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Examine

2D stress analysis for

2D

underground excavations

Verification Manual

1989 - 2007 Rocscience Inc.

1 Stresses and Displacements around Circular Excavations


1.1 Problem description
A circular opening with a diameter (a) of 0.5 m is considered in this example. The vertical in-situ field stress (p) is assumed to be 10 MPa. Three different values of horizontal in-situ field stress (Kp) were evaluated. They are: Case 1: Kp = 0 MPa Case 2: Kp = 10 MPa Case 3: Kp = 20 MPa

The Youngs Modulus (E) and Poissons ratio () of the material around the opening is 10,000 MPa and 0.25 respectively. The stresses ( rr & ) and the total displacements around the opening at = 0o are verified. Variation of with on the excavation boundary is also confirmed. The model geometry is shown in Figure 1.1.

p = 10 MPa

ur
rr

r
r

Kp

Kp

2a = 1 m

p = 10 MPa

Figure 1.1 Model Geometry

1.2 Closed Form Solution


Stresses and displacements around circular openings can be solved analytically using the Kirsch solution [1, 2]:

rr =

a2 a2 a4 p cos 2 ( ) ( ) + + 1 1 1 1 4 3 K K 2 2 4 2 r r r

a2 p (1 + K ) 1 + r 2 2

a4 cos 2 ( ) + + K 1 1 3 4 r

r =

p a2 a4 sin 2 ( ) + K 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 r r p a2 a2 ( ) ( ) ( ) + 1 1 4 1 cos 2 K K 2 4G r r

ur =

p a2 a2 u = (1 K ) 2 (1 2 ) + 2 sin 2 4G r r
For plane strain and isotropic conditions, the shear modulus (G) is defined as:

G=
where

E' 2 (1 + ')

E' =

E 1 2

'=

1.3 Results and Discussion


Figures 1.2 1.4 show the radial stress profiles and Figure 1.5 illustrates the total displacement profiles for all three cases. Figure 1.6 demonstrates variation of on the excavation boundary with . The results from Examine2D are compared to the analytical solutions and are in good agreement.

35 Examine2D 30 Analytical Solution [1]

25

rr

Stress (MPa)

20

15

10

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 1.2 Radial and Hoop Stress Profiles for Case 1


25 Examine2D


20

Analytical Solution [1]

rr

Stress (MPa)

15

10

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 1.3 Radial and Hoop Stress Profiles for Case 2

20 18 16 14

Stress (MPa)

12 10 8


6 4 2 Analytical Solution [1] 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

rr
Examine2D

Distance (m)

Fig. 1.4 Radial and Hoop Stress Profiles for Case 3

1.8 Examine2D 1.6 Analytical Solution [1] 1.4 Case 1 (Kp = 0 MPa)

Total Displacement (mm)

1.2

Case 2 (Kp = 10 MPa)

Case 3 (Kp = 20 MPa)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 1.5 Total Displacements Profile

60 Case 1 (Kp = 0 MPa) 50 Case 2 (Kp = 10 MPa) Case 3 (Kp = 20 MPa)

40

30

(MPa)

20

10

-10

Examine2D Analytical Solution [1]

-20 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

(degree)

Fig. 1.6 Variation of with on the excavation boundary

1.4 References
1. B. H. G. Brady and E. T. Brown (1993), Rock Mechanics: for underground mining, 2nd Ed., London: Chapman & Hall. 2. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

2 Stresses and Displacements around Elliptical Excavations


2.1 Problem description
An elliptical opening with a dimension (W x H) of 1 m x 0.5 m is considered in this example. The vertical in-situ field stress (p) is assumed to be 10 MPa. Three different values of horizontal in-situ field stress (Kp): 0, 10 MPa and 20 MPa, were evaluated. The vertical stresses (yy) and horizontal stresses (xx) along the x-axis are verified. The model geometry is shown in Figure 2.1.

p = 10 MPa

W=1m

Kp

H = 0.5 m

Kp

p = 10 MPa

Figure 2.1 Model Geometry

2.2 Results and Discussion


Figures 2.2 to 2.4 show the vertical and horizontal stress profiles of the three cases. The results from Examine2D are compared to the analytical solutions and are in good agreement.

60 Examine2D 50 Analytical Solution [1]

yy
40

Stress (MPa)

30

xx

20

10

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Stress Profiles for Kp = 0

45 Examine2D 40

yy
35

Analytical Solution [1]

30

xx

Stress (MPa)

25

20

15

10

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 2.3 Vertical and Horizontal Stress Profiles for Kp = 10 MPa


35 Examine2D 30

yy xx

Analytical Solution [1]

25

Stress (MPa)

20

15

10

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Distance (m)

Fig. 2.4 Vertical and Horizontal Stress Profiles for Kp = 20 MPa

2.3 References
1. B. H. G. Brady and E. T. Brown (1993), Rock Mechanics: for underground mining, 2nd Ed., London: Chapman & Hall. 2. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

3 Vertical Stresses and Relative Surface Displacements due to an Infinite Strip of Uniform Loading
3.1 Problem description
This problem verifies the vertical stresses beneath an infinite strip footing subjected to uniform loading. The relative vertical displacements at the surface due to the strip footing were also evaluated. The model geometry is shown in Figure 3.1. The results are compared to the analytical solution [1]. The material below the strip footing has a Youngs Modulus (E) of 10,000 MPa and a Poissons ratio () of 0.25. 1 MPa

Point 1 1m 2b = 2 m

Point 2 1m

Point 3

Figure 3.1 Model Geometry

3.2 Closed Form Solution


For the general case shown below: 2b q x (x, z) z Figure 3.2 General Case of Uniform Loading on an Infinite Strip

Vertical stress at any point (x, z) is given by:

z =

[ + sin cos ( + 2 )]

and relative vertical displacement on the surface can be solved analytically by using:

z (0, 0) z ( x, 0) =

2q 1 2 E

) [(x b)ln x b (x + b)ln x + b + 2b ln b]

3.3 Results and Discussion


Figure 3.3 shows vertical stress profiles underneath the three points given by Examine2D compared to the analytical solutions [1]. Figure 3.4 illustrates the relative vertical displacements along the surface predicted by Examine2D compared to that from [1].
Vertical Stress (MPa)
0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

1.0

Depth (m)

2.0

Point = 1

3.0 Point = 2

4.0 Examine2D Point = 3 5.0 Analytical Solution [1]

Fig. 3.3 Vertical Stress Profiles

Distance from Center (m)


0 6.0E-04 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

5.0E-04

Relative Vertical Displacement (m)

4.0E-04

3.0E-04

2.0E-04

1.0E-04

Examine2D Analytical Solution [1]

0.0E+00

Fig. 3.4 Relative Vertical Displacement Profiles

3.4 References
1. H. G. Poulos and E. H. Davis (1974), Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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