SIFAT MATEMATIK

THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

SIFAT MATEMATIK
Penyelesaian masalah Logik / mantik Perkiraan (Calculation) Sistem nombor Sukatan Algebra

STANDARD MATEMATIK NCTM

NCTMs thinking mathematics standards
Problem solving (Penyelesaian masalah) Communication (Komunikasi) Reasoning (Penaakulan) Making connections (Membuat perkaitan)

THE HEART OF MATHEMATICS.

Through problem solving, children learn that there are many different ways to solve a problem and that more than one answer is possible. It involves the ability to explore, think through an issue, and reason logically to solve routine as well as non-routine problems. In addition to helping with mathematical thinking, this activity builds language and social skills such as working together.

Penyelesaian Masalah
Apa itu masalah?
2+2=? 12x34=?

Bagaimana anda menakrifkan sesuatu masalah matematik?

Apakah yang anda faham tentang masalah?

Proses Penyelesaian Masalah

Apabila berhadapan dengan situasi bermasalah, anda perlu
berfikir untuk mencari penyelesaian menggunakan satu model penyelesaian masalah yang berkesan

Apakah model penyelesaian masalah yang anda ketahui atau pernah gunakan?

Model Polya
Apakah langkah-langkah dalam Model Polya?

Rumusan
Penyelesaian masalah
merupakan suatu proses perlu berfikir (memahami situasi, organise data) kegunaan model boleh membantu perlu menguasai pelbagai strategi

Apakah strategi-strategi penyelesaian masalah yang anda tahu?

Men at Work
Two men, working at the same rate, took 5 days to lay the bricks of a wall. If the rate of one man was doubled and that of the other man was halved, how long would they have taken to finish the wall?

A Simple Solution
1st workman Day 1

2nd workman

Day 5

After Day 1

After Day 2

After Day 3

After Day 4

Refleksi
Adakah anda
Memahami masalah yang diberikan? Merancang satu pelan tindakan / strategi yang baik? Melaksanakan pelan tindakan yang disediakan? Menyemak jawapan anda?

PROBLEM SOLVING
Polyas Model (How to solve it)
1. 2. 3. 4. Understand the problem Devising a plan Carrying out the plan Looking back

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
Reasoning is used to think through a question and come up with a useful answer. It is a major part of problem solving.

LOGIK
Penaakulan induktif Penaakulan deduktif Pemikiran mantik (Operators and laws of logic) Bukti matematik

REASONING
Inductive reasoning
First observing patterns then predicting the answers to more complicated problems Reasoning from particular facts or cases to a general conjecture A generalisation made based on observed occurrences Also called the scientific method

REASONING
Deductive reasoning
Reaching a conclusion based on a given set of assumptions or premises A general axiom is given to the learner eg Triangles are closed, three-sided figures The learner considers a given figure and if the figure contains the features of a triangle with certainty, a conclusion is then made eg Figure ABC is a triangle

NOMBOR & PERKIRAAN (NUMBERS & CALCULATION)

Sistem nombor
Mesir / Babylon Hindu-Arab

Nombor
Nombor asli Nombor perdana Nombor integer Nombor nisbah Nombor tak nisbah

Alat perkiraan

NUMBERS
Number sense and numeration: Number sense is much more than merely counting, it involves the ability to think and work with numbers easily and to understand their uses and relationships. Number sense is about understanding the different uses for numbers (describe quantities and relationships, informational tools).

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION
Number sense is the ability to count accurately and competently, to see relationships between numbers, and to be able to take a specific number apart and put it back together again. It is about counting, adding, and subtracting. Counting and becoming familiar with numbers will help children understand all other aspects of math.

MEASUREMENT
Measurement is finding the length, height, and weight of an object using appropriate units. Time is measured using hours, seconds, and minutes. Measurement is an important way for young children to look for relationships in the real world.

ALGEBRA
Polinomial Pemfaktoran Persamaan Ketaksamaan Nisbah, perkadaran

SUKATAN & UKURAN

Perimeter Luas Luas permukaan Isipadu