REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Peter B. Oyelere (2003)1 in his research paper titled Determinants of Internet Financial Reporting by New Zealand Companies
examined the determinants of voluntary financial reporting through traditional media such as printbased annual reports. This paper extends this literature by examining the voluntary adoption of the Internet as a medium for transmitting financial reports and determinants of such voluntary practice by New Zealand companies. The results indicate that some determinants of traditional financial reporting - firm size, liquidity, industrial sector and spread of shareholding - are determinants of voluntary adoption of Internet financial reporting (IFR). However, other firm characteristics, such as leverage, profitability and internationalization do not explain the choice to use the Internet as a medium for corporate financial reporting.

Alfred Wagerhofer (2003)2

in his research paper titled

Economic

Consequences Of Internet Financial Reporting

The paper considers two

major economic effects created by the Internet for financial accounting and disclosure. First, the Internet changes the costs of information processes and with it the demand and supply of financial information in capital markets. Second, Internet financial reporting creates a demand for standardization, which has been taken up with the development of XBRL. It is argued that while XBRL is designed to standardize only the format of information, it will also standardize contents. Finally, the paper discusses the issue of assuring high quality Internet financial reporting.

Marston, C. and polei A.(2004)3

in his research paper titled

corporate reporting on the internet by German companies

investigated the use of the internet for financial information disclosure by German companies in 2000 and 2003 and identified factors influencing financial disclosure on the internet. They found that company size was the only variable explaining financial disclosure on the internet for those two years .Foreign listing was only associated with the level of disclosure in 2003, and free float appeared to be the only variable related to the level of disclosure in 2000. Profitability was not significant.

Luiz Alberto De Lira Alves (2004)4in

his research paper titled

The

Voluntary Disclosure of Financial information on the Internet and the Firm Value Effect in Companies across Latin America Society
has been imposing standards of ethical behavior on the corporations, above all as

regards the degree of transparency of information about their activities being made available to the public. At the same time the world has gone through changes because of the Information Age. The old paradigms of communication have been definitely broken, bringing about changes in the day-to-day of the corporations. Thus the companies are increasing the use of the Internet as a means of investor relations. By that they present a greater degree of corporate transparency to the market, which may maximize value for the shareholders. Studies have evaluated that the practice of Corporate Governance adopted by Latin American companies is still in the beginning (La Porta et al. 2000 and Gibson, 2002).

Ivica pervan (2006)5

in his research paper titled

voluntary financial

reporting on the internet analysis of the practice of Croatian and Slovene listed joint stock companies
investigation into internet financial reporting carried out in june 2005 that focused on stock market listed crotian and Slovene joint stock companies has two basic aspects, comparative and explanatory. the comparative aspect of the research showed that Slovene corporations have a statistically significant higher level of financial reporting (as measured with IFR score).The average IFR score for 55corporate entities from Croatia came to just 6.85,while the average IFR score for 30slovene firms was 17.63.

Muther talal momany and AL-dain AL- shorman (2006) 6

research paper titled,

in his

web-based voluntary financial reporting of

Jordanian companies investigated the extent of financial reporting on the internet

of the Jordanian companies listed in the first market on Amman Stock Exchange (ASE)for the year 2004.This issue is motivated by the growing concern with the interest as a medium to disseminate financial information from regulatory bodies e.g. IAS. After surveying the internet and the companies websites, the researchers find that about (45%) of the companies have website. While (70%) of the websites companies report financial information ,only (30%)dont report any financial information.

Nikolas Diakidis (2007)7

in his research paper titled,

Financial

Reporting Practices on the Internet : The case of Companies Listed in the Cyprus Stock Exchange This paper studies reporting disclosure practices
on the websites of companies listed in the Cyprus Stock Exchange. The first part of the

paper produces and discusses descriptive evidence on internet reporting practices by listed companies with respect to the content of disclosed information and industry type. The second part of the paper undertakes an explanatory effort in order to identify the factors that determine internet reporting practices for listed firms in the Cyprus Stock Exchange. Financial reporting on the internet is not largely adopted for the firms listed in Cyprus Stock Exchange, as compared with international evidence in this area. Firm size has been shown to be the only significant explanatory variable for internet reporting practices.

Kamural Baraini Keliwon, Dr. Zakiah Muhammaddun Mohamed (2007)8

in his research paper titled

Internet Financial Reporting

Disclosure Strategy

investigated internet financial reporting (IFR) disclosure

strategy used by Public listed companies which engage in IFR .This Study reveals that even though firms are in same industry, they employ different types of IFR disclosure strategy.

Syon-ching lai(2007)9 in

his research paper titledAn

empirical study

of the impact of Internet Financial Reporting on stock price

examined whether internet financial reporting (IFR) provides information that is quickly reflected in the stock prices, investigates whether IFR provides financial information that has a significant impact on stock prices, and explores whether the information provided with extended IFR has a significant impact on stock prices. Akaike's (1969) method of Final Prediction Error (FPE) is adopted to determine the lag length of each firm's stock price affected by its own past stock prices. The results show that the lag lengths of the firms with IFR are significantly less than those without the IFR. Second, the results from the event study methodology show that the cumulative abnormal returns of the firms with IFR are significantly higher than those of the firms without IFR. Lastly, the results indicate that firms with a higher degree of information transparency yield a higher abnormal return on their stock prices.

Shirley Hunter & L. Murphy Smith (2008) 10

titled,

in his research paper

Impact Of Internet Financial Reporting on Emerging

offered empirical evidence of the longitudinal effect of internet technology

Markets

i.e., timely dissemination of financial information, on emerging markets. The analysis reveals positive dispersion in market price and volume around the events dates. Market performance of securities listed on emerging market stock exchange does improve after commercialization of the internet

Luciana Spica Almilia (2009)11 Determining Factors Of Indonesia

in

his

research

paper

titled

Internet

Financial

Reporting In

measured the quality of Internet Financial Reporting of Public firms in

Jakarta Stock Exchange .An index was developed to measure overall internet reporting. In addition, financial variable that affect Internet Financial Reporting (IFR) among Indonesia Stock Exchange companies are identified. The findings show that the nature of IFR disclosure varies considerably across the sample firms. Firm size and return on equity are indentified as determining factors of internet financial reporting in Indonesia.

Rafiu oyesola salawu (2009)12

in his research paper titled

Financial
examined

Reporting on the internet by Quoted Companies in Nigeria

the status of financial reporting on the internet by the Nigerian listed companies. Secondary data were sourced from the websites of the sample companies. The descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data obtained .the sample consists of 220 companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange .Among the 220 companies, 62(28.2%)are financial companies while 158(71.2%)are non financial companies .The study shows that,119(54.1%)companies have official website while 101(45.9%)do not have an official website. Furthermore, 31(14.1%) companies publish their financial information on-line. Also, 21 (9.5%) publish their information using Portable Document File (PDF) format while 10 (4.5%) publish theirs using Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) format.

Aslihan Bozcuk (2009)13

in his research paper titled

Internet

financial reporting In case of Turnkey

investigated the current state of

internet financial reporting in light of the recent regulatory changes in the financial reporting environment of Turkish firms. Although these regulations only cover publicly listed firms, there has also been some usage of the internet as a means of disseminating financial information by large unlisted firms. However, we do not know the scale and scope of such voluntary financial disclosures or how they have changed over time.

Justin Mindzak (2009)14

in his research paper titled

Literature

Review of Internet Financial Reporting and XBRL This paper examines

both Internet Financial Reporting (IFR) and Extensive Business Reporting Language (XBRL). It begins by summarizing the perspectives and directions for further research from regulators and standards setters. It then develops a taxonomy on a sample of research that

has appeared since 1999. The goal is to provide a perspective of the literature, paying particular attention to the questions remaining for further research.

Zulfa Devina Rahman (2010)15

in his research paper titled

The

Impact of Internet Financial Reporting on Stock Prices Moderated by Corporate Governance: Evidence from Indonesia Capital Market
examined the impact of Internet Financial Reporting (IFR) on stock prices in Indonesia Stock Exchange. As stated by efficient market hypothesis (EMH), security prices at any time fully reflect all available information. If the market is true efficient, voluntarily financial information disclosed on web site would generates stock prices that reflect this kind of information. This study also investigates whether IFR companies have better financial condition than non IFR companies as predicted by signaling hypothesis. Previous study said that the use of internet as reporting tool indicates high firms quality because IFR firms are seen more up to date and advance in technology than traditional firms (non IFR firms). In addition, this study tries to explore the moderating role of corporate governance in increasing the value of IFR companies for the investors.

Casios Serrano cinha(2010)16

in his research paper titled

Online

Reporting by Banks: A structural by Banks in Spain

explained internet

reporting by banks. The model relates three constructs of financial institutions (size, financial performance, and internet visibility) to their final influence on internet information disclosure e-transparency with direct and indirect effects. The study shows that size accounts for most of the variance. Size has a positive effect on e-transparency, financial performance, and internet visibility. However, the direct effect of financial performance and internet visibility on e-transparency is small.

Divya Verma Gakhar (2010)17

in her research paper titled

Web-

Based Corporate Reporting Practices in India The present study on Webbased Corporate Reporting Practices in India examines the disclosures of financial and nonfinancial information disclosures on websites of companies. For the purpose of this study, a sample of 200 companies of BSE-200 Index has been taken. A worksheet has been prepared to examine the trends in web-based corporate reporting in these companies. The compliance of accounting practices to the requirements of Indian Accounting Standards has also been examined in the study. In addition to the secondary data taken from the websites of these companies, two questionnaires have also been used to collect primary data from various stakeholders. In all, the researcher could collect information from 255 respondents through Internet and personal interactions with them. That web-based corporate reporting is at its evolutionary stage and there are many issues which need to be settled to make way for its faster growth on sound footing.

Lawrence James Trautman(2011)18 in

his research paper titled

The

SEC & the Internet: Regulating the Web of Deceit

The internet has

created challenges for regulators of financial markets unimagined over seventy-five years ago by drafters of the Securities and Exchange Acts. The recent explosion in internet use has provided many benefits for investors and publicly-traded companies. Examples of the wealth of information available on demand and at little cost to the investing public includes: the reported financial results of issuers; press releases; product information; Research reports of securities analysts; product information; and has enabled easy and prompt access to information about corporate events. The SEC has provided guidelines to allow for an issuing company to disseminate to its shareholders the required periodic reports (10-k, 10-q, 8-k, proxy statements, etc.

Adamu Garba Zango(2012)19in his research paper titled An Decision In Corporate Management

Appraisal

of Current Cost Accounting Techniques for Enhancing Managerial

The objective of this study was to assess the underlining issues pertaining the relevance or otherwise of historical cost in the preparation of financial statement of firms. It further seeks to explore other alternative methods of financial report in an inflationary environment. Secondary sources of data, such as text- books, journal articles and internet materials relevant to the study were consulted. The finding of the study revealed that, historical cost is deficient due to its inability to reflect the effect of changing prices. The study recommended the adoption of current cost or current

purchasing power accounting as alternative method of financial reporting so as to ensure the relevance, reliability and usefulness of information in the financial statement of an enterprise.

Jeffrey chester (2012)20

in

his

research

paper

titled

Selling

Consumers, Not Lists: The New World Of Digital Decision-Making and the Role of the Fair Credit Reporting Act
This paper explores the new world of financial decision-making that draws on a range of Internet techniques. While some practices are being regulated as traditional credit reports under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, credit bureaus and other financial firms are expanding into currently non-regulated areas, including online marketing and sales. Does the FCRA need to be updated to address the growing use of real-time database scoring and decision-making on the Internet? Where is the line drawn between when an online real-time decision-making score is used simply to serve advertising for a financial product or to make a decision about establishing the consumers eligibility.