POWER PLANT/ENGINE (ATA 71)

Engine Integration for Most Civil Transport

A. Wing-mounted (below the wing) > Medium & Large Jet Airplane B. Fuselage-mounted (at the back of fuselage) > Small Jet Airplane

Engine Integration
Considerations: C.G. range: B requires 30% (MAC), 10% higher than A. Wing weight: A lower, but more complex. Engine accessibility: A is better Flow around wing: A disturbing HLD: A less efficient and complex. FOD: B is better Nose wheel spray: A is better Thrust reverser: A influence slats, B influence rudder. Ground handling damage: B is better Take-off rotation angle: B is better due to c.g. position. Effect of in-advertent in-flight deployment of thrust reverser: B is better (flow around leading edge). Becoming a trend for jet airplane (medium & large)

Airworthiness Requirements

Airworthiness Requirements
25.903 Engines. (a) Engine type certificate. (1) Each engine must have a type certificate and must meet the applicable requirements of part 34 of this chapter. (lihat fuel syst) (2) Each turbine engine must comply with one of the following: (i) Sections 33.76, 33.77 and 33.78 of this chapter in effect on December 13, 2000, or as subsequently amended; or (ii) Sections 33.77 and 33.78 of this chapter in effect on April 30, 1998, or as subsequently amended before December 13, 2000; or (iii) Comply with 33.77 of this chapter in effect on October 31, 1974, or as subsequently amended prior to April 30, 1998, unless that engine's foreign object ingestion service history has resulted in an unsafe condition; or (iv) Be shown to have a foreign object ingestion service history in similar installation locations which has not resulted in any unsafe condition.

Airworthiness Requirements Thrust Ratings

FAR 33.7 (c) For turbine engines, ratings and operating limitations are established relating to the following: (1) Horsepower, torque, or thrust, rpm, gas temperature, and time for (i) Rated maximum continuous power or thrust (augmented); (ii) Rated maximum continuous power or thrust (unaugmented); (iii) Rated takeoff power or thrust (augmented); (iv) Rated takeoff power or thrust (unaugmented); (v) Rated 30 minute OEI power; (vi) Rated 2 1/2 minute OEI power; (vii) Rated continuous OEI power; and (viii) Rated 2-minute OEI power; (ix) Rated 30-second OEI power; and (x) Auxiliary power unit (APU) mode of operation.

Operating Envelope

Gasturbine is a volumetric machine

Engine limiters

Influence of O.A.T. on N1

Background of Thrust Requirements

Take-off length (Table 1) OEI performance (Rocky Mountains, Table 2) Climb performance (Table 3, Fig. 5) Cruise speed (Table 4) Idle rating: flight: bleed air press, anti icing approach: min 3.2% climb gradient after 8s. ground: max. thrust during taxi, no frequent braking (6-7% Take-off thrust).

Background of Thrust Requirements Table 6.1 Take-off length

Background of Thrust Requirements Table 2 OEI performance

Background of Thrust Requirements Table 3 Climb performance

Fig. 5 Background of Thrust Requirements Climb performance (mass in 1000 lb, transition due to CAS and Mach Nr)

Background of Thrust Requirements Table 4 Cruise speed

GTE Thermodynamic Cycle

GTE Type

Turbojet

Turboprop

Turbofan

GTE: Turbofan Engine

Turbofan = Gas Generator + Fan

Total Thrust:
Bypass Ratio

T Tc Th
Low B<2

c m B h m
Aft-Fan

Medium 2 < B < 3 High B>3

Turbine blade extension Bolted to the compressor

Forward-Fan

Connected to reduction gear

Driven by free turbine

GTE: Turbofan Engine

Principles of Operation:
the basic principles of the turbofan engine operation is similar to that of the turbojet, except in turbofan engine some of the air do not enter the engines core

Exhaust

Consists of a jet-pipe and a thrust reverser. When thrust reverser stowed: good engine performance no extra base drag good engine noise attenuation When thrust reverser deployed: no effect on operating limits good reverser performance in ground roll good aircraft directional stab. & control no exhaust or FO ingestion

Exhaust

Exhaust

Exhaust

Noise

ICAO Annex 16, Chapter 3 Noise Regulation: Three measurement stations: - 2000 m before beginning of runway (approach) - 450 m aside of the runway - 6500 m after take-off roll (fly-over) As a function of A/C weight (B747 stage 3, Fo-28 stage 2) NAP: Noise Abatement Procedure (flight path optimization)

Noise Level

Noise Level

Noise Spectrum

Noise Suppression

Starting
Possible power sources:
Electrical motor (up to 4000 shp or 5000 lbs) Hydraulic motor (helicopters) Turbine (military) Jet fuel starter (mini gas turbine, military) Hydrazine turbine motor (military) High pressure air turbine (200 bar) Low pressure air turbine (2-4 bar) > 40 pax, requires air turbine starter

Starting

Starting

Starting
Subject to be considered: - Start time (torque charact., accessory drag, starting envelope, max start time, shock limit, available pressure) : - Clutch disengagement/reengagement speed - Crash engagement Restart capability Windmill: From 20000 ft, requires no more than 5000 ft for restarting

Starting Envelope

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

APU

APU

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

Fuel Control

Fuel injection system

Oli Cooling System