TI Graphic Calculator Skills for H1/H2 Statistics Section 1: Getting Started 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.

6 1.7 1.8 Storing Data in a List Creating a New List Editing a List Clearing a List Removing a List Name and Data Making Calculations on a List of Data Sorting Data in a List Defining and Displaying a Histogram

Section 2 : Probability Distributions 2.1 2.2 2.3 The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution The Normal Distribution

Section 3: Hypothesis Testing 3.1 3.2 3.3 Making Calculations on Grouped Data Performing a One-sample z-test Performing a One-sample t-test

Section 4: Regression 4.1 4.2 4.3 Constructing a Scatter Diagram Constructing a Least Squares Regression Line Finding the Linear Product-moment Correlation Coefficient

References: 1 A-Level Statistics with TI-83 Plus by Ho FH, Ho KF & Neo CB 2 Course notes of Teaching and Learning of A-Level Mathematics: A Graphical Calculator Approach (Statistics) by Dr Rosalind Phang 3 A Concise Course in Advanced Level Statistics by J Crawshaw & J Chambers 4 TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator Guidebook

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Section 1: Getting Started You will make use of 9 features:

q , 5

r { and 6

and 9

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1.1

Storing Data in a List

The following steps store the data: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in the list L1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 in the list L2. 1 Press to select 1:Edit. You will see a spreadsheet with three columns L1, L2 and L3.

Place the cursor at the first row of L1 and key in the data 1 to 6, pressing after each number. Use the cursor control keys |, }, ~, to navigate and correct any mistakes where necessary. Do the same for the list L2.

1.2 Creating a New List The following steps store the data 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 in a new list named MULTI. 1 Highlight L1 and press y 6 to insert an empty column before L1. Type MULTI as the name of the new list. Note: you can use up to 5 characters.

3 4

Press to move the cursor to the first row of MULTI. Key in the data 100 to 600, pressing after each number.

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1.3 Editing a List To correct a particular value: 1 Highlight the value to be corrected, e.g. 300. 2 Type in the correct value, e.g. 350, and press .

To delete a value: 1 Highlight the value to be deleted, e.g. 400. 2 Press {. The value is removed and the rows below will move up.

To insert a value above another: 1 Highlight the position to insert the new value, e.g. at 600. 2 Press y 6 so that the existing value will move down and a zero will appear at that position. Type in the value to be inserted and press .

1.4 Clearing a List To clear data from a list L1: 1 Press and select 4: ClrList.

Press y and select L1, followed by . Note: a single command ClrList will clear the data in all the lists.

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1.5 Removing a List Name and Data [Method 1] To remove a list from the spreadsheet: 1 Highlight the name of the list to be removed, e.g. MULTI.

Press {. The list is removed from the spreadsheet but not the calculators memory.

[Method 2] To remove a list from the calculators memory: 1 Press y L and select 2: Mem Mgmt / Del.

2 3 4

To retrieve the required list, select 4: List. Select the list to be deleted and press to remove it. Press y 5 to return to the Home Screen.

1.6 Making Calculations from a List of Data Store the following data in a list named MARKS: 84 17 38 45 47 53 76 54 75 22 66 65 55 54 51 44 39 19 54 72 1 Create a list named MARKS and store the 20 data items into it.

Press and select 1: 1-Var Stats from the CALC menu.

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Press y 9 and select MARKS from the NAMES menu.

Press to obtain the essential values associated with the data in the MARKS list. Mean x = 51.5 Standard deviation x = 18.20576832 Unbiased estimate of the population standard deviation sx = 18.67872418 Lower quartile Q1 = 41.5 Median = 53.5 Upper quartile Q3 = 65.5 Lowest value = 17 Highest value = 84 Number of data items n = 20

1.7 Sorting Data in a List To sort a list of data in ascending/descending order: 1 Press and select 2: SortA( or 3: SortD(.

Press y 9 and select MARKS from the NAMES menu.

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Press to sort the list. To view the sorted list, press and select 1: Edit.

Sorting a list in ascending order will help you to draw a stem and leaf diagram or a stemplot easily. Stem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Leaf 7 9 2 8 9 4 5 7 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 2 5 6 4

1.8 Defining and Displaying a Histogram To obtain a histogram that represents the data in MARKS: 1 Press y , and select 1.

Select On and choose (histogram). Move the cursor to Xlist, press y 9 and select MARKS from the NAMES menu.

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Press q and select 9 ZoomStat. Note: ZoomStat defines the viewing window so that all statistical data points are displayed.

Press r to display the histogram. Note: The first bar shows the interval 17 30.4, having a frequency of 3 (n = 3), i.e. 17, 19, 22. The second bar shows the interval 30.4 43.8, having a frequency of 2 (n = 2), i.e. 38, 39.

Exercise: The lifetimes (in years) of 30 batteries of a particular brand are given as follow. 5.1 6.2 6.0 6.3 3.3 5.8 7.3 6.4 4.8 7.5 3.1 5.0 6.9 5.5 4.1 5.0 4.3 6.1 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.9 4.6 4.6 6.9 8.1 9.3 6.6 5.7

(a) Enter data into a list named LIVES. (b) Write down all the values of the measures that you get from the 1-Var Stats option. (c) Construct a histogram plot. Trace and understand the values displayed on the plot. (d) Construct a stem and leaf plot.

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Section 2: Probability Distributions You will make use of 7 features.

r , s p and 9 =

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2.1 The Binomial Distribution

X ~ B ( n, p ) p is the probability of a successful outcome X is the number of successful outcomes in n independent trials P ( X = x ) = n Cx p x q n x for x = 0,1, 2, ..., n, where q = 1 p E ( X ) = np and Var ( X ) = npq

You will use the graphical calculator to calculate Binomial probabilities for this example: Given that X ~ B (16, 0.4 ) , find (a) P ( X = 2 ) , (b) P ( X 5) , (c) P ( X > 7 ) , (d) P ( 6 < X 10 ) . (a) To find P ( X = 2 ) : 1 Press y = and select 0: binompdf(.

The function binompdf(n, p, x) calculates P ( X = x ) . Enter the values of n, p and x using the keystrokes .

P ( X = 2 ) = 0.0150 (to 3 s. f.)

(b) To find P ( X 5) : 1 Press y = and select A: binomcdf(.

The function binomcdf(n, p, x) calculates P ( X x ) . Enter the values of n, p and x using the keystrokes .

P ( X 5) = 0.329 (to 3 s. f.)

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(c) To find P ( X > 7 ) = 1 P ( X 7 ) : 1 Press and select A: binomcdf(.

Enter the values of n, p and x.

P ( X > 7 ) = 0.284 (to 3 s. f.)

(d) To find P ( 6 < X 10 ) = P ( X 10 ) P ( X 6 ) [Method 1]: 1 Select the function binomcdf( and enter the values of n, p and x accordingly.

P ( 6 < X 10 ) = 0.454 (to 3 s. f.)

(d) To find P ( 6 < X 10 ) = P ( X = 7 ) + P ( X = 8 ) + P ( X = 9 ) + P ( X = 10 ) [Method 2]: 1 Press y 9 and select 5: sum( from the MATH menu.

Press y = and select 0: binompdf(.

Enter the values of n, p and x accordingly. Note: In the function binompdf (n, p, x), x can be a list of numbers. The function sum adds up the values computed by binompdf.

You will graph the Binomial distribution for the same example. 1 Create a list L1 to contain the values 0, 1, , 16. Press y 9 and select 5: seq( under the OPS menu.

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Key in the values for seq, then press y 9 and select L1. Note: The function seq(X, X, 0, 16, 1) returns a list created by evaluating X with respect to X, from 0 to 16 by 1.

Create a list L2 to contain the Binomial probabilities. Press y = and select 0: binompdf(.

Key in the values of n and p, then press y 9 and select L2. Note: When x is not specified, all values of P ( X = x ) , where
x = 0,1, 2, ..., n, will be displayed in a list.

5
6 7

To graph the Binomial distribution, press y , .

Select On under Plot 1. Press and select (histogram). Press to Xlist. Press y 9 to select L1 i.e. x. Press to Freq. Press y 9 to select L2 i.e. P ( X = x ) . Press p and enter the following values. Note: These settings will allow all 17 x-values and their probabilities to be displayed within the screen area. Ymax has been set to .2 since the highest probability is 0.19833 if you scan through L2. Press s to display the histogram. Press r to see the individual probabilities. Note: The second screen shows the cursor positioned at the bar x = 4 and P ( X = 4 ) = 0.101420 .

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You will now compute the expectation and variance of X. 1 Press and select 1: 1-Var Stats from the CALC menu.

Press y 9 and select L1. Press . Press y 9 and select L2. Press . You can verify that: np = 16 0.4 = 6.4 = x

npq = 16 0.4 0.6 = 1.959591794 = x

Exercises:
1 Given that the random variable X ~ B ( 8, 0.36 ) : (a) find the following probabilities, correct to 3 significant figures;

P ( X = 5) P ( X 3)

P ( X 4) P ( 2 X < 6)

(b) graph the probability histogram for X; (c) find the mode; (d) find the mean and variance of X.

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A biased coin is tossed four times and the number of heads noted. The experiment is performed 500 times in all and the results are summarised in the table: Number of heads Frequency 0 12 1 50 2 3 4 151 200 87

Illustrate, with appropriate calculations and use of the graphical calculator, how this set of data compares with a binomial distribution with suitable n and p values.

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2.2 The Poisson Distribution

X ~ Po ( ) X is the number of occurrences of an event in a given interval of time or space, when the mean number of occurrences in the given interval is .
P ( X = x) = e for x = 0,1, 2, 3, ..., to infinity x! E ( X ) = and Var ( X ) = You will use the graphical calculator to calculate Poisson probabilities for this example: Given that X ~ Po ( 7 ) , find (a) P ( X = 2 ) , (b) P ( X 4 ) , (c) P ( X > 7 ) , (d) P ( 5 < X 11) . (a) To find P ( X = 2 ) : 1 Press y = and select B: poissonpdf(.

The function poissonpdf( , x) calculates P ( X = x ) . Enter the values of and x using the keystrokes .

P ( X = 2 ) = 0.0223 (to 3 s. f.)

(b) To find P ( X 4 ) : 1 Press y = and select C: poissoncdf(.

The function poissoncdf( , x) calculates P ( X x ) . Enter the values of and x using the keystrokes .

P ( X 4 ) = 0.173 (to 3 s. f.)

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(c) To find P ( X > 7 ) = 1 P ( X 7 ) : 1 Press and select C: poissoncdf(. Enter the values of and x.

P ( X > 7 ) = 0.401 (to 3 s. f.)

(d) To find P ( 5 < X 11) = P ( X 11) P ( X 5) [Method 1]: 1 Select the function poissoncdf( and enter the values of and x accordingly.

P ( 5 < X 11) = 0.646 (to 3 s. f.)

(d) To find P ( 5 < X 11) = P ( X = 6 ) + P ( X = 7 ) + P ( X = 8 ) + P ( X = 9 )

+ P ( X = 10 ) + P ( X = 11) [Method 2]:

Press y 9 and select 5: sum( from the MATH menu.

Press y = and select B: poissonpdf(.

Enter the values of and x accordingly. Note: In the function poissonpdf ( , x), x can be a list of numbers. The function sum adds up the values computed by poissonpdf.

You will now graph the Poisson distribution for the same example. 1 Create a list L1 to contain the values 0, 1, , 14. Press y 9 and select 5: seq( under the OPS menu. Note: 14 is chosen because P ( X 14 ) = 0.994

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Key in the values for seq, then press y 9 and select L1. Note: The function seq(X, X, 0, 14, 1) returns a list created by evaluating X with respect to X, from 0 to 14 by 1.

Create a list L2 to contain the Poisson probabilities. Press y = and select B: poissonpdf(.

Key in the value of . Press y 9 and select L1, then press y 9 and select L2. Note: When x is specified as a list, all values of P ( X = x ) , where x takes the values in the list will be displayed in a list. To graph the Poisson distribution, press y , . Select On under Plot 1. Press and select (histogram). Press to Xlist. Press y 9 to select L1 i.e. x. Press to Freq. Press y 9 to select L2 i.e. P ( X = x ) . Press p and enter the following values. Note: These settings will allow all 15 x-values and their probabilities to be displayed within the screen area. Ymax has been set to .15 since the highest probability is 0.149 if you scan through L2. Press s to display the histogram. Press r to see the individual probabilities. Note: The second screen shows the cursor positioned at the bar x = 4 and P ( X = 4 ) = 0.091226 .

5 6 7

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Exercises:
1 Given that the random variable X ~ Po (1.6 ) : (a) find the following probabilities, correct to 3 significant figures;

P ( X = 5) P ( X 3)

P ( X 6) P ( 2 < X < 9)

(b) graph the probability histogram for X over a suitable range; (c) graph the cumulative probability histogram for X over the same range, and use it to find the smallest integer n such that P ( X > n ) < 0.01 . [Hint: generate a new list containing cumulative probabilities] 2 Does this set of data fit a Poisson distribution with a suitable mean? x f 0 110 1 50 2 20 3 12 4 7 5 1

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2.3 The Normal Distribution

X ~ N ( , 2 )

E ( X ) = and Var ( X ) = 2
You will use the graphical calculator to calculate Normal probabilities for this example: Given that X ~ N ( 8, 2.52 ) , find (a) P ( 0 X 4 ) , (b) P ( X 6 ) , (c) P ( X > 9.2 ) . (a) To find P ( 0 X 4 ) : 1 Press y = and select 2: normalcdf(.

The function normalcdf(a, b, , ) calculates P ( a X < b ) . Enter the values of a, b, and using the keystrokes

P ( 0 X 4 ) = 0.0541 (to 3 s. f.)

(b) To find P ( X 6 ) : 1 Press y = and select 2: normalcdf(.

Enter the values of a, b, and using the keystrokes y

D .

P ( X 6 ) = 0.212 (to 3 s. f.)

Note: E99 represents the large negative number .

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(c) To find P ( X > 9.2 ) : 1 Press y = and select 2: normalcdf(.

Enter the values of a, b, and using the keystrokes

y D .

P ( X > 9.2 ) = 0.316 (to 3 s. f.)

Note: E99 represents the large positive number + .
You can display P ( 0 X 4 ) graphically, by following these steps: 1 Press y = and select 1: ShadeNorm( under the DRAW menu.

Note: The function ShadeNorm(a, b, , ) draws the normal density function specified by and and shades the area between a and b.
Enter the values of a, b, and using the keystrokes

.
3 Press p and enter the following values.

Press y 5 to return to the Home Screen with the function ShadeNorm and press .

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Another way to graph a normal distribution is to use the o feature. To compute the area under this graph, you can apply the calculators integration function. Follow these steps: 1 Press o y = and select 1: normalpdf(.

Press s.

To compute the probability, press y / and select 7: f ( x ) dx .

Enter the lower and upper limits accordingly.

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Exercise: Given that X ~ N (150.3, 25 ) , find:

(a) P ( X < 153) ,

(b) P ( X > 158 ) ,

(d) P ( X > 10 ) ,

(c) P (148 < X < 158) ,

(e) P ( X < k ) for k = 0,1, 2, 3. Graph the probability distribution for X. You will now use the graphical calculator to find the value of x associated with the area to the left of x of N ( , 2 ) . Consider the following example.

Given that X ~ N ( 57,142 ) , find x such that (a) P ( X < x ) = 0.284 , (b) P ( X x ) = 0.125 , (c) P ( 50 < X x ) = 0.4 .

(a) To find P ( X < x ) = 0.284 : 1 Press y = and select 3: invNorm(.

Note: The function invNorm(area, , ) computes the inverse cumulative normal distribution function for a given area under the normal distribution curve specified by and .
Enter the values of area, and by pressing

P ( X < 49.0 ) = 0.284 x = 49.0 (to 3 s. f.)

(b) To find P ( X x ) = 0.125 : 1 Note: P ( X x ) = 0.125 P ( X < x ) = 0.875 Press y to retrieve the previous calculation. Change the value .284 to 0.875 and press . x = 73.1 (to 3 s. f.)

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(c) To find P ( 50 < X x ) = 0.4 : 1 Note: P ( 50 < X x ) = 0.4 P ( X x ) P ( X 50 ) = 0.4

P ( X x ) = 0.4 + P ( X 50 )

To find the value of the LHS, press then y = and select 2: normalcdf(. Enter the values of a, b, and by pressing y D

0.4 + P ( X 50 ) = 0.7085

Press y= and select 3: invNorm(. Enter the values of area, and by pressing

P ( X x ) = 0.7085 x = 64.6 (to 3 s. f.)

Exercise: The masses of lettuces sold at a market are normally distributed with mean mass 600 g and standard deviation 20 g.
(a) Find the mass exceeded by 7% of the lettuces. (b) Estimate the interquartile range of the distribution.

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Section 3: Hypothesis Testing

You will make use of 4 features:

and 9

and =

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3.1 Making Calculations on Grouped Data

You will use the graphical calculator to compute statistical quantities for grouped data. Consider the following example: A sample of 100 apples is taken from a load. The apples have the following distribution of sizes. Diameter to nearest cm Frequency

6 11

7 21

8 38

9 17

10 13

Find the mean and standard deviation of these diameters. 1 Store the diameters in the list L1 and corresponding frequencies in the list L2.

Press and select 1:1-Var Stats from the CALC menu.

Select the list L1 followed by the list L2 by pressing y L1 y L2.

Mean = x = 8 Standard Deviation = 1.16 (to 3 s. f.)

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3.2 Performing a One-sample z-test

Based on the data given in the previous example, test the claim that the mean diameter of apples is not equal to 7.8 cm at the 5% level of significance. Assume that = 1.15 . 1 Press and select 1:Z-Test from the TESTS menu.

Select Stats, enter 7.8 for 0 and 1.15 for .

Highlight 0 for the alternative hypothesis and select

Calculate. Press .
Since p = 0.0820 > 0.05 , we do not reject H 0 and conclude that there is insufficient evidence to claim that the mean diameter of apples is not equal to 7.8 cm at the 5% level of significance.

Note: Repeat step 1 and select Draw to obtain a standard normal curve with the shaded areas equal the p-value.

3.3 Performing a One-sample t-test

Consider this example: The diameters of spherical ball bearings produced by a particular machine follow a normal distribution. Seven ball bearings are randomly selected and their diameters, in cm, are measured. The readings are: 2.12, 2.10, 1.98, 2.08, 2.04, 1.97, 2.15. Test, at the 4% level of significance, the hypothesis that the average diameter of the ball bearings is 2.00 cm.

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Store the readings in the list L1.

Press and select 2:T-Test from the TESTS menu.

Select Data and enter 2 for 0 .

Highlight 0 for the alternative hypothesis and select

Calculate. Press .
Since p = 0.0525 > 0.04 , we do not reject H 0 and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to claim that the average diameter of ball bearings is equal to 2.00 cm at the 4% level of significance.

Note: Repeat step 1 and select Draw to obtain a standard normal curve with the shaded areas equal the p-value.

Exercise: A company claims that batteries produced by it have an average lifetime of 100 hrs. The lifetimes of the batteries are normally distributed and have a standard deviation of 1.2 hrs. A random sample of 10 batteries was tested and the lifetimes were recorded below:
98.2 101 98.7 99 101.1 100.5 98 98.5 99.4 100

(a) Test whether the company has overstated the average lifetime of its batteries at 5% level of significance. (b) Would the conclusion in (a) change, if the standard deviation was not known?

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Section 4: Regression
You will make use of 4 features:

and 9

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4.1 Constructing a Scatter Diagram

You will use the Graphical Calculator to store data and present it on a scatter diagram. Consider this example: The table shows the turnover and profit of an engineering firm from 1984 to 1989. Year Turnover, $x (in hundreds) Profit, $y (in hundreds) 1984 70 6 1985 80 5 1986 85 5.25 1987 78 5.04 1988 92 6.44 1989 98 8.24

Draw scatter diagram to represent this information. 1 Create two lists X and Y and enter data accordingly.

Press y , and select 1: Plot 1.

Select On. Select ". At Xlist, press y 9 and choose the list variable X from the NAMES menu. At Ylist, press y 9 and choose the list variable Y from the NAMES menu. At Mark, pick the first style of points to be plotted.

Press q and select 9: ZoomStat.

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This screenshot shows that there are six points being plotted.

To read the coordinates of each point, press r and use the cursor control keys to move from point to point.

4.2 Constructing a Least Squares Regression Line

Based on the same example, you will draw a least squares regression line of profit on turnover. Note: At this point, it is not a concern whether the line drawn is a good fit. 1 Press and select 4: LinReg(ax + b) from the CALC menu.

Press y 9 to retrieve the list variable X followed by Y, separated by a comma.

Type another comma. Press and select 1: Function from the Y-VARS menu.

Select Y1. This is to store the equation of the regression line in Y1. You can press o to view the equation of the regression line.

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Press to obtain the values of the gradient and the yintercept of the regression line.

To view the regression line, press s or q .

Press r and use the cursor control keys to move the cursor along the regression line. To find the profit when the turnover is 95, type 95 and press . The value 6.9580839 will appear on the screen indicating that the profit based on the regression line is about $696.

Note: In step 1, you can instead select 8: LinReg(a + bx). The yintercept and gradient of the regression line remain the same. In other words, the equation of the regression line is unaffected.

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4.3 Finding the Linear Product-moment Correlation Coefficient

The product-moment correlation coefficient, r, is a numerical value between 1 and 1 inclusive which indicates the linear degree of scatter. The nearer the value of r to 1 or 1, the closer the points on the scatter diagram are to the regression line. Find r for the same example. 1 Press y N D and select DiagnosticOn.

On the Home Screen, repeat steps 1 and 2 on page 30 to compute the gradient and y-intercept of the regression line, together with the calculation of r.

r = 0.701 (to 3 s. f.)

r = 0.701 indicates that there is some positive linear correlation between X and Y but it does not appear to be very strong.

Note: DiagnosticOn will remain activated until you deactivate it. To deactivate, press y N D and select DiagnosticOff.

Exercise: A list of 100 words with varying degrees of difficulty was given to eight children. The age of each children and the number of words he/she managed to define correctly were recorded in the table below.
Child Age, x (in years) Number of words, y A 2.5 9 B 3.1 15 C 4.3 26 D 5.0 35 E 5.9 43 F 7.1 57 G 8.1 69 H 9.4 88

(a) Tabulate the values of ln x and ln y . Plot a scatter diagram of this data. (b) Calculate the linear product-moment correlation coefficient between ln y and ln x . Comment on the suitability of the model ln y = a + b ln x .

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(c) Find the equation of the least squares regression line of ln y on ln x . (d) How many correct words can a child of age 6.5 define?

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