Module01 1xEV-DO Airlink Training

Module 1: 1xEV-DO Air Interface
Jay Weitzen Airvana Performance Engineering
Infrastructure for All-IP Broadband Mobile Wireless Accelerating Access Anywhere
Objectives To help you understand the 1xEV-DO air interface Understand the commonalities with 1xRTT and the differences
To review the basics of CDMA applicable to 1xEV-DO, just for good measure
To understand how the 1xEV-DO forward and reverse links work To understand 1xEV-DO mobility
Confidential & Proprietary 2
Module Coverage
Introduction to IS-2000 Family (IS-95C/1xRTT, 1xEV-DO) Basics of Qualcomm CDMA common to 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO Architecture and Protocol Stack 1xEV-DO Air Interface Characteristics
Forward Link Overview
Physical Layer Traffic Channel MAC Control Channel Physical Layer Traffic Channels Access Channel Power Control
Reverse Link Overview
Confidential & Proprietary
Summary of Wireless Telephony

Evolution of Public Mobile Telephony
Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz IMTS150MHz
450MHz
AMPS800MHz
Technology Evolution
Analog AM, FM Digital Modulation
DQPSK GMSK
N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA
PCS1900MHz
GSM CDMA AMPS, etc
ESMR800MHz
Access Strategies
FDMA TDMA CDMA
Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors
MSI
LSI
VLSI, ASICs 1,000,000s
System Capacity Evolution - Users

Dozens Hundreds 100,000s
PCS-1900 = FDMA = TDMA = CDMA =
1960
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola) D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA) ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
Personal Communication Systems Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access
1990
Generations of Wireless
First Generation, Analog Circuit Switched Voice, Analog Modem/Fax over Circuit Switched Voice
AMPS
2nd Generation: Digital Vocoded Circuit Switched Voice, Circuit Switched data 16-64 kbps
IS-95 A&B, IS-136, GSM (GPRS), IDEN,
3rd Generation, Digital Circuit Switched Voice, Packet Switched Broadband Data
CDMA 2000 (IS-95C 1xRTT)+ 1xEV-DO, WCDMA, 1xEV-DV (IS95D),
4th Generation, Broadband Packet Switched Voice (VOIP), Broadband Packet Switched Data MBPS
IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.15, ??? 3xEV-DO,
History of Mobile Phones (1)
Two Key Goals Of CDMA-2000
1xRTT High Efficiency Voice Plus Packet data CDMA2000 NETWORKS
1xEV-DO Optimized for High speed packet data
Commercial Deployments Began 2002

11
1xEV-DO Introduction
HDR (High Data Rate) - pre-standard Qualcomm name 1xEV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized)
3GPP2 & ITU standard IS-856 1x = 1.25MHz, EV = Evolution, DO = Data Optimized CDMA2000 HRPD (High Rate Packet Data)
New official name
Optimized for high speed/capacity asymmetric data

Theory Best to separate circuit switched voice and packet switched data
As opposed to 1xEV-DV
12
Why 1xEV-DO?
Global Standard within CDMA2000 Family At Least 3-4 Times Faster than CDMA2000 1x Supports All-IP Network Architecture Hybrid Handsets Support Voice and 1xEV-DO Enables Multiple Services
Mobile, Nomadic, Fixed
Supports Multiple Device Types

Handset, PDA, Laptop,..
13
Applicable Standards
Standards
IS-856-1: CDMA2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface, IS-878: IOS for 1xEV IS-864: Access Network Minimum Performance spec IS-866: Access Terminal Minimum performance spec IS-890: Test Application spec IS-919: Signaling Conformance Spec IS-925: Enhanced Subscriber Privacy for HRPD
Other standards
IS-835: Wireless IP standard IS-2001: CDMA2000 IOS standard
What Makes A Good Packet Data Air Interface?
Base Station
High Burst Rates Good Multiplexing Efficiency Fast Connection Setup & Teardown Support for QoS and other Multimedia Applications
CDMA Review IS-95/IS-2000 and 1xEVDO
25
Why Start with IS-95/IS-2000 1xEV-DO is derived from IS-95 and is waveform compatible Much of the Physical Layer of 1xEV-DO is similar to IS-95, reverse link is very very similar Hybrid mode operation requires understanding of 1x Operation!!!
26
Two Types of CDMA

Frequency Hopping CDMA
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
There are Two types of CDMA: Frequency-Hopping

Each users narrowband signal hops among discrete frequencies, and the receiver follows in sequence Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) CDMA is NOT currently used in wireless systems, although used by the military
User 3 User 4 User 1 unused User 2
User 1 User 4 User 3 User 2 unused
unused User 1 User 2 User 4 User 3
Frequency
Direct Sequence
narrowband input from a user is coded (spread) by a user-unique broadband code, then transmitted broadband signal is received; receiver knows, applies users code, recovers users data Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) CDMA IS the method used in IS-95 commercial systems
Direct Sequence CDMA

Time Frequency
User 1
+ =
Code 1
Composite
27
DSSS Spreading: Time-Domain View At Originating Site:

Input A: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second just as originally sent via air interface
Input A: Users Data
Originating Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR
1
Input B: Spreading Code
Gate
Spread Spectrum Signal
Input A: Received Signal
Destination Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR Gate
Input B: Spreading Code
Output: Users Original Data
Drawn to actual scale and time alignment

Spreading from a Frequency-Domain View

Traditional technologies try to squeeze signal into minimum required bandwidth CDMA uses larger bandwidth but uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity
Confidential & Proprietary 29 TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Spread Spectrum Narrowband
Slow Information Sent TX Signal RX Slow Information Recovered
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow Information Sent TX Fast Spreading Sequence
Slow Information Recovered RX
Fast Spreading Sequence
Spread Spectrum Payoff:

Processing Gain
CDMA Uses Code Channels

A CDMA signal uses many chips to convey just one bit of information Each user has a unique chip pattern, in effect a code channel To recover a bit, integrate a large number of chips interpreted by the users known code pattern Other users code patterns appear random and integrate in a random self-canceling fashion, dont disturb the bit decoding decision being made with the proper code pattern
Building a CDMA Signal

from Users Vocoder
Forward Error Correction
Bits
Symbols
Coding and Spreading
Chips
CDMA: The Code Magic

QPSK RF
Users
Analog Summing
BTS Demodulated Received CDMA Signal Despreading Sequence (Locally Generated, =0) Received energy: Correlation matches opposite
1 if 0 = if 1 =
Decision:
+10 -26
Matches! (=0) 1 Opposite ( =1)

-16
Time Integration
This figure illustrates the basic technique of CDMA signal generation and recovery. The actual coding process used in IS-95 CDMA includes a few additional layers, as well see in following slides.
CDMAs Nested Spreading Sequences

ORIGINATING SITE
X+A Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B
DESTINATION
X+A
Input Data
Recovered Data
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link What we do, we can undo
Walsh Codes
WALSH CODES
64 Magic Sequences, each 64 chips long Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes its simple to generate the codes, or theyre small enough to use from ROM Unique Properties: Mutual Orthogonality
EXAMPLE: Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 #59 Sum
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!! Confidential & Proprietary 34
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
Other Sequences: Generation & Properties

Other CDMA sequences are generated in shift registers Plain shift register: no fun, sequence = length of register Tapped shift register generates a wild, self-mutating sequence 2N-1 chips long (N=register length) Such sequences match if compared in step (no-brainer, any sequence matches itself) Such sequences appear approximately orthogonal if compared with themselves false correlation typically <2%
An Ordinary Shift Register
Sequence repeats every N chips, where N is number of cells in register A Tapped, Summing Shift Register
Sequence repeats every 2N-1 chips, where N is number of cells in register A Special Characteristic of Sequences Generated in Tapped Shift Registers Compared In-Step: Matches Itself
Sequence: Self, in sync: Sum: Complete Correlation: All 0s
Compared Shifted: Little Correlation

Sequence: Self, Shifted: Sum: Practically Orthogonal: Half 1s, Half 0s
Long Code
Generation & Masking to Establish Offset
Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)
1100011000
AND PERMUTED
SUM
ESN
Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)
Modulo-2 Addition
User Long Code Sequence (@1.2288 MCPS)
Generated in a 42-bit register, the PN Long code is more than 40 days long (~4x1013 chips) -- too big to store in ROM in a handset, so its generated chip-by-chip using the scheme shown above Each handset codes its signal with the PN Long Code, but at a unique offset computed using its ESN (32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system this is called the Public Long Code Mask; produces unique shift private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy Integrated over a period even as short as 64 chips, phones with different PN long code offsets will appear practically orthogonal
The Short PN Code

32,768 chips long 26-2/3 ms. (75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
CDMA QPSK Phase Modulator Using I and Q PN Sequences

I-sequence cos t QPSKmodulated RF Output
I Q
The short PN code consists of two PN input Sequences, I and Q, each 32,768 chips long sin t Generated in similar but differently- Q-sequence * tapped 15-bit shift registers * In BTS, I and Q are used in-phase. Theyre always used together, In handset, Q is delayed 1/2 chip to modulating the two phase axes of a avoid zero-amplitude crossings which would require a linear power amplifier QPSK modulator
chip
Putting it All Together: CDMA Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS LONG CODE: Data Scrambling
WALSH CODE: Individual User SHORT PN OFFSET: Sector

REVERSE CHANNELS
BTS

LONG CODE OFFSET: individual handset
WALSH CODES: used as symbols for robustness SHORT PN: used at 0 offset for tracking
The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
38
Functions of the CDMA Forward Channels

Pilot Paging Walsh 0 Walsh 1 Walsh 6 Walsh 11 Walsh 19 Walsh 20 Sync Walsh 32 Walsh 37 Walsh 41 Walsh 42 Walsh 55 Walsh 56 Walsh 60
PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which does not contain a character stream. It is a timing source used in system acquisition and as a measurement device during handoffs SYNC: WALSH CODE 32 This carries a data stream of system identification and parameter information used by mobiles during system acquisition PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7 There can be from one to seven paging channels as determined by capacity needs. They carry pages, system parameters information, and call setup orders TRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes The traffic channels are assigned to individual users to carry call traffic. All remaining Walsh codes are available, subject to overall capacity limited by noise
39
Code Channels in the Reverse Direction

Long Code Gen Access Channels Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder more more Channel Element more
40
A Reverse Channel is identified by: v its CDMA RF carrier Frequency v the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset Long Code Receiver, Sector X Long Code
Long Code
Long Code
Long Code Long Code
1xEV-DO Long Code Offsets
41
Short Codes in 1xEV-DO
42
Near/Far Problem (I)

Performance estimates derived using assumption that all users have same power level Reverse link (mobile to base) makes this unrealistic since mobiles are moving Adjust power levels constantly to keep equal
44
CDMA-2000 Reverse Power Control

800 bits per second
BSC
BTS
Stronger than setpoint? Reverse RF
RX RF Digital Open Loop Closed Loop
Bad FER? Raise Setpoint
Setpoint
TX RF Digital
Occasionally, as needed
Handset
Three methods work in tandem to equalize all handset signal levels at the BTS:
Reverse Open Loop: handset adjusts power up or down based on received BTS signal (AGC) Reverse Closed Loop: Is handset too strong? BTS tells up or down 1 dB 800 times/second Reverse Outer Loop: BSC has FER trouble hearing handset? BSC adjusts BTS setpoint
All Users must be seen by the BTS at the same power level.
Whats In a CDMA-2000/1xEV-DO Handset?
46
The Rake Receiver

Handset
RF
BTS BTS
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh Walsh
Voice, Data, Messages Pilot Ec/Io
Searcher PN W=0
Every frame, handset uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators (rake fingers). Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh code. Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs. Searcher continuously checks pilots.
Pilot Sets and Handoff Parameters 1xEV-DO
49
Pilot Set Definition

Active Set: The set of pilots (specified by the pilots PN offset and the pilots CDMA Channel) associated with the sectors currently serving the access terminal. When a connection is open, a sector is considered to be serving an access terminal when there is a Forward Traffic Channel, Reverse Traffic Channel and Reverse Power Control Channel assigned to the access terminal.When a connection is not open, a sector is considered to be serving the access terminal when the access terminal is monitoring that sectors control channel. Candidate Set: The pilots (specified by the pilots PN offset and the pilots CDMA Channel) that are not in the Active Set, but are received by the access terminal with sufficient strength to indicate that the sectors transmitting them are good candidates for inclusion in the Active Set. Neighbor Set: The set of pilots (specified by the pilots PN offset and the pilots CDMA Channel) that are not in either one of the two previous sets, but are likely candidates for inclusion in the Active Set.. Remaining Set: The set of all possible pilots (specified by the pilots PN offset and the pilots CDMA Channel) on the current channel assignment, excluding the pilots that are in any of the three previous sets.
50
Pilot Search Order, Speed, and Implications

SEARCHING FOR PILOTS:
The searcher checks pilots in nested loops. Actives and Candidates are the innermost loop. Neighbors are next, advances one pilot each time Act + Cand finish Remaining is slowest, advances one pilot each time Neighbors finish
SEARCH TIME FOR ONE PILOT AS A FUNCTION OF WINDOW SIZE
Window Datafill Max Delay Search Time Size (Chips) Value (s) (ms) 14 (7) 20 (10) 28 (14) 40 (20) 60 (30) 80 (40) 100 (50) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5.7 8.1 11.4 16.3 24.4 32.6 40.7 19 15 10 12 18 19 25
Active+Cand Neighbor Remaining
Actives & candidates have the biggest influence. 11 52.9 30 130 (65) Keep window size as small as possible 12 65.1 40 160 (80) During soft handoff, this set dominates searcher Minimize excessive Soft HO! 13 92 54 226 (113) Neighbor set is second-most-important 14 130 76 320 (160) Keep window size as small as possible Keep neighbor list as small as possible 15 184 108 452 (226) But dont miss any important neighbors! Notice that when the window size is set to Remaining Set: pay your dues, but get no reward 28 chips, the search time has a minimum. You must spend time checking them, but the system cant assign one to you 51
Optional: Quick Primer on Pilot Search Windows

The phone chooses one strong sectors signal and PROPAGATION DELAY locks to it as Primary PN SKEWS APPARENT PN OFFSETS accepts its offset as being exactly the PN 33 4 announced by that BTS messages Chips Chips A measures the offsets of all other signals by delay delayBTS B BTS timing comparison with it In messages, system gives to handset a neighbor list of nearby sectors PNs If the phone is locked to BTS A, the Propagation delay skews the apparent PN offsets of signal from BTS B will seem 29 chips all other sectors, making them seem earlier or later earlier than expected. than expected If the phone is locked to BTS B, the To overcome skew, when the phone searches for a particular pilot, it scans an extra wide delta of chips signal from BTS A will seem 29 chips centered on the expected offset (called a search later than expected. window) Search window values can be datafilled individually for each Pilot set: There are pitfalls if the window sizes are improperly One chip is 801 feet or 244.14 m set 1 mile=6.6 chips; 1 km.= 4.1 chips too large: search time increases, slows
too small: overlook pilots from far away too large: might misinterpret identity of a distant BTS signal Confidential & Proprietary 52
Softer Handoff
Switch BSC
Sel.
BTS
Handset RF
Searcher PN W=0
Each BTS sector has unique PN offset & pilot. Handset will ask for whatever pilots it wants. If multiple sectors of one BTS simultaneously serve a handset, this is called Softer Handoff. Handset is unaware, but softer handoff occurs in BTS in a single channel element. Handset can even use combination soft-softer handoff on multiple BTS & sectors.
CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics

Switch BSC
Sel.
BTS BTS
Handset RF
Searcher PN W=0
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset:

Handset continuously checks available pilots. Handset tells system pilots it currently sees. System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset. Handset assigns its fingers accordingly. All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting!
Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-byframe basis!
Users are totally unaware of handoff.
1xEV-DO From the Top to Bottom of the Protocol Stack
1xEV Protocol Architecture

AirLink
RN
Backhaul Network
AT IP PPP RLP MAC & other AirLink MAC IP-Abis & other IP L2 AirLink L1 RN
RNC
A10
PDSN
MIX & MATCH IP-Abis

Dedicated, Frame Relay Router Network, Metro Ethernet
3GPP2 (IS-878, other) 1xEV (IS-856) IP PPP RLP R-P R-P IP L2 L1 IP L2 L1 IP L2 L1
56
Airvana 1xEV-DO Network Architecture

AT BTS DOM
EMS
Core RAN Network
Backhaul Network & Routers
IP Core Network
Internet
RNC
PDSN
AN-AAA
CN-AAA
57
1xEV-DO Protocol Map
58
1xEV-DO Protocol Stack
59
Application Layer
Signaling Application Protocol
SNP (Signaling Network Protocol)
Which protocol is the receiver of signaling message
SLP (Signaling Link Protocol)

Fragmentation, reliable/best effort delivery
Packet Application Protocol

RLP
Next slide
Location Update Protocol

SID, NID, PZID Essential to provide seamless packet service through PDSN selection and handover
Application Layer (contd) RLP

Retransmission to provide low error rate to applications If MAC Packet Error Rate is Pe
After RLP error rate ~ Pe2 Example: PER = 1%, PER (after RLP) = 0.01%
61
Session Layer Session Mgmt Protocol Address Mgmt Protocol

UATI
Session configuration Protocol
62
Connection Layer Air Link Mgmt Protocol Initialization State Protocol Idle State Protocol
Suspend mode Fast Connect
Connected State Protocol Route Update Protocol Overhead Message Protocol Packet Consolidation Protocol
63
Security Layer Generic Security Protocol

Time stamp, avoid replay attack Key Exchange Protocol Dynamically generated by both AT and RNC using Diffe-Hellman algorithm Authentication Protocol MD5
Encryption Protocol
Standard defined, yet to be implemented in chipset. Rely on end-to-end encryption to avoid double overhead
MAC Layer Control CH MAC Protocol Access CH MAC Protocol Forward TCH MAC Protocol
Fixed size : 1002 bits
Reverse TCH MAC Protocol
65
Introduction to 1x-EV-DO Air Interface Elements from: Physical, MAC and Connection Layer
Design Goals of 1xEV-DO Capacity at least 3x that of 1xRTT data technology

System optimized for asymmetric bursty download patterns Some Compromise on Latency to enhance throughput Separate Circuit Switched Voice from Packet Switched Data
67
Coexistence of CDMA with Other Systems

1.77 MHz
Power
CDMA SIGNAL
Frequency
260 kHz Guard Band
1.25 MHz CDMA Carrier
260 kHz Guard Band
Guardbands are required between CDMA and non-CDMA signals

CDMA signals appear as a raised noise floor to other technologies receivers Non-CDMA signals appear as noise to CDMA receivers
No guard band is customarily used between frequency-adjacent CDMA signals; there is a slight decrease in capacity due to adjacent-frequency interference but it is negligible in normal operation
68
Whats Different about 1xEV-DO
69
1xEV Forward Link 1xEV-DO Forward Link is TDM.

IS-95 FL 1xEV FL (conceptual diagram)
* Can be either: Control Channel (Signaling messages such as Sync,Paging, Sector Parms, etc.) User Traffic Data
Conceptual diagram
70
1xEV-DO Code Channels
71
Forward 1xEV-DO Channels
72
1xEV Channel Structure - FL
DRC DRC Lock Lock
73
1xEV FL Traffic CH
TDM
Constant Power
Full power for Pilot and MAC Idle Slot Gain
Airlink Scheduler
Variable Rate (38.4kbps 2.46Mbps)

DRC (Date Rate Control) reported by AT based on SNR measurement based on pilot AN MUST follow the DRC HARQ
Turbo Code + Puncturing/Repetition

Rate 1/3 & 1/5
Control, MAC and Pilot Channels
75
Adaptive Modulation (1)

RN
Pilot DRC Packet Data
Channel Condition Varies

Widely depending on location Quickly due to mobility
Coding and Modulation Adapted to Varying Channel Condition to Optimally Utilize the Channel Range of Burst Rates: 38.4 Kbps ~ 2.4 Mbps (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM) Channel Condition Measured in Every Time Slot Using FL Pilot Channel State Feedback: DRC Channel
Reverse DRC Channel is Used to Control Forward Rate
77
Adaptive Modulation (2)

1.67 msec
FL Time Slot
Pil ot
Data
Pil ot
FL
RL
DRC
78
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (3)
79
Approximate Forward Rate vs. C/I (AWGN)

Data rate [Kbps] 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 C/I [dB] -11.5 -9.5 -6.5 -3.0 -1.0 1.3 3.0 7.2 10.5
C C1 = I NoW + Ci i=2
-3 dB C/I: 3
equal strength pilots above noise
Pilot add and drop thresholds designed to guarantee 76.8 kbps Control Channel
614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6
0 dB C/I: 2 equal strength pilots above noise
80
Forward Link Rate Distribution

Range limited Interference + Noise Region or 3+ pilot Soft Handoff Interference Limited Region
2457.6
153.6 307.2 614.4 921.6

1228.8
1843.2
Single Sector Data Rate limited by Range
2.4Mbps
2 Pilot Interference Limited Region
81
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
82
Type II Hybrid ARQ (HARQ)
83
Type II Hybrid ARQ (2)

FL 1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6 7 8
RL
NAK NAK ACK ACK ACK ACK ACK
DRC Cannot Always Predict Future Channel Conditions Accurately

Fast fading is unpredictable Inter-sector interference is unpredictable
HARQ Further Improves Performance

Fast retransmission at physical layer using incremental redundancy Increased time diversity due to interlacing 4 HARQ channels
84
Adaptive Hybrid ARQ (3)
85
HARQ Example (153.6kbps: 4 slot packet)

Transmit Slot 1 Transmit Slot 2 Transmit Slot 3 Transmit Slot 4
Forward Traffic Channel Physical Layer Packet Transmissions with 153.6 kbps
Slots
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
n+5
n+6
n+7
n+8
n + 9 n + 10 n + 11 n + 12 n + 13 n + 14 n + 15
DRC Channel Transmission Requesting 153.6 kbps
DRC Request for 153.6 kbps
One-Half Slot Offset
ACK Channel Half-Slot Transmissions One Slot NAK NAK NAK ACK or NAK
86
HARQ Example (4 slot packet)

First Slot for the Next Physical Layer Packet Transmission Transmit Slot 1 Transmit Slot 2 Transmit Slot 3 Transmit Slot 1
Forward Traffic Channel Physical Layer Packet Transmissions with 153.6 kbps Slots
n+1
n+2
n+3
n+4
n+5
n+6
n+7
n+8
n+9
n + 10
n + 11
n + 12
DRC Channel Transmission Requesting 153.6 kbps DRC Request for 153.6 kbps
One-Half Slot Offset
ACK Channel Half-Slot Transmissions One Slot NAK NAK ACK
2.4 Mbps DRC cannot really benefit from Hybrid ARQ

1xEV-DO MAC Channel
88
Adaptive Data Scheduler: Basics
89
Airlink Scheduler
307.2 Kbps 153.6 Kbps Packet Data @ 153.6 Kbps 2.4 Mbps
RN
614.4 Kbps
Scheduler assigns the next available time slot to one of ATs who has data in scheduler queue Scheduler decision based on channel condition, fairness, and/or QoS
Airlink Scheduler (cont)
91
Getting the Most Out of Each Slot
92
1xEV FL Traffic CH
2457 2457 Control User 1 1228 921 614 307 76 IDLE 153 1228 921 1228 User 2 User 3 User 4
Burst Rate (Kbit/s)
76
Time
User 1 User 3
DRC
BTS
User 2
DRC DRC
User 4
Rate Requests
DRC
Conceptual diagram
93
Multi-User Diversity Gain (1)
Higher gain when there is more fluctuation in channel condition and/or when there are more users
Example of Histogram of Measured FL Rates

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 38 76 153 307-s 307-l 614-s 614-l 921 1228-s 1228-l 1843 2457
Histogram of DRC (Histogram of served rate for round-robin scheduler) Historgram of served instantaneous Rate for proportional-fair scheduler
Multi-User Diversity Gain (2)

For example,
K (N ) = 1 n =1,..., N n
3.5
Assumptions
Rayleigh fading Unlimited bandwidth No rate quantization
2.5 K(N) 2 1.5 1 0
Simulation shows 50 ~ 100% gain achievable even at small N=4~8 Drive test shows up to about 40% gain at N = 4
6 8 10 N= N um ber of U sers
12
14
16
QC Proportional Fair Scheduler

DRC_i (t): Instantaneous Requested Rate of User i at time t (every slot, time varying in general) R_i (t): Average Throughput of User i at time t Give slot to user i who has biggest
DRC_i(t)/R_i(t)
Steady state (all queues are backlogged) R_i = K(N) * Avg(DRC_i) / N

N : Number of Users (Connections) K(N) : Multi-User Diversity Gain
R_i/R_j can be as big as 64 (2.4Mbps/38.4kbps)

Can be quite Unfair
97
Proportional Fairness Scheduler

Next time slot at time t+1 given to an AT with the highest metric given by
DRCi (t ) Ri (t )
DRCi(t): DRC of i-th AT at time t Ri(t): Time-averaged throughput of i-th AT at time t
Steady state analysis shows that ideally

User throughput Ri is proportional to its time averaged DRCi(t) Each AT gets the same number of time slots Similar to round robin except multi-user diversity gain K(N) is obtained, where N is the number of ATs
Ri = K ( N )
DRCi N
QC G-Scheduler
Give slot to user i who has biggest A_i(t)*DRC_i(t)/R_i(t)
DRC_i (t): Instantaneous Requested Rate of User i at time t (every slot, time varying in general) R_i (t): Average Throughput of User i at time t
Features
Flexible Fairness : setting A_i(t) as a fcn of Average DRC QoS: setting A_i(t) as a fcn of QoS
99
Intra-User QoS Scheduler

Differentiated QoS Services for Multiple Flows within an AT Three Classes of QoS
EF: Expedited forwarding
For delay and jitter sensitive traffic Guaranteed to meet a pre-configured delay bound Subject to overload control to prevent it from starving resources for flows in other classes
AF: Assured forwarding

For rate sensitive traffic Guaranteed to meet a pre-configured required rate
BE: Best effort

Other non-QoS flows get remaining time slots not used by EF or AF flows Uses proportional fairness algorithm
Flexible Fairness Scheduler

% of Users
Flexible Fairness Scheduler Proportional Fairness Scheduler
Forward Link User Throughput
Proportional fairness can be very unfair Fairness scheduler can reduce sector throughput significantly Trade-off between sector throughput and fairness Airvanas flexible fairness scheduler allows any fairness between Completely Fair and Proportionally Fair
101
Forward Link Fast Selection Handoff

Soft handoff provides
Seamless handoff Macro diversity
Soft handoff is not desirable in the forward link

Synchronized transmission of high speed data from multiple base stations is not easy Increased backhaul traffic
Fast selection handoff provides

Near-seamless handoff (interruption time ~100 msec) Similar macro diversity gain as soft handoff Enables fast scheduling at BTS
102
1xEV-DO MAC Layer and Messaging Structure How the Network Communicates With the Access Terminal Over the Air Interface
MAC Channel
3 subchannels
RA (Reverse Activity) Channel
RAB: For reverse rate control, 1 bit per sector
RPC (Reverse Power Control) Channel

1 bit for each active AT
DRCLock Channel
1 bit for each active AT
RPC CH and DRCLock CH in TDM RAB & (RPC, DRCLock) are in CDM (Walsh 64)
MacIndex (0 63) RAB gain & (RPC, DRCLock) gain (sum is always full power)
1/ 2 S lot 1,02 4 C h ips 1/ 2 S lot 1,02 4 C h ip s
D ata
4 00 C h ip s
MAC
64 C h ip s
P ilot
96 C h ip s
M AC
64 C h ip s
D a ta
400 C h ip s
D a ta
40 0 C h ip s
M AC
64 C h ip s
P ilot
96 C h ip s
MAC
64 C h ip s
D a ta
40 0 C h ip s
A ctive S lot
M AC
64 C h ip s
P ilo t
96 C h ips
M AC
64 C h ips
M AC
64 C h ips
P ilo t
96 C h ips
M AC
64 C h ip s
Id le S lo t
104
1xEV Control CH
Serves the function of IS-95s Sync & Paging CH Control Channel Cycle (256 slots) Synchronous Capsule (SC)
CCSyn CCSynSS
Paging & QuickConfig must come here
Asynchronous Capsule (AC) Fixed Rate: 38.4 or 76.8kbps CCH carries only signaling (no user data traffic)
ACH too
105
Example of Messages Complete list in IS-856 Specification Each message shows in which MAC channel it can be sent
Example)
QuickConfig Sync SectorParameters ConnectionRequest BroadcastReverseRateLimit Etc.
106
Idle State Messages
107
Connected State Messages
108
1xEV FL Control CH
Offset An SC with 2 MAC Layer packets Offset
1 time slot = 1.66 msec
SC
AC
SC
AC
Control Channel Cycle (256 slots = 426.66 ... ms)
Control Channel Cycle (256 slots = 426.66 ... ms)
SC:
Synchronous Control Channel capsule.
AC:
Asynchronous Control Channel capsule.
Fixed Rate: 38.4 or 76.8kbps

IS-2000 and 1xEV-DO Paging Cycle

1x Page
80 msec
sleeping
1x Page
1x Page
t
1xEV Page
2.56 sec (SCI = 1) 1xEV Page
sleeping
Always 5.12 sec
R*5.12/12
PreferredControlChannelCycle = R
R can be set to avoid collision
Basic Data Units

IP packet from RAN
PPP
IP
Data Payload
MAC packet always 1024 22 bits bits At 38.4 DRC must use 16 time slots to 22 bits send this packet At 2.4 Meg DRC can send 4 of these in one time slot
1002 bits
1002 bits
1
22 bits 1002 bits
. .
111
4
22 bits 1002 bits
Handoff
RL : Soft handoff FL : Virtual Soft handoff
Selection Handoff DRC Cover SofterHandoffDelay, SoftHandoffDelay A DRC_Cover = sector A DRC = 76.8kbps FL B
112
1xEV Channel Structure - RL
DRC DRC Lock Lock
113
1xEV-DO Reverse Channels
114
Reverse MAC Channels
115
DRC Length
Higher DRC Length Pros: Less power Cons: Less accurate DRC
Forward Traffic Channel Slots Where the Information in the DRC Channel Transmission is Used for New Physical Layer Packet Transmissions DRC Channel Transmission a) DRCLength = 1 Forward Traffic Channel Slots Where the Information in the DRC Channel Transmission is Used for New Physical Layer Packet Transmissions DRC Channel Transmission b) DRCLength = 2 Forward Traffic Channel Slots Where the Information in the DRC Channel Transmission is Used for New Physical Layer Packet Transmissions DRC Channel Transmission c) DRCLength = 4 Forward Traffic Channel Slots Where the Information in the DRC Channel Transmission is Used for New Physical Layer Packet Transmissions DRC Channel Transmission d) DRCLength = 8 One Slot
116
1xEV Reverse Traffic Channel Variable-rate code division multiple access

User Rate = 9.6-153.6 kbit/s Sector Max = 350 kbit/s
Rate Control
Reverse Activity Bit (RAB) Rate Limit messages
Power Control
RPC bit in MAC channel
Frame = 26.66 msec (16 slots)

Reverse Traffic Channel

Pilot CH MAC CH
RRI (Reverse Rate Indicator) DRC (Data Rate Control)
ACK CH
For HARQ
Data CH
Starts at FrameOffset (0 15)
These CHs multiplexed in I&Q, TDM, CDM For both User Traffic & Signaling Capacity: Over 200 kbps (> 2 times of IS-95A)
Reverse Link Modulation

Data Rates (kbps) 9.6 19.2 BPSK 512 16 38.4 BPSK 1024 16 76.8 BPSK 2048 16 153.6 BPSK 4096 16
Modulation BPSK Type Bits/packet Number of Slots 256 16
119
Access Channel
AT transmits a random access probe sequence to access to AN before the reverse link power control loop is closed. An access probe consists of a preamble part transmitting a pilot signal, and a two-frame long access channel data packet at 9.6 kbps. The MAC channel of the access data packet consists of only a RRI channel punctured into the pilot channel.
I phase
Pilot Pilot Pilot/MAC Pilot/MAC
Q phase
Message Capsule Access Channel Data Packet (9.6 or 19.2 kbps)
Preamble Frame 1 Preamble Frame 2
Data Frame 1
Data Frame 2
120
Access Channel 9.6kbps

Beginning of an Access Channel Cycle AccessCycleDuration Beginning of an Access Channel Cycle AccessCycleDuration
...
Preamble (PreambleLength x 16 slots)
Capsule ( up to CapsuleLength Max x 16 slots)
Actual Access Probe Transmission
121
Access Probes
p
persistence persistence
p
persistence
s probe probe sequence 1 2 3 Np 1 2 3 Np
...
2
...
Np
Time
Ns
122
Access Channel Parameters Access channel is 9.6k Access Parameter Message

Access Cycle Duration, OpenLoopAdjust, ProbeInitialAdjust, ProbeNumStep, PreambleLength, Apersistence
Attributes
CapsuleLengthMax, PowerStep, ProbeSeqMax, ProbeBackoff, ProbeSeqBackoff
123
Transition Probabilities and RL MAC
124
1xEV RL Rate Control Rate <= MaxRate <=RateLimit

RateLimit sent through message by AN
AN sets RAB to meet RL capacity

RAB controls MaxRate
125
1xEV RL Rate Control (contd)

CurrentRate 0 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps 0 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps
RAB
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 True
Condition
MaxRateTrue 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps N/A N/A N/A 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps
MaxRateFalse N/A 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps 9.6kbps 9.6kbps 19.2kbps 38.4kbps 76.8kbps 153.6kbps
x < Transition009k6_019k2 x < Transition019k2_038k4 x < Transition038k4_076k8 x < Transition076k8_153k6 False False False x < Transition019k2_009k6 x < Transition038k4_019k2 x < Transition076k8_038k4 x < Transition153k2_076k8
Non-deterministic uneven RL Rate among Users

RL Power Control
Similar to IS-95, 800 times/second Pilot power is controlled
Based on RPC bit, increase/decrease/stay pilot power If any sector says to go down, the power will be decreased
Data power is relative to Pilot power

9.6kbps ~ pilot power + 3.75dB 153.6kbps ~ pilot power + 18.5dB
127
Power Control
Optimize AT transmit power to achieve minimum possible transmit power with acceptable Frame Error Rate Open-Loop Power Control
- Estimates output power from the received Forward Pilot Channel - Implemented entirely in the AT
Closed-Loop Power Control

Inner-Loop Power Control AN sends UP/DOWN commands at 600 Hz to keep AT Tx power at setpoint Implemented in the BTS. FL and RL may not be balanced, a good FL may not always guarantee good RL. RN can dictate based on S/I ratio Outer-Loop Power Control Sets the PC setpoint to target a x% FER Implemented in the BSC
1xEV-DO Reverse Power Control

800 bits per second
BSC
BTS
Stronger than setpoint? Reverse RF
RX RF Digital Open Loop Closed Loop
Bad FER? Raise Setpoint
Setpoint
TX RF Digital
Occasionally, as needed
Handset
Three methods work in tandem to equalize all handset signal levels at the BTS:
Reverse Open Loop: handset adjusts power up or down based on received BTS signal (AGC) Reverse Closed Loop: Is handset too strong? BTS tells up or down 1 dB 800 times/second Reverse Outer Loop: BSC has FER trouble hearing handset? BSC adjusts BTS setpoint
All Users must be seen by the BTS at the same power level.
Outer-Loop Power Control

P CT
G G G G G G B B B G G G G N N N N N N N N N G G G B G G G Nor m a l No Da t a Da t a St a r t Tim e Nor m a l
G = Good Packet (CRC passes) , B = Bad packet (Failed CRC) PCT = Power Control Threshold or Setpoint
1xEV-DO Mobility
Mobility between RNs

Similar to cdma2000 Dormant AT
Actively monitoring only one sector Distance based RouteUpdate (RouteUpdateRadius)
Tradeoff : signaling activity from routeUpdate vs. paging area
RouteUpdateMessage
Dormant AT: Distance based RouteUpdateMessage Active AT: based on SNR measurement Sent whenever Access Probe is sent
E.g.) Connection Request
132
Mobility between RNs (Contd) Active AT

AT sends RouteUpdateMessage based on SNR measurement AN makes final decision based on AT RouteUpdate Message
TCA message
Non-Dynamic
PilotAdd, PilotDrop, PilotCompare, PilotDropTimer, NeighborMaxAge
Dynamic
Above + AddIntercept, DropIntercept, SoftSlope
Soft Handoff Call Flow

Soft Handoff Call Flow
AC CC FTC RTC LEGEND Access Channel Control Channel Forward Traffic Channel Reverse Traffic Channel AT RN1 Alpha RN2 Beta RNC PDSN
Forward Link Traffic
Beta Pilot rises above PilotAdd RTC: RouteUpdate (AlphaPN, BetaPN) ACAck ABIS: SetSoftHoReq Adding Pilot ABIS: SetSoftHoRsp ABIS: AddTcReq ABIS: AddTcRsp FTC: TrafficChannelAssignment (AlphaPN,BetaPN) ABIS: RtcAcquiredInd FTC: RTCAck RTC: TrafficChannelComplete (AlphaPN, BetaPN) AT points DRC to Beta Sector ABIS: FtcDesiredInd DRC Switch ABIS: FtcStoppedInd ABIS: FlushFtcQueueReq
Forward Link Traffic
Alpha Pilot Drops below PilotDrop
ACAck
RTC: RouteUpdate (AlphaPN with Keep=0,BetaPN) ABIS: SetSoftHoReq
Dropping Pilot
ABIS: SetSoftHoRsp ABIS: RemoveTcReq ABIS: RemoveTcRsp FTC: TrafficChannelAssignment (BetaPN) RTC: TrafficChannelComplete (BetaPN)
134
Important Change in Neighbor Processing

Beginning with release 2.2 to speed up inter-RNC transfer:
Pilots which are not neighbors will not be added to the active set. The RNC will treat them as pilots from a neighboring RNC subnetwork.
Getting the neighbor list right is even more important. From the AT view, it will look like the remaining set search window is 0, but do not do this because you cannot transfer to a different RNC then.
End of Module Thank You
Accelerating Access Anywhere

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Module 1: 1xEV-DO Air Interface

Jay Weitzen Airvana Performance Engineering

Infrastructure for All-IP Broadband Mobile Wireless Accelerating Access Anywhere

Reverse Link Overview

Confidential & Proprietary

Summary of Wireless Telephony

N_AMPS D-AMPS CDMA

Vacuum Tubes Discrete Transistors

VLSI, ASICs 1,000,000s

System Capacity Evolution - Users

Confidential & Proprietary

Confidential & Proprietary

History of Mobile Phones (1)

Confidential & Proprietary

History of Mobile Phones (2)

Confidential & Proprietary

History of Mobile Phones (3)

Confidential & Proprietary

Two Key Goals Of CDMA-2000

1xRTT High Efficiency Voice Plus Packet data CDMA2000 NETWORKS

1xEV-DO Optimized for High speed packet data

Commercial Deployments Began 2002

Confidential & Proprietary

Optimized for high speed/capacity asymmetric data

Confidential & Proprietary

Supports Multiple Device Types

Confidential & Proprietary

What Makes A Good Packet Data Air Interface?

CDMA Review IS-95/IS-2000 and 1xEVDO

Confidential & Proprietary

Confidential & Proprietary

Two Types of CDMA

There are Two types of CDMA: Frequency-Hopping

User 3 User 4 User 1 unused User 2

User 1 User 4 User 3 User 2 unused

unused User 1 User 2 User 4 User 3

Direct Sequence CDMA

Confidential & Proprietary

DSSS Spreading: Time-Domain View At Originating Site:

Spread Spectrum Signal

Input A: Received Signal

Input B: Spreading Code

Output: Users Original Data

Drawn to actual scale and time alignment

Spreading from a Frequency-Domain View

Slow Information Sent TX Fast Spreading Sequence

Slow Information Recovered RX

Fast Spreading Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

CDMA Uses Code Channels

Building a CDMA Signal

CDMA: The Code Magic

Matches! (=0) 1 Opposite ( =1)

CDMAs Nested Spreading Sequences

Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence

#23 #59 Sum

0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!! Confidential & Proprietary 34

Other Sequences: Generation & Properties

An Ordinary Shift Register

Compared Shifted: Little Correlation

Public Long Code Mask