of these two solutions, or
.
j z j z
s o o x
E e E e
| | + +
= + E a


P5.10: A 100 MHz wave in free space propagates in the y direction with an amplitude of
1 V/m. If the electric field vector for this wave has only an az component, find the
instantaneous expression for the electric and magnetic fields.

From the given information we have
6
2 200 10
r ad
f x
s
e t t = = and
2
,
3
p
r a d
u m
e t
| = =
5-6
or
6
2
( , ) 1 c o s 2 0 0 1 0
3
z
V
y t x t y
m
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
E a .
Now to find H.
1 1 1
1 , 1
1 2 0 1 2 0
j y j y j y
s z s P s y z x
e e e
| | |
q t t

= = = = E a H a E a a a
So
( )
6
1 2
, c o s 2 0 0 1 0
1 2 0 3
x
A
y t x t y
m
t
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
H a
or
( )
6
2
, 2 . 7 c o s 2 0 0 1 0 .
3
x
m A
y t x t y
m
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
H a


P5.11: In a lossless, nonmagnetic material with cr = 16, H = 100 cos(et 10y) az mA/m.
Determine the propagation velocity, the angular frequency, and the instantaneous
expression for the electric field intensity.

8
8
3 1 0
0 . 7 5 1 0
1 6
p
r
c x m
u x
s
e
| c
= = = =
( ) ( )
8 8
0.75 10 10 7.5 10
p
r ad
u x x
s
e | = = =
( )
8
( , ) 100 cos 7.5 10 10
z
m A
y t x t y
m
= H a
0 . 1 0 0 ,
1 2 0
0 . 1 0 0 3
j y
s z
j y j y
s P s y z x
r
e
e e
|
| |
t
q t
c

= = =
H a
E a H a a a

( )
8
( , ) 9.4 cos 7.5 10 10
x
V
y t x t y
m
= E a


P5.12: Given E = 120t cos(6tx10
6
t 0.080ty) az V/m and H = 2.00cos(6tx10
6
t
0.080ty) ax A/m, find r and cr.

0 . 0 8 0
1 2 0 , 2
j y j y
s z s x
e e
| t
t

= = E a H a
1 1 1 2 0
1 2 0
1 2 0
j y j y j y r
s P s y z x x
r r r
e e e
| | |
c t
t
q q t c

= = = = H a E a a a a
so we know
2
r
r
c

=
5-7
Now,
6
6
1 6 1 0
7 5 1 0
0 . 0 8 0
p
r r
c x
u x
e t
| t c c
= = = = =
6
4
7 5 1 0
r r
c
x
c = =
And now
( 2 )( 4 ) 8
r
r r r
r

c c
c
= = =
4
2
2
r r
r
r r
c

c
= = =


3. Propagation in Dielectrics
P5.13: Work through the algebra to derive equation o and | equations (5.52) from
equations (5.50) and (5.51).

( )
2 2 2 2
2 ; j j e c eo o | o| = + = +
Comparing the imaginary parts, we see 2 , o r ,
2
e o
e o o | |
o
= =
and comparing the real parts,
2 2 2
0 o | e c + = .
Rearranging and inserting our value for |:
2 2 2
4 2 2
0
4
e o
o e c o + =
This is a quadratic expression (x
2
+ bx + c = 0), where here
2
2 2
, ,
2
x b c
e o
o e c
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Solving the quadratic:
2
2
2
4 1 1 1 4
4 1 1
2 2 2 2
b b c c
x b c b b
b
| |

= = =
|
|
\ .

Reinserting the a, b and c values:
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 2
1 4
1 1 1 1
2 4
e o o
o e c e c
e c e c
(
(
| |
(
= + = + (
|
( \ .
(



2
1 1
o
o e c
e c
| |
| |
|
= +
|
|
\ .
\ .

Now for |:
2
2 2 2 2 2
0, = , s o 0
2 2
e c e c
| o e c o | e c
| |
| |
= =
|
\ .

Rearranging,
5-8
2
4 2 2
0
2
e o
| e c|
| |
=
|
\ .

Solving this quadratic we find
2
1 1
o
| e c
e c
| |
| |
|
= + +
|
|
\ .
\ .



P5.14: MATLAB: Write a routine to prompt the user for a materials constitutive
parameters and an operating frequency, and calculate the o and | from (5.52). Verify the
program by running Drill 5.6.

% MLP0514
%
% Prompts user for material's constitutive
% parameters and an operating frequency, then
% calculates alpha(Np/m) and beta(rad/m).
%
% Wentworth, 1/24/03
%
clc
clear
ur=input('relative permeability: ');
erp=input('real part of rel permittivity: ');
erdp=input('complex part of rel permittivity: ');
s=input('conductivity (S/m): ');
f=input('frequency (Hz): ');
w=2*pi*f;
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
seff=s+w*erdp*eo;

A=sqrt(1+(seff/(w*erp*eo))^2);
B=ur*uo*erp*eo/2;

alpha=w*sqrt(B*(A-1))
beta=w*sqrt(B*(A+1))

Now run the program for Drill 5.6:
(a)
relative permeability: 1
real part of rel permittivity: 10
complex part of rel permittivity: .01
conductivity (S/m): 1e-12
frequency (Hz): 100
5-9

alpha =
3.3730e-009


beta =
6.6268e-006

(b)
relative permeability: 1
real part of rel permittivity: 10
complex part of rel permittivity: .01
conductivity (S/m): 1e-12
frequency (Hz): 1e6

alpha =
3.3134e-005


beta =
0.0663

These results agree with Drill 5.6.


P5.15: Given a material with o = 1.0x10
-3
S/m, r = 1.0, and cr = 3.0, cr = 0.015,
compare a plot of o versus frequency from 1 Hz to 1 GHz using (5.52) to a similar plot
using (5.54). At what frequency does the % error exceed 2%?

% MLP0515
%
% Compares alpha calculated using (5.52) to
% that calculated using (5.54).
%
% Wentworth, 1/25/03
%
clc
clear
% Initialize variables
ur=1;
erp=3;
erdp=.015;
s=1e-3;
uo=pi*4e-7;
eo=8.854e-12;
B=ur*uo*erp*eo/2;

5-10
% Perform calculations
for i=1:10
for j=1:10
m=(i-1)*10+j;
f(m)=j*10^(i-1);
w(m)=2*pi*f(m);
seff(m)=s+w(m)*erdp*eo;
A(m)=sqrt(1+(seff(m)/(w(m)*erp*eo))^2);
alpha1(m)=w(m)*sqrt(B*(A(m)-1));
alpha2(m)=(seff(m)/2)*sqrt(ur*uo/(erp*eo));
diff(m)=abs(100*(alpha1(m)-alpha2(m))/alpha1(m));
C(m)=diff(m)<2;
if diff(m)<2
if diff(m-1)>2
fdiff=f(m);
Fstr=num2str(fdiff);
end
end
end
end

% generate plot
loglog(f,alpha1,'-o',f,alpha2,'-*')
legend('(5.52)','(5.54)')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('alpha(Np/m)')
S=strcat('Error drops below 2% when frequency > ',Fstr);
title(S)
grid on


Fig. P5.15
5-11

P5.16: In a media with properties o = 0.00964 S/m , cr = 1.0, r = 100., and f = 100.
MHz, a 1.0 mA/m amplitude magnetic field travels in the +x direction with its field
vector in the z direction. Find the instantaneous form of the related electric field
intensity.

( ) 1 c o s ;
x x j x
z s o z
m A
e t x H e e
m
o o |
e |

| |
= =
|
\ .
H a H a
x j x x j x
s P s x o z o y
H e e H e e
o | o |
q q q

= = = E a H a a a
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
6 7
3 0
6 1 2
2 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 1 0
2 6 6 4
0 . 0 0 9 6 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 8 . 8 5 4 1 0
j
j x x
j
e
j j x x
t t
e
q
o e c t

= = = O
+ +

( )
1
14.8 25.7 j j j
m
e o e c = + = +
Finally,
( )
15 6
( , ) 2.66 cos 200 10 26 30
x
y
V
x t e x t x
m
t

= + E a


P5.17: MATLAB: Make a pair of plots similar to Figure 5.4 for the 3 materials of Table
5.1. Instead of loss tangent, one plot is to contain the magnitude of q and the other is to
have the phase of q.

%ML P5.17
clc;clear
%want to plot intrinsic impedance vs frequency for
%the data listed in table 5.1
%Here, we'll plot the magnitude and phase of the
%intrinsic impedance.

%enter data from Table 5.1
sigC=5.8e7; %conductivity of copper in S/m
sigS=4; % conductivity of seawater
sigG=1e-12; % conductivity of glass
er1C=1; %real part of rel perm for Copper
er1S=72; %real part of rel perm for seawater
er1G=10; %real part of rel perm for glass
er2C=0; %imag part of rel perm for Copper
er2S=12; %imag part of rel perm for seawater
er2G=0.010; %imag part of rel perm for glass

%enter constant values
eo=8.854e-12; %free space permittivity, F/m
uo=pi*4e-7; %free space permeability, H/m

5-12
%calculations
n=2:.2:14;
f=10.^n;w=2*pi*f;

seffC=sigC+w*er2C*eo;
seffS=sigS+w*er2S*eo;
seffG=sigG+w*er2G*eo;

etaC=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffC+i*er1C*eo))
etaS=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffS*er1S*eo))
etaG=sqrt(i*w*uo./(seffG+i*er1G*eo))

magC=abs(etaC);
angC=180*angle(etaC)/pi;
subplot(3,2,1)
semilogx(f,magC)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
title('copper')
subplot(3,2,2)
semilogx(f,angC)
ylabel('phase, deg')

magS=abs(etaS);
angS=180*angle(etaS)/pi;
subplot(3,2,3)
semilogx(f,magS)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
title('seawater')
subplot(3,2,4)
semilogx(f,angS)
ylabel('phase, deg')

magG=abs(etaG);
angG=180*angle(etaG)/pi;
subplot(3,2,5)
semilogx(f,magG)
ylabel('mag, ohms')
xlabel('freq (Hz)')
title('glass')
subplot(3,2,6)
semilogx(f,angG)
xlabel('freq (Hz)')
ylabel('phase, deg')

5-13


4. Propagation in Conductors
P5.18: Starting with (5.13), show that o = | for a good conductor.

( ) for a good conductor j j j e o ec eo = + ~
( )
1
, 1
2 2 2 2
2
j j
j j j
e o e o e o

e o
o |
+
= = + = +
= =


(Note: we get the same result starting with (5.52) and assuming 1.
o
e c
>>


P5.19: In seawater, a propagating electric field is given by E(z,t) = 20.e
-oz
cos(2tx10
6
t
|z + 0.5) ay V/m. Assuming c=0, find (a) o and |, and (b) the instantaneous form of H.

For seawater we have cr = 72, o = 5, and r = 1.

Fig. P5.17
5-14
So: 7 . 8 9 6, 0 . 0 0 4
o r o
j j j j e e c c = =
44.98
1.257
j
j
e
j
e
q
o ec
= = O
+

( ) 4.441 4.445 1 m j j j e o ec = + = +
1
4.4
m
o | = =
0.5 28.6
20 20
z z j radians z z j
s y y
V V
e e e e e e
m m
o | o |
= = E a a
2 8 . 6 2 8 . 6
1 1 2 0
2 0
z z j z z j
s P s z y x
A
e e e e e e
m
o | o |
q q q

= = = H a E a a a
( )
4.4 6
( , ) 15.9 c os 2 10 4.4 28.6 45
z
x
A
z t e x t z
m
t

= + H a
or with appropriate significant digits:
( )
4.4 6
( , ) 16 c os 2 10 4.4 16
z
x
A
z t e x t z
m
t

= H a


P5.20: Calculate the skin depth at 1.00 GHz for (a) copper, (b) silver, (c) gold, and (d)
nickel.

6
9 7 7
1
; a s a n e x a m p l e , f or c op p e r a t 1 G H z :
1
2 . 1 1 0 2 . 1
1 1
1 1 0 4 1 0 5 . 8 1 0
f
x m m
H V s A
x x x
s m m H A V
o
t o
o
t t

=
= = =
O
| | | | | |
| | |
O
\ . \ . \ .

Table P5.19
o(S/m) r o(m)
Cu 5.8x10
7
1 2.1
Ag 6.2x10
7
1 2.0
Au 4.1x10
7
1 2.5
Ni 1.5x10
7
600 0.17


P5.21: For Nickel (o = 1.45 x 10
7
, r = 600), make a table of o, |, q, up, and o for 1Hz,
1kHz, 1MHz, and 1 GHz.

For Ni we have o = 1.45x10
7
S/m, r = 600
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 7 3
6 0 0 4 1 0 1 . 4 5 1 0 3 4 . 3 5 1 0 ( ) f f H z x x x f H z o | t o t t

= = = =
o = 1/o
45 6 45
2 18.08 10 ( )
j j
e x f H z e
o
q
o

= O = O
5-15
6
1 2 1 0
p
r r
c m
u x
s c
= =

Table P5.21
f(Hz)= 1 10
3
10
6
10
9

o(Np/m) 185 5860 185x10
3
5.9x10
6

|(rad/m) 185 5860 185x10
3
5.9x10
6

q 18e
j45
O 570e
j45
O 18e
j45
mO 0.57e
j45
O
o
5.4mm 170m 5.3m 170nm
up(m/s) 12x10
6
12x10
6
12x10
6
12x10
6



P5.22: A semi-infinite slab exists for z > 0 with o = 300 S/m, cr = 10.2, and r = 1.0. At
the surface (z = 0),
E(0,t) = 1.0 cos(t x 10
6
t) ax V/m.
Find the instantaneous expressions for E and H anywhere in the slab.

The general expression for E is:
( )
6
( , ) 1.0 cos 10
z
x
V
z t e x t z
m
o
t |

= E a
( ) ( )
6 7
10 4 10 3.948 j j x x j e t t

= =
( ) ( ) ( )
6 12 6
10 10.2 8.854 10 284 10 j j x x j x ec t

= =
Here, o >> ec (i.e. it is a good conductor), so
1
2 4 . 3 f
m
o t o | = = =
45 45
2 0.115
j j
e e
o
q
o
= = O
So now we have
( )
24 6
( , ) 1.0 cos 10 24
z
x
V
z t e x t z
m
t

= E a
To find B well work in phasors.

1 1 1
1 , 1
z j z z j z z j z
s x s P s z x y
e e e e e e
o | o | o |
q q q

= = = = E a H a E a a a
( )
24 6
1
( , ) cos 10 24 45
0.115
z
y
A
z t e x t z
m
t

= H a
( )
24 6
( , ) 8.7 cos 10 24 45
z
y
A
z t e x t z
m
t

= H a


P5.23: In a nonmagnetic material, E(z,t) = 10.e
-200z
cos(2t x 10
9
t - 200z) ax mV/m.
Find H(z,t).

5-16
Since o = |, the media is a good metal. With r = 1 we have
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
9 7
2 0 0
, o r 1 0 . 1 3
1 1 0 4 1 0
o
o
S
f
f m x x
o
o t o o
t t t

= = = =
45 45
2 2 8
j j
e e
o
q
o
= = O
1 1 1 0
1 0 , 1 0
z j z z j z z j z
s x s P s z x y
e e e e e e
o | o | o |
q q q

= = = = E a H a E a a a
( )
200 9
( , ) 360 cos 2 10 200 45
z
y
m A
z t e x t z
m
t

= H a


P5.24: A 0.1 m layer of copper is deposited atop a very thick slab of nickel. For a field
incident on the copper surface, (a) calculate Rs at 1.0 GHz. Compare this with Rs at 1.0
GHz for (b) a semi-infinite slab of copper and (c) for a 0.1 m thickness of copper by
itself.

Refer to Figure P5.24..
In the copper portion the field is
C u
z
x x o
E E e
o
=
In the nickel portion,
( )
( )
Ni Cu
z t t
x xo
E E e e
o o
=
The current density in the copper is ,
C u
z
x C u C u x o
J E e
o
o

= and in the nickel is
( )
( )
.
Ni Cu
z t t
xNi Ni xo
J E e e
o o
o

= The current is
( )
Cu Cu Ni
z t z t
Cu xo Ni xo
I E e dydz E e e dydz
o o o
o o

= +
} }
, or
( )
,
Cu Cu Ni
t
z t z t
Cu xo Ni xo
o t
I w E e dz w E e e dz
o o o
o o


= +
} }
and upon evaluating

Fig. P5.24
5-17
( )
1 ,
C u C u
t t C u N i
xo
C u N i
I w E e e
o o
o o
o o

(
= +
(

and with V=ExoL,
we have
( )
1
, w h er e = 1 .
C u C u
t t C u N i
s s
C u N i
L
R R R e e
w
o o
o o
o o

(
= +
(


Now were ready to perform the calculations using the following data:
7 3
C u
5.8 10 , 1, 479 10
C u r
S N p
x x
m m
o o = = =
7 6
C u
1.5 10 , 600, 596 10
N i r
S N p
x x
m m
o o = = =
(a) 0.1m Cu over Ni: Rs = 176 mO
(b) Semi-infinite Cu: Rs = 8.3 mO
(c) 0.1 m Cu: Rs = 177 mO


P5.25: Calculate the DC resistance per meter length of a 4.0 mm diameter copper wire.
Now find the resistance at 1.0 GHz.

( ) ( )
2 2 7
1 1 1 1
DC: 1.37
5.8 10 0.002
R m
L a m x o t
t
O
= = =
1 GHz:
6
1
; 1 2.09 10
2 2
s
R R
f x m
L a a
o t o
t oo t

= = = =
( ) ( ) ( )
7 6
1
0.66
5.8 10 2.09 10 2 0.002
R
L m x x t

O
= =


5. The Poynting Theorem and Power Transmission
P5.26: In air, H(z,t) = 12.cos(tx10
6
t - |z + t/6) ax A/m. Determine the power density
passing through a 1.0 square meter surface that is normal to the direction of propagation.

( )
2
2
2
1 1
120 12 27
2 2
avg xo z z z
A kW
H
m m
q t
| |
= = O =
|
\ .
P a a a


P5.27: A 600 MHz uniform plane wave incident in the z direction on a thick slab of
Teflon (cr = 2.1, r = 1.0) imparts a 1.0 V/m amplitude y-polarized electric field intensity
at the surface. Assuming o = 0 for Teflon, find in the Teflon (a) E(z,t), (b) H(z,t) and (c)
Pav.

( ) ( )
6
( 0, ) 1 cos 2 600 10
y
V
t x t z
m
t | = E a
5-18
( ) ( , ) 1 cos
z
y
V
z t e t z
m
o
e |

= E a
Teflon: o = 0 so o = 0,
and
( )
6
8
2 600 10
2.1 18.2
3 10
r
x
rad
c x m
t
e
| e c c = = = =
(a)
( )
9
( , ) 1 cos 1.2 10 18.2
y
V
z t x t z
m
t = E a
(b)
1 2.1
1 ,
120
j z
s P s z y
V
e
m
|
q t

= =
O
H a E a a
( )
9
( , ) 3.8 cos 1.2 10 18.2
x
m A
z t x t z
m
t = H a
(c)
( )
2
2
1 2.1
1
1.9
2 120
avg z z
mW
m t
= = P a a


P5.28: Assume distilled water (o = 10
-4
S/m, cr = 81, r = 1.0) fills the region z > 0. At
the surface, we have E(0,t) = 8.0cos(2tx10
8
t) ax V/m. Determine, for z > 0, (a) E(z,t),
(b) H(z,t), and (c) Pav at z = 1.0 m. (d) Find the power passing through a 10 square meter
surface located at z = 1.0 m.

(a) The general expression for E is: ( ) ( , ) co s ,
z
o x
V
z t E e t z
m
o
e | |

= + E a
and we can see from the given information that
8 8
8 , 2 10 , 10 , 0
o
V r ad
E x f H z
m s
e t | = = = = . Also
( ) ( ) ( )
8 12 4
2 10 81 8.854 10 0.45, 10 , s o 1 (low los s di e lect ri c). x x
o
e c t o
e c

= = = <<
( )
4
1 0 1
1 2 0 0 . 0 0 2 1
2 2 8 1
N p
m
o
o t
c

= = =
18.8
r
r ad
c m
e
| e c c = = =
1
120 41.9
81

q t
c
= = = O
so
( )
0.0021 8
( , ) 8 cos 2 10 18.8
z
x
V
z t e x t z
m
t

= E a
(b)

0 . 0 0 2 1 1 8 . 8
0 . 0 0 2 1 1 8 . 8 0 . 0 0 2 1 1 8 . 8
8 ,
1 8
1 9 1
4 1 . 9
z j z
s x
z j z z j z
s P s y y
V
e e
m
m A
e e e e
m q


=
= = =
E a
H a E a a

5-19
so
( )
0.0021 8
( , ) 191 cos 2 10 18.8
z
y
m A
z t e x t z
m
t

= H a
(c)
2
2 2 ( 0 . 0 0 2 1)(1)
2
1
0 . 7 6 4 0 . 7 6 1
2
z x o
a v g z z
E W
e e
m
o
q

= = = P a a
(d)
2
(10 ) 7.6
avg
P P m W = =


P5.29: The density of solar radiation is approximately 150 W/m
2
at some locations on the
earths surface. How much solar power is incident on a typical 100 Watt solar panel
(.6 m x 1.6 m area) if the panel is normal to the radiation propagation direction? How
much power is incident if the panel is tilted 45 to the radiation propagation direction?

144 , cos 45 102
avg avg
P P S W P P S W = = = =


P5.30: A 200 MHz uniform plane wave incident on a thick copper slab imparts a 1.0
mV/m amplitude at the surface. How much power passes through a square meter at the
surface? How much power passes through a square meter area 10. m beneath the
surface?

2
1
200 , 1 ,
2
o
o avg
E m V
f M H z E P
m q
= = =
Cu:
45 3 45
2 , 214 10 , s o 5.22
j j
N p
e f x e m
m
o
q o t o q
o
= = = = O
( )
2
3
3 2
1 0
1
9 6 ; 9 6
2 5 . 2 2 1 0
a vg a vg
W
P P P S W
x m

= = = =
Now at 10 m beneath the surface, we have
3
(10 ) 3 ( 21 4 10 )(10 ) 6
( 10 ) 10 118 10
m x m
o
V
E z m E e e x
m
o

= = = =
( )
2
6
3 2
1 1 8 1 0
1
1 . 3 ; 1 . 3
2 5 . 2 2 1 0
a vg
x
W
P P W
x m

= = =


6. Wave Polarization
P5.31: Suppose E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|z)ax + 5.0cos(et-|z)ay V/m. What is the wave
polarization and tilt angle?

The figure indicates linear polarization.
The tilt angle is:
1
5
t a n 2 7
1 0
t

| |
= =
|
\ .

5-20

Fig. P5.31

P5.32: Given E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|z)ax - 20.cos(et-|z-45)ay V/m, find the polarization
and handedness.

The field can be rewritten as E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|z)ax + 20.cos(et-|z-45-180)ay
or E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|z)ax + 20.cos(et-|z+135)ay

Running ML0503:

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 10
enter x-phase angle (degrees): 0
enter y-amplitude: 20
enter y-phase angle (degrees): 135

To determine direction of polarization,
move from the o to + along the plot.

>>

From the figure, we have left-hand elliptical polarization.


P5.33: Given H(z,t) = 2.0cos(et-|z)ax + 6.0cos(et-|z-120)ay A/m, find the polarization
and handedness.

Convert to E(z,t):

Fig. P5.32
5-21
( )
1 2 0 1 2 0
2 6 2 6
j z j z j j z j z j
s P s o z x y o y o x
e e e e e e
| | | |
q q q q

= = + = + E a H a a a a a
( ) ( ) ( )
( , ) 6 cos 120 2 cos 180
o x y
E z t t z t z q e | e | = + a a
With this we can run ML0503:

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 6
enter x-phase angle (degrees): -120
enter y-amplitude: 2
enter y-phase angle (degrees): -180

To determine direction of polarization,
move from the o to + along the plot.

>> From the figure, we have right-hand elliptical polarization.


P5.34: Given

( ) ( ) ( , ) cos cos ,
xo yo
z t E t z E t z e | e | | = + +
x y
E a a

we say that Ey leads Ex for 0 < | < 180, and that Ey lags Ex when 180 < | < 0.
Determine the handedness for each of these two cases.

For 0 < | < 180, we have LHP

For 180 < | < 360, we have RHP

Fig. P5.33
5-22
P5.35: MATLAB: For a general elliptical polarization represented by
( ) ( ) ( , ) cos cos ,
xo yo
z t E t z E t z e | e | | = + +
x y
E a a the axial ratio and tilt angle can be
found from the following formulas (from K. R. Demarest, Engineering Electromagnetics,
Prentice-Hall, 1998, pp. 451-453):
a=|Exo|, b=|Eyo|
MAJ = length of majority-axis
MIN = length of minority-axis
2 2 4 4 2 2
2 2 4 4 2 2
1
2 2 c os 2
2
1
2 2 c os 2
2
M A J a b a b a b
M I N a b a b a b
|
|
(
= + + + +

(
= + + +


axial ratio=MAJ/MIN
1
2 2
1 2
t a n c os
2
a b
a b
t |

(
=
(

.
Compose a program that not only draws a polarization plot like MATLAB 5.3, but that
also calculates the axial ratio and tilt angle. Run the program on Drill 5.11.

% M-File: MLP0535
%
% This program modifies ML0503. As before, it will
% trace polarization ellipses, given the amplitude
% and phase of a pair of linearly polarized waves.
% Now it will also calculate axial ratio and tilt %angle.
%
% Wentworth 1/28/03
% Variables:
% Exo,Eyo amplitudes for the pair of waves
% fxd,fyd phase angle for each wave
% fx,fy phase (radians) for each wave
% wtd ang freq * time, in degrees
% wtr ang freq * time, in radians
% x,y superposed position
% x0,y0 position at wtd=0 degrees
% x45,y45 position at wtd=45 degrees
% a,b shorthand for Exo,Eyo
% MAJ,MIN majority,minority axis length
% AR,tiltangle axial ration, tilt angle
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Prompt for input values
disp('Polarization Plot')
disp(' ')
Exo=input('enter x-amplitude: ');
5-23

Fig. P5.35
fxd=input('enter x-phase angle (degrees): ');
fx=fxd*pi/180;
Eyo=input('enter y-amplitude: ');
fyd=input('enter y-phase angle (degrees): ');
fy=fyd*pi/180;
disp(' ')
disp('To determine direction of polarization,')
disp('move from the o to + along the plot.')
disp(' ')

%Perform calculations
wtd=0:360; %wt in degrees
wtr=wtd*pi/180;
x=Exo*cos(wtr+fx);
y=Eyo*cos(wtr+fy);
x0=Exo*cos(fx);
y0=Eyo*cos(fy);
x45=Exo*cos(fx+pi/4);
y45=Eyo*cos(fy+pi/4);

fdiff=fy-fx;
a=abs(Exo);b=abs(Eyo);
temp=sqrt(a^4+b^4+2*a^2*b^2*cos(2*fdiff));
MAJ=2*sqrt(0.5*(a^2+b^2+temp));
MIN=2*sqrt(0.5*(a^2+b^2-temp));
AR=MAJ/MIN
temp2=(2*a*b/(a^2-b^2))*cos(fdiff);
tiltangle=(0.5*atan(temp2)*180/pi)

%Make the plot
plot(x,y,x0,y0,'ok',x45,y45,'+k')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
title('Polarization Plot')
axis('equal')

Now we run the program for Drill 5.11.

Polarization Plot

enter x-amplitude: 3
enter x-phase angle (degrees): -30
enter y-amplitude: 8
enter y-phase angle (degrees): 90

To determine direction of
polarization,
5-24
move from the o to + along the plot.

AR = 3.1997
tiltangle = 11.7874


7. Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
P5.36: Starting with (5.107) and (5.109), derive (5.110) and (5.111).

(1)
i r t
o o o
E E E + =
(2)
1
2
i r t
o o o
E E E
q
q
=
Add (1) and (2):
1 1 2
2 2 1 2
2
2 1 , s o
i t t t t i
o o o o o o
E E E E E E
q q q
q q q q
| |
= + = + =
|
+
\ .

Now subtract (2) from (1):
1 1 2 2 1
2 2 1 2 2 1
2
2 1 1 ,
r t i r i
o o o o o
E E E E E
q q q q q
q q q q q q
| | | |
= = =
| |
+ +
\ . \ .



P5.37: A UPW is normally incident from media 1 (z < 0, o = 0, r = 1.0, cr = 4.0) to
media 2 (z > 0, o = 0, r = 8.0, cr = 2.0). Calculate the reflection and transmission
coefficients seen by this wave.

2 1
1 2
2 1
120 8
; 60 , 120 240
2 4
q q t
q t q t t
q q c c

I = = = = O = = = O
+

240 60 3
0.60
240 60 5
t t
t t

I = = =
+

1 1.60 t = + I =


P5.38: Suppose media 1 (z < 0) is air and media 2 (z > 0) has cr = 16. The transmitted
magnetic field intensity is known to be H
t
= 12 cos (et-|2z)ay mA/m. (a) Determine the
instantaneous value of the incident electric field. (b) Find the reflected average power
density.

2 2
2
12
t
j z j z t o
s y y
E m A m A
e e
m m
| |
q

= = H a a
2
t t
2 o s
2
30 , so 12 , E 0.36 , and 1.13
t
j z o
x
E mA V V
e
m m m
|
q t t
q

= O = = = E a
( )
2 1
2 1
3 2
1 ; , 1
5 5
t i i
o o o
E E E
q q
t t
q q

= = + I I = = = + I =
+

5-25
1
2 . 8 3, s o 2 . 8 3
t
j z i i o
o s x
E
E e
|
t

= = = E a
( )
1
( , ) 2.83 cos .
x
V
z t t z
m
e | = E a
1
1 . 7 0, s o 1 . 7 0
j z r i r
o o s x
E E e
| +
= I = = E a
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1 . 7 0 4 . 5
1 2 0
j z j z r r
s P s z x y
m A
e e
m
| |
q t
+ +
= = = H a E a a a
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
2
1
1.70 4.5 10 3.8
2
r
avg z z
m W
x
m

= = P a -a


P5.39: Suppose a UPW in air carrying an average power density of 100 mW/m
2
is
normally incident on a nonmagnetic material with cr = 11. What is the time-averaged
power density of the reflected and transmitted waves?

1 2
1
1
1 2 0
1 1
1 2 0 ; ; 0 . 5 3 7
1 1
1
1
1 1
o
t
q q t q
| |

|
O
\ .
= = O = I = =
| |
+
|
\ .

1 0.463 t = + I =
2
2
P P 28.8
r i
a vg avg
m W
m
= I =
2
2
2
2
1
P P 1 1 7 1 . 2
2
xo
t i
a vg a vg
E
m W
m
t
q
= = =


P5.40: A UPW in a lossless nonmagnetic cr = 16 media (for z < 0) is given by
E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|1z)ax + 20.cos(et-|1z+t/3)ay V/m.
This is incident on a lossless media characterized by r = 12, cr = 6.0 (for z > 0). Find the
instantaneous expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric field intensities.

1 1
3
10 20
j z j z i j
s x y
e e e
| | t
= + E a a
1 1
3
10 20
j z j z r j
s x y
e e e
| | t
= I + I E a a
1 2
120 12
30 ; 120 120 2
6 16
t
q t q t t = = O = = O
2 1
2 1
0 . 7 0 0; 1 1 . 7 0
q q
t
q q

I = = = + I =
+

1 1
3
7 14
j z j z r j
s x y
e e e
| | t
= + E a a
( )
( , ) 1 1
7 c o s 1 4 c o s
3
r
z t x y
V
t z t z
m
t
e | e |
| |
= + + + +
|
\ .
E a a
5-26
2 2
3
10 20 ,
j z j z t j
s x y
e e e
| | t
t t

= + E a a or
2 2
3
17 34
j z j z t j
s x y
e e e
| | t
= + E a a , so
( )
( , ) 2 2
1 7 c o s 3 4 c o s
3
t
z t x y
V
t z t z
m
t
e | e |
| |
= + +
|
\ .
E a a .


P5.41: The wave E
i
= 100 cos(t x 10
6
t - |1z + t/4) ax V/m is incident from air onto a
perfect conductor. Find E
r
and E
t
.

For the perfect conductor, q2 = 0. So I = -1 and
E
r
= -100 cos(t x 10
6
t + |1z + t/4) ax V/m
E
t
= 0


P5.42: A UPW given by E(z,t) = 10.cos(et-|1z)ax + 20.cos(et-|1z+t/3)ay V/m is
incident from air (for z < 0) onto a perfect conductor (for z > 0). Find the instantaneous
expression for the reflected electric field intensity and the SWR.

As in the previous problem, I = -1. We then have
E(z,t) = -10.cos(et+|1z)ax - 20.cos(et+|1z+t/3)ay V/m

1
1
S W R
+ I
= =
I



P5.43: The wave E
i
= 10.cos(2t x 10
8
t - |1z) ax V/m is incident from air onto a copper
conductor. Find E
r
, E
t
and the time-averaged power density transmitted at the surface.

For copper we have
( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 2
2
2
8 7 7 3
2 2 2 2
2
w h e r e 1 0 4 1 0 5 . 8 1 0 1 5 1 1 0
j
e
N p
f x x x
m
o
q
o
o t o t t |

= O
= = = =

so
45
2
3.7
j
e m q = O
We find
6 4 5 2 2
1 2 1
2 2
1, a n d = 1 9 . 6 1 0
j
x e
q q
t
q q q

I ~ ~ =
+

So E
r
= -10.cos(2t x 10
8
t + |1z) ax V/m
( )
2 2
45
196 ,
z j z t j
s x
V
e e e
m
o |


= E a and
( )
2
2
1 9 6 co s 4 5
z t
x
V
e t z
m
o
e |

= + E a
( )
( )
( )
2
6
2 3
196 10
1
cos 45 3.7 .
2 3.7 10
t
avg z z
x V m
W
m x

= =
O
P a a

5-27

P5.44: Given a UPW incident from medium 1 (o = 0, r = 1.0, cr = 25.) to medium 2 (o =
0.0080, r = 1.0, cr = 81.), calculate I, SWR and t at 1 kHz, 1 MHz, and 1 GHz.

6
1 2 9
1 2 0 7 .8 9 6 1 0 ( )
2 4 ;
0 .0 0 8 4 .5 0 6 1 0 ( ) 2 5
j j x f H z
j j x f H z
t e
q t q
o e c

= = O = =
+ +


Table P5.44
f q2(O)
2 1
2 1
q q
q q

I =
+

1
1
S W R
+ I
=
I

1kHz 0.994e
j44.98
0.9815e
j178.9
107.3
1MHz 29.3e
j30.3
0.513e
j155
3.11
1GHz 41.9e
j0.05
0.286e
j179.9
1.80


P5.45: MATLAB: Write a program that prompts the user for the constitutive parameters
in medium 1 and medium 2 separated by a planar surface. You are to assume a wave is
normally incident from media 1 to media 2. The program is to plot I and t versus a
frequency range supplied by the user. Use this program to plot I and t from 100 Hz to
10 GHz for the pair of media specified in the previous problem.

%ML P0545
clear
clc
%prompt user for constit parameters of media 1 & 2
%then plot ref & trans coeff over a freq range.
%We'll plot mag and angle of each.

%enter constant values
eo=8.854e-12; %free space permittivity, F/m
uo=pi*4e-7; %free space permeability, H/m

%enter media 1 values
er1=input('enter er1: ');
ur1=input('enter ur1: ');
s1=input('enter s1: ');

%enter media 2 values
er2=input('enter er2: ');
ur2=input('enter ur2: ');
s2=input('enter s2: ');

%calculations
n=2:.5:10;
f=10.^n;
5-28

Fig. P5.45
w=2*pi.*f;

eta1=sqrt(i*w*ur1*uo./(s1+i*w*er1*eo));
eta2=sqrt(i*w*ur2*uo./(s2+i*w*er2*eo));
Gamma=(eta2-eta1)./(eta2+eta1);
Gmag=abs(Gamma);
Gang=180*angle(Gamma)/pi;
Tau=1+Gamma;
Tmag=abs(Tau);
Tang=180*angle(Tau)/pi;
subplot(2,1,1)
semilogx(f,Gmag,'-o',f,Tmag,'-*')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('magnitude')
legend('reflection','transmission')
subplot(2,1,2)
semilogx(f,Gang,'-o',f,Tang,'-*')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('phase angle (degrees)')
legend('reflection','transmission')

Run the program:

enter er1: 25
enter ur1: 1
enter s1: 0
enter er2: 81
enter ur2: 1
enter s2: .008
>>











P5.46: A wave specified by E
i
= 100.cos(tx10
7
t-|1z)ax V/m is incident from air (at z < 0)
to a nonmagnetic media (z > 0, o = 0.050 S/m, cr = 9.0). Find E
r
, E
t
and SWR. Also find
the average power densities for the incident, reflected and transmitted waves.

5-29
7 6
1 1
1
2
1 2 0 , 1 0 s o 5 1 0 , 0 . 1 0 5
r a d r a d
x f x H z
s c m
t e
q t e t |

= O = = = = =
In this problem we find in medium 2 (z > 0) that ec = 0.0025 and o = 0.05. These values
are too close to allow for simplifying assumptions. Using (5.13) and (5.31), we calculate:
43.6
2 2 2
0.969 , 1.019 , 28.1
j
N p r ad
e
m m
o | q = = = O .
Then,
174 40.8 2 1
2 1
1
0.898 , 18.6, 1 0.141
1
j j
e SW R e
q q
t
q q
+ I

I = = = = = + I =
+ I

1
100
j z i
s x
V
e
m
|
= E a
1 1
1 7 4
100 89.8
j z j z r j
s x x
V V
e e e
m m
| | + +
= I = E a a ,
so
( )
7
( , ) 89.8 cos 10 0.105 174 .
r
x
V
z t x t z
m
t = + + E a
2 2
40.8
100 14.1
j z j z t j
s x x
V V
e e e
m m
| |
t

= = E a a ,
so
( )
7
( , ) 14.1 cos 10 1.02 40.8 .
t
x
V
z t x t z
m
t = + E a
2 2
43.6 40.8 2.8
14.1
0.502
28.1
j z j z t j j j
s y y
A A
e e e e e
m m
| |
= = H a a
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
14.1 0.502 cos 40.8 2.8 2.6
2
t
z z
W
m
= + = P a a
( )
( )
2
2
1 0 0
1 3 . 3
2 1 2 0
i
z
W
m t
= = P a
( )
( )
( )
2
2
8 9 . 8
1 0 . 7
2 1 2 0
r
z
W
m t

= = P - a
(check: 13.3 W/m
2
= 10.7 W/m
2
+ 2.6 W/m
2
)


P5.47: A wave specified by E
i
= 12t cos(2tx10
7
t-|1z+t/4)ax V/m is incident from a
nonmagnetic, lossless, cr = 9.0 media (at z < 0) to a media (z > 0) with o = 0.020 S/m, r
= 2.0, and cr = 16.). Find H
i
, E
r
, H
r
, E
t
, H
t
, and the average power densities for the
incident, reflected and transmitted waves.

We use ML0501 in each media to find:
1 1 1
0; 0.628 ; 40
r ad
m
o | q t = = = O
3 3
2 2 2
1.01 ; 1.56 ; 84.9
j
N p r ad
e
m m
o | q = = = O
We also will need reflection and transmission coefficients:
5-30
1 2 6 1 9 . 8 2 1
2 1
0 . 3 5 3 ; 1 0 . 8 4
j j
e e
q q
t
q q

I = = = + I =
+


Incident:
1
4
1 2
j z i j
s x
V
e e
m
| t
t

= E a
1 1
4 4
1
1 2
0 . 3 0 0
j z j z i j j
s y y
A A
e e e e
m m
| | t t
t
q

= = H a a ,
7
( , ) 0 . 3 0 0 c o s 2 1 0 0 . 6 2 8 .
4
i
y
A
z t x t z
m
t
t
| |
= +
|
\ .
H a
( )
2
2
1
1 2
1
5 .6 5 5
2
i
a vg z z
W
m
t
q
= = P a a
Reflected:
( )
1 1 1
4 45 126 171
12 13.3 13.3
j z j z j z r j j j j
s x x x
V V V
e e e e e e e
m m m
| | | t
t
+ + +
= I = = E a a a
( )
7
( , ) 13.3 cos 2 10 0.628 171 .
r
x
V
z t x t z
m
t = + + E a
1 1
1 7 1 171
13.3
0.106
40
j z j z r j j
s y y
A A
e e e e
m m
| |
t
+ +

= = H a a
( )
7
( , ) 0. 106 cos 2 10 0. 628 171 .
r
y
A
z t x t z
m
t = + + H a
( )
( )
2
2
13.3
1
0.704
2 40
r
avg z z
W
m t
= = P a -a
Transmitted:
( )
1 2
4 64.8
12 31.67
j z j z t j j
s x x
V V
e e e e
m m
| | t
t t

= = E a a ,
( )
7
( , ) 31.7 cos 2 10 1.56 64.8 .
t
x
V
z t x t z
m
t = + E a
2 2
33 64.8 31.8
31.67
0.373
84.9
j z j z t j j j
s y y
A A
e e e e e
m m
| |
= = H a a ,
( )
7
( , ) 0.373 cos 2 10 1.56 31.8 .
t
y
A
z t x t z
m
t = + H a
( ) ( )
( )
2
3 1 . 6 7 0 . 3 7 3
co s 6 4 . 8 3 1 . 8 4 . 9 5 4
2
t
a vg z z
W
m
= = P a a

(Check: 5.655W/m
2
= 0.704W/m
2
+ 4.954W/m
2
)


8. Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence
P5.48: A 100 MHz TE polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m is obliquely incident from
air (z < 0) onto a slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with cr = 25 (z > 0). The angle of
5-31
incidence is 40. Calculate (a) the angle of transmission, (b) the reflection and
transmission coefficients, and (c) the incident, reflected and transmitted fields.

(a)
( )
6
1 2 8
2 100 10
2.09 , 10.45 .
3 10
r
x
rad rad
c x m c m
t
e c e
| | = = = = =
1
2 2
1 1 1
; s i n s i n 40 ; 7.4
5 5
t t
r
|
u u
| c
= = = =
(b) Now we need to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients.
1 2
1 2 0
1 2 0 ; 2 4
2 5
t
q t q t = O = O = O
2 1
2 1
c o s c o s
0 . 7 3 2; 1 0 . 2 6 8
c o s c o s
i t
T E T E T E
i t
q u q u
t
q u q u

I = = = + I =
+

(c) The fields,
Incident:
( )
2.09 sin 40 cos 40
1.34 1.60
1 1
j x z
i j x j z
s y y
V
e e e
m
+

= = E a a
( ) ( , ) 1 cos 1.34 1. 60
i
y
V
z t t x z
m
e = E a
( )
1.34 1.60
1
cos 40 s i n 40
120
i j x j z
s x z
e e
t

= + H a a
( )
1.3 4 1.6 0
2.03 1.71
i j x j z
s x z
m A
e e
m

= + H a a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 2.03 1.71 cos 1.34 1.60
i
x z
m A
z t t x z
m
e = + H a a
Reflected:
0 . 7 3 2
r i
o T E o
E E = I =
( )
1 .3 4 1 .60
0.732
r j x j z
s y
V
e e
m
+
= E a
( ) ( , ) 0.732 cos 1.34 1.60
r
y
V
z t t x z
m
e = + E a
( )
( )
( )
1 . 3 4 1 . 6 0
1 . 3 4 1 . 6 0
0 . 7 3 2
c o s 4 0 s i n 4 0
1 2 0
1 . 4 9 1 . 2 5
r j x j z
s x z
r j x j z
s x z
A
e e
m
m A
e e
m
t
+
+

= +
=
H a a
H a a

( ) ( ) ( , ) 1.49 1.25 cos 1.34 1.60
r
x z
m A
z t t x z
m
e = + H a a
transmitted:
0 . 2 6 8
t i
o T E o
E E t = =
( )
2
sin cos 1.35 10.4
0.268 0.268
t t
j x z t j x j z
s y y
V
e e e
m
| u u +
= = E a a
5-32
( )
1.35 10.4
0.268
cos 7.4 s i n 7.4
24
t j x j z
s x z
A
e e
m t

= + H a a
( )
1.35 10.4
3. 5 0.46
t j x j z
s x z
m A
e e
m

= + H a a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 3.5 0.46 cos 1.35 10.4
t
x z
m A
z t t x z
m
e = + H a a


P5.49: A 100 MHz TM polarized wave with amplitude 1.0 V/m is obliquely incident
from air (z < 0) onto a slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with cr = 25 (z > 0). The
angle of incidence is 40. Calculate (a) the angle of transmission, (b) the reflection and
transmission coefficients, and (c) the incident, reflected and transmitted fields.

(a) The material parameters in this problem are the same as for P5.48. So, once again we
have ut = 7.4. Also, |1 = 2.09 rad/m and |2 = 10.45 rad/m.
(b)
2 1
2 1
c o s c o s
0 . 5 8 9
c o s c o s
t i
T M
t i
q u q u
q u q u

I = =
+

2
2 1
2 c o s
0 . 3 1 8
c o s c o s
i
T M
t i
q u
t
q u q u
= =
+

(c)
Incident:
( )
1.34 1.60
1 cos 40 sin 40
i j x j z
s x z
e e

= E a a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 0.766 0.643 cos 1.34 1.60
i
x z
V
z t t x z
m
e = E a a
1.34 1.60
1
120
i j x j z
s y
A
e e
m t

= H a
( ) ( , ) 2.65 cos 1.34 1. 60
i
y
m A
z t t x z
m
e = H a
Reflected:
( )
1.34 1.60
0.589 cos 40 sin 40
r j x j z
s x z
e e
+
= + E a a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 0.452 0.379 cos 1.34 1.60
r
x z
V
z t t x z
m
e = + E a a
1.34 1.60
0.589
120
r j x j z
s y
A
e e
m t
+

= H a
( ) ( , ) 1.56 cos 1.34 1.60
r
y
m A
z t t x z
m
e = + H a
transmitted:
( )
1.35 10.4
0.318 cos 7.4 sin 7.4
t j x j z
s x z
e e

= E a a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 0.315 0.041 cos 1.35 10.4
t
x z
V
z t t x z
m
e = E a a
5-33
( ) ( , ) 4.22 cos 1.35 10. 4
t
y
m A
z t t x z
m
e = H a


P5.50: A randomly polarized UPW at 200 MHz is incident at the Brewsters angle from
air (z < 0) onto a thick slab of lossless, nonmagnetic material with cr = 16 (z > 0). The
wave can be decomposed into equal TE and TM parts, each with an incident electric field
amplitude of 10. V/m. Find expressions for the instantaneous value of the incident,
reflected and transmitted electric fields.

First we calculate the Brewsters angle:
1
s i n ; 7 6
1 1 1 6
BA BA
u u = =
+

Also, we calculate |1 = 4.19 rad/m, |2 = 16.8 rad/m, q1 = 120t O, and q2 = 30 t O.

TE
( )
1
sin cos 4.06 1.01
10 10
i i
j x z i j x j z
s y y
V
e e e
m
| u u +
= = E a a
At the Brewsters angle of incidence, we have from Snells Law:
1 1
2
s i n s i n 1 4
t i
|
u u
|

| |
= =
|
\ .

2 1
2 1
c o s c o s
0 . 8 8 3; 1 0 . 1 1 7
c o s c o s
i t
T E T E T E
i t
q u q u
t
q u q u

I = = = + I =
+

V V
=-8.83 ; =1.17
m m
r i t i
o T E o o T E o
E E E E t = I =

4.06 1.01
8.83
r j x j z
s y
V
e e
m
+
= E a
( )
( )
2
sin cos 4.06 16.3
10 1.17
t t
j x z t j x j z
s T E y y
V
e e e
m
| u u
t
+
= = E a a

TM:
At the Brewsters angle, ITM = 0 and 0 .
r
s
= E
( )
4.06 1.01
10 cos sin
i j x j z
s i x i z
e e u u

= E a a ,
( )
4.0 6 1.0 1
2.42 9. 70 .
i j x j z
s x z
V
e e
m

= E a a
( )
4.06 16.3
10 cos sin
t j x j z
s t x t z
e e u u

= E a a ,
( )
4.06 16.3
9.70 2.40 .
t j x j z
s x z
V
e e
m

= E a a

Combining the results we arrive at:
5-34
( ) ( ) ( , ) 2.4 10 9.7 cos 4.06 1.01
i
x y z
V
z t t x z
m
e = + E a a a
( ) ( , ) 8.83 cos 4.06 1.01
r
y
V
z t t x z
m
e = + E a
( ) ( ) ( , ) 9.7 1.2 2.4 cos 4.06 16.3
t
x y z
V
z t t x z
m
e = + E a a a