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physics 112N
physics 112N
consider an object which emits spherical wavefronts, or in other words, rays in every direction (this is basically anything illuminated) place the object in front of a plane mirror we can draw rays diverging from the object they are reected at the mirror tracking the reected rays back they appear to be diverging from a point behind the mirror we call this the image
physics 112N
well consider how the eye focusses the image later when we look at lenses
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object
image
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P we call this image a virtual image - the rays appear to come from P but if we put a screen at P we wouldnt see an image object distance image distance
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object distance: positive when the object is on the same side of the reecting or refracting surface as the incoming rays (otherwise negative) image distance: positive when the image is on the same side of the reecting or refracting surface as the outgoing rays (otherwise negative) negative image distance means a virtual image
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plane mirror
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magnication is dened by
reversal of images
although the image in a plane mirror is the same size as the object it is not identical to it it is reversed
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optic axis
center of curvature
vertex
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2. no
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properties of the focal point: any incoming ray parallel to the optic axis is reected through the focal point any ray passing through the focal point is reected parallel to the optic axis
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a ray parallel to the optic axis is reected through the focal point of the mirror
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a ray through the focal point is reected parallel to the optic axis
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a ray along the radius passing through the center of curvature is reected back along the same line
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a ray reecting at the vertex is reected forming an equal angle to its original direction
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C real image at innity an observer at any nite distance will just see a blur rays dont intersect - no image formed
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be able to work out the path of any other rays
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be able to work out the path of any other rays
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non-principal rays
principal rays are easy - but once weve got the image we should be able to work out the path of any other rays
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thin lenses
these are the classic optical device - used very widely (how many of you wear glasses or contacts?) - we should learn about their properties two spherical surfaces close enough together that we can neglect the distance between them
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as for mirrors, rays diverging from a focal point are parallel after refraction
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as for mirrors, rays diverging from a focal point are parallel after refraction
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F1 optic axis
F2
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focal lengths
sign convention: converging lenses have positive focal length diverging lenses have negative focal length
the focal length of a thin lens can be calculated if you know the refractive index of the lens material and the radii of curvature of the lens faces
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F1
F2
real image
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F1
F2
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F1
F2
real image
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virtual image
F1
F2
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virtual image
F1
F2
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F1
F2
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F1
F2
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20.0 cm 2.500 mm
image object
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ocular accommodation
the eyes lens can be deformed by tiny muscles to change its focal length this attempts to ensure a focused image is always formed on the retina adjust f to keep s constant
the lens has a limited ability to adjust - if the object is too close it cannot focus on the retina. the closest point is called the near point - can vary between about 7 cm for teenagers up to 100 cm for people over 60.
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near point
we usually make an object seem larger by bringing it closer to our eye (this allows us to resolve more detail) however, at some point we reach the near point of our eye, and bringing the object any closer causes it to blur near point max. strain
near point
max. strain
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ocular accommodation
the unaccommodated eye (the lens under no strain) has what is called a far point this is the maximum distance of an object focused on the retina for the common eye this is effectively at innity
no strain a good proportion of eyes are not common however - they have abnormalities in shape or refracting mechanism two relatively common problems are myopia and hyperopia
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myopia - nearsightedness
far point is not at innity rays from objects past the far point get bent too much by the relaxed lens
can be adjusted for by using a diverging lens to diverge the rays enough to place an intermediate image at the far point
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hyperopia - farsightedness
near point is far away from the eye rays from objects inside the near point cant be bent enough even by the lens under maximum strain
can be adjusted for by using a converging lens to converge the rays enough to place an intermediate image outside the near point
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magnifying glass
we usually make an object seem larger by bringing it closer to our eye (this allows us to resolve more detail) however, at some point we reach the near point of our eye, and bringing the object any closer causes it to blur near point max. strain
near point
max. strain
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magnifying glass
we can bring the object closer than the near point if we bring in some external focusing power - a converging lens will do the trick
virtual image
near point
max. strain
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magnifying glass
if we put the virtual image at the far point (innity for most people), then the eye can be relaxed achieved if the object is at the focal point of the magnifying lens
near point
no strain
see the textbook for a discussion of how much magnication we can get
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the microscope
physical limitations of lensmaking prevent really large magnications with a simple magnifying glass - the microscope beats this by using two lenses
Feye
eyepiece
Feye Fobj
objective
Fobj
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the microscope
Feye
the objective lens produces a real image of an object placed at or near its focal point
Feye
eyepiece
this image should be formed inside or on the focal point of a second lens, called the eyepiece
Fobj
objective
Fobj
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the microscope
Feye
eyepiece
Feye Fobj
objective
Fobj
the eyepiece forms a virtual image that is much magnied (in an angular sense)
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the microscope
Feye
eyepiece
Feye Fobj
objective see the textbook for a discussion of how much magnication we can get from a microscope
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the telescope
obje c very t is typic a far a way lly
focal plane
objective
eyepiece
Fobj
rays f poin rom a si n t are para gle llel
Feye
Feye
ey ag e e ca is n at vi in ew n w ity he n re
im
la
xe
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the telescope
focal plane
objective
eyepiece
Fobj Feye
Feye
angular magnication
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the telescope
thes e top o rays fro m f the obje the ct
objective
eyepiece
image of the middle of the object these rays from the middle of the object
angular magnication
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the telescope
angular magnication
objective
eyepiece
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the telescope
angular magnication
objective
eyepiece
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the telescope
a very large refracting telescope has an objective lens of focal length 19.4m. suppose we want Jupiter viewed through the telescope to look the same size as the Moon looks to the naked eye, what focal length eyepiece lens do we require ? diameter of Jupiter = 1.38105 km distance to Jupiter = 6.28108 km diameter of the Moon = 3.58103 km distance to the Moon = 3.84105 km
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