Geography Snapshot notes (P&PL)

Population and Planet

Population Dynamics
The Demographic Transition Model Shows the past, current and future population change

High stationary = Pre- Industrial society (Ethiopia, Bangladesh) Early expanding = Early industrialisation (Peru, Sri Lanka) Late Expanding = Later industrialisation (China, Australia) Low Stationary = Developed country (Canada, USA, UK)

Population Pyramids

Natural Increase To calculate natural increase you minus the crude death rate from the crude birth rate (CBR-CDR = Natural increase) o Crude Birth rate = number of people born per thousand per year o Crude Death rate = number of people who die per thousand per year

Reasons for variation in Birth and Death rates: Age structure: - Youthful population = increasing population (in future) -Greying Population = lots of death (in future: decreasing population) Diet, housing and living conditions: -More food, good housing and living conditions = stable birth rate and healthy children, low death rate -Poor housing, diet and living conditions = high birth and death rate Medical/ health care: -Good healthcare = stable birth rate (healthy children) and low death rate Bad healthcare = high death rate and high birth rate (high infant mortality Contraception and family planning: Available = low birth rate Unavailable = high birth rates Economic conditions: MEDCs = low death rate and low birth rate LEDCs = high death and birth rate Social and Religion: Catholic = no contraception or abortion so could have higher birth rate Political reasons: War = low birth rate Policies: (E.g. one child policy) could discourage birth rate or (benefits for children) encourage them Population Management Why Governments might want to control a population: Because there is overcrowding They have a strain on resources They want enough people in workforce How can they control population? Through pro/anti natalist schemes e.g. one child policies, encouraging lots of children (family planning) Increasing/ Decreasing migration e.g. quotas/stopping migration or a country opening its doors Giving out free contraception or banning it Financial incentives to have more/ less children Example of Governments controlling their populations: (CASE STUDIES) Country Pro/ Anti Why they have put policy in How they enforce/ encouraged Natalist place the policy policy Estonia Pro People were emigrating and Paid maternity leave, non-working people having less children women go a mothers salary Singapore Pro Fertility too low and the Tax rebates for 3rd child, Cheap workforce at a decline dont nurseries, access to best schools want immigrants and apartments, also a Baby bonus introduced later on Iran Anti Have a very high fertility rate, Family planning and free wants to improve status of contraception introduced, media women and religious leaders encourage people to have less children China Anti Very high population, One Child policy, sterilized if you overcrowding and strain on have more than one child, nanny resources police who check women to see if they are pregnant - stigma and pressure, women who are pregnant and already have one child are pressured to have an abortion Migration Push and Pull factors Push Factors o War

How effective it was Fertility rate has risen Had little impact

Fertility rate dropped from 7 to 2 quite effective Very Successful

o High unemployment o Climate o Famine o High living cost Pull Factors o Low living standards o Better climate o Low unemployment/ job opportunities o Better economy UK Immigration Policies (CASE STUDY) Open doors after World War 1 EU migration 1992 Migrants from colonies and farmer As a EU member state the UK allows colonies were given free entry into people from other EU states to live the UK bringing 250,000 people to and work here. Many Eastern the UK European workers took this opportunity when they joined the EU in 2004.

Positives: Met labour shortages after the war, allowed Britain to rebuild

Positives: They often do low paid jobs that are undesirable, they pay taxes Negatives: Some have been subjected to abuse and exploitation, there is no control on EU migration

Negatives: Some ethnic tensions developed, migrants added to unemployment in the 1970s recession

Tiered System 2008 Applicants from non-EU are placed into tiers. Tier 1 for highly skilled workers, investors who do not need a job offer Tier 2 is for skilled workers with a job offer Tier 3 and below for low skilled workers without job offers and students Positives: Fills specific job shortages in the job market, the highly skilled workers can contribute greatly to our economy Negatives: Quotas on migration might deny someone the opportunity to come here, encourages illegal immigration

Tensions associated with migration Migrants feel excluded by residents Sometimes there is a language barrier Broader culture tensions Residents fear migrants are taking jobs Fear of racism/ discrimination

Consuming Resources
Consumption of Resources MEDCs use more resources and less energy than LEDCs, this is because: o Most people in MEDCs are richer so have cars that uses more energy and oil consuming more resources o MEDC people have more money, and therefore can buy a bigger place to live, which would need more energy to run (e.g. heating and water) consuming more resources However as LEDCs develop economically they use more energy as they start using more machinery and technology (e.g. cars and machinery in factories) this consumes resources and will lead to a bigger shortage of them

Theories about consuming resources Philosopher Theory Boserup As population increases and resources run out, we will think up new ways to create more resources Malthus As the population grows exponentially (2,4,8,16), resources grow arithmetically (1,2,3,4) - so will result in a shortage of resources which could lead to famine and war

Evidence Genetically Modified crops to get a higher yield meaning more e.g. rice to fix food crisis (India) Population has exceeded resources and food (people are dying of starvation)

The Energy Gap The richer countries use the most energy Having a lack of affordable and reliable energy can hold back development because: o They dont have enough money to create industrial goods to sell o They dont, therefore, have enough money to create factories of their own o They also dont have enough money to import energy from other countries How humanity can deal with the increasing population growth and decreasing resources Renewable Energy o Pros: They never run out Environmentally Friendly Reduces CO2 o Cons: It is hard to find investors to create renewable energy sources Some dont look very nice and can cut up the landscape (wind power) Limited areas to put them in (wind needs to be in a windy area and solar needs to be in a sunny area) Biofuels Ethanol o Pros: Carbon dioxide is absorbed as the crops grow so carbon emissions offset It is a renewable fuel as it comes from a crop sustainable Doesnt produce pollutants cleaner air Can create jobs and support a local economy ethanol comes from a sugar crop o Cons: Cars cannot run as long on a gallon of ethanol as with a gallon on petrol OIL/Petrol The spread of oil is not equal round the world and neither is its consumption MEDCs use more because many more people can afford technology, like cars that run on oil they also have a higher living standard meaning people want bigger houses and cars, increasing their carbon footprint. America consumes a quarter of the worlds oil and hold 5% of its population! Peak Oil This is the point at which oil production reaches its maximum and then declines rapidly (forcing prices to rise) A decline in production has already occurred in 18 countries

Living Spaces
Key Terms Greenfield Site Brownfield site Rural Idyll Urban Sprawl Regeneration Expatriate community Area of land not built on before Area of land that has been built on before and is now derelict or unused A common perception that rural areas are quiet and attractive places to live Growth of an urban area Development in an area that has been rundown and making it nicer and attractive to invest in A community within a country where people go to live, from a different country, where there are lots of people from their place of origin or country (e.g. Brits in Spain) The rebuilding of parts of a city. Sometimes large areas are completely demolished before being rebuilt; sometimes all or some of the old buildings are retained and modernised to combine the best features of the old and the new. An area of a major centre of global communications and economy An area around a city composed mostly of parkland and farmland, in which development is strictly controlled. Its purpose is to prevent the outward growth of the city, preserve countryside for farming, wildlife and recreation, and, often to prevent two or more cities from merging to form one huge urban area.

Redevelopment

Global Hub Green Belt

Perception and Reality Urban Perception of Rural Life Boring not much to do Less traffic More active Safer Quieter Friendlier

Traditional Rural Reality Lots of activities and sports Friendly closely linked community Safer not much traffic Family life important

Factors that affect the choice of living space Economic status rich move into wealthy neighbourhoods and vice versa Age young people might want good nightlife, families want to be near schools, the elderly in quiet safe neighbourhoods Gender young woman might want to live in safe areas Transport links - commuters near train stations Cultural background immigrants might want to live near people of the same background Knowledge/perception knowledge of a place might affect your decision to move there Views of living spaces changing over time: Pre Child stage (young urban professionals (YUPpies), single working people, couples without children) choose an area with good transport links, good nightlife, urban areas and small apartments Child bearing years (couple thinking about having children) moving to more comfortable areas, away from the main city, bigger houses, near good schools and other families.

 Child rearing years (families) moved into comfortable 3-4 bedroom houses, in areas with schools and transport, away from central cities. Post Child (middle aged- child left home) maybe move to a quieter area in a small comfortable home in areas with other people around the same age mostly out of the major cities (suburbs or rural) Later life (old age) into carer homes where they are around other people of the same age or into quiet, comfortable areas CASE STUDIES Why People would move or live in a certain area: CAMDEN- Young, Single workers Redevelopment of an old industrial area Ideal for young single people access to stations and very busy with a good nightlife Markets and alternative clothing Culteral diversity Very highly populated space and demand making housing expensive Music venues SPAIN- Old, retired people A living space ideal for the old Lower living cost and as it is euro the exchange rate means pensions will be worth more 300 days of sunshine better climate and so better health Good food and relaxed atmosphere Dont have to pay for heating as it is hot Ease of transfer of money between European banks Cheap flights easy access to family Cheap Spanish public transport subsidised Strong community spirit SOUTH AFRICA People who want work (LEDC example) Push factors from rural areas: o Lack of jobs and employment in the rural areas hope for more jobs in the cities o Expected higher living standard o Better medical help higher life expectancy What often happens is that because there is so many people trying to move to the city (e.g. Cape Town) shanty towns or townships get built just outside of the city ( e.g. Khayelitsha just outside Cape Town) Problems in shanty towns: o Overcrowding o Fires o Competition for jobs o Easy spread of diseases o Lack of infrastructure There hopes of a better life in the city are not always fulfilled because so many have that same hope Positive aspects of city life o Easy access to water o Earn more money send back to families Negative aspects o House prices are very high o If you cant find work then you go to the shanty town SUSSEX Londoners moving to rural area (MEDC example) Push Factors from urban areas

o Overcrowding o Congestion and pollution o High crime o More cars so less safe for kids o Oversubscribed schools children getting less attention from teachers Pull factors from rural life o Better quality of life o Safer o More community feel/ more friendly o More activities for the family o More time/ things to do for the family to do together o More freedom How can living spaces cope with demand? CASE STUDY: LONDON AND MUMBAI Land use in London o Housing very residential high population density o Transport o Each house has a car high pollution levels o Limited green space o High demand for land high house prices Land use in Mumbai o Lots of roads o Lots of shops o Lots of small cars and motorbikes pollution o Less planned roads and streets o Developed quickly and this puts pressure on living space o As a result of this quick development there is around 600,000 slums Predicted Growth London 2003 7.1million people 2015 8million people Cause of growth (past and present Global finance/ business hub Increase in tertiary jobs EU migrants filling low paid jobs and moving here Higher income than any other UK city (internal migration) Creation of a business centre e.g. call centres Migration from the countryside Consequences Housing shortage Strain on public services Urban sprawl growth of city that puts pressure on surrounding areas

Mumbai 2003 17.4million people 2015 22.6million people

Creation of large slums 2 million lack toilets 33% lack fresh water

How can living spaces be more sustainable? CASE STUDIES: NORTH WILTSHIRE: There is a demand for more houses because there is a higher population 56% of planned housing planned on greenfield sites and 44% on brownfield sites Development of infrastructure and transport to London could impact on wildlife and urbanizing the area LAS VEGAS: Hot and dry climate Majobe desert Las Vegas has grown massively growing business etc. No limit to growth but a limit t water No crops in the desert have to import all food Completely artificial environment Need lots of light/ energy/ air conditioning/ cars etc. lots of energy and pollution Off road vehicles cause immense damage to the surroundings Groundwater has declined more than 90m in some areas of the valley wildlife under pressure CASE STUDIES: REMEMBER A FEW! San Francisco Yellow Taxis turn Green Half of the cities taxis now are hybrid vehicles or run on compressed natural gas This also cuts the cost of taxis The city has been able to reduce its GHG emissions by 60,000 (short) tons per year and by 2020 their aim is to have a taxi fleet that emits no GHG Melbourne making green buildings normal Has energy efficient buildings and incentives for using solar power and retrofitting programmes City Council aims to have zero net GHG emissions by 2020 Already achieved a reduction of GHG emissions of 41% between 1996 and 2006 Wants to build a more sustainable city Cornwall the Eden Project Eden project had created a growth of 800 million Before the Eden project Cornwall was in a recession The garden has created lots of new jobs for locals 78% of food used in the Caf is from local farmers and produce Has created a huge tourist industy Germany Model city Mannheim Managed to connect every household to a smart energy network Aims to heighten efficiency of energy use Uses the energy butler used to show inhabitants how much energy they use and make their energy use more efficient

Making a Living
Key Terms Clark Fisher Model Shows the employment and industry change over time, based on the past experiences of the UK. It shows the change in Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

Primary Employment Secondary Employment Tertiary Employment Quaternary Employment Deindustrialisation Industrialisation Agrarian Society Diversification

employment sectors from the pre-industrial stages to the post-industrial stages. Extraction of raw materials, like farming or mining Manufacturing process Services e.g. doctors, teachers, waiters Technological research and development like I.T software development Is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of manufactured goods Development from an agrarian society to a manufacturing, industrial society. Most people involved in extracting resources or farming. Means to increase the range of economic activities available so that an area is not dependent on just one type of economic activity.

Clark Fisher Model

Model is based on the past experiences of the UK so this may not apply to all countries Some developing countries have leapfrogged the secondary sector and developed tourism in the tertiary sector (e.g. Gambia) It also assumes that there is a linear path to development CASE STUDIES: Employment contrast in UK and Mexico Mexico: (Industrialising) o Primary Sector: 15% Contribution to GDP: 4% (agriculture of corn etc., mining for oil) o Secondary Sector: 26% Contribution to GDP: 36% (manufacturing cars, clothes etc.) o Tertiary and Quaternary: 59% Contribution to GDP: 61% (Hotel Resorts and Tourism) UK: (Deindustrialising) o Primary Sector: 1% Contribution to GDP: 1% (Some agriculture) o Secondary Sector: 18% Contribution to GDP: 24% (manufacturing and making) o Tertiary and Quaternary: 80% Contribution to GDP: 75% (Big global communications, office jobs, 1,000,000 calls a minute in London and fibre optic broadband all over England) UK is much more developed most of their manufacturing is done abroad, so people have higher paid jobs, meaning they have a better education and can take on more highly skilled labour like being a doctor. Mexico are going through the industrialisation stage and have cheap labour, this means that they will have more people in the secondary sector. Industrialisation will cause Mexicos environment to suffer, this is because they dont care about the most eco-friendly way to develop, but the cheapest. Deindustrialisation caused a lot of unemployment and poverty in the UK, because manufacturing jobs moved abroad. Also many factories and Power Plants get left abandoned or get turned into housing or, like the Tate building, museums and art galleries

Mexico Clark Fisher model stage City looked at Problems faced Industrialising Mexico City (capital) Environmental pollution of air and water by new industries In-migration to the city Rapid urbanisation and urban sprawl Poor living conditions especially in shanty towns Slow rate of growth in the city More regulation of polluting industries Re-build shanty town areas

UK De-industrialising Birmingham Eastside area Derelict landscape as industries closed Contaminated land from heavy industry Unemployment Regeneration new jobs in tertiary/quarternary Mix of office and residential areas Environmental clean-up

Solutions

Formal and Informal Employment Formal Economy o Economic activity which is regulated by the government and subject to tax E.g. MP, Factory Worker, Teacher, Doctor, City Trader, Banker etc. Informal Economy o Any economic activity that falls outside the formal economy (e.g. cash in hand jobs E.g. Rickshaw driver, Market trader, Freelance trader (gardener, painter etc.) etc. CASE STUDY: Mexico Rural Mexico: o Modernisation of farming reduced the need for labour in rural areas Mexico City: Emergence of informal sector for people to earn income o Mexico city generates 30% of Mexicos GDP o People attracted from rural areas to work in city o Lots of factories opened in the city by US firms looking for cheaper locations to manufacture their products MEXICO CITY 1. 19.5 million residents they need lots of space for their growing population 2. They have very small housing units to accommodate such a big population 3. Mexico City produce 23,000 tonnes of solid waste per day this means landfill is becoming full and illegal dumping is regular 4. Mexico City consumes a lot of water per day that cannot be replaced as quickly as it is being consumed 5. The loss of groundwater in the city has caused it to sink by 7.5m over the 20th century causes damage to buildings and tubes 6. Less than 10% of waste water is recycled some people dont have a drainage system or a sewer system 7. They are surrounded by mountains that trap air pollution strong sunlight then speeds up the chemical reactions and this creates a smog in the city 8. 75% of air pollutants come from vehicles and 130,000 factories also contribute to air pollutants 9. The air pollutants irritates eyes, nose and mouth and worsens asthma

10. Almost a 1/3 of houses in Mexico City dont have running water and many people have limited supplies of running water 11. Many houses have shanty roofing and the kitchen and bathroom arent separated CASE STUDY: Eastside, Birmingham Negative Impacts of Deindustrialisation o Derelict and contaminated land messy, dirty and ugly o Empty buildings attract vandalism/ arson debris and broken down buildings left in streets o Goods are manufactured further away loss of jobs Positive Impacts of deindustrialisation o Opens up land for redevelopment Eastside being regenerated and new production of industrial buildings into studios home to artists, musicians, trendy cafs and galleries West Midlands opened up area for educational buildings and students o Fewer Resources used in industrial processes new galleries and festival houses attracts new economy and new creative investors o Fewer heavy goods vehicles (so lower air and noise pollutions) lower amounts of pollution in Eastside as factories have moved out - Less transportation of cargo so less noise pollution How has rapidly growing cities affected the environment? As there is more jobs available in the city for secondary and tertiary jobs, people have moved from rural areas into the cities This has affected the amount of pollution levels in the city as they are increasing with the increasing amount of people and vehicles CASE STUDY: Greenwich Peninsula Sainsburys Supermarket Greenwich Peninsula Low energy supermarket built to supply the Greenwich Peninsula and Millennium village Has been connected with Pedestrian Paths, cycle ways and has its own bus lane Have a car park with a free charger for electric cars Have wind and solar power to light the store They dont use any CFCs in their refrigerators Regeneration in Greenwich They have a big tourist market- this brings in revenue for the locals and the local economy The money brought in by tourism, the O2 and the regeneration process and investment, replaces the money lost by deindustrialisation Environmentally cleaner lots of green space and more pleasing for visitors as air quality is better Has improved transport links to encourage businesses to set up in Greenwich Night time industry with nightclubs, restaurants and the O2 venue There is more residential areas which attracts people to Greenwich Greenwich Peninsula Social and Cultural o The building of the O2 provided 1,500 jobs o Green living ethos and much quieter than living in central London but still has the good transport links green living makes it cleaner with less air pollution o 900 homes have been built and 200 more are under construction o There is a Greenwich Peninsula Chaplaincy (religious) which provides the religious, educational and social needs of the emerging community in Greenwich Transport and connectivity

Road traffic is negative for health the Greenwich Peninsula is a low emissions zone which excludes highly polluting vehicles o They want to reduce visitor car reliance and 75% of visitors dont travel there by car the O2 car park is very expensive to deter people from using cars to travel there o One bus per minute o There are 6 new river taxis o Very good public transport links Services o Millennium primary school is a very big school which is equipped with facilities for disabled and children with special needs o It has an Eco friendly design o There is a GP centre on site which serves for the community in Greenwich and reduces energy consumption o School is used for other purposes in non school hours Environmental o 100% of the food waste in the O2 arena is used in compost o 70% of all the glass bottles are used to make sand o 100% of the cooking oil is collected is turned into biodiesel o The roof of the O2 is designed to collect rainwater o O2 is increasing the amount of waste it recycles Economy o 43% of jobs in O2 belong to Greenwich residents o Lots of hotels and transport links that have provided new jobs for people o As there is lots of transport and it is a regenerated area there is a lot of investment and businesses want to move there generating money for the local economy Housing o 20% of planned homes are affordable o The houses are near schools and have good transport links around them o 2,500 planned homes to build o 80% reduction of energy consumption and 30% reduction in water demand because of efficient appliances

Green Employment The Green sector is seen as a source of providing more jobs in the future because as we run out of things like non-renewable energy we will need more people researching, manufacturing and building new renewable energy sources Green employment means anyone who is employed in a sector that will help the environment from a driver of public transport to a manufacturer of solar energy and an architect of green buildings Rural Diversification CASE STUDIES: CORNWALL broadband: In Cornwall they are building a new superfast broadband network Companies could use it to reach people worldwide enabling businesses to start working worldwide and expand meaning the local economy and rural economy will grow with better communication It will assist with helping businesses to work more effectively and in new ways Westermill Farm 500 acre working farm with campsite, self-catering cottages and farm shop

 Helps the rural economy by attracting tourism to pretty countryside areas Also they use some of their farmland for a campsite so that people can stay and spend money in the local area

Changing Cities
Key Terms Eco Footprint Bio-productive areas Carbon footprint Landfill Incinerators Biosphere Reserve The area of land takes (in hectares) to support someones lifestyle Areas that are used to support human waste or lifestyles Measure of carbon emissions (included in the ecofootprint) Letting waste degrade in a big site, covering or burying it in soil. Burning waste material so that it becomes ash can be used as an alternative fuel An area that is protected from exploitation and conserved. The resources are used sustainably in that area.

An Eco Footprint The amount of area in hectares it would take to support a person, cities or companies What makes up an eco-footprint: The amount of productive land and sea is needed to support these different things: Transport Housing Leisure Consumer goods Water Energy Bio-productive areas These areas need to support our lifestyles o Bio productive land (e.g. farmland) o Bio productive sea (e.g. fisheries) o Energy land (e.g. powerstations) o Built up land (e.g. residential areas) o Biodiversity (e.g. the rainforest) Rural Area eco-footprint: CASE STUDY: Sanema People of Venezuela In the 1980s there was a gold rush and gold miners came and destroyed the Venezuelan Rainforest deforestation and river pollution was the result and it threatened the indigenous people The Sanema now live in the BIOSPHERE RESERVE which protects their existence Elements that make up their footprint: o Land for housing, farming and hunting Why is the footprint getting worse: o The Sanema footprint used to be nomadic as they kept moving around the rainforest o Now, because they can only stay in one place due to the biosphere reserve and their settlement their footprint is becoming more concentrated and threatening their sustainability and lifestyle

City Eco-Footprints CASE STUDY: Winchester and Salisbury Winchester o Has a larger eco-footprint as it is a wealthier area with, on average, a much higher living cost o On average people have a larger income: affording bigger houses, bigger cars and more luxury goods and holidays this consuming more energy and resources and producing more waste Salisbury o Salisbury is slightly less wealthy and has a smaller footprint Eco-footprints of countries with different levels of development MEDCs o have higher living standards so more cars and bigger houses more bio-productive land and sea needed to support one person increasing their eco footprints o Travelling more to go to work and on holidays because they have more money consuming more energy o People have a higher living expectation so consume more food and water to support their lifestyle more waste and more consumption of resources LEDCs o Less land needed to support one persons lifestyle as they consume less energy, food and resources this is because they arent as developed so have lower living standards and people have less money to spend on other things (like cars and travel) CASE STUDY: Londons Eco-footprint Each Londoner on average has a footprint of 3 planet earths unsustainable Energy and fuel, infrastructure, building materials, consumer goods, food and water are all needed to support a Londoners lifestyle we then produce waste, pollution, greenhouse gases 81% of the food we consume is imported into London producing pollution in its transportation Only 9% of our household waste was recycled Less than 1% of Londons energy came from renewable sources How is London trying to reduce its eco-footprint? CASE STUDY: BedZed (in Beddington, Croydon) 16% of energy comes from solar panels 56% cut in carbon emissions They have passive solar gain meaning they use the sun to heat their houses houses face south so that sun comes through the windows Windows are double glazed to reduce need for heating They have segregated recycling bins Dual flush toilets and low flow taps reduce their water consumption BedZed is situated near many transport links and they have a car share scheme Everyone has a garden Oyster Cards encourage public transport and make it cheaper for adults and free for children Congestion Charging Charging non eco-friendly cars that travel through the congestion zone (in central London) 25% cut in traffic in the congestion zone Increased public transport more eco friendly Improved air quality pollutant particles fell around 14%

Hot-Desking Less office space needed and less desks reducing the amount of resources used up for offices No-one has their own desks as many people work from home half the week this means they share the desks and halves the amount of office space needed to support the working environment Boris Bikes Encourages cycling around London instead of using a car this means that it cuts carbon emissions and greenhouse gases being released into the environment and reduces the amount of energy London uses decreasing the eco footprint Local reduction of eco-footprint CASE STUDY: Real Nappies Washable, eco friendly nappies Cheaper, in the long run, than disposable nappies Reducing waste Comfortable and gentle on a babys skin CASE STUDY: Bromley Recycling System A local system for recycling all household waste to reduce waste production and conserve resources Waste Disposal in London Landfill vs. Incinerators

Pros
Incinerators Can be used as an alternative fuel burning the waste can produce energy and is renewable Can be used to reclaim metals like aluminium to reuse them Recycling the leftover residue can be used to build roads reducing resources used On lots of landfill sites methane gas is collected to be used as a free fuel Closed landfill sites can be turned into golf courses and ski slopes

Cons
Give off greenhouse gases Give off toxic gases and particulates which are bad for your health

Landfill Sites

Gives off lots of greenhouse gases Animals can get poisoned by the toxic waste affecting the food chain Ruin landscapes Water and soil gets contaminated meaning that the land becomes unusable and animals can get poisoned by water that is contaminated

Green Consumerism Ethical Food Buying Looking at what you buy and making sure that it is local, organic and eco-friendly, less packaging Fairtrade food supports poor farmers in other parts of the world and makes sure that they are getting a fair deal for their produce

Farmers Market Pros: o Supporting a local economy o Food is mostly cheaper o No packaging and not many miles of transport to deliver the food conserving resources and energy Cons: o Only seasonal produce not much variety

Development Dilemmas
Key Terms Core Region Periphery region An area where the multiplier effect has been successful and the whole region has developed Areas where development hasnt happened they are much poorer and have a low living standard often are exploited by the core regions An upward spiral and knock on effect of development Where decisions about development are made by governments or by private companies. The decisions are imposed on people because there will be benefits. E.g. Building a dam Means that experts work with the local people to identify their needs. It gives local people control in improving their lives and experts assist with the progress made. E.g. Use of Biogas in Kerala A cycle in which many poor families and areas are stuck in and cant break no development happens Farming that provides the basic needs for the farmer and his family but has little or no surplus to sell and make money from A small area where development is focused setting off wider growth around them (with the multiplier effect)

The multiplier effect Top Down approaches

Bottom up approaches

The cycle of poverty Subsistence Farmers

Growth Poles

Core and Periphery regions How do Core regions emerge? A core region is an area where the multiplier effect has been successful and the whole region has developed People then continue to move there to seek jobs and the multiplier effect continues The Multiplier Effect

CASE STUDY: India, Maharashtra (Core Region) In India there has been much development around its ports and cities called GROWTH POLES: Indias richest core region has the largest GDP Contains Mumbai 13 million people 42% live in the Urban areas 84% literacy rates (quite educated so better jobs) 35% infant mortality rate 55% work in agriculture Bollywood in Mumbai many films and attracts tourism

How do Periphery Regions emerge? : Periphery regions are poorer areas, often exploited by the core regions They are stuck in the cycle of poverty The Cycle of Poverty No money to develop as low income and little investment there is a low wellbeing and little demand for consumer goods or services therefore no contribution to the economy CASE STUDY: Bihar, India (Periphery Region) 86% live below the poverty line 55% of households live below the poverty line 77% of work in agriculture section Huge population but holds over 25% of the poorest districts Attracts less investment as employment is low and young people tend to move out to find better jobs 53% literacy rates uneducated so not much chance of a better paid job Many subsistence farmers work done by hand and not machinery and are trapped in the cycle of poverty Women are uneducated and marry young to have as many children as possible to help out with work and support the family Women have few rights Top Down and Bottom up Development Top Down Approach Decisions about development are made by the government and external agencies focuses on capital investment in core regions People benefit from the trickle-down effect improving the whole country PROS: o Lots of money created from them improves economy o Jobs are created o Good organisation as run by the government o Countries can develop goods and services from the Top down project creates a trickle-down effect CONS: o People get displaced from their homes normally without compensation o Locals and poorer people dont normally see the benefits they are often not consulted or involved in the decision making process the project wont be appropriate for them o Government corruption can mean that the economy doesnt see the benefits

o o

Normally because they are so large scale there is a negative effect on the environment They are extremely expensive

CASE STUDY: The Sardar Sarovar dam India Dam being built as the demand for water is increasing and the Government has decided that Western India needs Super Dams to: o Encourage economic growth by providing drinking water and HEP (electricity) o Opens up dry lands for farming by irrigation Building the large dams means that they can store monsoon rains to use during the dry seasons PROS: o Provide 3.5billion litres of drinking water a day o Provides 1450 megawatts of HEP o A series of canals from the dam will distribute water to other states in India o Will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland in driest parts CONS: o 234 villages have been drowned, forcing 320,000 people out of their homes o Only cities benefit from the electricity not villages not encouraging development everywhere o Irrigation can increase soil salinity making the soil less usable o Damming the river means fertile sediment wont get deposited on crops so no nutrients for the soil o Seismologists believe that the weight of the large dams will trigger earthquakes o Good quality land will be submerged by the dam Bottom up approach Lives of people in peripheral areas improve Small scale projects using appropriate technology in peripheral areas Decisions made in conjunction with the local people and Non Governmental organizations PROS: o Locals reap benefits o Projects are suited to their needs o They are normally small scale so are sustainable and environmentally friendly and low cost o Creates jobs for the locals and develop people skills so they can learn o Positive community development CONS: o Limited investment opportunity so wont improve the economy or have a multiplier effect on the area o Relies on charities and aid which dont have lots of money o Not very wide reaching so wont develop much of the country (very long term development) CASE STUDY: Biogas in Kerala

Kerala has two main problems: 1. They have too much waste that just gets thrown on the road making the area smelly and unhygienic 2. They need more fuel and they have a fuel crisis where they have to collect lots of firewood to fuel their homes PROS:

o o o o o o

The biogas plant produces small scale power for the family just on domestic waste It also produces fuel and fertilisers for the family fertiliser can improve farming or be sold to increase the disposable income of the family and help them out of the cycle of poverty Only costs a family 110 so quite cheap initial cost and no cost for fuel and fertiliser Lung cancer reduced (because they arent burning firewood for energy) Bigger nigh time economy light from the energy produced by the biogas plants develops the area Less waste on the street as it goes into the biogas plant better environment can encourage more tourism

CONS: o Cant produce energy on a big scale one biogas digester for one family o Ones exposed on the street are quite ugly Sustainable as it is conserving energy and stopping deforestation (firewood for fuel) it is renewable as there will always be waste therefore conserving resources for future generations