Dascitizen Corps Aff Indexed

LU Debate Institute 06
Citizen Corps Affirmative

Standard 1AC Citizen Corps Affirmative................................................................................................................................................................1 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Inherency.................................................................................................................................................3 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................4 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................5 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................6 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................7 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................8 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv.........................................................................................................................................9 Citizen Corps AffTentative 1AC Plan Text...............................................................................................................................10 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................11 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................12 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency................................................................................................................................................13 Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Destroys Citizen Corps.....................................................................14 Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps ...............................................................15 Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps Recruitment...........................................16 Citizen Corps AffInherencyLocal Communities Not Receiving Citizen Corps Funding......................................................17 Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Funding for Citizen Corps = Extremely Minimal .......................................................18 Citizen Corps AffInherencyA2 Funding for Citizen Corps Now.......................................................................................19 Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Homeland Security Funding to States/Locals ...........................................................20 Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYICurrent Participation Levels..............................................................................................21 Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYINumber of Citizen Corps Councils....................................................................................22 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to War on Terrorism.................................................................23 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Prevents Terrorism..........................................................................24 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvWinning War on Terrorism Good Impact Extensions.......................................................25 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst Responders = First Preventers of Terrorism.............................................................26 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst-Responders = First-Preventers of Terrorism.............................................................27 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security..............................................................28 Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security..............................................................29 Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves .............................................................................................................30 Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves..............................................................................................................31 Citizen Corps AffSolvencyIncreased Funding Makes Citizen Corps Effective....................................................................32 Citizen Corps AffSolvencyEffective Citizen Corps Solves ..................................................................................................33 Citizen Corps AffSolvencyCitizen Corps Solves Citizen Responsibility for Disaster Response..........................................34 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................35 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................36 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................37 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................38 Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv.........................................................................................................................39 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvPost-Katrina Incompetence Undermines US Hegemony.....................................40 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................41 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................42 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves............................................................................................43 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvActive Hurricane Season Now/Preparedness Key...............................................44 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFunding Key to Community Disaster Response Preparedness............................45 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFederal Support for CERT Programs Solves Preparedness.................................46 Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvIndividual Preparedness Frees Up First-Responder Resources...........................47 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................48 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv ....................................................................................................49 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................50 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................51 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................52 Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv.....................................................................................................53 1
Citizen Corps AffCERT/California Port Security AdvEffective First Response Key to Mitigating Terrorist Attacks on US Ports................................................................................................................................................................................................54 Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Federal Funding Undermines CERT..........................................................................55 Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Personnel Undermines CERT....................................................................................56 Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvIncreased Federal Funding CERT Effectiveness..................................................................57 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................58 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................59 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv.................................................................................................................................60 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Funding of Homeland Security Budget Shortfalls........................................61 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvStrong Educational System Key to US Hegemony.....................................................62 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Budget Deficits Threaten US Economic Growth...............................................63 Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvFederal Funding for Citizen Corps Avoids State/Local Spending .............................64 Citizen Corps AffStates/Locals AdvFederal Funding Solves Local Budgetary Concerns....................................................65 Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-On............................................................................................................................66 Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-OnCalifornia Cant Afford Homeland Security Funding....................................67 Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On........................................................................................................68 Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On........................................................................................................69 Citizen Corps AffDemocracy Promotion 2AC Add-On............................................................................................................70 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Add-On.............................................................................................71 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvCitizen Corps Avoids Using National Guard for Homeland Security..........................................................................................................................................................................................72 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Brinks................................................................73 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Brinks................................................................74 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvOverstretch Emboldens Iran/North Korea............................75 Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reserivst AdvNational Guard Key to US Military Readiness........................................76 Citizen Corps Aff2AC Responses to Funding Is FX Topical................................................................................................77 Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP..................................................................................................................................................78 Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP..................................................................................................................................................79 Citizen Corps AffA2 States/Locals CP......................................................................................................................................80 Citizen Corps AffA2 Federalism DA.........................................................................................................................................81 Citizen Corps AffA2 Spending DA...........................................................................................................................................82 Citizen Corps AffA2 Citizen Corps Programs Still Require State/Local Spending..................................................................83
Citizen Corps Aff1AC Inherency

Citizens Corps is barely funded in the status quothe administrations request is minimal and the Department of Homeland Security has eliminated the program from its budget Chapel Hill Herald 5/23/06 (lexis)
Funding is always an issue, and on the national level, President George Bush has requested $35 million in his 2007 budget to fund the program. But the Department of Homeland Security has eliminated Citizen Corps from its budget, Price said. "There has been a bump in the road," the congressman acknowledged. "I'm hoping that by the end of the day we will have an adequate budget for this group to carry on its work."
Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

The war in Iraq threatens US homeland security by ensuring states lack the necessary guardsmen and reservistsgreater support for the Citizen Corps can effectively resolve this issue and assist state and local law enforcement and first responders Foster 03 (Chad, policy analyst in the Public Safety and Justice Group at The Council of State Governments, 4/1, State
Government News, lexis) State guardsmen and reservists have been playing a role in homeland security since the Sept. 11 attacks. In fact, the air patrols over American cities and servicemen called up to assist in the New York recovery effort were guardsmen and reservists. They provided security at the nation's airports, national landmarks and critical infrastructures. A prolonged war in the Gulf could have serious consequences for each state's guard units, and consequently the nation's homeland security. Critical state and local law enforcement, firefighters, and medical technicians--those who make-up the states' first responder units--would continue to be understaffed. With current budget shortfalls, states face a difficult decision: fund more positions in these critical public services, or manage homeland security responsibilities within current manpower constraints. Supporting the forces overseas, protecting their citizens
from terrorist backlash, and struggling to keep the economy on track, the states face challenging times. --Chad S. Foster is a policy analyst in the Public Safety and Justice Group at The Council of State Governments. National Guard and Reserve activation 1990-1991 Gulf War versus the 2003 Gulf War build-up and War on Terrorism Dec. 1, 1990 Mar. 12, 2003 Army National Guard and Army Reserve 115,000 130,142 Naval Reserve 30,000 8,744 Air National Guard and Air Force 20,000 27,737 Reserve Marine Corps Reserve 23,000 18,770 Coast Guard Reserve 0 3,199 Total 188,000 188,592 (Sources: Interim Report of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, March 30, 1992 and U.S. Department of Defense, Mar. 12, 2003) RELATED ARTICLE: Defining the National Guard and Reserves. The following describes the missions of and differences between the Army National Guard and Reserves. These descriptions are similar for the other branches of the military as well (Navy, Marines, Air Force and Coast Guard). State Mission of The Army Guard. The Army National Guard exists in all 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia. At the state level, the governors reserve the ability, under the U.S. Constitution, to call up members of the National Guard in time of domestic emergencies or need. They respond to fires, natural disasters and other emergency situations. During 2001, 34,855 guardsmen nationwide were called to duty. Federal mission of the Army Guard. During national emergencies the president reserves the right to mobilize the National Guard, putting them in federal duty status. While federalized, the units answer to the Commander in Chief of the theater in which they are operating and, ultimately, to the president. In fiscal year 2001, Army Guard soldiers pulled duty in more than 80 countries in a wide variety of operations including peacekeeping, stabilization, security and nation building. Army Reserve. The U.S. Army Reserve is the active Army's federal reserve force. It is engaged worldwide as a full partner of the active component. The Army Reserve consists of highly trained and ready-to-go combat support and combat service support forces that can move on short notice to give the active Army the resources it needs to deploy overseas. The reserve sustains combat troops during wartime, contingencies or other operations. The Army Reserve is the Army's main source for transportation, medical, civil affairs, logistics and other key assets. Additionally, it is the Army's only source of trained individual soldiers to augment headquarters staff and fill vacancies in units. The U.S. Army Reserve totals more than 1 million soldiers, upon whom the president can call when needed. The Army Reserve has more that 2,000 units in the United States, Guam, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Germany. (Source: U.S. Army and National Guard Bureau) RELATED ARTICLE: U.S. Citizen Corps.
One strategy to assist state and local law enforcement and first responders in case of a prolonged war in Iraq is to build upon President Bush's Citizen Corps initiative. Through the use of financial and other incentives, citizens would likely volunteer their time and effort to assist professional public service providers and allow them to focus on homeland security.

Fiscally strapped local communities are laying off first-responders who play vital roles in preventing future terrorist attacksgreater federal support is key Lieberman 03 (Joseph, US Senate--CT, FNS, 5/22, lexis)
But the resources necessary have not been given to this department yet.
The potential for change and improvement is still there. Let me cite as examples the fire fighters, police officers and medical emergency professionals in communities across America who are the first to respond to a disaster, and the last to leave, and who can become also the first preventers, because they are out there in enormous numbers everywhere in America, still desperately need proper training, proper communications to allow them to talk to one another in a crisis, so they can protect us, and they need personal reinforcements . Instead, many first responders -- more than half of the communities in America, from one statistic I have seen have been laying off first responders today, because the cities and towns are so fiscally strapped. That makes about as much sense as reducing America's troop strength in the middle of a conventional war. Yet, I regret to say that the administration and the majority here in Congress have not adequately funded first responders or the Department of Homeland Security . There is much more to be done.
We have made so strides in securing our air travel, that is true. But other forms of transportation remain inadequately protected, and require your consideration. Our nation's seaports I fear remain an Achilles' heel in our domestic defenses. Too little cargo is being inspected, and to few containers are being tracked from their port of origin to their final destination. At the current rate of funding, it will take the Coast Guard 20 years to build the modern fleet it needs to fight terrorism now. And here again the president's budget under-supports basic physical security at ports for items like perimeter fencing, guards and monitors. Our borders remain painfully porous and cry out for the Border Patrol to be beefed up. But I do want to say that to me perhaps the most significant gap remaining is the one that people can't see, and that is the gap in our intelligence community. There has been too much reluctance to challenge the status quo in the intelligence community. The best way to stop terrorism, all the experts agree, is to interrupt the plot before it's executed. And that can only come from great intelligence. Today, unfortunately, when it comes to understanding the scope and depth of the intelligence failures that led to September 11th, we simply don't have enough information. Too many of the failures that we have already identified remain unchanged today, a full 20 months after the attacks. And I want to say bluntly it starts at the top. And today at the top of our intelligence and law enforcement communities there remains too much division, too many of the same bureaucratic barriers that I think contributed to the disaster of September 11th. And all of the federal agencies continue to keep state and local first responders and first preventers, as I call them, at arm's length, when it really is these front-line forces who have the vital knowledge to share, and most desperately need useful federal intelligence shared with them.

A strong, well-equipped first-responder community is essential in preventing future terrorist attacks Lieberman 05 (Joseph, US Senate--CT, FNS, 3/9, lexis)
Not long ago, Porter Goss, the director of the CIA, told the Senate Intelligence Committee that -- and I quote -- "it may only be a matter of time before terrorists try to attack us with weapons of mass destruction," and I know that he meant here at home. At the same hearing, FBI Director Bob Mueller warned of possible terrorist operations now under way within our borders and said finding such terrorists is, quote, "one of the most difficult challenges," end quote, his organization faces. Protecting Americans from these potential terrorist attacks is your responsibility, and ours as we share it with you, and it cannot be done on the cheap. Yet in its fiscal year 2006 budget proposal for the Department of Homeland Security, the administration, in my opinion, has
underestimated what it will take to keep our citizens as safe as possible here at home. There are increases, but they're modest, only a 3 to 4 percent increase in DHS discretionary spending after inflation, and even that increase largely depends on the adoption by Congress of a controversial airline ticket fee, and that adoption, frankly, may or may not occur. More important, the increases pale by comparison to what experts have told our committee is necessary. And some key homeland security funding that was authorized by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorist Prevention Act, the so-called 9/11 legislation, signed into law by the president last November , has simply been ignored. That, I'm afraid, leaves us with too many gaps in our defenses, gaps that range from the inability of first responders to communicate between their own agencies and jurisdictions, to a lack of preparedness for a biological attack, to inadequately trained -- excuse me -inadequately defended train, railway and highway transportation networks. So, what do I think needs to be done? I've done some work with my staff on this, and the result is a letter that I have submitted to the Senate Budget Committee, whose contents I've shared with your office. In that, I have proposed $8.4 billion in increases in the budget for homeland security governmentwide. Of that amount, $6.3 billion would be for programs within the Department of Homeland Security, and that's over and above the president's proposed $2.5 billion increase. I know that that's a significant amount of money in a time of budget pressure, though it remains a relatively small -- extremely small percentage of the $2.57 trillion overall federal budget. That's a $8.4 billion add-on to a $2.57 trillion budget. About half of the increase that I'm proposing in the DHS budget
would go for training, equipment and support for first responders, because as you know, and I believe you agree, I'm confident you agree, these first responders are not only that, they are hundreds of thousands of first preventers against a terrorist attack all around the country.
A significant portion of what I'm recommending here would be invested in interoperable communications equipment to allow first responders from different agencies and different jurisdictions to speak to one another during a crisis, which we know they were not able to do on 9/11. I, frankly, don't understand why the administration is seeking to cut first responder programs by $565 million in your department and a truly jarring $1.7 billion government-wide, which is to say that includes programs cut -- recommended for cuts particularly in the Justice Department -- the COPS program, the Burn grants program. Homeland security expert Steve Flynn, as you know, a former Coast Guard commandant, describes our predicament in his recent book, "America the Vulnerable." He says, and I quote briefly, "Homeland security has entered our post-9/11 lexicon, but homeland insecurity remains the abiding reality. With the exception of airports, much of what is critical in our way of life remains unprotected," end of quote. Mr. Flynn further points out that homeland security spending is still very small compared to the overall Pentagon budget. Now, as a member of the Armed Services Committee, as all three of us here at this moment are, I'm a strong supporter of the Pentagon budget. Mr. Flynn says that that discrepancy suggests that the federal government continues to believe that our primary threat, terrorist threat, will be found outside our borders. We know that the threat from terrorism is both outside our borders, and self-evidently, and in some senses most menacingly,
within our borders. So I think we've got to listen to the security experts who tell us that this terrorist threat is one we, unfortunately, must live with and defend against at home and abroad for the indefinite future. And we must listen to the experts who say we should match the threat at home and abroad with the resources necessary to vanquish it.

Citizen Corps frees up first responders from time-consuming, unrelated tasksthis improves training and ensures timely response efforts Chiaramonte 03 (Mike, 35-year member of the Lynbrook N.Y. Fire Department and a past chief of the department, Fire
Chief, 9/1, lexis)
Frankly, I thought the same thing until I saw an ad in an airline magazine that asked for employees. The airline listed all the jobs that were available from pilots to crew schedulers, including information and technology professionals, staff accountants, mechanics, customer service reps and so on. The question that came to mind was, does one need to be a pilot to do those other jobs? Obviously not. So why does the fire department insist that one needs to be a firefighter and/or an EMT for equipment inventory and restocking, budget and financial duties, fund-raising and so on? Why do we only recruit citizens to be firefighters and EMTs? Why are we not reaching out to the community to help us in performing non-fire and -EMS roles?
This concept would help us defeat our biggest enemy: time. We simply don't have the time to do all those tasks that are required of us and still keep up with training mandates and standards. While training standards and mandates were put in place to keep us safe and make us better at our craft, we still have to run a fire department day to day. Our members are getting tired, and we are getting less and less enjoyment out of our jobs. Our families are - rightfully so - demanding more and more time of us. Society in general has changed, and our jobs are taking more of our time. We need help. The good news is that there is help out there, if we open the station doors and allow it to come in. That help is in the form of a national organization called Citizen Corps. The federal government appropriates millions of dollars each year to promote volunteerism, and Citizen Corps is
one of the groups that the money supports. The Citizen Corps mission is "To harness the power of every individual through education, training and volunteer service to make communities safer, stronger, and better prepared to respond to the threats of terrorism, crime, public health issues and disasters of all kinds ."
Citizen Corps wishes to engage individuals in volunteer activities that support first responders. It's the philosophy of Citizen Corps that everyone can do something to support local law enforcement, fire and EMS. Fire, rescue and emergency medical services for the most part do not know anything about this valuable asset. It's not surprising, however, that the police know all about it. They have a Citizen Corps program entitled Volunteers in Police Service that has 588 programs in 50 states and some U. S. territories. VIPS provides support for police departments with limited resources by incorporating community volunteers to give law enforcement professionals more time for front-line duty. Citizen Corps programs can free firefighters of time-consuming non-fire or -EMS related tasks so that they, too, can have more time to train and be ready for front-line duty as well. Wayne Powell, branch chief of citizen and community preparedness of the U.S. Fire Administration, stated, "Fire departments of all sizes can utilize the Citizen Corps. Fire Administrator [R. David] Paulison wants
the fire community to position themselves, both locally as well as at the national level, to be able to take full advantage of the federal volunteer funds." He went on to say, "When you think about it, engaging Americans via the Citizen Corps Initiative is actually the same as fire departments supporting 'Citizen CPR.' One of the greatest surprises to all of us was that fire departments have so much flexibility that it's been almost embarrassing to realize that
we've not made more active use of these simple and easy-to-access resources."

Greater citizen involvement and training for first responders is vital in winning the war on terrorism Linder 05 (John, chairman of the U.S. House's Homeland Security Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological
Attack, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 9/28, lexis) Any Boy Scout will tell you that the Scout motto is to "Be Prepared." As part of his second-stage review, Homeland Security Secretary
Michael Chertoff announced in July that the government would focus on six different imperatives, first of which would be preparedness. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security recognizes September as "National Preparedness Month."
We should ask, however, whether this nation really is prepared for another attack. Since Sept. 11, 2001, the federal government has allocated billions of dollars toward funding of first-responder equipment, including firetrucks, emergency response command units, telecommunication systems and other technology gadgets, all in the name of preparedness. Do first responders, however, know how to properly use the equipment? Are they trained to recognize and respond to any sort of attack, including those involving biological pathogens or radioactive material?
Congress has begun to act toward focusing our homeland security resources on risks rather than arbitrary means. The Homeland Security Committee introduced, and the U.S. House of Representatives recently passed, a bill that provides the framework to invest homeland security dollars where the threat and vulnerability is the greatest. We should, however, go further by requiring that much of our homeland funding be tied to training our first responders. No one can dispute that our military is the greatest in the world. That elite status comes as a result of the constant training of military personnel. Our first responders deserve the same attention, as they, too, are on the front lines in this war on terrorism. State and local governments also must work to sufficiently educate the citizenry about what they can do to prepare for a terrorist attack. We must move beyond duct tape and plastic sheeting. Our citizens are an invaluable resource during an emergency and must be provided with specific information, including when threat levels are changed, what evacuation routes to take, who the emergency contacts are and how to report suspicious activities. The federal government continues to work toward fulfilling its responsibility of protecting the American people from another terrorist event. However, it is folly to believe that our work is complete.
Al-Qaida and its supporters continue to plot against our people and our way of life. Through preparation, investment in our first responders, education of our citizens and focus on prevention efforts, the civilized world , whose people far outnumber the Islamic extremists who indiscriminately perpetuate hatred, can and will win this war on terrorism.

Winning the war on terrorism is key to human survival Alexander 03 (Yonah, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States,
Wash Times, 8/28, lexis) the international community failed, thus far at least, to understand the magnitude and implications of the terrorist threats to the very survival of civilization itself.
Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated dramatically that Even the United States and Israel have for decades tended to regard terrorism as a mere tactical nuisance or irritant rather than a critical strategic challenge to their national security concerns. It is not surprising, therefore, that on September 11, 2001, Americans were stunned by the unprecedented tragedy of 19 al Qaeda terrorists striking a devastating blow at the center of the nation's commercial and military powers. Likewise, Israel and its citizens, despite the collapse of the Oslo Agreements of 1993 and numerous acts of terrorism triggered by the second intifada that began almost three years ago, are still "shocked" by each suicide attack at a time of intensive diplomatic efforts to revive the moribund peace process through the now revoked cease-fire arrangements [hudna]. Why are the United States and Israel, as well as scores of other countries affected by the universal nightmare of modern terrorism surprised by new terrorist "surprises"? There are many reasons, including misunderstanding of the manifold specific factors that contribute to terrorism's expansion, such as lack of a universal definition of terrorism, the religionization of politics, double standards of morality, weak punishment of terrorists, and the exploitation of the media by terrorist propaganda and psychological warfare. Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms of conventional and
unconventional threats and impact. The internationalization and brutalization of current and future terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of Super Terrorism [e.g. biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its serious implications concerning national, regional and global security concerns. Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an effective counterterrorism "best practices" strategy can be developed [e.g., strengthening international cooperation]. The first illusion is that terrorism can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated completely, provided the root causes of conflicts political, social and economic - are addressed.
The conventional illusion is that terrorism must be justified by oppressed people seeking to achieve their goals and consequently the argument advanced by "freedom fighters" anywhere, "give me liberty and I will give you death," should be tolerated if not glorified. This traditional rationalization of "sacred" violence often conceals that the real purpose of terrorist groups is to gain political power through the barrel of the gun, in violation of fundamental human rights of the noncombatant segment of societies. For instance, Palestinians religious movements [e.g., Hamas, Islamic Jihad] and secular entities [such as Fatah's Tanzim and Aqsa Martyr Brigades]] wish not only to resolve national grievances [such as Jewish settlements, right of return, Jerusalem] but primarily to destroy the Jewish state. Similarly, Osama bin Laden's international network not only opposes the presence of American military in the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq, but its stated objective is to "unite all Muslims and establish a government that follows the rule of the Caliphs." The second myth is that strong action against terrorist infrastructure [leaders, recruitment, funding, propaganda, training, weapons, operational command and control] will only increase terrorism. The argument here is that law-enforcement efforts and military retaliation inevitably will fuel more brutal acts of violent revenge.
Clearly, if this perception continues to prevail, particularly in democratic societies, there is the danger it will paralyze governments and thereby encourage further terrorist attacks.
In sum, past experience provides useful lessons for a realistic future strategy. The prudent application of force has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for short- and long-term deterrence of terrorism. For example, Israel's targeted killing of Mohammed Sider, the Hebron commander of the Islamic Jihad, defused a "ticking bomb." The assassination of Ismail Abu Shanab - a top Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip who was directly responsible for several suicide bombings including the latest bus attack in Jerusalem - disrupted potential terrorist operations. Similarly, the U.S. military operation in Iraq eliminated Saddam Hussein's regime as a state sponsor of terror.
Thus, it behooves those countries victimized by terrorism to understand a cardinal message communicated by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on May 13, 1940: "Victory at all costs, victory in spite of terror, victory however long and hard the road may be: For without victory, there is no survival."
Citizen Corps AffTentative 1AC Plan Text

The United States federal government should establish a policy substantially increasing the number of persons serving in Citizen Corps by annually appropriating $200 million to Citizen Corps and its constituent programs.
10
Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency

The lack of federal funds undermines attempts to recruit and train Citizen Corps volunteersa strong signal from Congress in support of the program is vital to its future Wash Post 12/23/02 (lexis)
Nearly a year after President Bush called for a nationwide network of volunteers who could be mobilized to provide emergency help after a terrorism attack, attempts to recruit and train such volunteers are underway across the country but have been slowed by delays in federal funding of the program.
In the Washington area, Arlington County and the District are the first jurisdictions to begin assembling the Citizen Corps that Bush envisioned in his 2002 State of the Union speech. Both have started major efforts to educate citizens on how to prepare for a terrorist strike, and both have begun the process of enlisting volunteers to help with law enforcement, public health and rescue efforts in a disaster. But local government officials and volunteer managers say they are concerned that if promised federal money does not arrive soon, the volunteerism campaign will stall as the shock of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks grows more distant. "There is no jurisdiction in the country doing what we're doing, in a way that engages our population," said Peter G. LaPorte, director of the D.C. Emergency Management Agency, which since September has identified 600 prospective volunteers and held 85 community meetings to prepare emergency plans in 39 neighborhoods. But LaPorte said his agency lacks the funds to follow through on enrollment and training. "It's like we've served a lot of appetizers. Now people want the entree," he said. "How do we sustain the effort we've built up?" In his State of the Union speech in January, Bush called for a new "culture of responsibility" and described a Citizen Corps for homeland defense and emergency preparedness composed of 400,000 trained, volunteer rescue workers. He also pledged to double the Peace Corps over five years and add 200,000 AmeriCorps and senior volunteers, and he asked every American to perform 4,000 hours of volunteer service over a lifetime. "Through the gathering momentum of millions of acts of service and decency and kindness, I know we can overcome evil with greater good," Bush said. But budget wrangling with Democrats and conservative opposition to government-sponsored volunteerism, led by House Majority Leader Richard K. Armey (R-Tex.), have blocked the Bush administration from swiftly following up on its plan. Of $ 230 million in funding that the administration proposed for the Citizen Corps, about $ 25 million has been approved. The House has proposed an additional $ 30 million and the Senate $ 15 million for the fiscal year that began Oct. 1, with a final version yet to be negotiated. The Citizen Corps announced its first $ 21 million in grants Dec. 4. It has a database of 54,000 people across the country who signed up on the Internet as prospective volunteers, and it has recognized the efforts of 17 states and 232 city and county councils that have started recruiting volunteers. "Obviously, we're looking forward to a lot more growth," said Lindsey Kozberg, spokeswoman for USA Freedom Corps, the White House coordinating office for Citizen Corps. "With programs increasingly in place and as people truly understand them and how to get involved, we think we are headed for a period of very exciting growth." The Office of Homeland Security is preparing to start a national public emergency preparedness campaign early next year. Developed with the Ad Council and funded through a $ 1 million-plus grant by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the government anticipates a multimedia message that will outline the basic steps households should take in a terrorism-related emergency. Arlington's effort so far has relied entirely on local funding. Volunteers from nonprofit groups and the Arlington County Civic Federation, which represents 80 community associations, have given more than 20 neighborhood presentations on emergency preparedness. County Manager Ron Carlee has provided personnel from fire, police and other agencies to help and train volunteers in rescue skills. The county fire department has trained two community emergency response teams with a total of 36 members, Capt. Clare Halsey said. The county's CERT program, pioneered in California to help citizens respond to earthquakes until government help arrives, gave each Arlington participant 16 weeks of rescue training and a hard hat, goggles, gloves, a flashlight, a dust mask, a first aid kit, a crescent wrench, a reflective vest and a backpack. "People naturally want to help. The trick is to give them the training to know how to help safely," said Jackie Snelling, a leader of Arlington's Citizen Corps initiative. The earliest the county can apply for federal aid is January, and then it will have to compete with all Virginia jurisdictions for $ 400,000 in Citizen Corps grants to the state.
"We don't have any federal funding," Snelling said. "We need national support, with an understanding that it has to support local development" of programs.
The District so far has contracted with local agencies and nonprofit groups to carry out its work. The city's Emergency Management Agency, which has an annual budget of $ 3.1 million, received a two-year, $ 16.5 million infusion of federal anti-terror aid and spent about $ 1.8 million on three projects to develop emergency programs with citizens, schools, universities and business. Virtually all D.C. households have been given a 12-page preparedness guide, either through the mail or in a newspaper insert, and 10,000 book-size guides are being printed. In community presentations, the city is advising all 572,000 residents to buy battery-powered weather radios that can broadcast an alarm and information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration around-the-clock. "If it's 3 a.m. . . . pretty much no one is watching TV or listening to the radio," LaPorte told about 30 residents at the Kenilworth Recreation Center this fall. "If you are going to spend 20 bucks this year, buy a NOAA weather radio." The District and the American Red Cross are spending an additional $ 720,000 in federal grants -- including $ 400,000 in Citizen Corps money -- to start enrolling 1,500 disaster volunteers, neighborhood watch leaders, citizen rescue workers and volunteer police, paramedics and doctors, all of whom have yet to be signed up. The Red Cross also has teamed up with Harvard Business School alumni and the Ford Foundation to develop 2,000 free preparedness kits to give to small businesses.
With the District facing a severe budget shortfall, it will be hard-pressed to expand its Citizen Corps quickly if Congress and the Bush administration do not make it a priority, D.C. officials said. Cheryl Guidry Tyiska, president of the District-based National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster, an umbrella organization that includes such groups as the Red Cross, Salvation Army and Catholic Charities, said she is hopeful about the future of the Citizen Corps but that the opportunity to galvanize volunteer support is fleeting. "The government says we need to be prepared for another major disaster. But if they don't fund that effort, it's an empty exhortation," Tyiska said. "If you sign people up, they get excited, motivated and volunteer, and then drop out -- you're going to have one heck of
a time getting them to sign up a second time."
11

Additional Congressional funding is essential for the further development of Citizen Corps and the necessary training and organization of CERT teams Eckels 05 (Robert, County Judge--Harris County, TX, FDCH, 9/28, lexis)
I have spoken to many volunteers who said that they experienced something during this operation that brought personal rewards far beyond their expectations. They accomplished the near impossible with kindness and compassion in a situation unparalleled in anyone's experience. In the future I envision taking
our Citizen Corps and CERT members to the next level by organizing them within many more neighborhoods so they are capable of being truly the first responders to an incident, while they await the arrival of professional first responders. In the role of neighbor helping neighbor, our CERT members and Citizen Corps volunteers will be able to communicate with incident command regarding situation reports on the ground and be prepared to assist neighbors who need help. I can see the Citizen Corps volunteers being able to assess the capabilities and needs of their neighbors in the event of a needed evacuation and being able to communicate those needs to the incident command to expedite evacuations more smoothly. A network like this could also provide a head-count and location of those who refuse to evacuate. I urge Congress to continue to provide the funding necessary to help us further develop our Citizen Corps, to develop Citizen Corps in more communities around the country, and to provide the funding for training of CERT members. Training and organization will be the key to our success. I would like to invite each of you to come to Harris County to see first hand how our Citizen Corps operates and to see where we are in our
development and where we plan to be.
Only a strong federal commitment to Citizens Corps can best allow our first responders to focus vital and finite resources Mayer 2/10/05 (Matt, Acting Exec Dir @ Office of State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness--Dept. of
Homeland Security, FDCH, lexis)
An additional $1.02 billion is for the continuance of the Urban Areas Security Initiative, which targets funds to the Nation's highest risk urban areas. To simplify the number of programs while continuing dedicated funding for law enforcement's counterterrorism efforts, the President requests that no less than twenty percent (20%) of the State Homeland Security Grant Program and the Urban Areas Security Initiative Grant Program be used for law enforcement prevention activity. Further, the President's request provides $600 million for a new Targeted Infrastructure Protection Program (TIPP) to supplement State, local, and private sector infrastructure protection efforts based on critical vulnerabilities that is being consulted with the Office of 4 Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection. The FY 2006 request also includes a strong commitment to our Nation's fire service by providing $500 million for the Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program. The request includes $50 million the Citizens Corps Program and $170 million for the Emergency
Performance Grant Program. And let me take a moment to highlight the importance of our preparedness efforts with the Citizens Corps Program. State and local governments have embraced the concept of Citizen Corps. They are developing the management capacity of the Councils, conducting public education, providing training for citizens, and engaging citizens through volunteer programs. This is evidenced, Mr. Chairman, through the increasing number of Citizen Corps Councils. Since FY 2003, the number of Citizen Corps Councils have increased 80 percent to 1,330. These councils exist in all 50 States and 5 of the 6 territories. We have also
expanded the Citizen Corps Affiliate network of national non- profits to 21 organizations, which allows us to expand the resources and materials available to States and local communities by partnering with programs and organizations that offer resources for public education, outreach, and training. Additionally, we were able to mobilize 2,700 recruits from 48 States to support the 2004 Hurricane Season response efforts. Equally important as our mission to
prepare the first responder community for a major event is our mission to prepare our citizen communities, as well. Whether that activity is ensuring a continuity of service to the special needs community during a major event or is educating our children on what to do if a terrorist attack occurs, Citizens Corps is the last line of our preparedness defense that will allow our first responder community to focus its 5 vital and finite resources on ground zero with the knowledge that the surrounding community is self- sufficient and taking care of itself. We must keep our commitment to build a better prepared America and Citizens Corps is part of that commitment. For continuation of our commitment to training our Nation's first
responders, the request includes $94.3 million for SLGCP's State and Local Training Program.
12

Sustained federal funding is vital for Citizen Corps success Dory 03 (Amanda, works @ Homeland Defense Office--DOD + was a 2002 -- 2003 Council on Foreign Relations
International Affairs Fellow at CSIS, Wash Quarterly, Winter, lexis)
The second existing program,
the Citizens Corps initiative, is an umbrella structure with distinct community-based functions: fostering volunteer service, which regroups well-known existing programs such as Neighborhood Watch and Community Emergency Response Training, and facilitating education and outreach. The latter involves establishing a new structure altogether -- Citizens Corps Councils -- at state and local levels. These councils mirror similar efforts used to mobilize and reach Americans during the Cold War civil defense days. In a short period of time, the Citizens Corps initiative has managed to attract a healthy number of federal and nonfederal partners n11 that share the goal of helping communities prevent, prepare for, and respond to disasters. To date, 50 state and territory councils and 770 local councils have been formed. n12 These councils, with a grassroots flavor that can give them relevance and credibility within local communities, can serve as two-way conduits in the risk education and risk communication process. For the program to succeed, however, administrations must propose and Congress must approve the nominal funding required over time to supplement and sustain the organizational capabilities and human resources provided by dedicated local volunteers and the educational and training activities they sponsor in the community. Unfortunately, the initiative did not receive congressional funding for fiscal year 2003, despite the administration's request for $ 100 million. For FY 2004, the administration requested $ 181 million; in September 2003, Congress approved $ 40 million.
13
Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Destroys Citizen Corps

Citizen Corps will likely fail without necessary federal funding Blankenship 03 (Janie, VFW Magazine, April, "Citizen corps is calling on you,"
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0LIY/is_8_90/ai_99909179) Some say Citizen Corps will likely fail without the $200 million Bush requested to fund the program . Last year, Congress approved $25 million for seed money. But with recent budget cuts across the board, Citizen Corps was on the losing end. According to a USA Today article, Mike Brown, the new undersecretary for emergency preparedness at the Department of Homeland Security, said that without the funds, training will be greatly limited. "There is so much we can do and so much the President wants to accomplish," Brown said. "But we won't be able to expand any further."
14
Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps

The absence of federal funding undermines the recruitment, training and retention of Citizen Corps volunteers Hall 03 (Mimi, USA Today, "Bush's volunteer plan takes a hit,"
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/1011400.html) Congress approved $25 million in seed money last year. With it, administration officials say, 303 local Citizen Corps councils have been established and 200,000 volunteers have been trained. The White House sought $200 million more for the program this year. But despite having Republican majorities, the House approved only $30 million, the Senate $15 million. Negotiations aren't expected to produce much more. John Scofield, spokesman for the House Appropriations Committee, said Citizen Corps was one of many budgetary "losers"
this year as Congress sought to reduce spending. "We have a scarce amount of resources, and the program was never well-defined," he said. Citizen Corps was designed to help towns and cities train volunteers to respond to emergencies and disasters. Along with basic first aid, the short training courses often teach volunteers how to guard their neighborhoods, suppress fires and evacuate buildings. Advocates say the program is useful because it helps people respond to possible terrorist attacks as well as other emergencies, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and chemical spills. Mike Brown, the new undersecretary for emergency preparedness at the Department of Homeland Security, said that
without additional funds, the number of people who can be trained will be limited .
"There is so much we can do and so much the president wants to accomplish," Brown said. Without more money, "We won't be able to expand." Detractors say the government cannot afford another program that promotes volunteerism. They say would-be volunteers have other options, including programs run by nonprofits. Some Citizen Corps leaders in the states said cuts in federal funds could obliterate their programs. "The money will be key to keeping people involved," said Heather Handyside, who runs Citizen Corps in Anchorage, which has trained 1,200 volunteers. "After 9/11, there was a lot of public interest. But to keep these people motivated throughout the year requires follow-up and training. We're talking about something that's long-term. There needs to be a commitment."
Lack of funding for training undermines the aggressive recruitment of Citizen Corps volunteers Wash Post 3/31/03 (lexis)
In January, President Bush called for the increased training in his State of the Union speech as part of a national Citizen Corps for homeland defense and emergency preparedness. But critics said the $ 20 million appropriated for the training was inadequate. With federal funding slow to arrive, Arlington is using county money to cover the program cost -- about $ 200 per student. "We haven't been aggressively recruiting because we don't have the training available ," said Les Garrison, an Aurora Highlands resident and leader of the county's first community team.
The lack of funding plagues local organizers of Citizen Corps programs Wash Post 4/10/03 (lexis)
The Citizen Corps initiative seeks to bolster three federally funded local volunteer programs -- Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers in
Police Service and the Community Emergency Response Team. The medical reserve corps would be the newest program. The U.S. Department of Justice, which funds the Neighborhood Watch programs, plans to double the number of groups participating nationally by next year. That would translate locally into twice the number of existing 489 watch groups in the county, in which residents look for and report suspicious activity. Under the Community Emergency Response program, volunteers support first responders, provide assistance to victims and organize volunteers at a disaster site. The Fairfax Fire and Rescue Department is evaluating how it will implement the 20-hour training program locally. Robert J. Mizer, county coordinator for the program, said the department is "just getting started." The goal, Mizer said, is to have six or seven trainers who will instruct an initial group of about 25 people from across the county. Those people will in turn go into their communities and recruit teams of about 20 volunteers each to receive the training. "The goal is to build these teams within each community," said Mizer, adding that the 25 volunteers should be selected this summer and trained in September.
One of the concerns plaguing local organizers of Citizen Corps programs is funding. Federal money has been slower in coming than they had hoped.
15
Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps Recruitment

Citizen Corps programs are critically dependent on federal fundingconcerns about such funding weakens morale among volunteers NYT 5/4/05 (lexis)
Three years ago, lawmakers in Washington rejected the Justice Department's proposed Terrorism Information and Prevention System, or TIPS, which would have enlisted mail carriers, utility workers and other citizens in an organized corps of informants . Since then, a patchwork of local and national volunteer programs, including the Bush administration's Citizens Corps, have been filling some of the domestic surveillance gap.
Unlike the so-called Minutemen volunteers who conduct immigration patrols along the border with Mexico, the antiterrorism volunteers are unarmed and unsung. Their mission is to spot and report possible wrongdoing, leaving enforcement to the authorities . With state and local budgets stretched
most everywhere, the watchful eyes are rarely turned away; money to train the volunteers often comes from domestic security and other federal grants.
''Law enforcement has other priorities besides terrorism now,'' said Michael Licata, a retired Air Force colonel and president of the Community Antiterrorism Training Institute, a New Jersey-based company that provides training for businesses and local governments . ''A trained citizenry is like a force
multiplier.''
The loose network of volunteers has passed largely under the radar of civil liberties groups, which raised objections to TIPS because of concerns that it might turn neighbor against neighbor and promote vigilantism. Barry Steinhardt, director of the program on technology and liberty at the American Civil Liberties Union, said worries about wayward or overzealous volunteers had taken a back seat to more pressing fears, most notably those surrounding the protection of databases of personal information. ''Big brother has gone high tech,'' Mr. Steinhardt said. ''The reality is, compared to the data that is being circulated by private enterprise to law enforcement, the citizen watch groups are not a significant issue. I am not diminishing the significance of terrorism, but given how few terrorists there actually are, it's a little like looking for a needle in a haystack.'' Many volunteer organizations acknowledge the long odds, and most are hard pressed to cite anything close to a thwarted terrorist plot. But that has not deterred them from trying. At Wichita State University in Kansas, workshops on spotting and reporting terrorism suspects attracted more than 400 people in February. David L. Carter, a professor of criminal justice at Michigan State University who spoke at the sessions, said he was stunned at the turnout and planned to do more. ''It was only a pilot in Kansas,'' Dr. Carter said, ''but we figure if in the heart of America there is this kind of interest, there will be interest elsewhere.'' In Pennsylvania, about 250,000 people in neighborhood watch groups have been enlisted in a state-sponsored program that teaches how to look out for terrorists while being mindful of racial profiling. More than 200 businesses, cities and public agencies in 39 states have requested the program materials. ''We want to teach our citizens to be involved in stopping the planes from hitting the buildings, not reacting afterward,'' said Donald Numer, a training supervisor for the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency, which developed the program. The police in Austin, Tex., have created a civil defense battalion, in which uniformed volunteers are equipped with radios and sent on daily patrols of potential targets, like gas pipelines, water facilities and the airport. About 250 residents have been trained for the domestic terrorism duty, said Sonia Carrion, a volunteer coordinator for the department, who described the effort ''as a lot of fun'' for the residents and a cost saver for the city. The volunteers, who are unpaid, make the rounds in cars that have been painted candy apple red. ''The meaning of homeland security in the United States is shifting to something much more local,'' Ms. Carrion said. Considered vulnerable targets themselves, nearly 75,000 truck and bus drivers are enrolled in a nationwide watch program sponsored by a number of organizations, including the American Trucking Associations. About a dozen truck drivers at ITL Inc., a wholesale fuel and transport company in suburban Los Angeles, participate in the program. Over pizza and soda in the company's warehouse-sized garage, an instructor, Richard Leimbach, showed photographs of Osama bin Laden and the inferno at the World Trade Center and schematic drawings of the explosives used by Timothy J. McVeigh in Oklahoma City. ''Our responsibility is to make sure they never commandeer a truck and use it as a missile to kill Americans,'' said Mr. Leimbach, who reminded the drivers that they are ''on the battle line every day.'' He said the hot line for the highway watch in California gets 30 to 40 calls a month from the enrolled drivers, including reports of stranded motorists and suspicious activities like people making drawings of dams and bridges. Jeff Irvin, the president of ITL, said that the training had not made his truckers ''experts at catching Al Qaeda,'' but that he believed it had honed their observation skills. Many volunteers with recreational boats and small planes have been drawn to the Coast Guard Auxiliary, which in addition to antiterrorism duties assists the active Coast Guard in search and rescue operations and safety patrols. The organization has 36,000 volunteers nationwide, with 5,000 private boats and 300 private planes at its disposal. The craft are plastered with Coast Guard decals and blue and orange stripes. Gene M. Seibert, the national commodore of the auxiliary, said the goal ''isn't to make everybody a spook, but to educate people that it's better to be safe than sorry.'' ''You can do as little or as much as you want,'' he said. ''Just enjoy what you're doing and train hard.'' Like all auxiliary members, the volunteers who fly patrols from the airport here in Livermore, about 45 miles southeast of San Francisco, have gone through security checks and months of training, including swimming 50 yards in their clothes. The Coast Guard pays a stipend for fuel and maintenance, but the citizen pilots say it covers only a fraction of their expenses. Last month, the purse strings here were tightened further when the budget for the volunteers was cut and some air and water patrols were eliminated. The money woes have sapped morale a bit. Mr. Darcey, Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Caponigro touched down at the airport in Lodi for lunch, where they lamented the situation over tuna melts and teriyaki chicken at a runway-side cafe. But back in the air, they said they would keep patrolling even if they had to collect money from volunteers to buy the gas.
16
Citizen Corps AffInherencyLocal Communities Not Receiving Citizen Corps Funding

Recent surveys demonstrate that a majority of local communities arent receiving federal Citizen Corps funding Chicago Daily Herald 7/8/04 (lexis)
The Citizens Corps is not a coffee klatch in red, white and blue T-shirts, content to meet and talk. These volunteers have been very busy as members of Community Emergency Response Teams, learning vital rescue, survival and emergency medical care skills, and sharing that knowledge with others. They are prepared to deal with the initial trauma of a disaster until career public safety professionals arrive on the scene. Trained volunteers also can assist firefighters, paramedics and police in their duties.
The teams got a real test of their capability in April. They were dispatched to Utica, where a tornado had cut a wide swath of destruction through the tiny town, killing eight. Sometimes, volunteers in such situations tend to be more of a hindrance than a help, getting in the way more than providing valuable assistance. That wasn't the case with the suburban Community Emergency Response Teams. They made a difference in providing support to survivors, clearing the debris and giving others help that earned praise and admiration from Utica Mayor Fred Esmond. The teams passed their first challenging emergency response test with flying colors. Now, hopefully, they will grow in numbers and competence. There is no doubt they will be needed again in the event of a tragedy, even, heaven forbid, a terrorist attack.
Their skills and presence will be even more indispensable, given that local governments don't feel fully equipped to deal with disasters on their own. A recent survey by The U.S. Conference of Mayors reveals that 52 percent of 231 cities have either not received federal homeland security funds they await, or have not been notified they will receive money from the grant program designed to provide financial support to police, fire and other first responders . Unless this situation changes, volunteers will have to fill in the gap in unfunded services.
17
Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Funding for Citizen Corps = Extremely Minimal

Citizen Corps receives extremely minimal amounts of federal funding now Associated Press State & Local Wire 11/27/05 (lexis)
Citizen Corps was established in 2002 by President Bush and moved to the Homeland Security Department in 2003. It encompasses new and existing programs, such as Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers in Police Service, or VIPS, and Community Emergency Response Team, or CERT. Fire Corps and Medical Reserve Corps were formed recently.
The idea is to prepare the public for natural disasters and terrorist attacks with training in medicine, firefighting, neighborhood protection, basic preparedness and law enforcement. Instead of panicking, people can take responsibility for themselves and help others during a crisis, lessening the burden to first responders and government aid. Training reduces the "worried well," those not affected by a disaster who think they are and tap the system unnecessarily, said Greg Chun, director of California's Citizen Corps, who oversees one of the nation's most active programs. California has 95 councils composed of thousands of residents, 1,100 of whom take part in the annual Golden Guardian exercise. For Mike Huntingford, a retired Canadian air force captain living in Fountain, being prepared means a stash of 12 large bottles of water, a battery-powered radio, candles, toilet paper and canned chili, vegetables and pineapple. Huntingford, who went through the El Paso County program last year, knows how to sustain himself and his wife, Madonna, and 21-year-old daughter, Lindsay, for at least three days. "I think society is too comfortable with the fact that 911 is just a call away, and they think that a response will be there in 5 or 10 minutes," he said. "That's not going to be the case in an overwhelming situation. It doesn't take much to prepare yourself for 72 hours." Federal officials have made setting up Citizen Corps programs necessary for states receiving federal homeland security money. But control stops there. Federal officials say corps are run locally and dispatched by local authorities, not the feds. About 14,000 corps volunteers from 50 states mobilized after Hurricane Katrina. In Alabama, they set up and staffed a shelter for 1,000 victims. In Texas, corps members helped the Red Cross at the Houston Astrodome, which housed thousands from New Orleans. Federal officials proclaim that Citizen Corps councils exist in cities and counties that represent two-thirds of the nation's population. But there's no tally of how many people have been trained, said Liz DiGregorio, director of the Homeland Security Department's Office of Community Preparedness, which includes Citizen Corps. Interest is blossoming here. All recent Community Emergency Response Team classes, limited to 32, were filled, and a new class has a waiting list, said Carolyn Bluhm, El Paso County's emergency preparedness planner. The 16-hour course, which is usually given during two nights and one weekend day, are taught by experts in firefighting, emergency medicine and search and rescue. They cover disaster preparedness and psychology, fire safety and terrorism. Volunteers learn that disaster medical-treatment calls for doing the most for the many, not the few, and how to establish leadership at a scene. Roughly 400 people have been trained locally, and 700 have signed up for the Medical Reserve Corps and VIPS, Bluhm said. So far, deployment has consisted of a few corps members working in the Colorado Springs disaster-relief center to free Red Cross volunteers dispatched to New Orleans after Katrina and three trained members going to Louisiana. Local officials said the program has been expanded to reach large employers and institutions. "When you have to add classes to accommodate demand, more and more people become aware and the safer our community becomes," Bluhm said.
Although interest is growing, Citizen Corps' budget plunged from $40 million in 2004 to $15 million this year . In 2006, funding goes up to $20 million. The money funds advertising, instructors and administration of programs.
Only $19.8 million goes towards federal grants for Citizen Corps programs CBS5.com 5/31/06 ("BAY AREA RECEIVES $28.32 MILLION IN HOMELAND SECURITY GRANTS,"
http://cbs5.com/localwire/localfsnews/bcn/2006/05/31/n/HeadlineNews/HOMELAND-GRANTS/resources_bcn_html) In addition to the $757.3 million Urban Areas Security Initiative awards, the federal department allocated $544.5 million in state grants, $396 million in Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program grants, $29.7 million in Metropolitan Medical Response System grants, and $19.8 million in Citizen Corps Program grants.
18
Citizen Corps AffInherencyA2 Funding for Citizen Corps Now

Despite an increase in funding, the 06 budget only provides $20 million to Citizen Corps programs Marino 5/31/06 (Jonathan, staff, "DHS awards 32 percent less than last year in state, local grants,"
http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0506/053106j1.htm) The Homeland Security Department on Wednesday announced that it has awarded $1.7 billion in grants this year to help states and localities combat terrorism and respond to disasters, representing a 32 percent decrease over grants awarded last year.
DHS officials said they received applications for more than $5 billion in grants, but funding cutbacks forced them to re-evaluate some programs and make reductions. According to DHS documents published online, the department awarded more than $2.5 billion in grants in fiscal 2005. "We're dealing with significantly less money this year," said Tracy Henke, DHS' grants and training assistant secretary. State Homeland Security Grant Program funds allocated were reduced almost 49 percent, from $1.1 billion in fiscal 2005 to $544.5 million this year, marking the bulk of the cuts. Evaluations of grants applications aimed to eliminate the possibility of wasteful spending, said George Foresman, DHS undersecretary for preparedness. DHS officials said that "peer review" panels were established to create a more balanced grant-making process. Though officials declined to identify members of review panels, they said they encouraged participation from all 50 states and 47 states were represented in groups that determined how a variety of funds would be allocated. Foresman said the cuts were in part due to the department's forward-thinking approach -- one that DHS, just three years old, has not often had the opportunity to employ. "We've always reacted to a threat or hazard" like Sept. 11, instead of employing a "risk continuum" evaluation, he said. New York City, Boston and Washington, D.C., had their Urban Areas Security Initiative funding slashed while other cities - - including Chicago and Louisville, Ky. - - got slight increases. Overall, 28 states' urban initiatives were reduced 11 percent, or about $97 million, from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2006. "New York City is still getting the largest dollar amount," Foresman said, despite the 40 percent drop in funds allocated for its urban initiatives program. It received $124.4 million this year.
Citizen Corps programs, community volunteer initiatives created after 9/11, received an overall increase in funding, going from $13.5 million in fiscal 2005 to nearly $20 million this fiscal year.
19
Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Homeland Security Funding to States/Locals

Federal homeland security funding to state and local officials is decreasing now Columbus Dispatch 6/1/06 (lexis)
Local and state officials are adjusting their homeland-security priorities after being told that they'll get less federal money than expected this year. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security announced yesterday that 46 cities, including Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Toledo, will get some of the $740 million allocated to major urban areas, down from last year's $855 million.
Franklin County and its communities were allotted $4.3 million, down from $7.6 million in 2005. Local officials said they expected the cutback because the federal budget is tighter and more cities have become eligible for aid.
Barb Seckler, assistant safety director for Columbus, said the decrease means "less equipment, less training and less ability to take our homeland-security efforts to the next level."
20
Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYICurrent Participation Levels

Citizen Corps has 45,000 volunteers now Lenkowsky 02 (Leslie, CEO @ Corporation for National Service, "Becoming Better Citizens," 9/19,
http://www.nationalservice.org/news/lenkowsky/ll091902.html)
And Americans are responding to that call. Visits to the website of the Corporation for National and Community Service, www.nationalservice.org, have increased more than 120 percent since the President issued his call. Online applications to AmeriCorps are up by 88 percent; calls to the recruitment center also have close to doubled. Forty-five thousand Americans have signed up to join Citizen Corps. Millions of hours of volunteer service have been recorded in online Records of Service since January. Prominent businesses like the Walt Disney Co., UPS, and AOL/Time Warner have stepped forward to partner with us in helping to create volunteer opportunities.
24,000 Americans have volunteered with Citizen Corps Kouri 8/12/05 (Jim, Vice-President @ National Association of Chiefs of Police, "Are There Enough First Responders?,"
http://www.mensnewsdaily.com/blog/kouri/archive/2005_08_01_archive.html) In the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Americans have looked for and found many opportunities to help in their communities. President Bush created the USA Freedom Corps in an effort to capture those opportunities and foster an American culture of service, citizenship and responsibility. These volunteers are especially important in smaller communities where resources may be limited. Citizen Corps is the arm of USA Freedom Corps that provides opportunities for citizens that want to help make their communities more secure. Since the President made his call to two years of volunteer service during his State of the Union address, there have been more than 1.6 million hits to the new www.citizencorps.gov web site. Almost 24,000 Americans from all 50 states and US territories have volunteered to work with one or more of the Citizen Corps programs.
Few people have actually joined Citizen Corps Etzioni 03 (Amitai, Prof of Sociology @ George Washington Univ., "Our Unfinished Post-9/11 Duty," 9/15,
http://www.amitai-notes.com/blog/archives/2003_09.html)
We are twice involved: personally and as citizens. Personally, few have joined the new citizen corps designed to assist authorities in case of another attack. Not many have even worked out an emergency-contact system for their immediate family: Where to meet, who will pick up the kids, and so on. Buying emergency provisions for home such as a battery-operated radios is still on too many to-do lists - even after the recent blackout.
21
Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYINumber of Citizen Corps Councils

CitizenCorps.org accessed 06 (Council Profiles and Resources," http://www.citizencorps.gov/councils/)
The Citizen Corps mission is accomplished through a national network of state, local, and tribal Citizen Corps Councils. These Councils build on community strengths to implement the Citizen Corps programs and will carry out a local strategy to have every American participate. Currently there are: 56 State/Territory Citizen Corps Councils And there are: 1,977 County/Local/Tribal Citizen Corps Councils. Which serve 206,826,942 people or 72 % of the total US population
22
Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to War on Terrorism

Greater citizen engagement in the war on terrorism helps reduce the risk of a successful WMD terrorist attack Canellos 5/16/06 (Peter, Washington bureau chief, Boston Globe, lexis)
there has been no equivalent effort to engage citizenry in the war on terrorism. But as United 93 and American 63 have demonstrated, there are more opportunities for average people to fight back in the war on terrorism than during the Cold War. Terrorism sometimes strikes at rather small groups of individuals, such as through kidnappings or hijackings. And even in a case of attempted mass destruction, such as the much-feared explosion of a nuclear "dirty bomb," individuals might have a good chance of sussing out a suspicious truck or package.
Perhaps because so much of the Cold War civil defense planning seemed useless or weirdly ironic, in a "Dr. Strangelove" way, Already, military officers and war reporters receive training in how to conduct themselves in a kidnapping how to figure out what psychological weapons might be at their disposal, and to know when to cooperate and when to flee or fight. The courses are common enough that versions could be taught in schools, clubs, churches, or other places. But while the Department of Homeland Security has made efforts to help communities get ready for possible attacks including the creation of nearly 2,000 local Citizens Corps Councils they have focused mostly on FEMA-style preparedness; the Citizen Corps website offers advice on how to create a "three-day disaster supply kit," but not what to do if confronted by a hijacker, a kidnapper, or a suspected terrorist. Homeland Security officials did not return messages asking for further information on civil defense programs. But giving people a sense of when and how to fight back might do more than just prepare them for the unlikely chance that they'll be aboard another United 93. It could rob the
terrorists of their best weapon: the fear that nothing can stop them .
Citizen Corps encourages public information sharing that aids in the war on terror and homeland security Haridakis 04 (Paul, Assistant Professor, School of Communication Studies, Kent State University, Summer, 9 Comm. L. &
Pol'y 317, lexis) Public participation in this war has been advocated strongly by the Bush administration. In fact, the administration's Citizen Corps initiative encourages citizens and organizations to share information with the government that could aid in the war effort and enhance homeland security. n177
23
Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Prevents Terrorism

Wider citizen participation is key to preventing another wave of terrorist attacks MJS 1/31/02 (lexis)
Bush emphasized in his remarks here that wider citizen participation was needed to prevent a second wave of terrorist attacks as U.S. combat forces expand operations into new countries and intelligence operatives find maps and diagrams in Afghanistan suggesting new targets for a next wave of attacks.
24
Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvWinning War on Terrorism Good Impact Extensions

Losing the war on terrorism risks extinction Jerusalem Post 5/12/04 (lexis)
Alexander, director of the Inter-Universities Center for Terrorism Studies, also believes it is only a matter of time before groups like al-Qaida use non-conventional weapons as part of attempts to promulgate their ideology and undermine western society.
In this respect, he anticipates that al-Qaida's next theater of operations will be Europe, where the organization has established a widespread base and network. "If you ask me whether the worst is yet to come, the answer is definitely yes," Alexander told The Jerusalem Post prior to giving a lecture as guest speaker at the University of Haifa's National Security Studies Center. "We can expect to see an escalation in terrorism on a global scale with a continuation of conventional acts of terror, such as suicide bombings and shooting, as well as mega-terror like September 11 in the US and March 11 in Spain. "There will also be a move towards the use of non- conventional weapons: biological, chemical, nuclear as in dirty bombs, and cyber-terrorism, whereby perpetrators will try to disrupt power supplies and air traffic, for example, at the touch of a button." Alexander, who is based in the US and Israel, has studied the subject of terrorism in the Middle East and the global arena for over 40 years and has published over 100 books on the issue. The center he heads is a consortium of universities and think-tanks in some 30 countries. He said there had already been indications of future trends by terrorist organizations such as the anthrax attacks in the US after September 11, 2001, reports that al-Qaida was trying to produce ricin and, in Israel, the abortive attempt to blow up the Pi Glilot fuel and gas storage depot. "According to the studies we have conducted, we can expect a continuation of bus bombings like the ones that have occurred in Israel, as well as attempts to strike at chemical plants and infrastructure targets and super- terrorism with non-conventional weapons," said Alexander. The supposition that international terrorism will expand and escalate is based, according to Alexander, on factors such as the spread of radical theological ideology, racial intolerance, ethnic and religious differences and, especially in Africa, tribal rivalries, as well as extremist nationalism and separatism. Furthermore, he cited the numerous disputes and conflicts throughout the world, such as those in Chechnya, Kashmir, Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South America, as well as the gap between developed nations and poorer countries. "Other important factors include the intensification of the link between terrorism and organized crime, and the education of hatred, including anti-Semitism, that we see all the time on various Internet sites," said Alexander. "The problem here is that children are being brought up to hate and they will pass this on to their children and so forth, which is why we don't see an end to terrorism in the next 100 years.
"Should we be concerned about the future? Yes, we should, because of the motivation of terrorists, their ideologies, the availability of funds, the proliferation of conventional and non-conventional weapons, the intrinsic vulnerability of democratic societies and the high cost of trying to counter terror.
"What concerns many is the expansion of international networks as seen after the Madrid bombings, when links were discovered between Spanish citizens and people in North Africa, Asia, and with various other groups like Hamas. "It would be a grave mistake, however, to say that Islam is generating this terror. In fact, Islam has been hijacked and taken hostage by extremists who are using it to serve their own interests." Alexander, in his lecture, posed the questions of whether nations should submit to terrorism and whether civilization would survive in the event of the use of non- conventional weapons.
In the first case, he maintained that submission only serves to encourage terrorists and their leaders and boost their motivation, while survival would depend on nations taking all necessary steps to reduce the risks , including international
intelligence cooperation. "Dealing with terrorism requires a broad range of responses, starting with clear and coherent policies. It is necessary to have quality intelligence, as well as law enforcement, the military, and the means to counter technological and cyber-terrorism," said Alexander. "We also need an educational response because the children of today will be the terrorists of tomorrow. Unless we can defuse the extremist ideological and theological elements and their propaganda, the measures won't work. "We have to deal with the root causes and try to improve economic and social conditions - a sort of global Marshall plan - but first it is necessary to deal with the terror leadership. "To this end some innocent civilians might be harmed but, make no mistake, this is war and to fight it nations have to pool their resources. No nation can deal with the problem unilaterally.
"In the past, terrorism was regarded as a tactical rather than a strategic threat but it has become a permanent fixture and a challenge to the strategic interests of nations. "In fact," said Alexander, "it represents the most threatening challenge to civilization in the 21st century. The question of survival will depend to a great extent on how civilized society tackles this threat."
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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst Responders = First Preventers of Terrorism

First responders also serve as first preventers, sending a clear signal of US resolve regarding homeland security and counter-terrorism Ridge 03 (Tom, fmr Homeland Security Secretary, 5/1, "Statement of Secretary Tom Ridge Department of Homeland
Security Before the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs," http://www.senate.gov/~govt-aff/050103ridge.htm) our dedicated and courageous First Responder community. They are the ones we turn to first in time of need, and they never let us down. The diligence and professionalism that First Responders recently involved with Operation Liberty Shield demonstrated typify the way these selfless Americans approach their duties . They are really more than First Responders; many are first preventers as well, sending a clear signal to those who would do us harm that America is on watch, at every level, to keep our homeland and our home towns secure . It is a priority of this administration and the Department of Homeland Security to effectively and efficiently meet our responsibility to support First Responders in playing their critical role in our counter-terrorism efforts . I am pleased to be working with leaders at the
We, as Americans, have an appropriately deep sense of gratitude, respect and admiration for state and local level to ensure this support is properly organized, properly focused and properly funded. Todays hearing is an important part of this process.
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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst-Responders = First-Preventers of Terrorism

Only bolstering the capabilities of first-responders can identify and stop terrorists before they strike Eddy 05 (RP, served as director of counter-terrorism for President Clintons National Security Council and is now Manhattan
Institute Senior Fellow for Counter-Terrorism, "In the end all terrorism is local," Times of London, 7/8, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1684947,00.html)
THE LONDON bombings bear an important lesson for security officials.
Because terrorism is increasingly carried out by locals, nations on the receiving end of terrorism must bolster the capabilities of local police to identify and stop terrorists before they strike.
The number and simultaneity of yesterdays attacks suggest localised surveillance and bombmaking, requiring a local support apparatus. We can presume that the bombers spent a considerable amount of time in the UK and may have even been UK residents. In this way and in others, the London attacks conform to post-9/11 terrorist trends . Globally we have witnessed a movement away from the
centralised planning of grandiose attacks seen in Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda and towards independent groups attacking smaller and less protected targets. The largest recent terrorist attacks before yesterdays the 2003 bomb attacks in Turkey and the 2004 train attacks in Madrid were both cases of this homegrown terror . The terrorists behind these attacks were residents of
these nations and appear to have acted entirely independently of al-Qaedas central hierarchy. While a group calling itself the Secret Organisation Group of al Qaeda of Jihad Organisation in Europe has claimed credit for the attack on Londons Tube, it is not at all clear if they have any real co-operation with bin Ladens al-Qaeda or rather simply an emotional or aspirational one, or if their claim is legitimate at all. The UK, with its highly attuned police force and MI5, has been a model for the US and other nations in terrorism prevention. Honed by years of IRA terrorism and a very well-designed counter-terrorism infrastructure, the UK, and particularly London, is considered one of the best examples of active policing used to prevent terror. Sadly, yesterday we learnt that even so, more emphasis must be placed to train and empower police and citizens to
help identify and prevent terrorism. Faced with the threat of al-Qaeda releasing weapons of mass destruction, many governments have focused on efforts to train local police and fire departments to be first responders to terrorism that is, to spring into action once an attack has occurred. These efforts help the personnel to purchase expensive gear and training to be, in effect, the clean-up crew after a successful terrorist attack, as opposed to empowering them to be first preventers of terrorism to stop the terrorists from planning and mounting the attack in the first place. Interest in mitigating a WMD attack after it happens means that in the US we have spent less effort training police to prevent attacks like yesterdays. This is short-sighted. Certainly we must ensure that our police and fire officers receive such first response training and equipment to mitigate the effects of an attack after it occurs but we must also empower them to succeed at the very difficult and important task of detecting terrorists before they attack us. Local police have unique advantages over national assets (such as MI5) to help prevent acts of terrorism because they are part of the community. They walk the beat, communicate regularly with local residents, and are more likely to notice even subtle changes in the neighbourhoods they patrol daily. Common sense tells us as does experience that local lawenforcement personnel are uniquely situated to notice (or otherwise learn of) and investigate unusual or suspicious behaviour. Based on the numbers alone, we can assume that local law enforcement personnel are much more likely than national agents to cross paths with terrorists. Training police as first preventers also brings substantial deterrence to domestic counter-terrorism . First, if terrorists feel that all the police eyeballs are trained on them, they might look for less daunting places to operate. Second, in a post-9/11 version of George Kellings and James Q. Wilsons Broken Windows theory of policing, officers who are taught to identify the support structures of potential terrorists are more able to create the environment in which the terrorist will not feel comfortable.
Since police have typically focused on investigation and prosecution of crime, special programmes are required for terrorism prevention. Just as a seasoned drug enforcement officer can spot signs of drug dealing or use, these programmes seek to train police to identify signs of terrorism: religious radicalism, clues of bomb-making, target surveillance and other suspicious activities. Effective programmes also include training in intelligence analysis. The US record has been poor. New York City Police Department has had the foresight to begin these complex prevention efforts. But they have done so without much federal support. In fact, a recent study funded by the FBI actually criticised the NYPD for running its own independent terrorism-prevention operation. So something can be learnt from the terrible outrage in London. Failure to develop and foster first preventers among local law
enforcement leaves our cities and towns defenceless to the increasing threat of homegrown terror. Local prevention is the first and may also be the last line of defence before any attack.
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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security

Greater civilian involvement in disaster response is an essential component of homeland security additional funding for Citizen Corps is crucial Lehrer 03 (Eli, associate editor of the American Enterprise and a homeland security consultant for a Fortune 500 company,
Weekly Standard, 12/8, lexis) Civilian involvement in disaster response, called civil defense, could play a major role in making America safer . To date, however, homeland security efforts have neglected this potential asset. Civil defense is eminently possible. During a disaster--from a terrorist attack to a major storm--stores and offices close and, as a result, a massive surplus labor pool becomes available. And people want to help. In the wake of 9/11, for example, blood donations soared all across the country even
though local reserves in New York and Washington, D.C., were more than adequate to treat survivors. New York City and Arlington, Virginia, got so many free supplies that local governments asked citizens to stop sending gifts after just a few days.
Yet, since 9/11, government agencies and emergency workers have expressed little interest in anything other than a professional-only response to future disasters. The Centers for Disease Control's strategy for responding to smallpox outbreaks, for example,
assumes that only "public health and health care professionals" will administer vaccines. The nation's corps of police volunteers has shrunk slightly since 9/11 as more extensive background checks have weeded out potential "security risks" who want to take simple crime reports, direct traffic, and file papers.
It doesn't need to be this way. An hour's training can teach nearly anyone how to board up a window or run a water purifier. Giving vaccinations, administering first aid, directing traffic, and taking simple crime reports require only a bit more training. Indeed, lots of the help needed in a disaster--from working in a soup kitchen to stacking sandbags--requires no special skills at all. America also has a deep well of excess talent. Retired military and law enforcement personnel would likely jump at the chance to work as disasterresponse reservists, but existing police reserve programs typically require candidates to complete full-time, six-month training courses. If medical resources were stretched, likewise, dentists, chiropractors, and even athletic trainers could all make themselves very useful in providing emergency medical care. With some investment, local governments could even revive the World War II-era system of civil defense wardens: people on each block assigned to help organize evacuations, dispense supplies, and direct emergency workers to those who need extra assistance . Given a role and a little training, in other words,
nearly everyone who wanted to help out in a disaster could contribute.

The United States once had a very good civil defense network. Before the mid-1970s, official federal policies mandated that Civil Defense Councils, mostly made up of community leaders from outside the government, take the lead in responding to disasters. In 1960, the United States had over 3,500 such councils. Civilians did a fine job working in emergency shelters, providing first aid, writing disaster management plans, and directing evacuations. In 1955, a civilianled Operation Alert air raid drill successfully evacuated Times Square during the lunch hour. More prosaic evacuation efforts saved thousands of lives when storms and hurricanes battered American cities and towns. But federal, state, and local agencies coordinated their disaster-response efforts so poorly that local civil defense leaders often received contradictory information. However, civil defense officials, particularly at the federal level, acted foolishly at times: A 1961 effort to establish a national fallout shelter network stocked storage rooms and workplace supply closets with two-weeks' worth of food, water, and even cosmetics, so citizens would have somewhere to stay in the event of a nuclear war. The effort never received full funding and eventually died of its own stupidity. As detente and America's eventual Cold War victory calmed notions of massive nuclear attacks, the dwindling few who remained involved in civil defense earned a not-wholly-undeserved reputation as paranoid survivalists. Sick of a confused and often irrelevant message from above, local governments began demanding change at the federal level. In response to a 1979 petition from the National Governors' Association, Jimmy Carter merged the Department of Defense's Civil Preparedness Agency with over 100 disaster-response programs elsewhere in the federal government to create the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). By the mid-1980s, states, counties, and cities had copied this approach. In fits and starts, emergency management became a profession in its own right. By the numbers, professionalized disaster management proved an enormous success. In 1969, for example, over 250 people died when Hurricane Camille made landfall along the Gulf Coast. When Hurricane Isabel blasted the much more heavily populated Washington, D.C., area earlier this year, only 9 perished. As professionals took over disaster response, civil defense withered away. The Citizen Corps Councils, successor to the Civil Defense Councils, are
supposed to train ordinary citizens in emergency response. But the program, remodeled after 9/11, appears almost stillborn. Total funding for Citizen Corps, $35 million, stands at less than one tenth the real-dollar amount spent on Civil Defense Councils in 1960. The new councils have not even spread to major cities like Chicago, St. Louis, and San Diego. Arlington, Virginia, which
has received over $20 million in homeland security money (the most per capita in the country), has a Citizen Corps Council made up of community leaders who meet regularly and provide substantive guidance to professional emergency planners. Even in Arlington, however, the council's only public program so far has been a first aid training class that served 100 of the 300 people who signed up.
America responds best to disasters when police, firefighters, paramedics, nurses, doctors, and emergency managers take the lead. America's quest to professionalize disaster response, however, has come at the cost of leaving ordinary citizens out of the loop when they want to help. An already good system would become better if it made room for them.
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Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security

Citizen Corps is a vital tool in securing millions of Americans participation and assistance in homeland security Etzioni 03 (Amitai, the author of 'The Spirit of Community' and is University Professor at George Washington University,
Christian Science Monitor, 1/27, lexis) The program created to recruit volunteers in the area of homeland security - the Citizen Corps, a sort of national version of the neighborhood watch program - was buried. The Corps would provide training for many thousands in advanced first aid, assisting fire fighters, organizing evacuations, and patrolling important public assets, armed only with communication devices. They would be the voluntary troops of homeland protection. (My support does not extend to the controversial - now discarded - component of the program called Terrorism Information and
Prevention System, or TIPS. Spying on friends and neighbors should definitely not be encouraged. We should serve as arms and legs of homeland protection, not "eyes and ears." Because the latter is so against the American grain, it would undermine the whole drive.) I still don't understand why the administration hid the new program under the Freedom Corps umbrella, which includes the Peace Corps, Vista, AmeriCorps, Senior Corps, and other worthy corps that have nothing to do with homeland protection. Recruitment of volunteers, then, becomes a blanket approach as if - in the anticipation of new terrorist attacks - it makes no difference if you're asked to serve as a teacher's aide or a firefighter, patrol a classroom or patrol the town's water resources. Federal Emergency Management Agency representatives explicitly argue that it makes no difference if people are asked to stand by to help whether it's for a flood, an earthquake, or a bunch of terrorists.
Americans volunteer much more than the citizens of any nation in the world. To get them to volunteer still more - on the homeland security front - requires channeling whatever is left of that special motivation generated by the spotlight Sept. 11 put on our vulnerabilities. Citizen Corps was created to do that - a worthy idea that ought to be pursued more seriously. Americans need to be trained as volunteer firefighters and medics, and asked to give an evening each week and one weekend day a month to patrolling the main resources of their city, from electricity plants to harbors. Homeland protection needs millions of people to protect vital assets; we simply cannot afford to pay to protect all areas of our nation the way we do for our airlines.
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Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves

Increased federal funding for Citizen Corps helps ensure greater citizen participation in emergency response efforts Foresman 3/30/06 (George, Under Secretary @ Dept of Homeland Security, FDCH, lexis)
The FY 2007 request also includes $35 million for the Citizens Corps Program. This represents a $15 million increase over FY 2006. I would like to take this opportunity to stress the importance of citizen preparedness. Citizen preparedness is essential to our preparedness as a nation. Recent outside surveys indicate that citizens are concerned about the threats facing the nation and are willing to participate to make their communities safer. Unfortunately, too many Americans have low awareness of local emergency plans, are not involved in local emergency drills, and are not adequately prepared at home. The increase in funding will help change the culture to ensure that everyone takes an active role in his or her safety and to increase the collaboration between citizens and emergency responders.
Citizen Corps funding empowers first responders to prevent and respond to terrorism Colorado Springs Business Journal 4/23/04 (lexis)
"At Homeland Security we have implemented a national strategy of shared responsibility, shared accountability and shared leadership," Secretary Tom Ridge said. "Funding the capabilities of local first responders is central to our mission of increasing America's preparedness. These dollars will purchase equipment and training that will help our first responders save lives by preventing acts of terrorism and responding if one occurs." Ridge announced the application period of these funds in November as part of $2.2 billion in counterterrorism grants allocated in federal fiscal year 2004. The grants are distributed through three programs accessible through on online application form, the State Homeland Security Program, the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program and Citizen Corps.
Federal funding for Citizen Corps augment local efforts to prevent terrorist attacks Daily Oklahoman 5/6/04 (lexis)
Communities can apply for more than $32 million in grant money released in the latest round of federal funds from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Gov. Brad Henry said Wednesday.
The Oklahoma Office of Homeland Security received the money from the Office for Domestic Preparedness. This federal money will provide a tremendous boost in our efforts to prevent Oklahoma from being
a target of terrorist attack, Henry said. The federal funds will be used to assist local and tribal government in law enforcement terrorism prevention, state homeland security programs and Citizen Corps programs.
Oklahomans should feel safe no matter where they go, no matter what theyre doing, state Homeland Security Director Kerry Pettingill said. A portion of the funds will be used to enhance the Medical Reserve Corps program and Community Emergency Response Teams. Both programs
are
coordinated through Oklahoma Emergency Management as part of Citizens Corps.
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Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves

Status quo emergency preparedness and response efforts are receiving a D grademaking citizen participation and preparedness a national priority through greater Citizen Corps funding is vital Democratic Staff of the Committee on Homeland Security 3/10/06 (US Fed News, lexis)
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE: D
THE DANGER: In August of 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. The storm resulted in over 1,300 deaths and property damages that top $100 billion. The DHS and FEMA response to the storm was a complete failure, demonstrating how ineffective management and poor communications have affected our emergency preparedness and response capabilities. PROGRESS THAT HAS BEEN MADE: In February of 2006, the Administration released 125 specific recommendations for preparedness and response reforms. It is unclear whether the Department can successfully implement these recommendations. BARRIERS TO PROGRESS: The President's budget cuts $612 million from first responder grants and training programs. The budget cuts funding levels for programs designed to assist state and local law enforcement agencies by more than $1 billion compared to FY 2006, the Firefighters Grant Program was cut by 50 percent, and the National Domestic Preparedness Consortium, which trains first responders, was cut by 66 percent . STEPS THAT NEED TO BE TAKEN: FEMA's leadership and authority must be improved. The next FEMA director must be statutorily required to have an extensive background in emergency or disaster related management. Citizen and community preparedness must be a national
priority, [with] which increased funding for school preparedness, evacuation planning, and Citizens Corps, which trains volunteers for use in an emergency. Finally, the government needs one clear emergency response plan that governs Federal and state officials.
Funding is critical to Citizen Corps effectiveness Public Papers of the Presidents 6/5/06 (lexis)
I'm honored to be back here at the Chamber. I'm proud to be with some of America's finest entrepreneurs, job creators, risk-takers. And I'm also proud to be with leaders from the national Citizen Corps. I thank you all for joining us today. I thank you for representing the true strength of America, which are those who are willing to volunteer in our communities to make the country a better place. We got people from the Citizen Corps from all different backgrounds--from business associations to government agencies, to community groups, to schools, to non-profits, to advocates for the disabled, and emergency responders.
Citizen Corps is making a significant difference in our country. When the hurricanes hit our gulf coast last year, members of the Citizen Corps played a critical role in the relief efforts. I want to thank you for answering the call to service. Congress needs to provide the Citizen Corps with the funding you need to keep our communities safe and prepared for emergencies .
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Citizen Corps AffSolvencyIncreased Funding Makes Citizen Corps Effective

Only genuine increases in funding can make Citizen Corps an effective homeland security program Crowley 04 (Michael, political writer, New Republic, 7/5-7/12, lexis)
The problem seems to be, as usual, that the Bush administration's homeland security apparatus is disorganized and underfunded. "One of the main obstacles is one of staffing," says a DHS adviser. "I think they want to get this right, but they had an awful lot of challenges
in getting the constituent agencies together."
One example of this failure is President Bush's Citizen Corps, a volunteer-based organization created two years ago. The Citizen Corps was
supposed to tap local officials to hold readiness seminars and train residents in things like CPR, firefighting, and search and rescue. It would create, as the Chicago Tribune put it, "a legion of volunteers who can fend for themselves and their neighbors until authorities come to their aid."
Alas, Citizen Corps has become yet another budget-starved homeland security program . Although about 1,200 such councils have sprung up nationally since 2003, their impact has been marginal at best. Last year, Congress gave the program a paltry $40 million (Bush asked for $181 million). The year before--thanks, in part, to conservatives who resent "government-sponsored volunteerism"--it didn't budget a penny for the program. To make a real difference, the Bush administration will have to fight to give Citizen Corps a real budget . And, readiness
experts say, it needs to push more information at the public; a passive website isn't enough. DHS might consider the example of the Israeli police, which last year massdistributed a pamphlet to every Israeli with detailed terrorism information, including the telltale signs of a suicide bomber. "Just find a mechanism, whether it's TV, or brochures in every doctor's office, inside buses ... or give kids at school something once a year," Hauer says.
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Citizen Corps AffSolvencyEffective Citizen Corps Solves

Only a successful Citizen Corps can galvanize a surge in emergency preparedness and homeland security volunteerism UPI 3/31/04 (lexis)
Liz DiGregorio, the director of Citizen Corps, the department's central volunteer program, told UPI
the corps works to help states and localities
determine their own emergency preparedness and homeland security priorities.

"No two states are alike, and no two communities in America are alike," DiGregorio said.
Citizen Corps received $40 million in federal funding for 2004, $35 million of which went out to states, which are in turn required to pass 80 percent of their cut through to local governments .
Citizen Corps' budget has increased since it was allotted $25 million in 2002 and $20 million in 2003. President Bush has requested $50 million in funding for the corps in fiscal year 2005. Federal Citizen Corps authorities provide general direction and support for local Citizen Corps councils, which choose how help protect their area from all emergencies, not just terrorism. Local Citizen Corps' groups have done everything from organizing patrols to monitor critical infrastructure to training residents to use chainsaws to clear debris.
Still, the effort to involve citizens in protecting their communities against terror may turn out to be a race against the clock. As the Sept. 11 terror attacks become more and more distant, public preparedness has already begun to wane.
The USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll indicated that four in 10 respondents have a stockpile of food and water at home, down from six in 10 a year ago. About a third -- 34 percent -- of the respondents in the council's poll said another major terror attack on the United States was very likely, compared with 55 percent in 2002. Immediately after Sept. 11, 2001, 71 percent of council poll respondents expressed concern about attacks near their home or work. The latest council poll indicates 49 percent of Americans are concerned about an attack in their neighborhood.
Government efforts and citizen concerns are pointing toward a surge in emergency preparedness and homeland security volunteerism. The degree to which that surge is realized will depend on the success of Citizen Corps and related programs and
the durability of the public's interest.
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Citizen Corps AffSolvencyCitizen Corps Solves Citizen Responsibility for Disaster Response
Citizen Corps is key to reigniting citizen responsibility for disaster preparedness Brown 9/27/05 (Michael, Fmr Director of FEMA, FNS, lexis)
MR. BROWN: Well, my fear is that there will be a knee-jerk reaction that says we need to -- you know, the federal government needs to take over emergency management. I think that's a huge mistake. What we need to do instead are refocus our efforts and refocus the taxpayers' money that's being spent on better -- doing two things: better preparing communities, and really upgrading or professionalizing emergency management at the state and local level, and get them to focus on -- I'm getting on my soapbox now -- (chuckles) -- Congressman Granger, but it's very serious business. We have to recognize that terrorism is a potential, but hurricanes and tornadoes and earthquakes and chemical spills out here on I-395 are a fact of life that we're going to have to deal with every day. And if we do everything under the guise of terrorism to the detriment of all hazards -- and I mean seriously with all hazards; not lip service but true all-hazards planning and preparedness -- then we're going to fail. The other thing we have to do -- and maybe this is a little naive on my part, but I believe it from the bottom of my soul -- is we have to get better at explaining to the American public what their role is in preparedness also. I don't think people understand -- and I know that Congressman
Miller can talk about it; I mean, you can probably talk about it in Ft. Worth and other places -- but I don't think people comprehend that when a disaster strikes, that the power's not going to come back on necessarily two hours later. I mean, we saw places in Florida where even once they got the substation back up, it might take weeks to restring poles and lines all the way down to the last house on the block.
And people have to be ready for that. They have to understand that there are not enough firemen in this country, firefighters in this country, to come and save everybody in every home. We've got to focus on some individual responsibility in disasters and talk about citizen preparedness. I think President Bush grasped that after 9/11 with Freedom Corps and Citizen Corps. And we need to reignite that because that's how we're going to recover quicker from disasters.
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Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

Large-scale disasters like Hurricane Katrina put hundreds of thousand of lives at immediate risk only a national effort that can mobilize millions of Americans can avoid future catastrophes Carafano 05 (James Jay, Senior Research Fellow @ Heritage, "Improving the National Response to Catastrophic Disaster,"
9/15, http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/tst091505a.cfm) In contrast, Katrina was a catastrophic disaster. In catastrophic disasters, tens-or-hundreds of thousands of lives are immediately at risk. State and local resources may well be exhausted from the onset and government leaders unable to determine or communicate their
priority needs. And unlike New York after 9/11 there were few place communities to turn for immediate help. Surrounding cities could quickly pitch in, over intact bridges, roads, and waterways. The small communities around cities like New Orleans, Biloxi, and Baton Rouge had little extra capacity before the storm. Now they have their own problems. National resources have to show-up in hours, not days in unprecedented amounts, regardless of the difficulties. Thats a very different requirement for mounting a national response to normal disasters. Success and Failure Recognizing all the limitations of the national response in meeting the challenges of catastrophic disaster, it is equally important to focus on the incredible achievements of Americas responders. Several hundred thousand were successfully evacuated before the storm. If they not been, the death toll would have been unimaginable. Tens-of-thousands were rescued during and after the storm under harrowing conditions, including over 33,000 by the Department of Homeland Securitys U.S. Coast Guard. Tens-of-thousands more, including those at the Superdome and Convention Center, were evacuated before they succumbed to dehydration, hunger, exposure, or disease. Today, many hundreds-of-thousands are being safely quartered by communities around the country. In comparison to the devastation reaped by the Tsunami in Southeast Asia, the U.S. capacity to save lives in a similar disaster proved unparalleled. This just didnt happen. It resulted from the decisions of government leaders, volunteer groups, private sector initiatives, and the selfless actions of communities and individuals. All are vital components of a national response. All these efforts, the plans that guided them, and how they worked together, must be evaluated. Since 9/11 Another point I would make in assessing how we move forward, is that Americans should realize that as a nation since 9/11 we have invested only
a modicum of effort in preparing for catastrophic disaster.

The overwhelming effort at the federal level, as well as those in state and local governments has been on strengthening our ability to respond to normal disasters. In part, because that is they way Congress, states, and cities wanted itall insisted that we made enhancing the nations capacity to respond to normal disasters the highest national priority. The federal government was required to dole out grants with scant regard to national priorities. Katrina shows the limitations of that approach. Today, all the fire stations in New Orleans lie under water, as does much of the equipment bought with federal dollars . Only
national systemcapable of mustering the whole nationcan respond to catastrophic disasters.

What Does Katrina Tell Us? The final point I would make in putting Hurricane Katrina in context is that this tragedy leaves little question that we need a greater national capacity to respond to catastrophic disasters. Katrina provides a standard for the capabilities that must be on hand, for both catastrophic terrorist attacks and disasters. After all, there was little difference the effects of nuclear attack and the aftermath of Katrina other than the
absence of mushroom cloud and radiation.

I would make one caveat to this conclusion that in at least one respect Katrina does not give a fair appreciation for what is needed to respond to catastrophic disaster. In the area of catastrophic response, few issues require more attention that public health and safety. Ironically, one area that has not received catastrophic stress in the aftermath of Katrina is medical response . The lives of hundreds-of-thousands were saved by the actions of
responders before and after the storm. Next time the nation might not be so lucky.
35

Hurricanes will be both more frequent and intense over the next decadeimproved disaster planning and preparedness is essential Pensacola News Journal 5/29/06 (lexis)
"BRACE's first priority is promoting personal responsibility and self-sufficiency in times of emergency," said Greg Strader, interim executive director. "This is especially critical due to the National Hurricane Center's prediction of a decade or more of frequent and intense hurricanes." Disaster planning and preparedness enhances the effectiveness of response and speeds recovery . Engaging all sectors of the community will provide additional resources for disaster preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation.
Greater federal leadership in the area of disaster preparedness and response efforts are key to economic and social resiliencythis resiliency is critical to our nations survival Harrald 6/8/06 (John, Director @ Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management @ George Washington, FDCH,
lexis)
When then Department of Homeland Security was created and FEMA became the core of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, I had two immediate thoughts: first, emergency management in this country would now be conducted within the context of homeland security and secondly, that I had no idea what that meant. In a typical academic reaction, a colleague and I assumed that others would be struggling with these issues and started a new journal. The Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (JHSEM) provides a source of research and practitioner based material. The success of this electronic Journal may be an indication of the interest in the research and professional communities as the Federal government introduced dramatic changes in emergency management structure and doctrine. Hurricane Katrina was the first test of this re-construction of emergency management as a component of Homeland Security and of the National Response System created by the National Response Plan and the National Incident Management System. The failures crossed all phases of emergency management. We failed to mitigate obvious vulnerabilities, we failed to evacuate people out of harms
way, we failed to provide basic emergency services to disaster victims, we failed to provide adequate temporary housing or to develop a viable recovery strategy for a culturally unique and economically critical American city. As Karl Weick1 has observed, "reality is a cruel
auditor." My remarks are based on the following three premises:
1. The US continues to be vulnerable to extreme events with potentially catastrophic consequences---nature will not rest after Hurricane Katrina and terrorists will not stop with the September 11 attacks. 2. We have not reduced known vulnerabilities, to adequately prepare for extreme events, or to create the ability to mobilize, deploy, and coordinate an adequate response and recovery to a large scale event. 3. Making our society and economy more resilient to extreme events is a national priority. It is not enough to ensure that our citizens survive extreme events. Our society and economy must be able to withstand and adapt to these events and continue to thrive at the local, regional and national level.
Form follows function, so we must first ask what we expect the Federal government to do. The post Katrina reports from this committee, from the House Select Committee, The White House, the General Accountability Office, and the Department of Homeland Security collectively contain 321 recommendations providing some insights into these expectations. We expect Federal leadership and coordination to produce an effective national emergency management network of organizations, led by DHS, capable of reducing vulnerability, and managing the response to and recovery from catastrophic events of all types. William Jenkins2 of the General Accountability Office, notes that the Department of Homeland Security controls only a portion of the resources needed to succeed in this task. Coordination and networking, not command and control are the essence of emergency management. DHS must coordinate the actions of other Federal departments, notably DOD, DOJ, DHHS, and DOT, state and local governments, non governmental non profits, and private sector organizations. Coordination is one critical success factor, the others are capacity, capability, and competence . The national emergency management leadership
must ensure: --That the Federal government has adequate personnel and materiel resources available or immediately accessible to prepare for
and to meet the needs caused by a catastrophic event. (capacity)
--That the Federal Government can rapidly mobilize and organize enough skilled personnel and can it deploy people supported by
adequate resources to the places needed and coordinate their actions? (capability) --That the Federal Government can provide the leadership, management, decision making, and situational awareness necessary
to manage
the response to a catastrophic event? (competence)
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It continues
The current debate is framed in terms of solutions: Should emergency management responsibilities remain in DHS or should an independent FEMA be created? If emergency management remains in DHS are the changes proposed in Secretary Chertoff's Second Stage Review, and the revisions to the NRP and NIMS adequate or is more radical restructuring required to create an emergency management structure within DHS? How extensive an emergency management role should be assigned to DOD? I believe that, depending on the leadership and resources provided, any alternative could work or could fail, I believe that the organizational proposal made by your committee are superior to other alternatives based on the following four factors considered in your report.: Minimizing the human, property, social and economic impacts of extreme events and building a resilient society are tasks that require cabinet level authority and political access. The nation's emergency manager must have the budgetary, planning, research, training, and operational resources necessary to establish doctrine and to effectively coordinate its implementation and the political standing to coordinate with other cabinet secretaries and with state governors. 3. The Committee's recommendations propose innovative solutions to the problems of restoring the conceptual and programmatic coherence of all hazards, comprehensive emergency management within DHS while not interfering with non emergency management homeland security functions. 4. Effective mobilization and coordination of DOD resources will be required to adequately prepare for and respond to any extreme event. The Committee proposes a structure that has the Cabinet level status and staffing required to provide this coordination. The DHS Second Stage Review re-organization does not restore comprehensive, all hazard emergency management within DHS and in my opinion will acerbate some of the problems we witnessed in the Katrina response. The reorganization has been opposed by the National Emergency Management Association because it separates preparedness from response and recovery, creating a disconnect for states. States receive preparedness funding and guidance from the DHS Preparedness Directorate while the responsibility for mobilization and coordination during a disaster response remains with FEMA. Under this plan, FEMA will become a response organization, competing with preparedness for budget. More importantly, the proposed structure will constrain vital feedback between response and recovery results and mitigation and preparedness programs. FEMA cannot be re-created as an independent agency without a difficult transition period and a re-writing of doctrine and re- design of systems that we can ill afford. Natural hazards and terrorists are not going to wait for us to re-organize yet again. Emergency management at the Federal level has been conceptually absorbed within homeland security with the creation of the National Response Plan, NIMS, and the National Infrastructure Protection Plan. FEMA as an independent agency ceased to exist when DHS was formed and the Secretary was designated by law as the Primary Federal Official for all incidents of national significance. The name was retained largely to preserve internal morale and capitalize on the agencies good public image. Functions performed by the independent agency have been distributed and consolidated in the DHS structure. The removal of FEMA from DHS will seriously disrupt the Department, removing the consequence management portion of its comprehensive risk management responsibilities. FEMA is a small agency that will be overwhelmed by an extreme event. It has been capacity and capability constrained both as an independent agency and as a part of DHS. As the Director of the GW Institute for Crisis, Disaster and Risk Management, I was frequently interviewed by the media in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina about FEMA's performance. I made a practice of asking my interviewer how many people he or she believed served as full time FEMA employees. The smallest answer I got was 10,000 people. Frequently the response was 100-150,000. All were shocked when I informed them that the answer was less than 2,000. The creation of DHS was supposed to dramatically expand the pool of skilled personnel available as a surge capacity for emergency management functions. Katrina showed that it has not yet worked that way, but the potential is there and is recognized in both the Second Stage Review and in your committee's proposals. In conclusion, getting the structure right will not be easy, and is only the first step in solving the problems identified in all the post Katrina evaluations. The resulting organization must be flexible and agile enough to respond to the unexpected and structured enough to coordinate state and regional preparedness and risk reductions programs. It must creatively engage the private sector in all phases of emergency management. It must provide for competent leadership, with the regional and local presence required to ensure capability, capacity, and competence at all levels . The next event will bring totally unanticipated
challenges, will we be ready?

The 9-11 commission termed the failure to anticipate and react to the terrorist threat a failure of imagination, the House Select committee called the inept response to Hurricane Katrina a failure of initiative . We now know about the potential catastrophic consequences from the threats and
hazards facing us, we also know what must be done to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from extreme events. Failure to successfully reduce these potential future catastrophic consequences will be viewed by history as a failure of intent. We must truly get it right this time. I thank the committee for the opportunity to testify, and more importantly for focusing the public discourse on issues critical to our nation's survival.
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The collapse of American society would usher in a new Dark Agethis would spur global economic collapse, ethnic conflicts, international disease outbreaks, and nuclear conflicts world wide Ferguson 04 (Niall, Prof of History @ New York University and Senior Fellow @ Hoover Institution, Foreign Policy,
July/Aug, http://www.hooverdigest.org/044/ferguson.html)
So what is left? Waning
empires. Religious revivals. Incipient anarchy. A coming retreat into fortified cities. These are the Dark Age experiences that a world without a hyperpower might quickly find itself reliving. The trouble is, of course, that this Dark Age would be an altogether more dangerous one than the Dark Age of the ninth century. For the world is much more populousroughly 20 times moremeaning that friction between the worlds disparate tribes is bound to be more frequent.
Technology has transformed production; now human societies depend not merely on fresh water and the harvest but also on supplies of fossil fuels that are known to be finite. Technology has upgraded destruction, too; it is now possible not just to sack a city but to obliterate it. For more than two decades, globalizationthe integration of world markets for commodities, labor, and capitalhas raised living standards throughout the world, except where countries have shut themselves off from the process through tyranny or civil war . The reversal of globalizationwhich a new Dark Age would producewould certainly lead to economic stagnation and even depression. As the United States sought to protect itself after a second September 11 devastates, say, Houston or Chicago, it would inevitably become a less open society, less hospitable for foreigners seeking to work, visit, or do business. Meanwhile, as Europes Muslim enclaves grew, Islamist extremists infiltration of the E.U. would become irreversible, increasing transatlantic tensions over the Middle East to the breaking point. An economic meltdown in China would plunge the communist system into crisis, unleashing the centrifugal forces that undermined previous Chinese empires. Western investors would lose out and conclude that lower returns at home were preferable to the risks of default abroad.
The worst effects of the new Dark Age would be felt on the edges of the waning great powers. The wealthiest ports of the global economyfrom New York to Rotterdam to Shanghaiwould become the targets of plunderers and pirates. With ease, terrorists could disrupt the freedom of the seas, targeting oil tankers, aircraft carriers, and cruise liners, while Western nations frantically concentrated on making their airports secure. Meanwhile, limited nuclear wars could devastate numerous regions, beginning in the Korean peninsula and Kashmir, perhaps ending catastrophically in the Middle East. In Latin America, wretchedly poor citizens would seek solace in evangelical Christianity imported by U.S. religious orders. In Africa, the great plagues of AIDS and malaria would continue their deadly work. The few remaining solvent airlines would simply suspend services to many cities in these continents; who would wish to leave their privately
guarded safe havens to go there? For all these reasons, the prospect of an apolar world should frighten us today a great deal more than it frightened the heirs of Charlemagne. If the United States retreats from global hegemonyits fragile self-image dented by minor setbacks on the imperial frontierits critics at home
and abroad must not pretend that they are ushering in a new era of multipolar harmony or even a return to the good old balance of power. Be careful what you wish for. The alternative to unipolarity would not be multipolarity at all. It would be apolaritya global vacuum of power. And far more dangerous forces than rival great powers would benefit from such a not-so-new world disorder.
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Americans are increasingly complacent about the need to be preparedadditional resources and personnel can allow Citizen Corps to challenge such complacency Dyer 6/2/06 (Buddy, mayor of Orlando, Orlando Sentinel, lexis)
Citizen Corps works by encouraging individuals to be prepared, get trained and volunteer to support local emergency-response efforts and community safety.
This is a great example of how I am confident that the collaborations and strategic partnerships Orlando's Citizen Corps has built with non-profits, faith-based organizations, neighborhood and community leaders and surrounding Central Florida governments give Orlando the resources necessary to effectively serve as a destination for thousands of hurricane evacuees, while also preparing for our own residents. The importance of collaboration cannot be emphasized enough; after all, disasters affect entire regions, not just one city. Orlando is committed to working with fellow government agencies and emergency-management leaders to ensure the safety of Central Florida's residents and visitors -- both, vacationing and evacuating. Orlando is proud to have a nationally recognized Citizen Corps program; however, additional resources and
trained citizens are always needed. With the arrival of the 2006 hurricane season, we are working to heighten awareness about the importance of preparedness, but, the reality is, we should be prepared year-round since Mother Nature is unpredictable. While local government must do its part to prepare for threats to our community, it is the personal responsibility of each and every citizen to be self-sufficient during a storm
for at least 72 hours. As was seen during last year's hurricanes, thousands of people were unprepared, rushing to water-, ice- and food-distribution lines, ignoring evacuation warnings and driving in search of gas. Research also indicates our society has become complacent about the need to be prepared for hurricane season . A survey of Gulf and Atlantic Coast residents just months after Hurricane Katrina found some alarming responses: 68 percent of the people have no hurricane survival kit and 83 percent have taken no steps to better prepare their homes. The past two hurricane seasons should have been a wake-up call to residents here in Orlando . It is critical to realize that we as a city and as
individuals are vulnerable to hurricanes, and with the start of the 2006 season, NOW is the time to take the steps necessary to get ready for the upcoming storm season.
Independently, utilizing ordinary citizens in large-scale emergencies saves thousands of lives Christian Science Monitor 7/14/05 ("The real first responders: citizens?"
http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0714/p03s01-ussc.html) NEW YORK As planning for terrorism becomes a part of daily life in the Western World, a growing number of disaster experts are calling for a dramatic reassessment in the way the nation plans for emergencies. The problem, they argue, is that the current top-down approach views the public as a problem to be managed rather than an asset to be utilized. Officials don't take into account people's natural willingness to help or address their most basic needs - like concern
about the safety of their spouses and kids.
This upstart group of sociologists, physicians, and terrorism experts contends that the use of ordinary citizens during a largescale emergency could save hundreds if not thousands of lives . And they are determined to ensure the public is properly prepared before
the next catastrophic event.
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvPost-Katrina Incompetence Undermines US Hegemony

The US inept response following Hurricane Katrina has undermined the perception of American competence, threatening US global hegemony Walt 05 (Stephen, academic dean at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, Financial Times, 10/19, lexis)
The hurricanes that struck America's Gulf coast this autumn were just the beginning of a series of storms - both physical and political - that have
done significant damage to the already fragile US image overseas. Seen through the eyes of an international audience, the images of destitute African Americans left to fend for themselves in a wasted New Orleans, of Tom DeLay, Speaker of the House, indicted and of a White House struggling to salvage a Supreme Court nominee and belatedly waking up to the dangers of bird flu, combined to create a powerful impression of insensitivity and ineptitude .
Coming on the heels of a war that cast grave doubt on US leadership, these storms and our response threaten America's stature in the world. The US's ability to shape world events rests on three pillars. The first is our economic and military power. The second is others' belief that we are using that power properly. And the third is confidence in US competence . When other countries recognise our
strength, support our aims and believe that we know what we are doing, they are more likely to follow our lead. If they doubt our power, our wisdom or our ability to act effectively, US global influence shrinks. Even before the storms, the Iraq war was corroding all three elements of US power. Our armed forces have been weakened and our economy burdened by the costs of occupation, and the abuses at Abu Ghraib jail are a stain on the US's reputation. The new Iraqi constitution will not end the insurgency and the bungled occupation has given others ample reason to doubt the US's ability tohandle complex political challenges.At home, the aftermath of the storms has made matters worse in every way, as noted by foreign observers. The Russian newspaper Novosti described the US as "a giant on legs of clay, with one foot planted in New Orleans and the other in Baghdad". Germany's Die Zeit asked: "How can America expect to save the world when it cannot even save itself?"
Katrina reinforced foreign perceptions of the US as a wealthy but heartless country where racism is endemic and safety nets are lacking. The China Daily said these events revealed "just how fragile much of America's social fabric is" and Japan's Asahi Shimbun declared that "Katrina
showed the world the seriousness and the sorrow of the racial disparities facing the US". Finally, the inept US response to sequential natural disasters reinforced foreign doubts about America's competence. As Austria's Salzburger Nachrichten put it: "How is it possible that the country is so ill prepared?" Thus, as Americans turn to the task of reconstruction, we must do so in a way that restores confidence in our values and our abilities. First , to ensure that
the US's overall power remains intact, President George W. Bush must ask the American people to accept the full burden of their national ambitions. If we want to repair the damage the storms wrought, prepare for bird flu, maintain a military that is second to none, have
world-class schools and exercise energetic global leadership, it is going to cost money - and it is going to require sacrifices from those who have it, rather than those who do not. Anyone who says differently is either lying or deluded. Rebuilding New Orleans is also an opportunity to demonstrate our commitment to provide for all our citizens. If New Orleans is rebuilt with condominiums for the rich, financed by cutting needed social programmes, or if the reconstruction effort is derailed by corporate greed and congressional pork, the rest of the world will have even more reason to question our values and competence. But if reconstruction is swift and New Orleans becomes a showcase of local opportunity and social justice, we will begin to restore the world's faith in US leadership. In the past, the US was respected because its public institutions could set ambitious goals and then achieve them: recall the New Deal, the Manhattan Project, the Marshall Plan and the moon landing. This stormy season produced tragedies for many but we now have
the opportunity to show what America can do. The world is watching; we had better not blow it.
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves

Empirical evidence demonstrates the importance and effectiveness of Citizen Corps volunteers in disaster preparedness and response Eckels 05 (Robert, County Judge--Harris County, TX, FDCH, 9/28, lexis)
After the September 11 terrorist attack, President Bush called upon all Americans to dedicate at least two years of their lives - the equivalent of 4,000 hours - in service to others. He launched the USA Freedom Corps initiative to inspire and enable all Americans to find ways to serve their community and country. The Citizen Corps is a component of the Freedom Corps. In August 2002, I launched the Harris County Citizen Corps to create opportunities for individuals to volunteer to help their neighborhoods prepare for and respond to emergencies by bringing together local leaders, citizen volunteers, and the network of first responder organizations, such as fire and police departments. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Program is a subset of the
Citizen Corps. This program educates people about disaster preparedness and trains them in basic disaster response skills such as fire safety, light search and rescue, and disaster medical operations. Using their training, CERT members can assist others in their neighborhood or workplace following an event and can take a more active role in preparing their community. The program is administered by the US Department of Homeland Security as part of the National Plan for community preparedness . It was the Citizen Corps with some 7,000 volunteers, including more than 1,200 CERT members, that made our relief efforts possible. Our
volunteers came from all walks of life and disciplinary backgrounds. They were organized, trained, and had already volunteered collectively more than 200,000 hours of community service. We realized that we were going to need at least as many, if not more, volunteers than the number of evacuees we were going to shelter. Estimates were enormous not only for Harris County but for the entire State of Texas. When the initial e-mail was sent out to the Citizen Corps seeking volunteers at about 9:00 a.m. on August 31, we were overjoyed when we had 1,000 volunteers in the first hour and more coming in continuously. I can assure you that without these volunteers and tens of thousands more who came forward through the organization of Citizens Corps, we could not have responded to the disaster as we did. Volunteers were organized into teams, and the newly recruited volunteers were given orientation upon arrival and then assignments in all areas of service to the evacuees. I am particularly proud to report that our citizens in Harris County acted with courage, compassion, and unity. We had more than 60,000 volunteers come forward, and they were absolutely essential
to the success of this operation.
Citizen Corps volunteers have already demonstrated their ability to successfully get hurricanestricken communities back on their feetgreater federal action is vital in sustaining current efforts and improving preparedness standards Ridge 04 (Tom, fmr US Homeland Security Secretary, 11/22, Department of Homeland Security Documents, lexis)
Taking one step is great, but we need Americans to take all three steps, and we will keep working towards that aim. This is a long-term commitment and together we must be prepared to see it through for many years to come. Of great help in spreading the "Ready"" message has been Citizen Corps. Citizen Corps is an all volunteer organization that helps Americans find ways to make a personal investment in the security of their community. Citizen Corps Councils, which have grown in number to more than 1,400, have helped us deliver the Ready message at the allimportant grassroots level and have provided countless opportunities for citizens to volunteer their skills and time toward preparing for a disaster. As a result, in the aftermath of the devastating hurricanes of a few months ago, Citizen Corps volunteers who had been trained in first aid, disaster relief, and who were willing to help were deployed to assist citizens of Florida, Louisiana and surrounding states get back on their feet. Both Ready and Citizen Corps have drawn upon the strength of our citizenry to make this nation stronger and more secure. It's our responsibility to sustain that momentum and push for even higher standards of preparedness.
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CERT training is uniquely suited to improve individual and community preparedness in the area of disaster and emergency response Smith 2/27/06 (Greg, coordinator with the United Way of Escambia County, Pensacola News Journal, lexis)
Hurricane season is only three months away; words no one wants to read. Fortunately there seems to be an increasing awareness of the necessity for being adequately prepared for tropical weather events . Federal, state and local governments are calling for public preparedness. Emergency managers, EMS personnel, fire and law enforcement
officials understand the importance of individual and neighborhood preparedness and actively promote it. Escambia County Public Safety has developed an impressive public education program including a comprehensive Web site devoted to preparedness: www.bereadyescambia.com/. As this community moves forward in its own long- term recovery process from hurricanes Ivan and Dennis, it appears as though more and more agencies, organizations and businesses are embracing the preparedness-response concept and are beginning to communicate and collaborate effectively toward that end. Partnerships are being formed, and progress is being made to position ourselves into a higher level of performance.
Overall community preparedness and response can only truly be effective if it begins at the grassroots level . It is the duty of all citizens to prepare to the best of their ability for the upcoming hurricane season and for any of the other emergencies that regularly strike our community. The best way to achieve the fullest understanding of effective preparedness and response is to take advantage of the excellent Community Emergency Response Team training that is available in Escambia and surrounding
counties. CERT training is taught in the community by a trained team of first responders who have completed a CERT Train-the-Trainer course conducted by their state training office for emergency management, or FEMA's Emergency Management Institute located in Emmitsburg, Md.
CERT training includes disaster preparedness, disaster fire suppression, basic disaster medical operations, and light search and rescue operations. The CERT course benefits anyone who takes it. Graduates are better prepared to respond to and cope with the aftermath of natural or man-made disasters. Neighborhood groups receiving CERT training become closer-knit and develop plans to help each other when disaster strikes. One of the more attractive aspects of CERT training is that CERT courses are offered to citizens at no cost. Rarely can this type of valuable and
useful knowledge be gained free of charge.
CERT also dovetails effectively with the recent move by all levels of government toward a consistent, nationwide approach to dealing with disasters and other incidents of significance. CERT's organization interrelates with the same organizational structure used by
federal, state, local and tribal governments regarding the issue of incident management.
By being CERT trained, individuals are not only much better equipped to handle emergencies but they also possess a much more intimate understanding of the language and operations of their local first responders. This understanding makes CERT individuals key players in overall community preparedness and response.
Citizen Corps programs offer unique benefits to citizens in hurricane-stricken areas Chicago Daily Herald 9/28/05 (lexis)
What is important to know is that funds are being spent to better prepare the state and its communities for a terrorist event. One of the premier programs is the Citizen Corps program including the Community Emergency Response Team and the Medical Reserve Corps. Here, funds are being used to train citizens to take care of themselves and assist first responders during a disaster. It is my guess many of those in the hurricane-stricken areas would have been thankful to receive that type of training.
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Citizen Corps can effectively reduce public anxiety following disasters by ensuring local preparedness Knoxville News-Sentinel 9/3/05 (lexis)
Gilmore said the Hurricane Katrina disaster reinforces the need for increased local awareness of disaster plans, options, needs and personnel. Specifically, he called for forming a "citizens' corps" from residents of neighborhoods throughout communities who are knowledgeable of local plans. That way, when the inevitable does happen somewhere in the U.S., the public's anxiety over the disaster will be reduced,
Gilmore said. "There needs to be someone in every business who is the point person" on local preparations and plans. "There needs to be an organization of hundreds of those representatives," he said. Gilmore also recommended that "we need to train individual citizens so they can be reserve backups" in the event of a disaster.
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvActive Hurricane Season Now/Preparedness Key

A very active hurricane season is loominggreater levels of preparedness are vital NOAA 5/22/06 ("NOAA PREDICTS VERY ACTIVE 2006 NORTH ATLANTIC HURRICANE SEASON,"
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2634.htm) May 22, 2006 NOAA today announced to America and its neighbors throughout the north Atlantic region that a very active hurricane season is looming, and encouraged individuals to make preparations to better protect their lives and livelihoods. May 21-27
is National Hurricane Preparedness Week. (Click NOAA illustration for larger view of Hurricane Katrina aftermath in Biloxi, Miss. Click here for high resolution version. Please credit NOAA.) During a news conference at the NOAA National Hurricane Center, Deputy Secretary of Commerce David A. Sampson noted, "Preparation
is the key message that President Bush wants to convey during National Hurricane Preparedness Week. The impact from these storms extends well beyond coastal areas so it is vital that residents in hurricane prone areas get ready in advance of the hurricane season."
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFunding Key to Community Disaster Response Preparedness
Greater funding for Citizen Corps is needed in order to increase community disaster preparedness Department of Homeland Security Press Release 6/7/06 ("National Citizen Corps Council Promotes Culture of
Preparedness," http://www.usafreedomcorps.gov/about_usafc/newsroom/announcements_dynamic.asp?ID=1348) President George W. Bush highlighted the importance of Citizen Corps and emergency preparedness. The President stated, Citizen Corps is making a significant difference in our country. When the hurricanes hit our Gulf Coast last year, members of the Citizen Corps played a critical role in the relief efforts. Congress needs to provide the Citizen Corps with the funding you need to keep our communities safe and prepared for emergencies. Frances Fragos Townsend, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, also underscored the critical role of Citizen Corps in community preparedness as she discussed the findings of The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina
Lessons Learned. George W. Foresman, Undersecretary for the Departments Preparedness Directorate, charged the Council and its Affiliate organizations with increasing personal preparedness and making risk management a common concept . Increasing community preparedness is essential to homeland
security because, as Under Secretary Foresman noted, the government will not have the resources to provide assistance to all citizens in the immediate aftermath of an emergency or disaster. When citizens manage risk by preparing themselves and their families for a minimum of 72 hours of self-sufficiency, the government will be able to focus response efforts on those communities most in need.
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvFederal Support for CERT Programs Solves Preparedness
Greater federal support for state and local CERT programs can help communities develop a culture of preparedness Carafano 05 (James Jay, Senior Research Fellow @ Heritage, "Improving the National Response to Catastrophic Disaster,"
9/15, http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/tst091505a.cfm)
In comparison to the devastation reaped by the Tsunami in Southeast Asia, the U.S. capacity to save lives in the aftermath of Katrina proved unparalleled. This just didnt happen. It resulted from the decisions of government leaders, volunteer groups, private sector initiatives, and the selfless actions of communities and individuals. All are vital components of a national response. Yet more could have been saved in individuals and communities had met their basic civic responsibilities. America does not have a culture of preparedness. The Department of Homeland Securitys current approach to enhancing public preparedness is deeply flawed. Instead of trying to run an ineffective advertising campaign from Washington, the department needs
to refocus its programs to empower state and local governments to create effective bottom-up preparedness from individuals and communities. Initiatives like Ready.gov and National Preparedness Month are redundant with programs run by the American Red Cross and will
never be as effective programs run by communities with the participation and leadership of local citizens.[7] While the federal governments role in public preparedness should not be large, it should be effective and well-integrated with all the other preparedness, mitigation, and outreach activities. This can best be done by consolidating all of the Homeland Security Departments tasks under one place in the department, as recommended in DHS 2.0: Rethinking the Department of Homeland Security.
Insist that the department help state and local communities develop a culture of preparedness by helping them to establish training programs for state and local leaders. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program was an attempt to do this.
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Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvIndividual Preparedness Frees Up First-Responder Resources

Greater levels of individual preparedness frees up resources for first responders in order to better respond to disasters Smith 11/5/05 (Greg, coordinator of Citizen Corps for the United Way of Escambia County, Pensacola News Journal, lexis)
The vital importance of hurricane preparedness cannot be overstated. When individual citizens take the responsibility to plan, stockpile necessary supplies and protect their homes the entire community benefits.
Having the capability to be self-sufficient for a bare minimum of three days (five to seven days is preferable) helps ensure personal and family safety, and takes a huge burden off first responders and many other agencies and/or organizations in the community.
When we prepare as individuals we free up the resources of our first responders, social service agencies and faith-based organizations to deal with genuine crises.
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Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

The lack of federal funding will cripple the CERT programwithout adequate federal funding, CERT programs will come to a halt The Herald-Sun 3/21/05 (lexis)
CERT is part of a national post-9/11 effort to make America safer from natural or man-made disasters, as towns across the country
take a local approach to homeland security.
The program has grown exponentially since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. But even as more people volunteer, federal funding wanes -- and CERT looks likely to crack under the pressure.
"We're all a little confused," said Cathy Henry, director of CERT for North Carolina. "[Since preparedness] seems to be a primary focus of the federal government, why at this point, when these programs are so viable and have proved themselves effective in natural disasters, why the funding is being cut?" In 2002, there were 170 registered CERT programs nationwide, said Liz DiGregorio, acting director of the Citizen Corps program, which includes CERT. Now, there are more than 1,600. Durham has three teams, with another five in the works.
But funding for CERT, which former Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge last year called the "backbone of our national preparedness efforts at the local level," dropped substantially this year.
Its umbrella program, Citizen Corps, received $15 million from the Department of Homeland Security, compared with $40 million in 2004. North Carolina Citizen Corps got $331,000 for 2005, about half the $655,000 it received last year.
Without adequate funding, the now-growing program soon will come to a halt in many communities , DiGregorio said. "All these good efforts are going to have to be scaled back," she said. "We're hearing from some states that they can't handle the growth."
Started in Los Angeles in 1987 after an earthquake ravaged the city, CERT has spread rapidly but sporadically around the country since 9/11. That's particularly true in rural areas that don't receive as much homeland security funding as larger cities. "9/11 was a teachable moment," DiGregorio said. "It made people a lot more aware of their safety and security." CERT is not a new concept. But the Department of Homeland Security seems confused about how best to make it work. Every year since 2002, it has changed how funds are allocated to CERT. This year, the program was shifted from the department's Federal Emergency Management Agency to its Office for Domestic Preparedness. CERT's purpose is also vague, and training varies by state. In California, for example, volunteers are trained to assist professionals during wildfires. In North Carolina, the focus is often on hurricane disaster relief. "We're trying to get them ready for about anything that they might walk up upon," said Betty Moore, who heads Durham's CERT teams. While some states have made CERT into a household acronym, others are trailing behind. North Carolina, with 49 teams, easily outnumbers Pennsylvania's 12 registered teams but pales compared with the 90 in Missouri. Connecticut has only 13 teams, neighboring Massachusetts 104. The number of teams in each state depends on local interest and how much of its Citizen Corps funding a state puts toward the program. The program's inconsistencies may explain why Congress did not fund it generously this year, Henry said. Her job as North Carolina's CERT coordinator likely will be cut next year if Congress doesn't boost the program's $15 million national budget. Money for CERT is pulled from a pot of federal funds allocated to each state for a program called Citizen Corps, a network of volunteer programs. Starting this year, states decide how much of that money goes toward CERT, so the amount varies across the country. The rest is divided among other Citizen Corps initiatives, such as Fire Corps, Neighborhood Watch Program and Medical Reserve Corps. "Perhaps the congressional staff or the congressmen and senators themselves don't understand how beneficial the program is to their constituents," Henry said. Rep. David Price, D-4th, a member of the homeland security appropriations subcommittee, said he considered CERT a "valuable component of our preparedness" and knew his constituents did too. But because the Bush administration has cut taxes, Congress must cut domestic spending, he said. "When it comes to the appropriations process, you're looking at some very unpalatable choices," Price said. He is urging his fellow lawmakers not to cut CERT and other much larger emergency programs, such as the first responders grant.
In his budget proposal for next year, President Bush asked for $50 million for Citizen Corps, the same as last year, when only $15 million was appropriated.
While CERT volunteers can provide support for first responders, the growth of the program is not intended to make up for cuts to emergency personnel. "[CERT volunteers] are never in any way meant to upstage or replace the valuable efforts of the first responders," DiGregorio said. "It is really to create
better-trained, better-informed citizens who can then offer their assistance to help the first responders."
The program's leaders and volunteers said it did just that. In North Carolina, CERT teams have assisted neighbors
during flooding, assessed damage after storms and helped run emergency centers. That's a lot of security for an inexpensive program, says James Carafano of the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. "You can spend a nickel [on CERT now], or you can spend billions of dollars later on ," he said.
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Civilians at West Coast ports lack CERT trainingthe absence of such training leads to inefficient allocation of port security resources Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
+ Social Research, "Port Security Applied Policy Project: Recommendations to Improve Emergence Response Capabilities at the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach," 4/15, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/BCSIA_content/documents/PSAPP_042103.pdf) Meanwhile, CERT is a voluntary program, and agencies simply schedule classes based on local civilian demand. A community organization, such as a church, school, or business, must contact a training agency to schedule a class for interested volunteers . Although the port complex is a high-risk target, its workers have not proactively sought training, and they receive no formalized preferences in the CERT scheduling system. Consequently, port workers must wait for the next available class like other
civilians, while proactive volunteers in lower-risk locations are scheduled to receive CERT training first. For example, in July 2003, the Los Angeles County Fire Department plans to establish pilot CERT programs in the communities of Inglewood, Palos Verdes, Palmdale, West Hollywood, and the unincorporated areas of East Los Angeles.105 One reason that the county fire department plans to target these five communities is that they are not within the jurisdiction of the Los Angeles Fire Departments CERT training program. In addition, they were selected based on factors such as population density, number of government offices, and earthquake risk.106 Nonetheless, the Operational Areas resources might be more efficiently allocated by training civilians at the port complex rather than training volunteers in many of these neighborhoods, whose populations may be exposed to comparatively lower risks.
CERT training is key to augmenting port security at West Coast portsthese ports are terrorist targets Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
+ Social Research, "Port Security Applied Policy Project: Recommendations to Improve Emergence Response Capabilities at the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach," 4/15, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/BCSIA_content/documents/PSAPP_042103.pdf)
CERT Training:
The Los Angeles County CERT Advisory Committee should provide CERT training to prepare workers at the port complex to respond to an attack. Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training is a voluntary program that provides emergency preparedness training and allows civilians to supplement professional first responders efforts.
CERT Prioritization: The CERT Advisory Committee should prioritize high-risk populations, allocate CERT classes first to these high-priority groups, and set target percentages of volunteers to be trained within these populations. Port workers should receive CERT training because the port complex is a potential target for terrorism, but there is currently a backlog for training and no method of prioritization. Interagency Joint Training Team: The CERT Advisory Committee should coordinate the creation of an interagency CERT Joint Training Team for the port complex. To overcome resource constraints, the Los Angeles and Long Beach Fire Departments, Los Angeles County Fire Department, and Los Angeles Sheriffs Department should each dedicate one full-time CERT trainer from their existing staffs to train workers at the port complex. In addition, the American Red Cross should teach CERT modules that do not require instruction by professional first responders. CERT Funding: The CERT Advisory Committee should pursue both federal grants and private sector donations as funding alternatives
for the interagency CERT Joint Training Team.
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The lack of port security is the Achilles heel of US homeland security policyonly effective preparedness can prevent a terrorist attack on West Coast ports from inflicting catastrophic economic damage Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
The oceans no longer protect America. In fact, our seaports are among our nations most vulnerable terrorist targets . Recent studies by the General Accounting Office, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the United States Coast Guard note that Americas ports may prove to be the Achilles heel of homeland security policy .2 Ninety-five percent of all international cargo that either enters or leaves the United States is shipped through our seaports, but the United States Customs Service and other law enforcement agencies inspect only two percent of the shipping containers.3 Consequently, terrorists have ample opportunities to deliver bombs and other destructive devices directly into
the nations shipping infrastructure. The attack on the USS Cole in 2000 and the more recent attack on the French oil tanker Limburg show that terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda are both interested in maritime attacks and capable of executing them. Americas seaports may be next: Some analysts believe that the target closest to [Osama] bin Laden's heart likely remains a seaport that would allow him to go to his Allah in the belly of the Eagle perhaps on the western seaboard of the United States.4 Given this possibility, the Los Angeles and Long Beach port facilities warrant special attention as high-risk targets.
One cannot accurately assess the terrorism vulnerability of the Port of Los Angeles without also considering the vulnerability of the Port of Long Beach, which sits adjacent in Los Angeles Countys south bay. Although they are business competitors, these ports share the same roadways, harbor, and workforce; and therefore, like conjoined twins, the ports also share their vulnerability. A terrorist attack at one port could easily impact its neighbors docks. For this reason, the Coast Guard does not endeavor to protect the two ports separately, but instead protects the infrastructure as a single port complex.5 State and local policymakers, however, still consider the ports separately when determining public policy. The California Attorney Generals Office recently released a list of the top 624 terrorist targets in California; the Port of Long Beach was ranked third, the Port of Los Angeles was sixth, and the Queen Mary cruise ship, which is berthed at Long Beach, was not far behind.6 If the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach had been considered together as pieces of a single port complex, then the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex (the port complex) may have been more accurately identified as the states number one target, instead of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). If experts are correct to assert that Al Qaeda's ultimate military objective is the economic paralysis of the West, then it is also worth noting that the port complex is more substantial to the nations shipping infrastructure than LAX.7 Although LAX is the worlds third busiest airport and carries an average of 185,000 passengers per day, it ships only 2.1 million tons of cargo worth $80 billion annually.8 In comparison, the port complex is the worlds third busiest seaport, and handles 189 million tons of cargo worth $200 billion each year.9 This tonnage represents 43 percent of the cargo containers shipped to and from the United States annually, more than all East Coast ports combined.10 A terrorist attack on the port complex may cause catastrophic economic damage. Various models provide a basis for estimating the financial damage that a terrorist attack on the port complex would cause. The 2002 West Coast port shutdown, for example, provides a conservative, real-world approximation of the economic impact a terrorist attack might have. During the shutdown, Stephen Cohen, codirector of the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy, estimated that the first five days of port closures would cost the national economy $4.7 billion; he projected that a twenty-day closure would cause $48 billion in losses.11 This exponential increase in Cohens model is a consequence of Americas dependence on international trade. According to Cohen, Thirty years ago, when we had a dock closure, foreign trade didnt matter to our economy. It was trivialIts quite different now. Its an integrated system, and if you cut the supply line, you stop the system.12 The actual amount of economic damage from the ten-day shutdown is still debatable, but estimates range from $1.7 billion to $20 billion.13 Three key differences between a potential terrorist attack on the port complex and the West Coast port shutdown suggest that a terrorist event would generate more dire economic consequences. First, the West Coast port shutdown did not directly produce deaths or significant damage to maritime and shipping infrastructure . Second, stakeholders in the 2002 shutdown were able to anticipate and prepare for the closure. Members of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) had been working without a contract for three months before the lockout and were accused of engaging in work slowdowns before the ports were actually closed. Ships that were in port were able to make efforts to unload and get underway before the port closed. A terrorist attack would not afford such a warning. The only preparation that stakeholders would have is the time that they invest ex-ante in training and planning . Third, the mechanisms for reopening the ports after the 2002 shutdown were clear: President Bush invoked the Taft-Hartley Act and a federal court ordered the ports to reopen. Moreover, the ILWU and Pacific Maritime Association (PMA) could have negotiated a contract and reopened the port. In contrast, following a terrorist attack, there is no clear statutory authority or standard operating procedure to reopen Americas ports.14 This confusion could extend port closures and complicate the
resumption of shipping. Any of these factors could produce substantial, additional economic losses .
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US economic decline spreads globally, undermining US leadership and making WMD conflict with China inevitable Mead 4/1/04 (Walter Russell, Senior Fellow @ Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Policy, lexis)
Similarly, in the last 60 years, as foreigners have acquired a greater value in the United States--government and private bonds, direct and portfolio private investments--more and more of them have acquired an interest in maintaining the strength of the U.S.-led system. A collapse of the U.S. economy and the ruin of the dollar would do more than dent the prosperity of the United States. Without their best customer, countries including China and Japan would fall into depressions. The financial strength of every country would be severely shaken should the United States collapse . Under those circumstances, debt becomes a strength, not a weakness, and other countries fear to break with the United States because they need its market and own its securities. Of course, pressed too far, a large national debt can turn from a source of strength to a crippling liability, and the United States must continue to justify other countries' faith by maintaining its long-term record of meeting its financial obligations. But, like Samson in the temple of the Philistines, a collapsing U.S. economy would inflict enormous, unacceptable damage on the rest of the world. That is sticky power with a vengeance. THE SUM OF ALL POWERS? The United States' global economic might is therefore not simply, to use Nye's formulations, hard power that compels others or soft power that attracts the rest of the world. Certainly, the U.S. economic system provides the United States with the prosperity needed to underwrite its security strategy, but it also encourages other countries to accept U.S. leadership. U.S. economic might is sticky power. How will sticky power help the United States address today's challenges? One pressing need is to ensure that Iraq's economic reconstruction integrates the nation more firmly in the global economy. Countries with open economies develop powerful trade-oriented businesses; the leaders of these businesses can promote economic policies that respect property rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Such leaders also lobby governments to avoid the isolation that characterized Iraq and Libya under economic sanctions. And looking beyond Iraq, the allure of access to Western capital and global markets is one of the few forces protecting the rule of law from even further erosion in Russia. China's rise to global prominence will offer a key test case for sticky power. As China develops economically, it should gain wealth that could support a military rivaling that of the United States; China is also gaining political influence in the world. Some analysts in both China and the United States believe that the laws of history mean that Chinese power will someday clash with the reigning U.S. power.
Sticky power offers a way out. China benefits from participating in the U.S. economic system and integrating itself into the global economy. Between 1970 and 2003, China's gross domestic product grew from an estimated $ 106 billion to more than $ 1.3 trillion. By 2003, an
estimated $ 450 billion of foreign money had flowed into the Chinese economy. Moreover, China is becoming increasingly dependent on both imports and exports to keep its economy (and its military machine) going. Hostilities between the United States and China would cripple China's industry, and cut off supplies of oil and other key commodities. Sticky power works both ways, though. If China cannot afford war with the United States, the United States will have an increasingly
hard time breaking off commercial relations with China. In an era of weapons of mass destruction, this mutual dependence is probably good for both sides. Sticky power did not prevent World War I, but economic interdependence runs deeper now; as a result, the "inevitable" U.S.-Chinese conflict is less likely to occur.
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Well-trained civilian teams at US ports can act as force multipliers and expand emergence response capabilities Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
In addition to freeway congestion, three other possible events could prevent first responders from reaching the port complex: a car accident on the freeway; a terrorist attack on the freeway; and either an attack or an accident on the Vincent Thomas Bridge. The most likely of these events may be a car accident on the freeway. Analysts have called the Long Beach Freeway the most accident prone freeway in Southern California.90 Compounding this risk, drivers may be further distracted by a terrorist attack at the port complex, and therefore become even more susceptible to accidents. Additionally, an attack on the port could be staged in conjunction with other attacks on local infrastructure targets, including the freeway system. Finally, terrorists planning an attack on the port complex could target the Vincent Thomas Bridge, which is the primary gateway into the port complex. Any of these scenarios might delay or prevent public safety workers from responding effectively to the event. Consequently, civilian workers at the port may need to both care for themselves and help others. Recent disasters such as the Mexico City earthquake of 1985 and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City have shown that family members, co-workers, and neighbors are often the true first responders to a disaster event. After the Mexico City earthquake, untrained civilians saved at least 800 people, but at least 100 civilians died while trying to save others.91 Training is available to teach civilian volunteers to protect themselves while
trying to help others. Well-managed civilian teams can therefore work as force multipliers and expand emergency response capabilities.92 With this idea in mind, Israel has trained approximately 100,000 civilians to aid in response to terrorist events.93
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The Affs increase in federal funding would represent a 10-fold increase in Californias Citizen Corps and CERT training fundsthis means more money available for port security CERT teams Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
+ Social Research, "Port Security Applied Policy Project: Recommendations to Improve Emergence Response Capabilities at the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach," 4/15, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/BCSIA_content/documents/PSAPP_042103.pdf) Local, county, and state budgets are already stretched thin. Therefore, local policymakers will need to secure outside funding to support these CERT training efforts.
SELECTION CRITERIA This study uses the following criteria to evaluate alternative funding sources. Speed Level of Interest Public Perception Multiple Opportunities Expectations Discretion 1) Speed: The CERT program must be able to use the funds quickly.
Securing funds is the major gating issue for launching the program. The program cannot hire trainers without this funding.
2) Level of Interest: The funding source should already have expressed a preference for the CERT program. Given pervasive resource constraints due to the weak economy, the source of funding should likely have a predisposition for providing the funds for CERT training. If they have not expressed a prior interest in CERT, then it may be challenging to secure funds from them. 3) Public Perception: The source cannot present a risk of public impropriety. A governmental program for public safety should not secure funds from sources that may evoke public objection. Widespread public objections may hinder the programs ability to both use the funds and function effectively. 4) Multiple Opportunities: The source offers many opportunities to seek funds. A source of funding may present a number of different opportunities to seek money. These opportunities may include different grant programs, various qualifying categories, or exposure to a large number of potential donors. 5) Expectations: The sources expectations should be easily managed. Any funding source will have expectations about both the use of its funds and the relationship that it would forge with the program. If these expectations are well defined in advance, then they may be more easily managed. If the sources expectations are poorly articulated in advance, then the program may have difficulty both administering the funds and managing its relationship with the source. 6) Discretion: The program should seek flexibility in its ability to decide how to use funds. Given that this CERT training program for port workers is unprecedented, it may be helpful for the program managers to have flexibility on how they spend their budget to meet the programs goals. Otherwise, the program may be forced to spend on certain budget line items that it does not need, while other unexpected needs remain unfunded, a situation that could cause the program to under-perform. ALTERNATIVES
1) Seek Federal funds through Citizen Corps and other federal grants. The federal government is actively funding local CERT training through FEMA grants to the states for Citizen Corps programs. The states must deliver 75% of this funding to the local level. In 2002, California received $1.66 million of the $21 million in federal grants that were distributed for developing Citizen Corps councils and CERT training programs.121 Of that amount, Los Angeles County received $261,588.122 This local allocation was
determined by a base-plus-population formula.123 From the countys grant, $241,563 is going to CERT training programs and $20,025 is funding the development of Citizen Corps councils.124 In the 2003 federal budget, $20 million was earmarked for CERT training.125 Although FEMA will articulate the exact amount by June, California expects to receive between $1.3 million and $1.5 million, assuming distribution is calculated similarly to 2002. Although it is too early to say whether other factors may be considered for the distribution of these funds, it is possible that the state will utilize a formula similar to the 2002 calculation, which would give Los Angeles County about $250,000.126 These Citizen Corps funds could then be used both to expand existing programs and to train the trainers.127 It is worth noting as well that, for 2004, the president has requested $181 million for
Citizen Corps. If Congress approves this request, then California may receive nearly a 10-fold increase in its CERT and Citizen Corps development funding.128 Strengths: It may be easy to seek these funds. The CERT training program for port workers appear to fit within the guidance established for the Citizen Corps program funds.129
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Citizen Corps AffCERT/California Port Security AdvEffective First Response Key to Mitigating Terrorist Attacks on US Ports
Even if a terrorist attack against West Coast ports is inevitable, only effective first response planning can prevent catastrophic economic damage Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
+ Social Research, "Port Security Applied Policy Project: Recommendations to Improve Emergence Response Capabilities at the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach," 4/15, http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/BCSIA_content/documents/PSAPP_042103.pdf) The Los Angeles/ Long Beach port complex is the nations busiest seaport. If terrorists were to attack the port complex, then the economic damage would be catastrophic. In the short term, it is impossible to prevent an attack at the port complex. Consequently, effective first response planning is of paramount importance . The United States Coast Guard has formed a multiagency Port Security Committee to organize local and state officials to develop emergency response plans for attacks on the port complex. Their endeavor is complicated by the fact that many local agencies from the City of Los Angeles, the City of Long Beach and Los Angeles County share jurisdiction over the port complex.
Effective first response at the local level is critical in minimizing the impacts of terrorist attacks on West Coast ports Allen et al 03 (Warren, Adam Clampitt, Matthew Hipp, Seth Jacobson, Masters Students @ UCLA School of PUblic Policy
The Coast Guard is providing effective federal leadership in its facilitation of emergency response planning within the PSC. Nonetheless ,
responsibility for emergency response and public safety is fundamentally the duty of local government.31 Given the multijurisdictional nature of the port complex, Los Angeles County and the cities of both Los Angeles and Long Beach share the role of providing emergency response for any terrorist attack. In an effort to protect the lives and property of their citizens, first response agencies from these municipalities must collectively strategize, coordinate, and implement a well-orchestrated plan to counter any terrorist event.
54
Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Federal Funding Undermines CERT

The biggest problem with CERT is the lack of funding Christian Science Monitor 8/16/05 (lexis)
Emergency response experts contend the biggest problem with CERT now is the lack of funding . This year, the Citizen Corps budget, of which CERT is only one part, was $ 15 million for the entire country, "an absolute trickle," in the words of Ms. Tierney.
The lack of federal and state funding threatens to devastate CERT programs which are the backbone of local disaster preparedness SF Chronicle 8/16/04 (lexis)
If catastrophe strikes the Bay Area -- whether it be a Madrid-style terrorist commuter-train bombing or a major earthquake -the first help to arrive may be a trained civilian rescue team. But even as U.S. authorities warn that al Qaeda may be plotting large-scale attacks to disrupt the presidential election, federal and state funding cuts could devastate the emergency volunteer programs that Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge has called "the backbone" of America's local disaster preparedness. Training programs for Community Emergency Response Teams -- known as CERTs -- have already been squeezed by the state budget crisis, and Congress is proposing to slash funding for disaster volunteer training programs in half. Now authorities fear that there will be fewer volunteers to answer the call when disaster strikes because of cuts to the program that trained at least 10,000 emergency response volunteers statewide last year.
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Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Personnel Undermines CERT

The lack of personnel threatens CERT effectiveness AJC 3/31/05 (lexis)
With the growing number of CERT teams available nationwide, volunteers from Texas, Virginia and other states were sent to Florida to help with the storm response. But the volunteer movement, while growing, has been uneven. For instance, despite the success of the Alcoa team, the Fulton County Fire
Department has trained only about 40 people.
"We've got enough federal money to do some classes," Harris said. "We just don't have people." Lt. Robin Booth, public information officer for the department, said the problem is public complacency. "I think we've forgotten some of the lessons we might have learned from 9/11," she said. "The only way to have a good outcome is to be
prepared."
56
Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvIncreased Federal Funding CERT Effectiveness

Even modest increases in federal funding greatly enhances CERT effectiveness AJC 3/31/05 (lexis)
James Carafano, a homeland security specialist at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative research group, lauded the federal outreach. "The CERT teams, for example, are a fine investment," he said. "These are pennies that are going to pay dollars." Federal spending for the volunteer efforts is modest. Citizen Corps grants totaled $13.5 million divided among all 50 states this year.
57
Citizen Corps AffState Budgets 1AC Adv

The lack of necessary federal funding has forced states to foot the bill for expensive homeland security functionsthis exacerbates state budget deficits that threaten US economic competitiveness and risk destroying US federalism Peirce 7/27/03 (Neal, nationally syndicated columnist, San Diego Union-Tribune, lexis)
What kind of stewardship is it for American federalism when Washington stands aside, preoccupied with its Iraq adventure, and offers scarcely any relief when the states face such grim budget crises -- New York, for example, at $12 billion, Texas at $9 billion, California a
numbing $38 billion?
With smarter national policies, with avoidance of the deep tax cuts that Congress has been approving, the states at this moment might be ordering less crushing cuts in the higher education budgets we know are critical to our long-term global competitiveness . Budgets for public hospitals, schools, firehouses and public works projects might not be under quite such severe attack . Some two-thirds of the states might not be slashing back on their aid to local governments -- forcing many to raise local property taxes, even as Bush tells
Americans how lucky they are to have his tax cuts. And we might have more hope. Last week, the nonpartisan watchdog group, the Concord Coalition, warned the first six months of 2003 were "the most fiscally irresponsible in recent memory," as Congress and the administration engaged in "a schizophrenic pursuit of small government tax policies and big government spending initiatives," leading to a "hemorrhage of red ink." Concurrently, the administration wants the states to accept huge new funding obligations -- from housing vouchers to the totally unfunded No Child Left Behind education initiative.
On homeland security, the administration supported a nominal amount of federal aid to cover states' and localities' immense new, unanticipated costs for local police, firefighting, emergency medical and communications systems . One can argue that terrorist attacks are a direct result of inadequate or bungled national government intelligence operations. But the Bush camp's fervor for war in Iraq was a hundred times more intense than its support for homeland defense assistance to states and cities.
Some people assert the Bush administration's seemingly cavalier disregard of state and local governments isn't accidental -- that it's based in an ideology that says virtually all government (except, perhaps, defense) is dysfunctional, that squeezing government's size and forcing more functions onto the private sector is the way to go. What that would constitute, if true, would be a conscious effort to destroy the partnership of federal, state and local governments that began with the Morrill Act for land-grant colleges in the 19th century, widened on every count from transportation to environmental protections to housing assistance, and contributed mightily to making us a great nation. Maybe President Bush doesn't want to push the evisceration of state and local budgets that far. He remains personally cordial toward the governors, his former colleagues. But what can it possibly mean when this year's $455 billion deficit balloons, as some suggest, to $500 billion next year? When the red ink washes into the trillions, spurred on by Bush tax cuts over the course of this decade? Under such conditions, the federal government will be simply unable to aid struggling state and local governments -- governments whose fiscal futures are already shadowed by outmoded sales tax systems, fast-rising school and health costs, and a federal ban on taxing Internet transactions.
Is American federalism resilient enough to sustain these assaults? Only time will tell. Though it's worth remembering: In the end, the American union can be no stronger than the sum of its parts.
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Additionally, states are slashing higher education budgets due to homeland security concernsthis collapse of higher education will destroy US economic and military leadership Trible 05 (Paul, fmr US Senator--VA + current president @ Christopher Newport Univ., Wash Post, 4/19, lexis)
There is an irony here. For decades, many unfairly considered state schools to be, as they say at Oxford, "redbrick" -- second-rate diploma mills. Now ,
just as U.S. public universities are finally winning the global recognition they deserve for quality, their very future is suddenly in doubt. What is happening? State by state, the social compact that supported higher education is being dismantled . A Brookings Institution report revealed in 2003 that state appropriations for higher education have declined sharply , from an average of roughly $8.50 per $1,000 in personal income in 1977 to about $7 per $1,000 by 2002. It is unrealistic to think that state funding will ever return to robust levels, with state budgets being squeezed by the growth of Medicaid caseloads, roads and bridges crumbling under record numbers of drivers , homeland security demanding urgent attention, and the politics of tax-cutting continuing apace. In 2008 the financial pressure on public colleges and
universities will only grow with the graduation of the largest high school class in U.S. history. Some look hopefully to Congress as it prepares a new higher education bill. As a former U.S. senator, I can assure you that a federal government facing monumental deficits is unlikely to take up the slack for the states. If public colleges and universities are to survive, they must be willing to rethink everything they do. A decade ago, Gerhard Casper, then president of Stanford University, ignited an academic firestorm by suggesting that the four-year baccalaureate might not be such a sacred standard. Could a respectable BA be earned in three years? A prominent Virginia attorney recently proposed that state education dollars be diverted from institutions of higher learning to the students themselves. Many educators are willing to enter into explicit corporate alliances and co-branding of schools with sponsors. These may or may not be good ideas, but they represent the kind of iconoclastic thinking the funding crisis requires. Foremost among any answers must be a drive to recast the relationship of public colleges and universities with the states. Public institutions of higher learning are often classified as state agencies. This identity forces schools to appeal to state bureaucracies to make modest changes in personnel policies or to construct new facilities, adding unnecessary delay in decision making and millions of dollars in unnecessary costs. A proposal that was recently approved by Virginia Gov. Mark Warner and the General Assembly suggests one national direction. Presidents of Virginia's twoand four-year institutions have secured a new compact that will provide greater freedoms for public schools. It will eliminate the bureaucratic burdens, political pressures and other factors that frustrate success, while enabling universities to be more entrepreneurial. This new paradigm will include predictable levels of funding, allowing administrators to make realistic long-term plans. In exchange, every institution will pledge to meet measurable and ambitious goals, including improving graduation rates, nurturing relationships with K-12 schools and opening doors to underserved populations. In short, if states grant public colleges and universities greater authority to make their own decisions, they can expect them to be accountable for greater financial efficiency and academic performance. Rethinking the definition of a public university may be a state issue, but it is one of national importance . In the 21st century, the rankings of these
incubators of ideas will determine America's technological, economic and military place in the world . In a brutally competitive global economy, leaders can quickly fall to the rear. The Times of London's rankings of the top 50 schools
included six Australian universities and eight Asian universities, while only two from France and one from Germany made the cut. In an age of academic globalization, in which leadership can slip from the heart of Europe to Australia, we cannot afford to allow neglect and inattention to
threaten the future of U.S. public colleges and universities. We need to think hard -- and act soon -- if we want to continue to make the global grade .
US leadership is key to solving global problems and avoiding global nuclear conflict Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, US Ambassador to Iraq + Fmr Consultant @ RAND Corporation, Wash Quarterly, Spring, lexis)
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global environment would be more open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second , such a world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems, such as nuclear proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states,
and low-level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
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Stronger federal funding regarding homeland security preparedness assists the states in focusing their efforts, time, and resources on internal needs and in avoiding difficult budget cuts Foster 03 (Chad, public safety and justice policy analyst at The Council of State Governments, 1/1, State Government News,
lexis) Consequently, states face the dilemma of trying to meet urgent homeland security needs with inadequate resources. Federal grant funds are making their way to the states at a much slower pace than was first expected. By waiting on federal grants for first responders and other high-priority needs, states are accepting high levels of risk, thus temporarily sacrificing preparedness.
Furthermore, states have many high-priority needs that the federal government will not fund. For example, some states have created new positions and offices for homeland security. In addition to slow federal funding streams, a lack of state resources complicates the homeland security puzzle. Many states were already facing tight budgets or budget shortfalls before the September 11 attacks. Now they have a new line item in their budget that requires hefty upfront costs.
As budget forecasts continue to worsen in many states, policy-makers find themselves facing difficult choices. They not only face the question of whether to wait for federal funds or try to self-fund high-priority needs; they also face the thorny dilemma of where to find additional state money. Should they cut budgets of other departments or programs? Should they use state
reserves or rainy-day funds? Or should they raise taxes? Some states have already made difficult policy decisions. In 2002, for example, Pennsylvania increased taxes on its gaming commission to fund first responders and homeland security initiatives. Similarly, Minnesota increased the surcharge on phone use in the name of homeland security . What can states do? One way or another, states will face difficult homeland security decisions this year. A timely decision and turnaround on federal funds will surely assist the states in focusing their efforts, time and resources on internal needs . Regardless of federal policy, states can take several measures to help prepare for these upcoming decisions:
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Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Funding of Homeland Security Budget Shortfalls
States have been left to foot the bill for many homeland security concernsthis makes funding for higher education and public universities easy targets USA Today 8/27/03 (lexis)
The National Governors Association reports that 47 cash-starved states are grappling with budget deficits for fiscal 2004. States are required to fund costly programs such as Medicaid or elementary and secondary education, but not higher education. That's a key reason why public universities are easy targets .
University officials in Wisconsin and elsewhere stress that even with tuition increases, higher education at public institutions is a bargain. In his commencement speech in May, UW Chancellor John Wiley reminded Wisconsin residents that despite tuition increases, taxpayers subsidized about $ 25,000 of each bachelor's degree, more than matching what students paid. Even so, for universities, the budget cuts coincide with growing pressures on several fronts. Enrollments in many states are reaching all-time highs, with no signs of abating for years, and increasing numbers of students are expected to need financial aid.
Homeland-security-related federal mandates have forced universities to track international students more closely and increase the security of research labs -- all at the universities' expense. A proposal to be introduced next month in Congress would pull
federal higher-education funds, worth about $ 65 billion next year, from colleges that don't keep tuition increases in check.
Homeland security spending lies at the heart of many state budgetary woes Insight on the News 7/7/03 (lexis)
With revenue growth falling in many states and flat in others, the National Conference of State Legislatures has warned that "precariously balanced budgets" are at risk of being thrown into a "tailspin." The one piece of good news the conference reported recently is
that the overall gap between the money that states are bringing in and what they're spending has narrowed three months ago the total deficit was being projected at $25.7 billion. Even so, no one is celebrating. The effort to narrow the gap was unpleasant enough. And, unless something dramatic happens, in the next fiscal year the states will be in the red even deeper by a likely $53.5 billion the consequence partly of spending pressures due to higher unemployment and new homeland-security and public-health demands. Ohio Republican Gov. Bob Taft said, "The fiscal situation looks dark for state governments across the country." The gloomiest prospects are for states of the Northeast and West. Last year most states weathered the budgetary crisis by dipping into their reserves and introducing one-time measures to balance the books. They hoped the economic downturn would be short-lived. But as the budget crisis has continued states have started to cut, with nearly half considering significant reductions in K-12 education. More than half are looking for savings in higher education and most of them are weighing tuition hikes. Many states are seeking to curb Medicaid costs; 19 states are seeking cuts in their prison budgets. So far most governors have insisted they will not raise personal income, corporate or sales taxes, but many have hinted including the governors of Connecticut and Kentucky that they have little choice. Already in at least 24 states either the governor or a state lawmaker has proposed or included tax increases in budget legislation. The prospect of tax increases is straining the relationship between governors and the White House, which fears there will be a collision over fiscal policy between Washington and the states one that may offset the benefits of the Bush tax cuts that the administration claims will spur growth and job creation.
State governments insist many of their budgetary woes stem from the administration's demand that they pick up more of the tab for homeland security and federal programs such as Medicaid, which the administration is intent on reforming. They also point to other
"unfunded mandates" such as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which requires public schools to test students. The cost to the states for that legislation alone is $35 billion a year more than the act provides.
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Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvStrong Educational System Key to US Hegemony

A strong educational base is a vital part of US economic strength, the foundation of US global leadership Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, fmr consultant @ RAND + current US ambassador to Iraq, Wash Quarterly, Spring, lexis)
To sustain and improve its economic strength, the United States must maintain its technological lead in the economic realm. Its success will depend on the choices it makes. In the past, developments such as the agricultural and industrial revolutions produced fundamental
changes positively affecting the relative position of those who were able to take advantage of them and negatively affecting those who did not. Some argue that the world may be at the beginning of another such transformation, which will shift the sources of wealth and the relative position of classes and nations . If the
United States fails to recognize the change and adapt its institutions, its relative position will necessarily worsen. To remain the preponderant world power, U.S. economic strength must be enhanced by further improvements in productivity, thus increasing real per capita income; by strengthening education and training; and by generating and using superior science and technology. In the long run the economic future of the United States will also be affected by two other factors. One is the imbalance between government
revenues and government expenditure. As a society the United States has to decide what part of the GNP it wishes the government to control and adjust expenditures and taxation accordingly. The second, which is even more important to U.S. economic wall-being over the long run, may be the overall rate of investment. Although their government cannot endow Americans with a Japanese-style propensity to save, it can use tax policy to raise the savings rate.
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Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvState Budget Deficits Threaten US Economic Growth
State and local budget deficits threaten US economic growth San Diego Union-Tribune 6/6/03 (lexis)
"One thing that concerns me nationally are all these budget deficits that states and local governments have," Gin said. "Whereas the federal government can borrow, states and local governments cannot. So they're forced to have balanced budgets, which means either big cuts in spending or increases in taxes, or a combination of the two. "Either way, that's going to slow economic activity."
State and local budget deficits pose a significant drag on the overall US economy USA Today 4/16/03 (lexis)
WASHINGTON -- War, stocks and CEOs all have received blame for the sluggish state of the U.S. economy. But list: state and local budget woes, a recent USA TODAY survey of economists found.
add another enemy to the laundry
Falling tax revenue at a time of swelling spending on health care and homeland security have led to huge budget shortfalls at the state and local levels. In fiscal 2003, which for most states ends June 30, governors are facing a $ 25.7 billion deficit. It's only going to get worse.
With 39 states reporting, states expect a combined $ 68.7 billion deficit next fiscal year, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.
The deficits have led to government job cuts by the thousands, spending cuts on buildings and new equipment and higher fees and taxes for everything from college tuition to trash pickup. All of that means less money is going into the general economy. In a survey of 61 economists taken by USA TODAY April 4-8, 79% said the problem of state and local budgets posed a "significant drag" on the overall U.S. economy, which is growing far below potential.
States are looking to raise taxes in response to budget shortfallsthis threatens the economic stimulus generated by Bushs tax cuts The Gazette 8/1/03 (lexis)
To be fair, California isn't the only state in the union with budget woes. As in Washington, where federal deficits loom, the states are having a lot of trouble making ends meet. One reason is the downloading of federal responsibilities onto lower governments . But unlike Washington, the states don't have the option of running deficits. With the exception of Vermont, they're required to balance the books. And that's leading to some fiscal chicanery, not to mention tax hikes and spending cuts that threaten to drag down the economy.
California's new budget has been roundly panned by Wall St. The debt-rating agency Standard & Poor's said it relies on "massive borrowing" and one-time measures that don't address the real problem: the state continues to spend far more than it collects in revenue. During the boom years of the 1990s, when California's Silicon Valley led the nation in growth, tax revenues rolled in from high-tech millionaires and spending ramped up. After the crash, revenues went south but the state's ambitious spending programs weren't scaled back. Now, to balance the budget and continue to fund its retirement plans, the Davis administration has dug into its bag of tricks. Like other states, California is raiding its tobacco restitution fund established in 1998 when the tobacco industry agreed to pay billions in compensation over 20 years to settle lawsuits. California has "securitized" the payments, selling the future right to receive them, for cash on the barrel today. But the state is getting only 50 cents on the dollar, analysts note. And while the short-term infusion of cash will keep the lights on, it does nothing to address the mismatch between revenues and spending. It was reported this week that states' budget problems could shave almost half a point of growth off the U.S. economy. Worrisome is that social spending cuts fall disproportionately on low-income people. California has cut spending by more than $12 billion over two years, affecting school budgets and programs for single mothers. The budget crisis is eroding one of the strengths of the U.S. economy: access to higher education. State aid to education has been cut, with the result that state colleges and universities have sharply increased tuition fees. For example, tuition at the University of California is slated to rise by 40 per cent. Some Republican governors are doing the unthinkable - raising taxes. In Nevada, for example, Republican Governor Kenny Guinn has boosted taxes by $833 million, triple the previous record tax hike in the state.
The bottom line is that rising state taxes threaten to undo the Bush tax cuts in Washington, negating badly needed fiscal stimulus.
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Citizen Corps AffState Budgets AdvFederal Funding for Citizen Corps Avoids State/Local Spending
Federal funding for Citizen Corps allows states and localities to avoid costly homeland security spending NYT 5/4/05 (lexis)
Three years ago, lawmakers in Washington rejected the Justice Department's proposed Terrorism Information and Prevention System, or TIPS, which would have enlisted mail carriers, utility workers and other citizens in an organized corps of informants. Since then, a patchwork of local and national volunteer programs, including the Bush administration's Citizens Corps, have been filling some of the domestic surveillance gap. Unlike the so-called Minutemen volunteers who conduct immigration patrols along the border with Mexico, the antiterrorism volunteers are unarmed and unsung. Their mission is to spot and report possible wrongdoing, leaving enforcement to the authorities. With state and local budgets stretched most everywhere, the watchful eyes are rarely turned away; money to train the volunteers often comes from domestic security and other federal grants . ''Law enforcement has other priorities besides terrorism now,'' said Michael Licata, a retired Air Force colonel and president of the Community Antiterrorism Training Institute, a New Jersey-based company that provides training for businesses and local governments. ''A trained citizenry is like a force multiplier.''
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Citizen Corps AffStates/Locals AdvFederal Funding Solves Local Budgetary Concerns

Additional federal funding for Citizen Corps/CERT programs alleviates budgetary constraints created by local spending regarding homeland security Slater 05 (Shelby, director of homeland security for the city of Detroit, NPR, 1/17, lexis)
COX: Now when there is a shortfall of funds for homeland security, what recourse, I'm trying to say, does the city have? Mr. SLATER: Well, we don't have much other than to spend money out of our general fund. When we have to put additional police officers or additional firefighters, EMS techs, at locations when the threat advisory level moves up, then that comes out of our own budget. Now there are some limited funds that have been made available to assist us, but primarily it comes out of the general fund.
COX: So the areas that you are unable to cover, or unable to protect the city properly because resources have gone elsewhere, would be where? Mr. SLATER: Well, we don't have any areas where we are unable to protect the city. It's just --it strains our first responders, our police,
fire, EMS, because we have to redeploy, bring in additional people on overtime to protect those critical assets, and that results in an impact on the budget.
COX: Now you've taken several creative steps, as I understand it, to meet the city's security needs. For example, the creation of a citizen corps that reaches out to the local business community. Tell us about that. Mr. SLATER: Well, Detroit has its Citizen Corps Council and within that council--under that council we have several programs.
One is the CERT program, and CERT stands for Community Emergency Response Team. That is providing citizens and organizations first-responder types of training so that they become an added benefit to our first responders in their communities. There's things like emergency preparedness, basic first aid, light search and rescue, disaster psychology that we teach citizens and
organizations so that it relieves the anxiety of not knowing what to do if there's a critical event. COX: Is there something else that can be done in addition to creative ideas such
as that one? Mr. SLATER: Well, I think if we get some additional support from the federal government, especially in the areas of port security and providing additional full-time staffing to local jurisdictions, that will go a long way in helping us.
COX: Now we've already heard from the chairman of the Washington, DC, City Council about their concerns about a shortfall of funds related specifically to the inauguration. Now you don't have inauguration issues in Detroit, but you do have issues with regard to the lack of funding that you say that you need. The city council in DC says they intend to do something about it. They weren't specific. Is there something that you feel the city of Detroit is likely to do to try to get more money from the federal government to support you in homeland security?
Mr. SLATER: Well, we're certainly going to be working with our federal legislators to get that point across to the Congress, to the office of Homeland Security, that additional funding is needed for specific purposes in the city of Detroit and to relieve some of the impact, negative impact that it's having on the general budget. Again, we have a vast northern border, an international crossing; $1.5 billion in commerce comes across the Michigan-Ontario border daily. So we need some additional resources to assist us with that border security.
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Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-On

--Additional federal funding alleviates the need for California to spend large sums of money regarding homeland security and emergency response efforts Sanchez 03 (Loretta, US Representative--CA, FNS, 6/19, lexis)
You know, since September 11th one of the most high profile issues surrounding our nation's new homeland security mission is, of course, the whole nature of first responders, who is to do that, and who is to pay for our emergency response system. And I'm sure that there hasn't been a single member who has not discussed this with their local police and their fire, their hospitals, their emergency health care workers, because many of them do feel that it is an unfunded mandate, something coming from the federal government -- I mean, they know that they have to do it. They know that they're responsible for their people, that they're -- they're the first ones there. But it is costing them quite a bit of money to do all of this. And in particular, when we go from a yellow to an orange alert, or an orange alert to a red alert, they consider that they need to staff up, need to put more people out, need to protect more assets. And so many of them are very, very worried about the whole issue of funding. And I hope that as we detail what you've been able to do in this department, that you will also talk about some of the funding
issues. And one that I want to put right on the table is the whole issue of the fact that we have, to some extent, done to granting processes, either through the congressional method, through supplemental and also through the appropriations process. But more importantly, I know that the department has done some grant-based and state grant-based types of programs. What I see to be one of the biggest problems with that is that those programs revolve around additional equipment or equipment that different agencies might need, whereas in talking to law enforcement and fire and others -- up and down the state of California, at least, where a large
amount of the population lives -- we are the fifth- largest economy in the world -- their biggest problem has been that they need to put more staff on or they need to pay overtime. And so, fully over 80 percent of their costs when they go on orange alert, for example, are really for monies that aren't covered in any way coming out of the federal system . And so I would like to, when the questioning begins, get your opinion on what we could do at the federal level to help with some of those costs that really are just a very heavy burden at the local level.
In addition to that, we have, of course, FEMA, urban search and rescue teams, we have nuclear incident response teams, we have a whole bunch of other first responders that we need to discuss and talk about and see who this is all fitting. Of course, it all -- a lot of it comes down to funding. The chairman, Mr. Cox, talked about the fact that we need to share here intelligence, and that is true. But you know, when you have an incident and you need to respond, it's also about being able to get there. So as somebody who represents Disneyland, the Anaheim Convention Center, the world champion Angels, the Arrowhead Pond with its Mighty Ducks, all these places , it's very
important to me to see that we're working at the federal level to ensure we have a good plan and we have a good funding plan.
--A budgetary crisis in California threatens the global economy and overall US leadership Gvosdev 03 (Nikolas, Editor of In the National Interest," Recall Madness--and Much Ado about Missiles," 8/13,
http://www.inthenationalinterest.com/Articles/Vol2Issue32/Vol2Issue32Realist.html)
But the real issue is this: people "inside the Beltway" sometimes seem to forget that there is no "United States" apart from the fifty states (and associated territories and commonwealths). A fiscal and economic crisis in California has a direct impact on the power of the United States, since some 13 percent of the total U.S. output is produced by California. California on its own is the sixth largest economy in the world, worth some $1.309 trillion--yet this represents a decline of approximately 2.3 percent from 2000, when California's economy outperformed that of France. California represents a significant share of the country's technological base and of its human capital . The high-
tech weaponry which led to a swift initial military victory in Iraq is in part a product of the technology and defense sectors of the California economy. A state budget crisis that significantly cuts back on everything from education (including higher education, where so many innovative breakthroughs have taken place) to health care has ramifications for how the United States projects its influence throughout the world. In previous issues of In the National Interest, other authors have pointed out the dangerous implications of continued deficit
spending by the federal government to support overseas operations, and this problem can only increase if a continuing crisis in the principal engine of America's economy continues.
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Citizen Corps AffCalifornia Budget Add-OnCalifornia Cant Afford Homeland Security Funding
California cant afford to spend any additional funds on terrorist-related trainingthey face budget shortfalls Press Enterprise 3/18/04 (lexis)
* Because wildfire is a potential terrorist tool, the Department of Homeland Security should pay for training exercises. * Cities and counties should consider early-warning systems to alert residents of approaching fires. Commission members will begin to rank their recommendations at today's meeting. Many recommendations would be expensive to carry out at a time when California confronts a multibillion-dollar budget shortfall and many state departments are under hiring freezes . The federal government, meanwhile, is restricting growth in nonmilitary spending.
The lack of federal funding has forced California to spend hundreds of millions of dollars on homeland security Daily News of Los Angeles 10/20/03 (lexis)
California has spent millions on homeland security that was not mandated by Washington . So while Gov. Gray Davis and now Schwarzenegger - have a valid case to make that the Golden State has unique protection needs, the $750 million spent so far has mostly been at Sacramento's discretion.
The other problem, noted Davis administration spokesman Steve Maviglio, is that the current formula for homeland security funding is based on population, not the number of potential terrorist targets that exist in each state. Davis has worked with Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge to adjust the formula, but
securing additional funds has been hampered in the interim by the burgeoning federal deficit.
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Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On

Australia models US homeland security policiestheyll model the plan Daily Telegraph 11/27/02 (lexis)
AUSTRALIA has a habit of following trends from the US. Sometimes that is not necessarily for the better, but there is good reason to take a leaf out of its latest book and establish an Australian Department of Homeland Security.
President George W. Bush signed the department into being yesterday. Its job will be to co-ordinate all areas of government, ranging from intelligence services to first-response agencies such as police, firefighters and emergency medical teams, with the aim of keeping US citizens safe. It is a sensible idea, and one which could serve us well. After the Bali bombing there were reports that Australian authorities had been warned of increased terrorist activity in South-East Asia, some specifically mentioning Australians and nightclubs as targets. We were told that none of the information was strong enough to constitute a direct threat, or to justify a warning to Australians. However, if a co-ordinating department were established, information gleaned from dozens of sources could be sifted, weighed and presented to the Government in a far more professional and co-ordinated way than happens at present. We have a wide range of information gathering agencies. In no particular order of importance, there is the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, with its huge network of diplomats throughout the region; there is ASIO and its sister organisation, ASIS; there is the Joint Signals Office which tracks electronic messages in the region; there is the state police, the federal police, the immigration department and the armed forces. In many instances, professional jealousies between agencies has led to a block on information sharing. This happened in the US where the CIA and the FBI were at loggerheads and it has frequently tarnished co-operative relationships between the NSW Police and the Australian Federal Police. A new agency would have the job of opening these blockages.
Then there is us -- the citizens -- who are being urged to be on the look-out for suspicious activity. That is a hard ask because most of us don't know what we should be looking for. As one wit put it yesterday: "Could someone please let the Prime Minister know that I've seen an empty car parked outside an official building?" We have a lot of eyes and ears available to us, but there is no single brain sifting all the messages.
The US department goes beyond the realm of intelligence analysis. As President Bush said when he signed the Department of Homeland Security into law: "The new department will analyse threats, guard our borders and airports, protect our critical infrastructure and co-ordinate the response of our nation for future emergencies." The US has budgeted $3.5 billion ($A6.7 billion) for the nation's "first responders" -- police, firefighters and medical personnel -- and
pay for new equipment and training in anti-terrorism.

As well, it will spend an extra $2 billion on border security, including a new entry-exit visa database and tracking system for the immigration department. A response plan against bio-terrorism is being developed to help hospitals become better able to respond to a bio-terror emergency and to boost research and development of new vaccines, medicines and tests.
Another initiative is to established a Citizen Corps to engage ordinary Americans in specific homeland security efforts in their communities. This will, in part, involve existing Neighbourhood Watch schemes. Each of these ideas would work well here. I particularly like the idea of upgrading the training of volunteers.
Greater Australian homeland security is key to US/Australia defense cooperation Southern News of Australia 9/16/04 (lexis)
Australia needed to establish a department of homeland security to deal with terrorism at home, enhance intelligence security and police co-operation with neighbours in and help nations to rebuild their education systems to reduce reliance on militant
Mr Rudd said fundamentalists.
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Citizen Corps AffAustralian Homeland Security Add-On

US/Australian ties anchor US regional hegemony in Asia Kelly 02 (Paul, National Interest, Spring)
While America is Australia's most vital state-to-state relationship, its most important region is East Asia-the focus of its trade (56 percent of exports), neighborhood cooperation and security concerns. For several decades the central task of Australian policy has been to integrate its Asian ties with its U.S. alliance, a challenge assisted by the fact that these objectives have been mutually reinforcing most of the time. For example, the joint status of Australia and Japan as U.S. security partners deepens the scope for Australia-Japan collaboration. If the U.S. alliance came to be seen as undermining Australia's role in Asia, on the other hand, then it would count as a serious liability to be weighed against the undoubted benefits of the alliance. Australia, therefore, has a profound interest in the way America manages its relations with China. Australia values a U.S. forward role that contributes to the regional balance but tolerates the rise of China by seeking to incorporate it into mainstream international economic and security systems. This view is founded in realism, buffered by a bit of justifiable optimism. It recognizes the lack of strategic stability in East Asia, China's role as an anti-
status quo power, and the risk inherent in Asia's three unresolved flashpoints: the India-Pakistan dispute, the division of Korea and the Taiwan issue. A strong U.S. role is indispensable to a peaceful regional balance . It is hard to see any downgrading of ANZUS, however, that would not be part of a U.S. regional retreat-a retreat that would also concern Japan and South Korea in the north and, at a minimum, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Australia in the south .
This deters numerous scenarios for conflict Nye 95 (Joseph, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs + Dean @ JFK School of Gov'tHarvard,
Foreign Affairs, July/Aug) The United States is committed to lead in the Asia-Pacific region. Our national interests demand our deep engagement. For most countries in the region, the United States is the critical variable in the East Asia security equation . The United States is not the world's policeman, but our forward-deployed forces in Asia ensure broad regional stability, help deter aggression against our allies, and contribute to the tremendous political and economic advances made by the nations of the region. The concerns about American withdrawal heard today were voiced 20 years ago as well, after the Vietnam War . For the security and prosperity of today to be maintained for the next 20 years, the United States must remain engaged in Asia, committed to peace in the region, and dedicated to strengthening alliances and friendships . That is what we propose to do.
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Citizen Corps AffDemocracy Promotion 2AC Add-On

Failure to reverse the foreign perception of American incompetence following Hurricane Katrina will undermine US efforts to promote democracy globally Rubin 9/11/05 (Trudy, columnist and editorial-board member at The Philadelphia Inquirer, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, lexis)
The tardy national response to the suffering and death in New Orleans shocked both those who admire and those who criticize the American superpower. It caused foreigners to ask whether America is indeed a power in decline. If it can't protect its own, how can it aspire to lead
others?
The Bush administration, which seems to believe its own spin, may not recognize the damage done to America's image. It should be paying attention. Unless reversed, the foreign perception of American incompetence will further erode America's influence and interests abroad.
The question I was asked repeatedly at a conference in Paris was: "How could this happen in the world's most powerful country?" At informal discussions at this gathering of Mideast specialists, I found most attendees believed the New Orleans debacle would contribute to a hasty exit of U.S. troops from Iraq. Granted, the attendees were mostly French, and France opposed the Iraq war. Yet it's clear this French perception of U.S. weakness is shared in the Middle East -- where it's bound to embolden Iraqi insurgents. In the Arab world, the chaos in New Orleans was seen as a counterimage of the chaos in Baghdad. "Despite its military and economic potential, which it is quick to deploy abroad," wrote the French daily Le Monde on Monday, "the hyperpower is incapable of dealing with an internal catastrophe of this dimension. Is it reasonable to spend hundreds of millions of dollars to fight in Iraq when America is incapable of protecting its own citizens?" The French, like the Arab world, don't realize that the United States has the financial resources not only to stay in Iraq until it stabilizes but also to rebuild the Gulf Coast. But to have access to those resources, President Bush would need to rescind the tax cuts for the rich that have shrunk his monetary options. Such a dramatic gesture might persuade the world that the president means what he says. That gesture, however, is unlikely. Tax cuts appear to be more sacred to the White House than New Orleans or Iraq.
What's equally depressing is the impact that the mishandling of Katrina had on foreigners who admire the United States and want to see it succeed. Consider the pained reaction of Natalya Gevorkyan, a distinguished Russian journalist attending the conference.
She said that the scenes of suffering from New Orleans were "a shock for everybody. You think if something like that can happen in the most developed country, you must feel fear." Gevorkyan believes the contrast between the Bush administration's policy of promoting democracy -- and its failure to help its own people -- will erode the reputation of democracy as a system. "Bush looked like [Vladimir] Putin at Beslan," she said. Beslan is the town where the Russian leader botched efforts to free more than a thousand hostages from Chechen terrorists a year ago. More than 300 were killed, half of them children. "Like Putin, nothing was done right, and no one was punished."
That disillusionment with America's leadership is reflected in newspaper interviews in Asian countries hit by last year's tsunami. In one typical response, a Filipino government official named Paulynn Sicam told The New York Times: "It's so heartbreaking to see how helpless America has become. You're not strong anymore. You can't even save your own countrymen and there you are out there trying to control the
world."
Such a damning reaction from America's friends should be a warning to the White House. The United States has always led by example, not simply by military force. Other nations and individuals have sought to emulate America because they admired its democratic values. If people abroad see our leaders failing to help poor blacks or unable to cope with domestic crises, our model of government becomes less appealing. It no longer stands as a global example for emulation. Nationalism or fundamentalism, or even Chinese authoritarianism become more attractive alternatives to the world's younger generation.
Global democracy is vital in averting numerous scenarios for extinction Diamond, Hoover Institute Senior Fellow, 95 (Larry, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s,
http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/fr.htm) This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in the coming years and decades. In the former Yugoslavia nationalist aggression tears at the stability of Europe and could easily spread. The flow of illegal drugs intensifies through increasingly powerful international crime syndicates that have made common cause with authoritarian regimes and have utterly corrupted the institutions of tenuous, democratic ones. Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to proliferate. The very source of life on Earth, the global ecosystem, appears increasingly endangered. Most of these new and unconventional threats to security are associated with or aggravated by the weakness or absence of democracy , with its provisions for legality, accountability, popular sovereignty, and openness.
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Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Add-On

--The National Guard has been stressed to the breaking point post 9/11 University Wire 5/1/06 (lexis)
People like the young man I talked about earlier don't have to do all of this . "I love America." Isn't that a refreshing change?
Unlike many countries of the world, the United States doesn't require military service of its citizens. When I asked why he willingly put himself in a position of having to balance two lives constantly at odds with each other, he simply says, Since the events of Sept. 11, the National Guard has been stressed almost to the breaking point . Those who enlisted into it for college benefits or any reason other than wanting to serve this country are gone. The remaining people you find are motivated, dedicated and
have a deep-seeded desire to keep the United States the greatest country on Earth.
--Strong National Guard is key to US military readiness Leahy 06 (Patrick, US SenatorVT, The National Defense Enhancement and National Guard Empowerment Act," 4/26,
http://leahy.senate.gov/press/200604/042606a.html) The growing significance of the operational role of the National Guard in matters of national security and homeland defense and homeland security, beyond that strictly deriving from its role as a reserve component of the Army and the Air Force, demands that the
position of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau be raised to an authorized grade of General. It is a fundamental practice within the Pentagon that the most strategic decisions are made at the Secretarial level with the advice of the four-star Service Chiefs, the four-star Combatant Commanders and the other fourstars within the active duty force. This legislation will ensure that the vital interests of the National Guard which spans and affects military readiness, military support to civilian authorities within the fifty states and four protectorates, and the 450,000 civilian-soldiers and airmen, will be adequately represented.
--Citizen Corps solves military overstretch caused by using armed forces to handle domestic law enforcement duties Withington 03 (Thomas, independent defense analyst and a research associate at the Centre for Defence Studies, Bulletin
of Atomic Scientists, 11/1, lexis) There is also a concern that the CCRF will overstretch Britain's armed forces. Reservists and volunteer soldiers already contribute large numbers of troops to military operations. The campaigns in Kosovo and the Persian Gulf have included large numbers of part-time soldiers. Approximately 40 percent of troops who served with the British armed forces in the Balkans were volunteers. David Jordan, an expert in
reservist forces at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, raises the question of "double-hatting": Will there be enough volunteer troops available for a military campaign and also for the CCRF? Here the
Americans might have an advantage. Because members of the Citizen Corps are drawn from the local community , they would not have to be redeployed from a military theater back to the homeland in the event of a major terrorist attack.
--US military readiness deters global conflicts Spencer 00 (Jack, National Security Policy Analyst @ Heritage Foundation, "The Facts About Military Readiness,"
http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm) Military readiness is vital because declines in America's military readiness signal to the rest of the world that the United States is not prepared to defend its interests. Therefore, potentially hostile nations will be more likely to lash out against American allies and interests, inevitably leading to U.S. involvement in combat. A high state of military readiness is more likely to deter potentially hostile nations from acting aggressively in regions of vital national interest, thereby preserving peace.
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Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch AdvCitizen Corps Avoids Using National Guard for Homeland Security
Citizen Corps exists as an effective alternative to using overstretched National Guardsmen for homeland security and disaster preparedness Czerwinski 1/26/06 (Jonah, Senior Research Associate + Director of Homeland Security Projects @ Center for the Study
of the Presidency, http://www.lhc.ca.gov/lhcdir/emergprep06/CzerwinskiJan06.pdf)
Surge capabilities must be a priority investment and must be tested. In major contingencies, surge means more than extra wards and hospital beds. It requires mobilizing and informing the public. Mitigating the impact of an attack already underway involves such complex and manpowerheavy operations as shelter-in-place, mass vaccinations, or mass evacuations. To undertake these missions, the State will have to build in
advance a trained and equipped resource to lead the effort on the ground. What used to be a National Guard role must now be considered the domain of larger and, at present, less trained groups. State Defense Forces, Citizen Corps, Civil Air Patrol, the private sector, and other alternatives to an overstretched National Guard can provide a crucial civilian component to the States preparedness, in addition to the first responder community.
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Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Adv Overstretch Brinks

The National Guard has been stressed to the breaking point post 9/11 University Wire 5/1/06 (lexis)
People like the young man I talked about earlier don't have to do all of this. Unlike many countries of the world, the United States doesn't require military service of its citizens. When I asked why he willingly put himself in a position of having to balance two lives constantly at odds with each other, he simply says, "I love America." Isn't that a refreshing change?
Since the events of Sept. 11, the National Guard has been stressed almost to the breaking point . Those who enlisted into it for college benefits or any reason other than wanting to serve this country are gone. The remaining people you find are motivated,
dedicated and have a deep-seeded desire to keep the United States the greatest country on Earth.
US military reserves are stretched thinthis threatens the US ability to maintain its current presence in Iraq Dorr March 06 (Robert, the author of Chopper: A History of American Military Helicopter Operations from WWII to the
War on Terror, Aerospace America, lexis) The impending release of the QDR prompted Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Marine Gen. Peter Pace, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to bring senior U.S. generals and admirals from around the world to a series of meetings in Washington in January. Rumsfeld says the opportunity for top commanders to share notes face-to-face was "invaluable," but critics say he did more talking than listening. One key theme the generals raised with their boss: The U.S. does not have enough military personnel to maintain 150,000 troops in Iraq much longer. U.S. forces, especially the reserve component, have been stretched thin, and some service members will soon begin their third tour of duty there.
The Army is at the breaking point, especially given the lack of available reservesaction now is vital Scripps Howard News Service 2/20/06 (lexis)
it's the Army that does most of the heavy lifting, as it is doing in Afghanistan and Iraq. In the process, the Army is being battered and shattered in the same way that it was in Vietnam. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld says that isn't the case; everything's fine. But a recent authoritative study says he is wrong. Commissioned by the Pentagon, the study was done by Andrew Krepinevich of the independent Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. He's a West Point graduate who served in a variety of Army roles, including a stint on the strategic plans and policy division, before retiring.
The Marines may be the most celebrated of the American armed forces, but He holds a doctorate from Harvard University. Krepinevich says that coming out of Vietnam, military leaders were determined never again to get bogged down in prolonged small-unit combat. If the Army must fight, it would hit with overwhelming force, achieve its objectives and get out. The need to behave that way was reinforced by the end of the draft late in the Vietnam War. U.S. military forces now needed to focus on their ability to attract new recruits and retain experienced personnel. That doctrine dictated how the Army was organized for Afghanistan and Iraq. It was totally unprepared to cope with extended battles against insurgencies; the Bush administration's strategy didn't take them into account. Krepinevich says the Army can deploy no more than 13 brigades to hardship tours at one time. It now has 19 brigades deployed. To fill the gap, two Marine brigades have been sent to Iraq. "Stop loss" and "stop move" orders have been implemented . The reserves have been well
tapped out. Active duty personnel now are commonly on their third rotation into Iraq. The effects of this flawed strategy have been dramatic. The Army has no strategic reserve to call on if another threat were to develop. Divorce rates, domestic abuse and all kinds of mental and physical problems are on the rise among active duty soldiers. In sum, the Army is headed for a "catastrophic decline in recruitment and retention" unless something is done. The "thin green line ," Krepinevich says, will break. And don't look to NATO, the United Nations or private contractors for more help, or expect Iraqi forces to develop without
many years of effort.
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Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Adv Overstretch Brinks

The National Guard is increasingly stretched thinstatus quo expansion of federal duties are the primary cause Times Union 3/19/06 (lexis)
The National Guard has never faced such intense demands. Known for decades as "weekend warriors," or a strategic reserve, the Guard converted after Sept. 11 into a fully operational military force. Its citizen soldiers served in all the major operations of President Bush's stated War on Terrorism, while simultaneously responding to security threats and disasters like Hurricane Katrina at home. Today, on the third anniversary of the invasion of Iraq, some Guard members say the war has strained their personal and professional lives, and concerns that the force is stretched thin have sparked a re-examination of the Guard's dual state-federal role.
After Sept. 11, Chiarenza helped secure ground zero, fought mock battles in Germany and prepped for war while training in Texas and California. He guarded bridges, subways and tunnels around New York City, then he deployed to Iraq for almost a year, undertaking some of the war's most dangerous missions. The staff sergeant returned home to Clifton Park in November. He suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, and is seeking work. "It's been a very difficult adjustment to make, going from constantly being on edge to coming home and trying to relax and get back to normal. You don't look at things the same anymore," the 36-year-old said. Sept. 11, the Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina were all defining moments for the National Guard. "The National Guard today is so much different than even five years ago, it's moving that fast. The last two years have been unprecedented, unexpected and absolutely remarkable," said Lt. Gen. H. Steven Blum, chief of the National Guard Bureau in Arlington, Va.
Last year, half the country's 442,000 National Guard members were either deployed abroad or activated domestically in response
to Katrina, Blum said.
Guard members now serve up to two-year deployments abroad, which concerns governors. They need forces at hand to protect the public during national catastrophes or emergencies. "I think much more attention needs to be paid to the homeland defense mission. The Guard is a great tool for domestic missions," said Christine Wormuth, a senior fellow with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a nonpartisan Washington
think tank that will publish a report in the summer looking at the future of the Guard and Reserves. Separately, a 13-member commission set up by Congress last year recently began hearings to assess the state of the National Guard and the reserves. It could recommend changes in the Guard's structure or mission by next March. The New York National Guard has set records in mobilizations and deployments since Sept. 11, said Lt. Col. Paul Fanning of the state Division of Military and Naval Affairs. The New York National Guard responded to Sept. 11 and protected nuclear facilities and other sites around the state. About 5,420 New York National Guardsmen fought in several battles in Iraq and about 100 served in Afghanistan. The state's National Guard provided administrative assistance at the U.S. detention center in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and joined more than 50,000 guard troops and airmen for the Hurricane Katrina evacuation and cleanup. "We haven't stopped being on the job," Fanning said. Guard tours in Iraq, including pre-training exercises, take members away from home for at least 18 months. That's more than double the average for Desert Storm in 1990, Wormuth said. And roughly 10 percent of Guard tours were extended to up to two years, she said. All but about 60 of the 5,420 New York Guard members who served in Iraq between 2003 and 2005 have returned home, Fanning said. New York's 42nd Infantry Division of Troy, dubbed the Rainbow Division, became the first Army National Guard division headquarters to command forces in wartime service since the Korean War, Fanning said. Maj. Gen. Joseph Taluto of Fort Edward commanded the state's approximately 2,000 Army and Air National Guard troops sent to ground zero. He continued into Iraq, where his division headquarters provided the command and control, logistics and operational base for more than 23,000 Guard, active Army and Iraqi troops assigned to Task Force Liberty in Iraq until last fall. The 42nd, which included soldiers who transferred from several states, killed nearly 300 insurgents in Iraq, and detained more than 2,000. They conducted more than 4,500 raids and search missions, resulting in the identification and removal of 425 weapons caches and dozens of IEDs - improvised explosive devices, Taluto said. One local Guardsman who served in Iraq faces a court martial. Alberto B. Martinez of Schaghticoke, a staff sergeant with the 42nd Infantry, is accused of being the first American soldier in Iraq to "frag," or kill with a grenade, two of his superiors. An Army probe found "reasonable cause" that Martinez carried a vendetta against one of them, and recommended in November he be court-martialed. He could face the death penalty. A hearing is scheduled to begin April 3 at Fort Bragg, N.C. Many of the National Guard soldiers returning from Iraq are still trying to make sense of the war and its consequences. More than 2,300 U.S. troops have been killed and over 17,000 wounded during the last three years. "I change my mind on a daily basis when it comes to the big picture," said Capt. Michael Murphy of East Schodack, one of the first soldiers to secure New York airports in October 2001. Some soldiers are proud of their service, yet sensitive about the war. "As a soldier, I have to do what they tell me to do. We don't make policy. We just enforce our national policy," Clifton Park's Chiarenza said. Others are speaking out. "I was opposed to the Iraq War. I don't believe preemptive strikes is a good policy. I think it's un-American. Iraq, it's clear, was never an imminent threat to us," said Maj. Mathew Tully, who volunteered for Iraq with the 42nd Infantry after witnessing jetliners take down the World Trade Center. "I think Iraq is part of the war on terror. Unfortunately, it's because Bush made it."
Last month, all 50 governors wrote to the White House to point out that the Bush administration's policies were stripping the National Guard of equipment and personnel needed to respond to floods, tornadoes, forest fires and catastrophes like Hurricane
Katrina. The White House should replace the pieces of equipment Guard units left in Iraq, and not cut its size or its budget, they wrote.
Governors, who command the Guard during national activations, worry the Guard's expanded federal duties could overburden it, leaving it incapable of responding to needs at home.
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Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reservist Overstretch Adv Overstretch Emboldens Iran/North Korea
US military forces are increasingly on the brink of overstretch, due to in large part the overreliance on the National Guard and Army Reservesthis over-reliance has evicerated the US militarys strategic reserve, emboldening Iran and North Korea Kagan 2/20/06 (Frederick, resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and author of the forthcoming Finding the
Target: The Transformation of the American Military, Weekly Standard, lexis)
It is open to question whether this capability would actually be adequate. The commitment of something like half of the brigade combat teams in the active Army to Iraq has not left the other half free to contemplate a major war. On the contrary--the entire active force, including units normally left undeployed to train other units, has been involved in the Iraq war. Almost all active Army units (and many Guard and Reserve units) are either in Iraq, training to replace units in Iraq, or recovering from a deployment to Iraq. A recent RAND report underlines the magnitude of the problem: "To meet [deployment] requirement levels in the upper range that we have considered--14 to 20 brigades--the Army would experience serious problems in A[ctive] C[omponent] unit readiness and the nation would have few if any ready AC brigades to turn to in a crisis." In January, the Pentagon announced that it would reduce the number of brigade combat teams in Iraq--from the high of 20, kept there to support the Iraqi elections, below the previous normal level of 17--to a new normal level of 15, with several in reserve--still well within the "upper range" of the RAND study.
It seems clear that America's foes are aware of this situation. The North Koreans and the Iranians have both clearly taken advantage of America's preoccupation with Afghanistan and Iraq to advance their nuclear programs and defy the international community. Neither has suffered significant repercussions for that defiance--and their nuclear programs have advanced. Whatever message the Pentagon wishes to send, our enemies are seeing weakness, not strength.
But the authors of the QDR were troubled neither by such signs of overcommitment nor by studies like RAND's. On the contrary, the QDR concluded that "the size of today's forces--both the Active and Reserve Components across the Military Departments--is appropriate to meet current and projected operational demands." The review recommends increasing only the special forces component of the ground forces--and recommends reducing the programmed number of active Army brigade combat teams by one to pay for the growth. The president's budget proposes eliminating the temporary addition of 30,000 soldiers to the Active Army within a few years, to bring the force down to the level of 482,000 troops. By comparison, the Active Army of the 1980s had 780,000 soldiers. The Pentagon has long argued that we should not evaluate the strength of the military by the number of soldiers. The QDR asserts that technological advance will make the force more capable with fewer troops. This logic does not hold up in the face of the U.S. experience in Iraq. Technology has proven and will continue to prove enormously helpful in that and similar conflicts. But counterinsurgency is an inherently manpower-intensive undertaking. The aim of the counterinsurgent is not just to kill his enemies, but also to reassure his allies, provide visible security to the population, improve conditions, and help the indigenous government establish its legitimacy. These are not tasks performed by Tomahawk missiles, JDAMs, or any other sort of precision-guided munition. They have to be performed by soldiers, and the number of soldiers really matters.
Commanders in Iraq have repeatedly indicated (usually off the record) that they have been forced to constrain their operations for lack of soldiers. Many have now argued convincingly that the hyper-efficient ground war of March-April 2003, which used the smallest possible
number of soldiers, set the stage not for stability but for insurgency. L. Paul Bremer, the U.S. proconsul in Baghdad after the war, recently declared that he had repeatedly asked for more U.S. troops--to no avail. The relative paucity of U.S. soldiers in Iraq has restricted the strategy of "clear, hold, build" to a handful of towns and villages and left significant areas in Baghdad and elsewhere up for grabs. The number of soldiers, it turns out, still matters a
great deal to the outcome of a war.

Above all, a strategy that requires the military to fight one Iraq-type counterinsurgency while also waging a major conventional war, will require that all American soldiers be heroes and all the commanders geniuses. It will require the men and women of the U.S. military to be deployed for years at a time, or else to move from one fight to another with little or no rest in between. It will leave no margin of error.
The QDR's treatment of the National Guard and Reserves show the problem in particularly acute form . For decades, these forces have been the nation's strategic reserve. They were to be mobilized in the event of major war, providing a bridge between the active forces and national conscription. The "lesser conflicts" of the 1990s eroded this distinction . Critical logistics and military police units in the Guard and Reserve had to be mobilized to support operations in Bosnia and Kosovo. This trend continued until 2003, when it began to accelerate exponentially. Now Guard units perform critical combat missions in long-term deployments, and Guard and Reserve support units are regularly mobilized and deployed to Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. The strategic reserve has become a force without which the Active Army cannot function; a pool of soldiers who have a normal deployment pattern.
The Pentagon now states that reserves can expect to mobilize and deploy once every six years, while the active forces can expect to deploy once every three.
If the Guard and Reserve have become so intimately involved in day-to-day operations, where now is the strategic reserve, ready should catastrophe befall us either in one of the two wars underway or in another theater? There is none. This
strategy requires getting it right and winning quickly every time, without fail. That is not a strategy for ordinary men.
75
Citizen Corps AffNational Guard/Reserivst AdvNational Guard Key to US Military Readiness

Strengthening the National Guard is key to enhancing US military readiness Bond and Leahy 5/1/06 (Kit and Patrick, US SenatorsMO + VT, Roll Call, lexis)
These snapshots of the modern National Guard in action both at home and abroad highlight an effective system for managing the National Guard that has constructively evolved, particularly since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. When serving abroad, the National Guard integrates with the active Army and Air Force, but when the Guard operates at home, it serves under the command and control of the nation's governors. There is no need to change this system for deploying and managing National Guard forces. However, there is a need to empower the National Guard and thereby enhance the
nation's military readiness and critical military support to civilian authorities.

This arrangement is a natural outgrowth of the Guard's historical role as the nation's militia. From our founding ,
the National Guard has defended the nation's interests both at home and abroad. As we became a world power, the National Guard became a critical part of the active military, evolving together with the reserve and the active components into a "total force" that has served the nation well
in contingency after contingency. The Guard's ability to increase security at the nation's airports, in the nation's capital and at the nation's borders have demonstrated the durability of this system and the particular benefits of local control over the Guard. The National Guard works seamlessly with local law enforcement and first responders in an emergency. Because the Guard is inherently a local force that arises out of diverse communities, well-founded Posse Comitatus statutes that limit the military's involvement in law enforcement do not apply to the Guard when it operates under the control of a governor. In the same way that state control of the Guard is optimal in a domestic setting, the Guard works best abroad when it works hand-in-hand with the active military components. The National Guard provides critical manpower, equipment and expertise that plugs right in with the
active force. With unit structures that are capable of mirroring the active duty military, the National Guard constitutes a critical military reserve that is ready, provided it is properly equipped.
National Guard and Reserve forces are key to US military readiness Desert Sun 11/11/02 (lexis)
Americans and citizens of many nations around the world owe their freedoms to the U.S. soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines and Coast Guard members who have served. In earlier generations, the ranks of the military, particularly in times of war, were filled by draftees conscripted into service . Since the end of
the Vietnam War, America's military has been a volunteer force. And increasingly, that military is a part-time military. The modern military depends on the National Guard and Reserve forces as key components to military readiness . Those citizen soldiers of today are the veterans of tomorrow.
76
Citizen Corps Aff2AC Responses to Funding Is FX Topical

1. We meet-A) Extend our 1ac Washington Post evidence--the lack of federal funding undermines citizen participation in Citizen Corps--it literally says that "if the promised money does not arrive soon, the volunteerism campaign will stall" and that local agencies "lack the funds to follow through on enrollment and training" B) Extend our Dory evidence--Citizen Corps will fail absent federal funding--our evidence says for Citizen Corps to succeed, the USFG must approve the nominal funding required over time to supplement and sustain organizational capabilities and human resources 2. We meet--federal funding is the KEY to participation in Citizen Corps programs Hall 03 (Mimi, USA Today, "Bush's volunteer plan takes a hit,"
http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/1011400.html)
Some Citizen
Corps leaders in the states said cuts in federal funds could obliterate their programs. "The money will be key to keeping people involved," said Heather Handyside, who runs Citizen Corps in Anchorage, which has trained 1,200 volunteers. "After 9/11, there was a lot of public interest. But to keep these people motivated throughout the year requires follow-up and training. We're talking about something that's long-term. There needs to be a commitment."
77
Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP

Only clear leadership at the federal level in support of civil security can improve US resilience and ability to respond to terrorist attacks Dory 03 (Amanda, works @ Homeland Defense Office--DOD + was a 2002 -- 2003 Council on Foreign Relations
International Affairs Fellow at CSIS, Wash Quarterly, Winter, lexis) The American people need a clear advocate at the federal level who will focus on their interests before and throughout a terrorist attack, in contrast to activities such as critical infrastructure protection, port security, and border security that benefit Americans but do not directly involve them for the most part. Public opinion surveys since September 11, 2001, consistently show that a significant portion of the U.S. population is concerned about terrorism. According to an August 2003 survey, 76 percent of the respondents were concerned about the possible
occurrence of additional terrorist attacks; the figure was even higher in New York City. n14 This level of concern was matched by a strong sense of community and a desire to help in local emergency planning. Yet, new initiatives such as the Ready campaign and the Citizens Corps are
still largely unknown to the U.S. public, and few individuals, families, and communities have developed recommended emergency plans. For example, the Columbia University survey found that only 23 percent of respondents had a basic emergency plan and supplies, while a DHSsponsored survey showed that 20 percent considered themselves prepared for a terrorist event. n15 The civil security approach proposed here seeks to bridge two gaps: the gap between idle concern and useful action by Americans and the gap between rhetoric about the importance of the citizen stakeholder in homeland security and the tangible results to date . Efforts to improve risk education,
preparedness, warning, and protective actions and to recognize the linkages between these components can strengthen the ability and resolve of individuals, neighborhoods, and communities to endure and prevail against adversaries who deliberately seek to instill fear and undermine Americans' confidence in themselves and in their government. Civil security also provides an outlet for individual participation in and contribution to homeland security. Several existing programs described here can serve as building blocks for a civil security program. If linked together conceptually and adequately funded, these measures could improve the population's resilience and ability to respond in the event of future terrorist attacks on the U nited States.
Only clear financial support and guidance from the federal government can allow state and local leaders resolve homeland security needs regarding preparedness Foster 03 (Chad, public safety and justice policy analyst at The Council of State Governments, 1/1, State Government News,
lexis) As many states face tight or shrinking budgets, they find themselves struggling to meet new responsibilities for ensuring homeland security. Throughout the past year, securing the homeland has become an increasingly difficult challenge. Slow federal action and lack of internal resources are keeping the states from making bold moves toward homeland security preparedness.
President Bush's National Strategy for Homeland Security, released in July, details many of the roles and responsibilities of the federal, state and local governments and private-sector partners. But it falls short of spelling out current and future funding sources, avenues and mandates . Without clear
financial support and guidance from the federal government, state and local leaders are wrestling with complicated issues as they attempt to fund necessary homeland security measures.
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Citizen Corps AffA2 States CP

Only national-level action can signal the unique importance of Citizen Corps in order to mobilize the public Etzioni 02 (Amitai, Prof of Sociology @ George Washington, Mobilize America's foot soldiers," Christian Science
Monitor, 7/25, http://w.csmonitor.com/2002/0725/p09s01-coop.html) More disconcerting, the Citizen Corps has been slow to get rolling. It has a tiny staff in Washington, even if one grants that homeland protection is largely a local matter. People who write seeking to volunteer get a form letter six months later thanking them for their availability . Overall, the Citizen Corps has not caught the eye or imagination of the public and is largely unknown.
One suggestion got much attention, most of it unfavorable: Americans with special access to people's homes and lives meter readers, mail deliverers, truck drivers are to report suspicious activity to the government. This has been correctly seen as a threat to make Americans snoop on each other and grossly violate their privacy. At the same time, it is hard to imagine that if a bunch of foreigners comes to a private flight school and seeks again to learn to fly planes but not land them, or rent a fuel truck and ask where the biggest synagogue is in town (as happened in Tunisia), such conduct will not be reported. The new program, called Terrorism Information and Prevention System, or TIPS, must be accompanied by extensive public education warning against misuse. It should include penalties for abuse, and call attention to the danger of cluttering the system. But carefully selected reporting of hard facts should not be discouraged. Fighting terrorism is a long-term drive. Look at countries that have faced terrorism in the past; it took decades or longer for them to come to terms with it. Americans will find it difficult to persevere unless we are called upon to modify our lifestyle some. The average American will have to give up some hours of TV-watching and dedicate those to homeland protection.
Volunteers will discover that this form of service makes them feel better about their country and themselves, as well as more secure. But for all this to happen, the homeland protection corps must be run up the flagpole rather than hidden . Its unique importance has to be signaled by national leaders , even if this means thinning out the ranks of other worthy forms of
volunteerism.
State-based responses to large-scale disasters like Hurricane Katrina failactive efforts by the federal government are necessary Townsend Feb 06 (Frances, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, "The Federal
Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned," http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned.pdf) In addition, as described in the narrative section of this report, the response to Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that our current system is too reactive in orientation. Our decades-old system, built on the precepts of federalism, has been based on a model whereby local and State governments wait to reach their limits and exhaust their resources before requesting Federal assistance. Federal agencies could and did take steps to prepare to extend support and assistance, but tended to provide little without a prior and specific request. In other words, the system was biased toward requests and the concept of pull rather than toward anticipatory actions and the proactive push of Federal resources. While this approach has worked well in the majority of disasters and emergencies, catastrophic events like Hurricane Katrina are a different matter. The current homeland security environmentwith the continuing threat of mass casualty terrorism and the constant risk of natural disastersnow demands that the Federal government actively prepare and encourage the Nation as a whole to plan, equip, train, and cooperate for all types of future emergencies, including the most catastrophic.
79
Citizen Corps AffA2 States/Locals CP

Citizen and community preparedness should be made a national prioritygreater levels of federal funding are critical in making up for the lack of state and local resources Townsend Feb 06 (Frances, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, "The Federal
Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned," http://www.whitehouse.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned.pdf) DHS should make citizen and community preparedness a National priority . To facilitate this initiative, Cabinet Secretaries and other prominent National public figures (e.g. the Surgeon General) should serve as spokespersons to promote citizen and community preparedness. The Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of Education, United States Surgeon General, and other National public figures, should publicize the importance of the community and individual preparedness. The goal of this
effort should be to have citizens better understand the role and limitations of government and to encourage individual preparedness. In addition, DHS should continue to research means to lower the barriers to personal preparedness and adapt outreach and instructional materials to address the findings. Public awareness messaging should shift to include more substantive information within the message, as opposed to telling citizens they need to do something. For example, the Stop, Drop, and Roll campaign used so successfully in fire safety as part of the Learn Not to Burn program embedded the message and provided citizens with an action. Other successful campaigns include the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrations Click It or Ticket program which fines drivers for not wearing their seatbelt, and the Buckle Up America campaign which prescribes proper use of seat belt and child safety seats. DHS should leverage the success of public education conducted by fire departments nationwide which has reduced the loss of lives and property by fire. The Citizen Corps public education effort should be integrated with the DHSs United States Fire Administration so that preparedness efforts of local fire departments can be expanded to include citizen and community preparedness. Additionally, DHS should leverage the success of the USAonwatch program to form a National Network of Community Watches comprised of citizen volunteers to develop best practices, a common doctrine and metrics for all-hazards community preparedness. The newly created Office of Public and Community Preparedness should continue to assist with implementing National strategies for citizen preparedness and communities. However, this office should be removed from the Office of Grants and Training, so as to focus solely on homeland security policies, plans, strategies, and guidance at the Federal, State, and local levels which highlight citizen and community preparedness.
DHS should consider increasing grant funding for citizen and community preparedness programs and where program metrics demonstrate effectiveness, DHS should consider allowing greater use of Federal funds for Citizen Corps Council staff positions at the State and local level within the FY07 grant program. State and local governments generally do not have full time staff assigned to support this critical component of community preparedness . The availability of full-time positions at the State and local level for the Citizen Corps to coordinate the government and community planning is critical. Locations with fulltime staff assigned to this tend to have developed robust plans. While Citizen Corps has existed since 2002, funding for the program has not been consistent.
Only federal funds can augment first responder/first preventer capabilitiesstate and local governments face budgetary shortfalls Lieberman 03 (Joseph, US Senate--CT, "FIRST RESPONDERS NEED ADDITIONAL RESOURCES," 7/24,
http://www.senate.gov/~gov_affairs/index.cfm? FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&Affiliation=R&PressRelease_id=373&Month=7&Year=2003) Mr. President, our police officers, firefighters, emergency management officials, and public health officialsthose we call first responders and first preventers in the fight against terrorism are struggling to protect us from unprecedented dangers. Those funds must come from Washington because this is a national fight, and budgets are tight and getting tighter in state and local governments across our nation. Unfortunately, most of my pleas and those of my colleagues along with those of independent, bipartisan experts and state and local governments have fallen on deaf ears within this Administration.
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Citizen Corps AffA2 Federalism DA

Citizen Corps programs dont usurp state or local authority Colorado Springs Gazette 11/27/05 ("Homeland Security in Citizens Hands," http://www.springsgov.com/Page.asp?
NavID=6058) Federal officials have made setting up Citizen Corps programs necessary for states receiving federal homeland security money. But control stops there. Federal officials say corps are run locally and dispatched by local authorities, not the feds.
Citizen Corps relies on local innovative programs and actively cooperates with state and local governments Governor's Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives accessed 06 ("About Citizen Corps,"
http://www.servealabama.gov/CitizenCorps.htm) Citizen Corps programs build on the successful efforts that are in place in many communities around the country to prevent crime and respond to emergencies. Programs that started through local innovation are the foundation for Citizen Corps and this national approach to citizen participation in community safety. Citizen Corps is coordinated nationally by the Department of Homeland Security. In this capacity, DHS works closely with other federal entities, state and local governments, first responders and emergency managers, the volunteer community, and the White House Office of the USA Freedom Corps.
81
Citizen Corps AffA2 Spending DA

The individual preparedness created by Citizen Corps actually reduces governmental aid burdens Colorado Springs Gazette 11/27/05 ("Homeland Security in Citizens Hands," http://www.springsgov.com/Page.asp?
NavID=6058) Citizen Corps was established in 2002 by President Bush and moved to the Homeland Security Department in 2003. It encompasses new and existing programs, such as Neighborhood Watch, Volunteers in Police Service, or VIPS, and Community Emergency Response Team, or CERT. Fire Corps and Medical Reserve Corps were formed recently. The idea is to prepare the public for natural disasters and terrorist attacks with training in medicine, firefighting, neighborhood protection, basic preparedness and law enforcement. Instead of panicking, people can take responsibility for themselves and help others during a crisis, lessening the burden to first responders and government aid. Training reduces the worried well, those not affected by a disaster who think they are and tap the system unnecessarily, said Greg Chun, director of Californias Citizen Corps, who oversees one of the nations most active programs. California has 95 councils composed of thousands of residents, 1,100 of whom take part in the annual Golden Guardian exercise.
Community-based disaster preparedness reduces the need for governmental aid Krishna 03 (N Hari, Programme Coordinator @ Oxfam GB, "Towards Creating a Culture of Disaster Preparedness,"
http://www.duryognivaran.org/indexnew.php?id=39&PHPSESSID=3c2bc6abc40808db9db43b237eaa08ae) Key to creating a culture of disaster preparedness is to strengthen peoples' capacity and organize communities for dealing with disasters. Community-based disaster preparedness helps reduce dependency on external aid, reduce vulnerability against natural disasters such as cyclones, deal with disasters where they strike, help ensure timely and accurate response. In the aftermath of 1996 Super Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh, Oxfam GB has initiated efforts for creating a culture of disaster preparedness at various levels with a major focus on community based disaster preparedness (CBDP).
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Citizen Corps AffA2 Citizen Corps Programs Still Require State/Local Spending
Citizen Corps programs are funding through federal grants that dont require matching funds Steffensen 03 (Jennifer, "Working to Unite ALL the residents of Two Harbors," 4/11,
http://twoharborsforum.com/discus/messages/37/1395.html?1053869530) Citizen Corps has several programs that can benefit the residents of Two Harbors. The first step is to establish the Council. Citizen Corps programs are funded throw federal grants that do NOT require matching funds. So in basically it will cost Two Harbors nothing.
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LU Debate Institute 06

Citizen Corps Affirmative

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Inherency

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Terrorism Adv

Citizen Corps AffTentative 1AC Plan Text

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Solvency

Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Destroys Citizen Corps

Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps

Citizen Corps AffInherencyLack of Federal Funding Undermines Citizen Corps Recruitment

Citizen Corps AffInherencyLocal Communities Not Receiving Citizen Corps Funding

Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Funding for Citizen Corps = Extremely Minimal

Citizen Corps AffInherencyA2 Funding for Citizen Corps Now

Citizen Corps AffInherencyFederal Homeland Security Funding to States/Locals

Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYICurrent Participation Levels

Citizen Corps AffInherency/FYINumber of Citizen Corps Councils

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to War on Terrorism

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Prevents Terrorism

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvWinning War on Terrorism Good Impact Extensions

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst Responders = First Preventers of Terrorism

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvFirst-Responders = First-Preventers of Terrorism

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security

nearly everyone who wanted to help out in a disaster could contribute.

Citizen Corps AffTerrorism AdvCitizen Participation Key to Homeland Security

Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves

coordinated through Oklahoma Emergency Management as part of Citizens Corps.

Citizen Corps AffSolvencyGeneric Funding Solves

Citizen Corps AffSolvencyIncreased Funding Makes Citizen Corps Effective

Citizen Corps AffSolvencyEffective Citizen Corps Solves

the corps works to help states and localities

determine their own emergency preparedness and homeland security priorities.

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

a modicum of effort in preparing for catastrophic disaster.

national systemcapable of mustering the whole nationcan respond to catastrophic disasters.

absence of mushroom cloud and radiation.

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

the response to a catastrophic event? (competence)

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

challenges, will we be ready?

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC Disaster Response Adv

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvPost-Katrina Incompetence Undermines US Hegemony

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves

to the success of this operation.

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvCitizen Corps Solves

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvActive Hurricane Season Now/Preparedness Key

Citizen Corps AffDisaster Response AdvIndividual Preparedness Frees Up First-Responder Resources

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

for the interagency CERT Joint Training Team.

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

Citizen Corps Aff1AC CERT/California Port Security Adv

Citizen Corps AffCERT AdvLack of Federal Funding Undermines CERT