UGANDA INSTITUTION OF

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS

17
th
National Technology Conference
(NTC 2012)



Theme: Strategic Positioning for Positive Transformation
of Society

Venue: Golf Course Hotel, Kampala
Date: 14-15 J une 2012








Innovative Approaches in Science and Engineering

Chapter 1. Linking Varignon and Wittenbauer Theorems
Chapter 2. On the Stability of Structures
Chapter 3. Extension of Integral Tables
Chapter 4. Conjugate Beam Analogy.










Presented by:
Eng Dr. Francis Baziraake
UIPE Vice President (Civil)
Chairman Membership, Education and Training Committee
Extension of Integral Tables

Notation:
M
j
Moment in a statically determinate system
M
k
Moment due to unit load on statically determinate system
N Normal force (force along member axis)
V Shear force(force on section perpendicular to member axis)
E Youngs modulus of material
I Moment of inertia of cross section
w Load intensity
x Member axis

Summary
The integration of the virtual work equation is usually given in tabular form with
moment functions of maximum order three i.e cubic. However the general cubic
function is not given so that to solve a general case, a combination of quadratic and
cubic spandrels has to be used. The current table has been extended by one more row
which contains solutions for the general cubic function. An altogether different table
based on use of polynomials has been suggested which is not prone to error and does
not demand a lot of experience from the user.


Use of tables for integration
WHILE solving the equation of virtual work one comes across an integration of two
functions of the form M
j
M
k
dx. Instead of or additional to the moments shear forces
and/or normal forces may be present and their contributions can be considered.
However contributions other than from moments are usually very small and can be
neglected. The approach remains similar where instead of moment diagrams also
shear force and normal-force diagrams are used. Positive moments are drawn below
the member axis(x-axis) while negative moments are drawn above the axis.

Generally M
j
is a curve of maximal cubic order the M
k
is linear or bilinear order since
these functions originate from a unit virtual force.

The column with the square of the
function may not be needed for the purposes of solving the virtual work equation. The
column may be useful when solving strain energy equations.

All in all 22 cases are presented with maximum of 7 combinations for each case. The
sheer number and near similarities of some cases can be a source of errors. It appears
the results have been arrived not using a consistent approach which might explain
why the general cubic case has not been given. Apart from not solving the general
cubic case there are potential problems using the tables:









Case No. Comments
16 and 17 Not easy to tell when one has case.
12 and 13 How can one tell easily that the maximum is at the edged?
14 and 15 x-axis must be tangential. to curve. How to tell?
19 and 20 x-axis must be tangential. to curve. Triangular load distribution on
cantilever. Loading has to be separated for trapezoidal distribution
occurs.
21 and 22 Result of a combination of a linear and cubic function. Triangular load
distribution on beam simply supported on two supports. Value of j given
in explanation as wl
2
/6


Extension of the integral tables

In everyday practice one encounters loading which is at most of linear nature; for
example lateral earth or water pressure and also loading on beams in two-way
spanning slabs. This implies moments of cubic nature. An approach to take moments
as polynomials of order three has been taken and with it all cases can be solved with
ease. The available table has been extended by one more row. The square column has
also been kept so that the pattern of the original table is maintained. To avoid areas
which can cause confusion an altogether new table has been suggested. For example
columns 1,2 and 4,5 have been eliminated since they can mathematically be
represented by column 3 which is the trapezium.

Conclusion
The usual diagrams for integration used in the force method have been extended to
include a general loading that causes cubic curves for moments. A separate table has
been suggested for simpler use. There is need to determine moment values at specific
positions and use of the diagrams becomes very simple thus saving possibility of
making errors.


Literature

1. Baziraake, F: Extension of the Integral Tables. Kyambogo University Public
Lecture. Department of Civil and Building Engineering. 18
th
April 2007
2. Duddeck, H et al: Statik der Stabwerke in Beton Kalendar 1991. Ernst & Sohn.
Berlin 1991.


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EXTENSION OF TABLE
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No
1
2
3
4
SUMMARY TABLE
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ET
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(2a-a
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3
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I I (36kl+9k1)*j2+ (81 a
3
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2
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(9kl+ 36k2)*j3+ (-81a
3
+99 a
2
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(2k
l
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z
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3
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(2GI
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(64j I
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19j D4+ 324j2
2
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