Techniczny Ang

Oxford University Press
Reading bank4
Reading bank
1 Digital technology
1 How often do you use each
method of payment (in shops, to pay rent or bills, to pay for services)?
Electronic money
Weve used home computers and the Internet for banking since the 1990s. Is the mobile wallet going to replace cash?
1 Cash 2 Cheque 3 Credit or debit card 4 Electronic bank transfer
2 Read the text. Mark each
statement T (true) or F (false).
1 Wave-and-pay is a way for shoppers to buy things. 2 Wave-and-pay uses technology that already exists in all mobile phones. 3 Shoppers can use wave-and-pay to transfer money directly from their bank to the shops till. 4 The technology might easily allow parents to control their kids spending. 5 Wave-and-pay is even safer than cash because no one can steal it. 6 Paper money and coins probably wont be used five years from now.
Its now possible to pay for things in a shop by standing near the till and tapping an app on your mobile phone. Wave-and-pay technology allows electronic devices to communicate when they are near each other. Shoppers can add money to their phones electronically, and shopkeepers devices can take money in exchange for goods. Soon, some experts say, all mobile phones will have this technology. Imagine the convenience. Most of us carry a mobile phone, and with electronic money, we would never worry about having enough cash. We could top up the phones wallet online, from a bank account, and never think about having the correct change for the bus. Using the phones software, parents could give their kids money that could be spent only on certain things books and pencils, for example, but not sweets or soft drinks. But dont give up on cash yet. Very few phones have the wave-and-pay computer chip, and most shops dont have wave-and-pay readers. Security is also an issue. Some experts warn that thieves may be able to steal your money simply by standing near you. Wave-and-pay doesnt always use a personal identification number (PIN). A hidden reader in a thief s pocket might be able to take your money without you knowing. We wont give up cash this year or next, but some experts believe that by 2030, all money will be electronic.
3 Answer the questions.

1 Do you use wave-and-pay now? Where and when? 2 Do you think wave-and-pay is a good idea? Why or why not? 3 Do you believe paper money and coins will disappear by 2030? Why or why not?
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2 Careers in technology
1 What questions would you ask
someone with the job title of Technical Installation Engineer? the interviewer asked Ron Martinez, a Technical Installation Engineer. Correct your questions in 1 if necessary. the answers in the text and put them in a logical order.
2 Read the answers to the questions
3 Now match the questions ah to

a Whats the worst thing about the job? b What does your work involve? c How long have you worked there? d What advice would you give students entering your profession? e Why did you choose this job? f Whats the best thing about the job? g Whats the biggest challenge of your job? h Whats the salary like?
The pays not bad and there are opportunities for overtime if you want. Planning the job, especially in older buildings. Its important to work out the best routes for the pipes, ducts, and cables involved as this can affect the cost of the work considerably. I like being out and about, not stuck in an ofce, and this job involves a lot of travelling. I also like the contact with customers. I work for a company which installs central heating and airconditioning systems. We do everything: planning, installing, testing, and commissioning. Get the highest qualications you can when youre at college. Its better to do it at that stage in life than try to catch up later. Keep up your professional training when youre in the job. Move to a company large enough to offer good promotion prospects. When you switch on and it all works perfectly. Working in conned spaces, for example under floors or in roof spaces where there isnt a lot of headroom. Five years.
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3 Biology
1 What do you think are the worlds top three problems today? 2 Can you think of possible solutions to any of the problems? 3 Can you guess what a bioengineer does?
How bioengineers apply biology, physics, chemistry, and mathematics to real-world problems
Biological engineering (usually shortened to bioengineering) is the practice of working with, and sometimes changing, the natural world. But what does that mean? Here are some projects bioengineers are working on today.
2 Compare your answers with the

information given in the text. choose the best phrase to complete each sentence.
3 Now read the text again and

1 Smart medicine . a improves the function of the brain b detects and treats illness c improves skin appearance . 2 Carbon capture may a help governments catch criminals b become a useful energy source c help reduce global warming . 3 Super wheat will a make agriculture more efficient b help reduce global population c turn plants into a clean fuel source for cars
Smart medicine
We usually take medicine after we realize were ill. Bioengineers are working on tiny intelligent capsules (small containers) that can be placed inside the human body. At the first sign of illness usually a small chemical change a capsule could release drugs into the human body and fight the illness. At the moment, this is very specialized technology for astronauts. But one day, smart medicine may be available to everyone.
Carbon capture
Climate change is a big issue, and most experts agree that carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is a major problem. While governments argue about the best ways to control CO2 production, bioengineers are working on technological solutions. One solution is to remove CO2 from emissions as theyre being produced by cars and factories. This could be done by mixing the CO2 with other chemicals. Another possibility is to create huge carbon capture stations. They would look like nuclear power plants, but they would remove large amounts of CO2 from the surrounding air.
Super wheat
The worlds population has reached seven billion people and is still growing. Agriculture growing plants and animals to feed people requires huge amounts of land, water, and other resources. Experts believe that as the population grows, it will become more difficult to feed everyone. Bioengineers are working on ways to improve basic food plants such as wheat. How? They believe they can improve the efficiency of photosynthesis the process of plants turning the Suns energy into food for the plant. This increases the grain yield the amount of edible wheat produced without increasing the area of land needed. If they can do this, farmers will be able to provide more food without using more resources.
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4 Chemistry
1 Make a list of three materials that
you think are very important in the modern world. List ways they are used.
Graphene a miracle material

Graphite has been used in pencils for hundreds of years. But could it be the source of the next big breakthrough in materials science?
Example paper used for books, newspapers, magazines, and shopping bags.
2 Read the text and find the

1 What everyday item uses graphite?
answers to these questions.
2 In addition to graphite, what other two substances does the text name that are made entirely from carbon atoms? 3 Who gave graphene its name? 4 What everyday item helped two physicists win a Nobel Prize? 5 What two materials does graphene perform better than? 6 What three products might use graphene?
Graphite is made entirely of carbon atoms just as diamonds are. In diamonds, the atoms are arranged in a crystal structure that makes the material incredibly hard the hardest substance in the world. By contrast, carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in flat layers. This makes graphite relatively soft. It also means that graphite can form very thin layers, such as when you make a mark on paper with a pencil. Hanns-Peter Boehm, a German chemist, first observed layers of graphite that were only one-atom thick in the 1960s. He named his discovery graphene. Other scientists studied and tried to produce graphene throughout the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and into the 2000s. A breakthrough finally came in 2004, when two physicists at Manchester University removed a single-atom-thick layer of graphene from a piece of graphite using a piece of ordinary sticky tape. They received a Nobel Prize for their work. Whats so great about graphene? Graphene sheets are 200 times harder than steel. Graphene conducts electricity better than silicon. Its extremely thin and lightweight.
3 When it was first invented, glass

must also have been a miracle material. How many everyday things can you think of that include glass?
What will we do with it? Here are some of the experts ideas: Graphene could be used to replace silicon in computers logic circuits. Incredibly strong fabrics or smart clothing could be made with graphene. Screens of gadgets such as smartphones could be made much stronger with graphene.
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5 Mathematics
1 How often do you use mathematics? 2 What do you use mathematics for? 3 Can you name any jobs that require very strong mathematical ability?
What can you do with a degree in Mathematics?

You probably know about accounting and teaching, but here are some maths jobs you may not have heard of
Computer security
Computers are everywhere, and they contain our bank account information, credit card details, medical records, and other data we want to keep secret. How can we keep hackers from stealing this data? Cryptography is a field of mathematics that involves writing codes and finding ways to keep secrets. Governments and private companies employ cryptographers to keep computer data safe and secure.
2 Read the text. Were any of your ideas from 3 in 1 mentioned? 3 Complete the sentences with the
words below.
biomathematician business analyst cryptographer geologist meteorologist
Atmospheric science and meteorology

Global warming has become a big concern. Scientists use mathematical models to help them understand how the Earths complex environment systems might behave in the future. Meteorologists (weather experts) also use mathematical models when theyre predicting the weather for the next weekend or trying to understand what huge storm systems might do next.
1 A studies rocks and soil and uses maths to find oil. is an expert at 2 A keeping computer data secret. uses maths to 3 A help improve a companys performance. 4 A predicts the weather using mathematical models. 5 A applies maths to medical problems.
Biomathematics
Doctors and medical researchers rely on experiments and observation to understand medication. They also use complex mathematics to understand drug data and to predict possible responses to medicines. Biomathematicians also apply mathematics to the understanding of the interaction of living things in biological systems.
Business analysis
Businesses usually want to improve their efficiency. But particularly in larger, more complicated businesses, it isnt always easy to understand how systems really work. Mathematical analysis can be applied to many aspects of business (production processes, transportation and storage of products, worker efficiency) to help identify places where improvements can be made.
4 Would you like to do any of the

jobs mentioned in the text? Why? / Why not?
Petroleum production
From exploration to transport, use and environmental impact, mathematics is an incredibly useful tool in the energy industry. In addition to understanding the financial side of the business, mathematics is used by geologists (experts in rocks, soil, and other features of land) to predict where oil might be located, how much there is, and how long it will last. Mathematics is also used to predict what may happen as oil becomes more difficult to find.
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6 Technology and society

1 What are the biggest problems in cities today? Think of things that make them difficult or uncomfortable to live in, or ways in which cities harm the environment. 2 What rules or arrangements has your town or city made to help the environment? 3 Can you think of things that cities or people living in cities could do to use energy more wisely?
Smart cities
By 2050, 70 per cent of the worlds population will live in cities. Experts say that we need to make the best use of technology to make these cities good places to live. So fast forward to 2050, and what do we see?
Green roofs
Most buildings in the smart city of 2050 have plants on the roof. Plants help keep the air clean, and they reduce flooding problems when heavy rain falls. They also absorb heat, which keeps cities in warm climates cooler. Some people grow fruit and vegetables for themselves, too.
2 Read the text. Underline the

correct answer. 1 The article is about cities of today / the future. 2 Most buildings have solar panels / plants on the roof. 3 Water / Plastic is reused and recycled. 4 Some waste is used to produce energy / feed plants. 5 The electric power grid / waste management system is controlled by computers. 6 Cars arent allowed / are carefully monitored in the smart city of 2050. 7 People are / arent allowed to control their own energy use, because this tends to save energy.
Grey water
The smart city of 2050 wastes nothing. Rainwater is collected and used on gardens. Grey water water from showers and from washing up is recycled for rooftop plants and is also used for flushing toilets. Purifying water uses a lot of energy, so using grey water saves both water and energy.
Clever waste management

There are no lorries collecting rubbish in the smart city. This helps reduce traffic on the roads. All waste travels from homes and businesses in a system of pressurised pipes. Some of the waste is used to produce methane gas, which is used for energy production.
Green power
In addition to the power generated using methane gas, wind and solar generation also powers the smart city. Computers monitor power use in the entire city and the electric power grid can respond to the need for power at any moment. When a lot of power is needed, the system can supply it, but when little power is needed, parts of the system shut down. This reduces energy waste.
3 Is your city like the smart city of

2050 in any way? Do you think that by 2050, it will be a smart city?
Intelligent traffic management

Every car in the smart city of 2050 has a smart tag number plate. Sensors in the road track every vehicle and control the flow of traffic. If a road is completely empty, the traffic signals are turned off to conserve energy.
Smart homes
Research shows that when people can see how much energy theyre using, they limit their energy use. The smart home of 2050 has an energy control panel. People can monitor their energy use and control heating and lighting.
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7 Studying technology
1 Can you name some types of technology that students study at colleges and universities in your country? 2 What areas of technology are you most interested in (medical, transport, computers, etc.)? 3 Name some ways that students can learn about job opportunities.
Tech Education and Jobs Fair
The UKs biggest tech careers fair and its free! Join us on 910 April at The London Tech Centre
Employers fair
More than 50 employers will present career opportunities to over 20,000 high school, college, and university students, as well as recent graduates from around the world. Fields represented include: computers and IT, telecommunications, sports technology, manufacturing, transport, entertainment, medical, energy, robotics, and more.
1 The Tech Education and Jobs Fair is an event where students and graduates can learn about places to work or to study. 2 The fair will present more than 20,000 jobs for graduates. 3 Graduates interested in companies that make things for example, cars would be interested in talking with some of the companies at the fair. 4 The fair will include some instruction on the skills you need to get a job. 5 The fair is only for people who are ready to begin working very soon. 6 Some companies plan to present the history of their recent products as well as stories from the past fifty years in technology.
Workshops
During the event, employers will discuss career development and conduct job interviews. Experts will offer workshops in CV writing, job interview skills, what to expect from a technology career, and stress management. There will also be hands-on workshops showing the latest computer-aided design technology.
Universities and colleges

About 70 educational institutions from around the country will attend to provide information about their courses and also provide guidance on what they look for in an applicant. If youre in high school and considering studying technology, this is the perfect opportunity for you to find out about different courses.
The future of technology

Tech companies will give presentations on their latest developments and on where technology may take us in the next fifty years.

1 Which industries mentioned in the text would you most like to work in? 2 Which workshops would you like to attend? Why? 3 Does this sort of event happen in your country?
uuuDont miss it!
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8 Design
1 What do you think are the design considerations for clothing and equipment for skydivers (people who jump out of aeroplanes)? 2 And considerations for clothing and equipment for astronauts? 3 What kind of emergency or safety equipment do you think space tourists will need? Think of the design considerations for equipment for people who are not highly trained.
Designing for performance:
A high-altitude safety suit

How astronauts, pilots, and space tourists dress for success In 1960, US Air Force pilot Joe Kittinger used a balloon to travel more than 31 kilometres above the surface of the Earth. From that altitude, he jumped and fell for four and a half minutes, reaching a speed of 988 kilometres per hour before opening his parachute at 5,500 metres above the Earth. In one day, he set the record for the highest balloon flight, highest parachute jump, longest free fall, and fastest human fall. As humans were approaching the possibility of space flight (the first space flight was on 12 April 1961) aerospace doctors wanted to understand the effects of very high altitudes on the human body, and wanted to know if people could jump out of spacecraft high in the Earths atmosphere in case of emergency. Amazingly, Kittingers record wasnt broken until 14 October 2012, when an Austrian skydiver, Felix Baumgartner, made a 39,045 metre jump. What are the design challenges of making a suit that can survive a fall from the edge of space? to the pressure nearer the Earths surface. The suit is tightly sealed, and special containers of gas are used to maintain a comfortable pressure.
1 About how far did Joe Kittinger fall before opening his parachute? 2 Did Kittinger set his records before or after the first human space flight? 3 Who wanted to learn more about high-altitude jumps? 4 As a jumper falls from the stratosphere to Earth, does the atmospheric pressure increase or decrease? 5 What chemical in air can cause serious medical problems during changes of pressure? 6 What is the amount of temperature change between the coldest and hottest outside temperature that the suit must operate in? 7 What makes the main parachute open automatically? 8 What medical information does the communication system record?
Oxygen supply
The suit has two tanks of 100% oxygen (not air, which is about 78% nitrogen). Breathing pure oxygen removes nitrogen gas from the skydivers body. This is because during changes in pressure, nitrogen bubbles in the body can cause serious medical problems.
Temperature control
The temperature outside the suit is between 68 C and 38 C. The suit is made of a super-insulating material that keeps the inside of the suit comfortable even as the outside temperature changes rapidly.
Parachute
The main parachute opens automatically, at about 750 metres above the Earth. A sensor detects the atmospheric pressure at that altitude. This means that if the skydiver is injured or unconscious, a safe landing is still possible.
Pressure
In the stratosphere the part of the atmosphere where Kittinger began his fall the air pressure is about 1/1,000th of the pressure at sea level and contains very little air. To avoid altitude sickness, the safety suit must have a pressure inside that is similar
3 Would you like to do a high-
Communications
In addition to a two-way radio, the suit includes instruments that measure the skydivers breathing, heart rate, speed, and angle of the body as it falls. The suit also includes a video camera.
altitude jump? Why? / Why not?
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9 Technology in sport
1 How can clothing help athletes to
perform better?
2 Scan the text quickly to nd out

which items of sportswear are: a designed for swimmers b designed for runners c designed by Adidas d designed to reduce drag.
High-tech sportswear
Sports companies are always trying to develop new sportswear that will allow athletes to perform more efciently. Recent developments include:
Precool vest
Nike has developed a vest which holds ice packs in its lining. It is designed for athletes who compete in marathons and other long distance races. Wearing it for one hour before the race will reduce the body temperature by 19%, and therefore reduces the risk of heat injury.
3 Now read the text again and nd

the answers to these questions. 1 How does the Precool vest improve performance? 2 Why did the designers of Fastskin work with an expert in sharks? 3 What are Power socks designed to prevent and why is this important? 4 In addition to reducing drag, how does Swift suit help athletes? 5 How are Strapless goggles held on the swimmers face?
fastskin
Speedo has designed a swimsuit which it claims is the worlds fastest. The designers have worked with an expert on sharks famously fast swimmers of the sh world. The material copies features of Sharkskin and is designed to reduce drag. The makers say it can increase performance by up to 4%.
power socks
Adidas produces knee-length socks for runners which are designed to reduce leg fatigue. The socks save energy by compressing the muscles in the legs. This prevents the muscles vibrating each time the runners foot hits the ground. The vibration is a waste of energy.
swift suit
Adidas has designed an aerodynamic head-to-ankle suit for sprinters, cyclists, rowers, and ice-skaters. It keeps athletes cool and reduces drag. The designer claims it gives a ten-centimetre advantage in a 100-metre sprint.
strapless goggles
For swimmers, Nike has developed featherweight carbon goggles without straps. Each lens is stuck to the eye socket with medical glue. Having no straps, the goggles produce less drag than ordinary goggles.
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10 Appropriate technology
1 Study the diagram of this
a farming b exploding mines c travelling on the Moon d lming in dangerous places e carrying things wheel motor mechanical device. Choose its correct function. rubber shock absorber (inside wheel) 5-metre pole
2 List some of the components of

this device in the table.
2 layers armour plate toothed wheel hydraulic hose
3 Read the description of how

1 What is the device called? 2 What does it do? 3 Why is it suitable for the developing world?
the device works and nd the answers to these questions.
125 cc petrol engine
4 Why do the wheels have steel teeth? 5 How often does a wheel have to be changed? 6 Why does the machine not miss any mine in its path?
Item 5-metre metal or bamboo poles
Quantity 3
The device is called a Dervish. It is a mine-detonating vehicle for clearing anti-personnel mines from farmland in countries of the developing world. It has a very simple design and uses inexpensive parts. The United Nations estimates that 24,000 people die each year because of mines. The Dervish has three wheels. Each wheel has steel teeth to create more
pressure. When the teeth pass over a mine, it explodes. The wheels can explode around 1,500 mines before they have to be changed. A motorbike engine powers the Dervish. The device rotates. As each wheel passes a certain point in the rotation, it slows down. This makes the machine advance in tight circles, about 30 mm apart. For this reason, no mine in its path is missed.
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11 Crime-ghting and security

1 Read one of these texts, A, B, or C,
as your teacher directs. Find out the answers to these questions. 1 What is this device or system called? 2 Who uses it? 3 How does it work?
Shock tactics
2 Share your answers with others in

your group.
3 Now read the other two texts
and see if you can nd any extra information.
The advanced taser gun is an electric stun gun which allows police to deal with violent people without causing injury or death. It has a laser sight to make sure the suspect is properly targeted. It uses a compressed air cartridge to re two darts at the suspect. The darts pull behind them ne electric cable. They can penetrate the thickest clothing, up to 5 centimetres, at a range of 6.4 metres. When the darts hit someone, the gun delivers a 50,000 volt shock for ve seconds. The shock causes temporary paralysis. Taser waves electrical signals cause the suspects muscles to contract. The guns contain a microchip which records the date and time of each ring.
The iris is the coloured ring round the central part of your eye. Each one is different, which makes it perfect for security systems such as iris scanning. First, your iris is scanned and the information converted to a digital le which is stored in a database. This process takes about three minutes. When you go to a high-security area, you simply look at a camera which scans your iris. The result is compared with your database entry. It takes just over a second to complete the check. The system is used at airports to speed passengers through passport control and to control entry to restricted areas. Some banks use it at ATM machines instead of PINs. Apart from the speed, the advantage is that users dont need to remember a password or key. The system can handle users wearing glasses, contact lenses, and also changes to the eye as people age. So far, its foolproof.
Eyes dont lie
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Offender tracking consists of a small tracking unit worn on the belt or ankle. It uses global positioning system (GPS) technology to record the wearers movements. This data is fed to a server which matches movements with places. Some offenders are restricted to an area around their home. If they move outside that area, this is reported by email to the police. Some offenders are forbidden to enter certain areas. If they go there, this too is reported automatically to the police. The system also contains details of crimes. If an offender is near the scene of a crime at the time it takes place, a report is sent directly to the police.
GPS helps track offenders
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12 Transport
1 A hybrid results from combining
two different things. What two things are combined to make a hybrid car? Look at the diagram and check your answer. answers to these questions.
Hybrid cars
petrol engine battery
2 Read the text and nd the
1 When is the petrol engine used alone? 2 When is the electric motor used alone? 3 When are both motors used? 4 What advantage does this car have over an electric car? 5 How is the battery charged? driving wheels electric motor
A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) has both a petrol engine and an electric motor. The petrol engine is the main power source. It is smaller and lighter than the engines of conventional cars. The electric motor provides extra power when needed. In some HEVs, it is connected to the wheels by the same transmission. In addition to a fuel tank, the HEV carries a pack of advanced batteries. There is also a processor which decides when to use the motor and engine. When the car is running at a constant speed cruising the petrol engine provides all the power required. For overtaking, hill climbing, and accelerating from a standstill, the electric motor provides extra power. In some cars, the motor also provides power for low-speed cruising, as petrol engines are least efcient in these conditions. HEVs use regenerative braking. When the driver brakes, the resistance of the motor helps to slow down the car. At the same time, the energy from the wheels turns the motor which then functions as a generator, producing electricity to recharge the batteries. When the batteries are low, the petrol engine also drives the generator. HEVs have automatic start / shutoff. The petrol engine shuts off when the car comes to a stop. When the driver presses the accelerator, the motor instantly starts the engine again. No energy is wasted from idling when the car is stopped. HEVs are more efcient and pollute less than cars with only petrol engines. They do not require special fuel like hydrogen cars and, unlike electric cars, they do not need to be plugged in overnight to recharge the batteries. However, they are heavy because of the weight of the batteries.
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13 High living: skyscrapers

1 You need to be able to travel
quickly up and down skyscrapers. Look at the diagram of a lift system on the next page and answer these questions.
How lifts work

The development of tall buildings and lifts go together. The rst lifts, or elevators in American English, consisted of a platform suspended from a rope which passed over a pulley at the top of the building. If the rope broke, the platform fell to the ground. In 1852, Elisha Otis invented the rst safety lift. If the rope broke, a brake was applied automatically which locked the platform in place between guide rails. Today the Otis company is the largest supplier of lifts in the world. Most lifts today are roped lifts. The car runs between vertical guide rails which keep it steady and act as a safety device. Steel ropes, or cables, attached to the roof of the car pass over a pulley, called the drive sheave, which is turned by an electric motor. The other end of the cable is attached to a counterweight. This matches the weight of a car with an average load of passengers. The counterweight saves energy. Its weight helps to raise the car. In the same way, the weight of the car when it descends helps to raise the counterweight. For the most part, the motor only has to overcome friction. Lifts are controlled by a microprocessor in the machine room. This logs all passenger calls and monitors the number of passengers travelling from floor to floor, the position of any car in the system, and its speed. It can direct passengers to the car which will get them to their destination fastest, and will prevent any car which is overloaded from moving. Lifts have many safety devices which make it virtually impossible for an accident to happen. The cables consist of up to eight steel ropes wound together. Each one is strong enough to support the car. If the car starts to run too quickly, a governor, or safety brake, locks the car to the guide rails. Doors on each floor ensure that no one can fall down an open lift shaft. Doors on the car ensure that no passenger can be injured by contact with the shaft. The car cannot move until both sets of doors are closed. Finally, at the bottom of the shaft there are large shock absorbers, or buffers, to cushion the impact of any fall. All these things combined make travelling in a lift one of the safest journeys you can take!
1 What is the counterweight for? 2 What are the guide rails for? 3 What are the safety features?
2 Now read the text to check and to

add to your answers.
3 Read the text again and find the

answers to these questions. 1 What does the microprocessor do? 2 Why is travelling in a lift one of the safest journeys you can take?
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drive sheave
brake motor
governor, or safety brake
controller
machine room lift car guide rails
hoist ropes
door operator lift car car door safety gear
liftwell travelling cables counterweight guide rails
landing indicator counterweight landing push button landing entrance
buffers
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14 Information technology
1 Do you own or have you used
any gadgets with a touch screen? If so, what do you like about touch screen technology? Is there anything you dont like about it?

1 Find four adjectives in the text that describe todays touch screens. a f b c c l d e -c 2 What does Tactus say is the advantage of real buttons over touch screens? 3 What material will tactile screens be made from? 4 What creates the feeling of texture in REVEL technology? 5 What does the Tactus screen do that the REVEL screen doesnt do? 6 What are the possible applications of this technology?
Touch screens
With tablets and smartphones, plastic keyboards seem a bit old-fashioned. So whats next for touch screens?
Todays touch screens are made of glass. Theyre flat like glass, and a bit cool like glass. If youre used to typing on a traditional keyboard, you may think touch screen typing isnt as nice. You dont feel a click when you press a key (though you can choose to hear one). Many people say this is a small problem compared with the great benefits of touch screen keyboards: theyre lightweight, easy-to-clean, and they disappear when you arent using them. Touch screens are here to stay, but researchers at a company called Tactus say that people like to feel things more that while touch screens are beautiful, real buttons are more user-friendly. These researchers are working to create tactile touch screens flat screens that can create raised buttons that users can temporarily feel. Small areas of the plastic screen inflate and then return to a flat surface. This sort of screen is still probably a few years away, but research and development teams are already working hard at producing it. The feeling of buttons may be just the beginning. Another team of researchers has announced a technology called REVEL that can create not only the feeling of a raised area, but also different textures, for example rough wood or smooth cloth. At the moment, this technology works only when the finger is moved across the screen. In this case, the screen itself doesnt change. It works by attaching a small electrical signal generator to a persons chair, or perhaps the inside of their shoe. When they touch certain objects, a small electrical signal travels through the body, and a small electrostatic force is created where the finger touches the screen. This creates the illusion of feeling. These two technologies will be useful not only in smartphones and tablets, but also in games, navigation equipment, and controls on electrical appliances. So, whats the future of the touch screen? It turns out it may be something you can feel, like an old-fashioned keyboard.
3 Whats your favourite piece of IT

equipment to use? Why do you like it?
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15 Telecommunications
1 Have you heard of an Internet-ready fridge or 2 Read the text and choose the best phrase to
complete each sentence. 1 Internet-ready fridges can a make food last longer b order restaurant meals c send emails . Internet-ready washing machine? How do you think these home appliances use the Internet?
Telec mmunications
more than just TV and telephones
TVs and smartphones are getting smarter but fridges and washing machines now include computers and are Internet-ready
Many of us are used to getting an email or a text message saying Please pick up some milk on the way home. Soon, that message may not come from a friend, roommate, or spouse, but from the fridge. How does the Internet-ready fridge work? Products in the smart fridge have radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. These are small computer chips that store information, for example This is a two-litre carton of milk. It was manufactured on 22 September. With a built-in RFID reader, the fridge knows whats inside it at all times. You can set the fridge to send you an alert when theres only one carton of milk left. The smart fridge can also be programmed to keep a list of products that you need, and place an order with the supermarket for delivery when certain products are about to run out. An app on your smartphone allows you to check the contents of your fridge from anywhere. The smart fridge also communicates with the electrical power company. Some companies charge different rates for power at different times of day. The fridge receives signals from the power company when electricity rates are higher, and switches to a lowenergy mode for brief periods. Its easy to see the benefits of an Internet-ready fridge, but what about an Internet-ready washing machine? Korean appliance maker LG already produces one. If theres a problem with the machine, it sends you a message with a full explanation. If you need to deal with particular stains in clothing, you can download a special wash cycle to solve the problem. The product line also includes an oven that can download recipes and cooking instructions, and will send you a message when a meal is cooked and is ready to be taken out of the oven.
2 Smart fridges can provide information about . a foods with RFID tags b any food they store c fresh foods only 3 A smart fridge might communicate . with a your doctor b the supermarket c your childrens school 4 The smart fridge app could tell you . a what to cook b whats in the fridge c how many calories are in your food 5 The smart fridge is designed to a be energy efficient b be solar powered c recycle food waste 6 Internet-ready washing machines . a monitor water prices b use special soap products c download information .
3 Study these statements. Decide which ones
you agree with. Give reasons for your choices.
1 Basic appliances such as fridges and washing machines shouldnt have computers in them. It makes them expensive and difficult to repair. 2 Soon, there will be an Internet of things. Cars, fridges, ovens, washing machines, and other appliances will all use the Internet to communicate with each other, and with people. 3 The Internet is the greatest invention in the history of the world.
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16 Medical technology
1 The afx tele- means distant. What do you think these terms mean? a telemedicine b telecare c telesurgery 2 What sort of technology would be needed for each of the services described by these terms? 3 Who might benet from these services?
2 Read the text to check your

answers.
Telemedicine is the application of Information Technology to medical care. Its about providing medical support at a distance to people who have no access to a doctor. Using the Internet, satellite phones, video links, and digital cameras, patients, nurses, doctors, and others can obtain specialist help quickly. If passengers fall ill on an aircraft in flight, cabin crew can use a device called Vital Signs to measure blood pressure and other important signs. The data can then be transmitted to a doctor to interpret and provide advice on treatment. Medical images, such as X-rays or ultrasound scans, can be taken in one country and sent by broadband to a specialist in another for expert advice. Using a video link, nurses in a minor injuries clinic can call a specialist to examine difcult cases remotely. This is much cheaper than having a specialist available in the clinic. Telecare is a way of looking after vulnerable people, such as the elderly, at a distance. Sensors in their homes can detect falls, lack of activity, or even if food is removed from the refrigerator. Lack of movement triggers an alarm which alerts medical staff or relatives. Patients can wear monitors for recording their pulse and other signs. This can be sent via a telephone system to medical staff without the patient leaving home. Telesurgery was used in 2001 to allow a surgeon in New York to operate on a patient in France. The operation was carried out using a high-speed computer link and robotic tools in the French operating theatre. At this stage, such procedures are expensive, and a local surgeon has to be present in case the network link fails. In the future, however, telesurgery could be a life-saver for people living, working, or travelling remote from medical help.
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17 The future of technology

1 For robots to function less like
machines and more like humans, they need to be covered in articial or synthetic skin. Which features of human skin does robot skin need to copy? Choose from ad. Robots are very good at doing the same task in the same place over and over again. In factories and nuclear power stations, more than a million robots behave in this way every day. For robots to work with people, for example caring for the elderly, they need to be much more like humans. They need to be able to move like humans and adapt to new places. They also need to be more sensitive to touch and temperature. In humans, it is skin which provides important information on pressure and heat.
a sensitive to touch b sensitive to heat c stretchable d all of these
2 Now read the text to check

your answer.
3 Read the text again and nd the

answers to these questions. 1 What sorts of tasks are robots good for? 2 Typically, which industries make use of robots? 3 What do robots need in order to work with people? 4 How does E-skin stretch? 5 Why is stretchability important? 6 How could walking robots use information from E-skin in their feet? 7 How could E-skin help robots not to damage themselves? 8 What two features of E-skin would be important in bathing a baby? Engineers at the University of Tokyo have developed an articial skin for robots which is sensitive to pressure and temperature thanks to a large number of sensors. In addition, because it uses a mesh or net structure it can be stretched by up to 25% and still retain its sensitivity. This means it can be used to cover moving parts like joints. This E-skin opens the way for much more sensitive robots. For example, walking robots could use feedback from their feet to adjust to different surfaces. Robots in the future may be able to grasp different tools and use them as humans do. Domestic robots could pick up and bathe a baby without hurting it. They would also be less likely to damage themselves. A lot remains to be done. E-skin will provide much more information than the robot requires at any one time. Human brains can select only the important information. Before robots can act like humans, they need to have brains like humans.
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18 Ways in to technology
1 What science and technology projects do you remember from your school days? 2 Do universities, companies or professional organizations in your country hold science or technology contests? If so, can you say anything about them? 3 If you could do any kind of research project in technology, what area of study would you choose?
WAYS IN TO TECHNOLOGY
The World Science and Technology Contest
Three participants in the World Science and Technology Contest explain their projects
The World Science and Technology Contest (WSTC) invites students from around the world to submit a research project. The winning project is paid for and run by the WSTC and its partners in industry, and the winning applicant given further training and an apprenticeship. Here are three of this years entries:
Research question: Are there connections between the sound of a persons voice and the appearance of a persons face? Where the idea came from: Watching TV, I started to wonder if people who look alike also sound the same. In some cases, it seems to be true. For example, my brother looks a lot like a famous newsreader, and their voices are similar. Practical application for this research: Some security systems use face recognition and voice recognition. If there are connections between faces and voices, then the system could detect people who are trying to fool it. Research question: Why are some noises extremely unpleasant? Where the idea came from: When I hear the loud, squealing sound of the brakes on a lorry in the street, I hate it. It gives me a really bad feeling. But thats strange, isnt it? How can a sound cause a feeling and such a strong feeling? Name: Lin Lo-Chi Country: Taiwan Course of study: Biology at National Taiwan University Practical application for this research: If we understand more about the way sounds affect people, sounds could be used to help people have positive feelings. Also, negative sounds could be used to break up crowds without hurting anyone. People would want to leave the area just because of the sound. Research question: How does the colour of industrial machines affect the people who work with them? Where the idea came from: My brother recently bought a new car. He had a hard time choosing the colour, because he felt it was an expression of his personality. He felt it was an important decision because we have strong feelings about colour. Machines in factories are usually painted for safety to make them highly visible and also for protection of the machine, for example against rust. Practical application for this research: We might find that certain colours of machine paint make workers more alert, or perhaps less stressed. This could be a type of safety improvement, and also might improve productivity.
Name: Abdullah Al Ansari Country: Saudi Arabia Course of study: Computer Science at Saudi Electronic University
1 The WSTC is designed to help students pass exams. 2 Abdullahs project could help make banks or government buildings safer from crime. 3 Lo-Chis project is designed to learn more about the bad behaviour of teenage boys. 4 The police might find some of Lo-Chis research results useful. 5 Michels project may help designers choose better paint for automobiles. 6 Michels project could improve the work environment of factory workers.
3 Which of the three projects would

you most like to work on? Give reasons for your choice.
Name: Michel Fabi Country: Belgium Course of study: Industrial Design at Lacambre Visual Arts School
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19 Food and agriculture

1 Can you name any food plants that grow naturally in your country? 2 Do you know what foods are grown by farmers in your country? 3 Where does your countrys water come from?
Interview: Farming the desert

Permaculture expert Karim Benzid talks about farming in a land with no water
2 Read the text. Match the words 15

from the text with the correct meanings ae. 1 surplus 2 fertilizer 3 consumer 4 evaporation 5 consumption a a chemical that help plants grow b the process of liquid water turning to vapour c an extra amount of something d the act of eating or using something e a person who uses something
What is permaculture?
Permaculture is an approach to growing food. It aims to develop sustainable systems of agriculture.
What are its main objectives?

To take care of the Earth, to take care of the people, and to share the surplus the food we grow beyond what we need.
How does it meet those objectives?

It aims to integrate agricultural systems with natural ecosystems as much as possible. In the world today, mainstream agriculture often requires the transportation of water and fertilizers long distances to make plants grow. Farm produce, in turn, is transported long distances to the consumer. Permaculture uses local resources to grow food for local consumers.
So first, lets consider water. On this farm, theyve set up a system to harvest rainwater when it does fall. They can store the water, and they use it in a way that reduces evaporation. It is fed to the plants in a steady drip. They also use some water from a well on the farm. So its local ground water. The plants are arranged so that the ones that need the most water are nearest to the source of the water. This reduces waste. Second, plants. The farm has olive trees and date palms they both love the dry climate. These help shelter and protect other smaller plants tomatoes, onions, garlic, and so on from the Sun. In fact, the variety of plants is really important. In this area, farmers usually grow just one type of plant at a time. Which brings me to my third point, soil. Growing just one type of plant is terrible for the soil. Growing a variety of plants actually helps the soil. Also, the farm has chickens, sheep, ducks, and other animals. Waste from the animals, plus waste from the plants, is used to feed the soil. All of the energy and chemicals that the soil needs come from this waste material. Theres no need to use chemical fertilizers. Finally, consumption. The food grown on this farm is eaten locally. That means they dont use energy bringing some foods into the area, and they dont use energy transporting farm produce out of the area. Its very efficient.
3 Now read the text again and find the

answers to these questions. 1 What examples does Karim give of mainstream agriculture using a lot of energy? 2 How do mainstream farmers in Jordan improve the soil? 3 What two sources of water does the permaculture farm in Jordan use? 4 How do plants work together on the permaculture farm? 5 What does the permaculture farm use for fertilizer? 6 Why is growing food for local consumption efficient?
Can you give us an example?

Sure Jordan. Jordan is a desert country with very little water. The soil is often poor and requires a lot of chemicals to grow fruits and vegetables. More than half of the available water in Jordan goes to agriculture, but demand for water has increased in the past ten to twenty years. Its an incredibly tough place to grow food. At one farm in Jordan Valley, in the Kafrin area near the Dead Sea, theyre practising permaculture. The rainfall there is usually less than 150mm per year, and it falls in two or three big storms. The soil is poor.
4 Would permaculture be useful in your

country? Why? / Why not?
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20 Plastics
1 What plastic objects do you have with you, or can you see around you, right now? 2 Could any of those objects possibly be made of a different material? What material would work? 3 Have you heard anything about 3-D printers? If so, what do you know about them? If not, can you guess what a 3-D printer might do?
3-D printing
Turning computer images into plastic models
Since the 1990s, engineers have used 3-D printing to make models of complex designs. More recently, 3-D printing has been used to make objects for actual use, not just models. For example, doctors have used 3-D printing to make artificial body parts such as bones and joints. The process called rapid prototyping is still not widely used. But its becoming more common and techniques are being improved constantly. And now, three-dimensional printing at home is a reality. You buy and bring home a 3-D printer, download a design from the Internet, and create plastic objects in your own home. Heres what you do:
2 Read the text. Complete the

3-D printers designs doctors engineers instructions objects wires
sentences with the words below.
1 2
were the first people to use 3-D printing. now use 3-D printing to make objects that injured people need.
1 Prepare the printer by loading it with plastic wire. The wire comes in ten 2 Search the Internet for designs of objects that can be 3-D printed. Printer 3 Using the 3-D printers software, convert the design to a set of 4 Press Print and watch the printer create your design. 5 Let the plastic cool off, and enjoy your creation.
manufacturer Cubify has a wide selection at cubify.com, and others are available elsewhere. Designs include toys and games, jewellery, cups, lampshades, and many other things. colours. You also have to spread glue on the print platform.
3 A 3-D printer uses coloured plastic to make objects. 4 can be downloaded from the Internet.
5 The printers software creates for building objects. arent solid 6 The plastic theyre hollow. 7 for the home dont make useful objects at the moment. what would you use it to make?
instructions for building the object. The software works out any special supports that might be needed as the object is printed.
3 If you had a 3-D printer at home,
So how does it work? The printer heats the plastic wire until its soft. The printer tip is heated to 300 C, so when the plastic passes through it, it becomes even softer. The software tells the tip of the printer where to move to build up the object line-by-line. The printer tip can move up, down, and sideways, so it can go anywhere the software tells it to. The 3-D printer doesnt make solid plastic objects. Instead, they are mostly hollow, with a kind of grid structure between the two walls of plastic. This makes the object strong and lightweight, and also reduces the amount of plastic needed to print it. Theres an important difference between 3-D printing in medicine and industry and 3-D printing at home: engineers and doctors use it to create things they really need. But for now, at least, the things you can print in plastic at home arent especially useful.
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21 Alternative energy
1 Imagine you are planning to start a
community of about 10,000 people on an island in the middle of the ocean. Answer the questions.
El Hierro
The worlds first energy self-sufficient island
1 What would be the best way to supply electrical power to the island? 2 What would be the most efficient way to feed the community? 3 How would you deal with the islands waste?
2 Read the text. Match the numbers

1 1,400 2 11,000 3 3,000 4 11 5 500,000 6 700 7 2 8 40,000 9 2 million
19 from the text with the facts ai. Give the unit.
This North Atlantic island is giving up fossil fuels

El Hierro, an island about 1,400 kilometres off the coast of Africa, is home to 11,000 people. Until recently, their energy supply relied on oil that arrived by ship from the mainland. However, as energy prices increased, it became harder and harder for them to pay for the delivery of fossil fuels. Lucky, then, that the island has over 3,000 hours per year when the wind blows hard enough to turn large wind turbines. The islands wind turbines produce about 11 megawatts of power. But the wind doesnt always blow on El Hierro, and when the wind stops blowing, the electricity stops flowing. The power grid doesnt store electricity it needs to be constantly generated, which is one of the big challenges of wind energy. The solution? El Hierro has created a 500,000m3 reservoir at an altitude of 700 metres, inside the dormant volcano at the islands centre. That means that when the wind is slow, water can be allowed to flow downhill through hydroelectric turbines that generate the electricity the island needs. The water ends up in a smaller reservoir near sea level, where it is purified for drinking. You might imagine that the reservoir would soon drain all of its water downhill. But youd be wrong. When the wind is blowing and theres plenty of electricity available, pumps push desalinated seawater back up to the top of the hill, ready for the next drop in wind speed. The winds tend to blow the hardest at night, when people are asleep and energy demand is low, so this is the perfect time to refill the upper reservoir. The system generates enough electricity for two wind-free days. If the wind stops for three days, theyll have a problem. But so far, that hasnt happened. The project can generate enough energy to save the 40,000 barrels of oil they were importing each year, at a cost of 2 million at current oil prices. The system also provides drinking water and water for agriculture.
a amount of time that the wind blows every year in El Hierro unit: b elevation of El Hierros waterstorage lake unit: c distance from El Hierro to the mainland unit: d the amount of oil that the island isnt using now unit: e The number of residents of El Hierro unit: f the amount of money that the island isnt spending on oil unit: g power production of El Hierros wind farm unit: h volume of El Hierros water-storage lake unit: i the amount of time the hydroelectric system can power the island unit:
3 Do you think small-scale, local
power generation like El Hierros could work for your city? Why? / Why not?
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22 Mass transportation
1 What types of transport do you use regularly? 2 If you use mass transportation, what do you like about it? What do you dislike? 3 If you dont use mass transportation, why dont you?
Is hydrogen the fuel of the future?

Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity by combining oxygen and hydrogen. A series of fuel cells can provide enough power to drive an electric motor. The only waste product is water. So why arent we using it?
In fact, we are using it. Wheelchairs, trains, buses, bikes, golf carts, motorcycles, and a few other vehicles can already run on some form of hydrogen power. However, all of these are experimental vehicles.
2 Read the text. Underline the

correct answer. 1 The exhaust from a hydrogen fuel cell is water / CO2. 2 Hydrogen fuel cell technology has been perfected / is being developed and tested. 3 Hydrogen must be manufactured / is easily collected from the air. 4 The process of obtaining hydrogen produces water / CO2. 5 Hydrogen may be a practical / an impractical fuel source for trains. 6 Hydrogen-powered buses havent / have been tested on actual city streets. 7 The challenge of powering a car with a hydrogen fuel cell is the cars small size / expensive price. 8 Hydrogen fuel cells will probably be useful for powering all / some vehicles in the next ten years or so.
The Fuel Cell Bus Club

This organization is running a trial using three Mercedes-Benz hydrogen fuel cell buses in eleven cities around the world. Each bus can carry about 70 passengers for a range of 300 kilometres and costs $1.2 million. The aim of the project is to demonstrate that clean, urban public transport is possible.
Challenges
Hydrogen doesnt occur naturally on Earth it must be produced. At the moment, hydrogen is mostly produced by using methane (a powerful greenhouse gas) or other fossil fuels, which produce CO2. Also, the equipment required to produce and safely store hydrogen is large and complex too big to fit on most vehicles. Researchers working on hydrogen power are trying to develop technology that will make hydrogen power more mobile for use in vehicles. Theyre also trying to find practical ways to produce it without fossil fuels.
Fuel cell cars

Most of the major automotive manufacturers are carrying out research into how to power cars with fuel cells in order to fight global warming. However, critics say that even twenty years in the future, a fuel cell car may not be possible, and also that fuel cells simply arent practical for smaller vehicles. Many believe that fighting global warming with fuel cell car research is a waste of time and money.
3 Do you think hydrogen fuel
Hydrogen trains
Researchers in several countries have independently announced the development of hydrogen-powered trains. Trains are ideal for hydrogen fuel cells because they have a lot of storage space on board, and they also stop routinely at stations. Station stops for hydrogen trains would allow frequent refuelling. This would mean that the large and complex hydrogen-production equipment could remain in fixed locations.
The road ahead

Hydrogen fuel cells have been proven to be effective ways of powering larger vehicles. However, theres still the serious challenge of creating hydrogen in an environmentally friendly way. Experts are working on using wind, solar and nuclear energy for hydrogen production.
cells for cars would be useful technology, or is researching them a waste of time?
H H
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23 Petroleum engineering
1 The world is facing an energy crisis. What potential alternative energy sources do you know about? 2 What sources does your country rely on for energy? 3 What environmental problems can be caused by the energy industry?
Shale gas
Energy solution or environmental nightmare?
Fracking could solve a lot of energy problems, but many people say it isnt safe
In April 2011, a small earthquake shook the English seaside resort of Blackpool. The following month, there was another. The earthquakes didnt do a lot of damage, but they worried people. Geologists said there was a direct connection between the earthquakes and nearby gas exploration. The exploration work was stopped for a year, but has since been allowed to continue.
2 Read the text and choose the best phrase

to complete each sentence. earthquakes. 1 Shale gas exploration a sometimes causes b probably doesnt cause c has no connection with 2 In the UK, shale gas exploration a is illegal b is ongoing c is done offshore 3 Shale gas is a type of a exhaust gas b natural gas c greenhouse gas 4 Fracking means creating a cracks b water c oil 5 Shale gas could provide a completely clean b renewable c a huge amount of . .
What is shale gas?

Natural gas usually comes out of the ground under pressure it rises to the surface when a well is drilled. However, shale gas is different. Its trapped inside a type of rock known as shale, and it doesnt come out, even when a well is drilled directly into the shale. A technique called fracking is used to extract shale gas.
What is fracking?
Fracking is short for hydraulic fracturing. Water under pressure is used to create cracks in shale the rock that contains the gas. The water, containing sand and a mixture of chemicals, is forced into steel pipes that have been placed into the ground.
energy.
Why do we need shale gas?

Because theres a lot of it. Experts believe that most countries that currently produce natural gas have huge reserves of shale gas. If they can use that shale gas, many of the worlds energy problems would be temporarily solved.
6 A lot of people are worried about the caused by fracking. a smell b pollution c extremely loud noises continue. 7 Fracking a will probably not b cant legally c is expected to
Whats the problem with fracking?

There are three main worries. First, fracking sometimes causes earthquakes, and earthquakes can hurt or even kill people, as well as damage buildings and other property. Second, the water used in fracking contains chemicals, and they can leak into drinking water under the ground. There are hundreds of chemicals used in gas drilling, and many of them can cause serious health problems for people and animals. Finally, fracking uses a lot of water. In some cases, fracking has used so much water that is has affected local water supplies and taken water that was needed for drinking and farming. Despite the potential problems, fracking continues today all over the world, and shale gas may soon be an important part of the worlds energy supply.
3 Based on what you know about fracking,

would you be happy for fracking to be carried out near your home? Why? / Why not?
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24 Environmental engineering
1 What causes global warming? 2 What are people (including companies and governments) doing to address the problem of global warming? 3 Do you think we will be able to save the planet before we have very serious problems?
Can man-made volcanoes solve our climate problems?

The Earths atmosphere the layer of air around the planet helps control the Earths temperature. CO2 in the atmosphere can cause problems because it allows sunlight to come through, but it tends to trap heat. Since the 1800s, people have added a lot of CO2 to the atmosphere, mostly through industrial activities. This is causing our planet to become warmer. Most experts agree that we should reduce the amount of CO2 in the air to reduce global warming. But some scientists think we may need to do more. Researchers in Britain would like to find a way to cut down the sunlight that passes through the atmosphere. They believe that if we could achieve this, we could stop global warming. They are trying to find a chemical that would reduce the amount of sunlight coming through the atmosphere if sprayed into the air. Researchers have known for years that large volcanic eruptions can cool the planet. The smoke from volcanoes contains sulphur dioxide. Chemical reactions in the atmosphere change the sulphur dioxide into tiny particles of sulphuric acid. The acid particles reflect the Suns radiation. This cools the planet. Scientists are not suggesting that we should spray sulphuric acid into the atmosphere its a strong chemical that can damage people, plants, animals, and property. However, they do want to find a chemical that behaves in the same way. Not everyone thinks this is a good solution. If something unexpected happened, placing large amounts of chemicals into the atmosphere could cause serious changes in the weather or create other problems. Even the scientists who are working on the project agree that it might be too dangerous to try. But if global warming becomes a lot worse, we may have to consider it.
How one natural disaster might help save us from another
2 Compare your answers with the

information given in the text.
3 Now read the text again. Mark
each statement T (true) or F (false).
1 CO2 attracts heat from space and transfers it to the Earth. 2 Scientists are working on a plan to slightly shade the Earth from the Sun. 3 Volcanoes are a dangerous source of heat that is causing global warming. 4 Scientists are experimenting with the best way to put more sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere. 5 Many people worry that a solution to global warming based on the reaction of sulphur could make problems worse. 6 Scientists believe using sulphuric acid is a safe solution to global warming.
4 Do you think man-made
volcanoes are a good solution to the problem of global warming? Why? / Why not?
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25 Robotics
1 Think of some examples of robots in science fiction books or films (for example, Star Wars). Describe them. 2 What household job would you like to have a robot to do for you? 3 Do you think robots could cause problems for people in the future? If so, how?
The future of robots

Three very different approaches to machines that work like living things
The robot that eats
The Ecobot III produces its own energy by eating unwanted human food, such as rotten fruit, and also water from the environment around it. The robot contains fuel cells that work like a cows stomach. The cells contain bacteria that consume the food. The resulting chemical reaction creates energy that powers the robot. Of course, everything that eats also produces waste in the case of the Ecobot III, this is CO2. However, scientists point out that this isnt the same as releasing CO2 by burning fossil fuels. The CO2 produced by the Ecobot III would have been produced by the food biodegrading anyway. In experiments, the Ecobot III has managed to stay alive and feed itself for up to seven days. It moves around slowly on small wheels.
1 All three robots have features that work like, or are modelled on, a living thing. What are they? 2 Only one robot can move around on its own. Which one is it? 3 Which robot doesnt interact with its environment very much, at least at the moment? 4 Which robot probably looks the least like a living thing?
The robot that runs

The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world. Thats why scientists at robotics firm Boston Dynamics chose it as the model for their four-legged, running robot. By looking closely at how a cheetahs running body functions, they were able to create a robot that can run. The secret is in the flexibility of the robots back. The back bends so that the robots back feet can move as far forward as its chin as it sprints. This allows its feet to stay on the ground longer, making it fast like a real cheetah. Currently, the cheetah robot can move at 45 kilometres per hour. Thats impressive, but at the moment, it can run only on a treadmill in the laboratory, with support. It also requires a power cable to an outside battery. Scientists are working hard to improve the robots balance and develop an onboard power source.

1 Are any of the robots in the text like robots you discussed in 1 of 1 above? Which ones? What are the similarities? 2 Do you think that in the future, robots like the Eccerobot will be common, and live amongst humans? Why? / Why not? 3 Can you think of a practical way that each of the three robots might be used, when fully developed?
The robot that looks like a person

Earlier robots like ASIMO had a human shape but moved in a mechanical way. The Eccerobot has a body that uses systems and structures that are similar to the human body: artificial bones, muscles, and tendons. Where traditional robots have rigid joints and very mechanical movements, the Eccerobots movements are strangely human. Why? The robots bones are connected by rubber bands and pieces of soft rubber tissue. When the robot moves, motors pull on the rubber bands, which in turn move the bones. The movement of the bones causes other parts to move slightly, rather than creating an isolated, mechanical motion. The robots brain is, of course, a computer. At the moment, the main function of the computer is to receive information input from the robots body and react appropriately. For example, if you hand the robot a ball, it can gently take it from you. At the moment, the Eccerobot only has an upper body it has no legs, and it cant move itself. But as scientists perfect the robots movement and thinking ability, it will be able to perform more and more activities.
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26 Defence technology
1 Answer these questions.
1 How do wild animals make themselves less visible to enemies? 2 If you want to make yourself less noticeable in a crowd, what can you do? 3 What techniques does the military use to hide things from enemies?
The secret of invisibility

camouflage body paint or other coverings to hide while hunting or
Since ancient times, people have used
fighting. These simple techniques are still used today, but technology offers many more sophisticated ways of hiding.
1 Optical camouflage is a special type of cloth that produces colours and images. 2 Marine biologists have successfully created a submarine that changes colour to match its environment. 3 Scientists have discovered crystals that could make buildings almost invisible. 4 Researchers have made dead tissue transparent, and may one day make living tissue transparent. 5 Nowadays, the most widely used technique for concealing military equipment and personnel is very high tech.
Invisible clothes
Who wouldnt want an invisibility suit? This isnt yet possible, but researchers have discovered that they can create a type of optical camouflage. Heres how: the person who wants to disappear wears clothing in a solid, light colour. Cameras film the area behind the person, and this background image is projected onto the front of the person. When you look at the person from the front, you can see the background projected on the person, and they becme difficult to see.
can bend and reflect light. In theory, if you covered an entire building in these crystals, they could reflect the light in such a way that the building would be very difficult to see. Thats probably not practical for citycentre buildings, but the military is definitely interested.
Transparent people
Brain scientists have created a chemical that makes brain tissue transparent. Researchers have made small pieces of mouse brain tissue completely see-through, which aids their research. Would it be possible to turn an entire living creature transparent? At the moment, were not even close. The chemical used on mouse brains is toxic, and not used on living creatures. However, scientists have already discovered a milder chemical that may have the same effect.
Hidden submarines
Sea creatures such as the octopus and cuttlefish can change the colour of their skin to blend in with the background. Their skin contains chemicals that make this possible. Marine biologists are now working with the military to understand exactly how some fish can change colour in an attempt to figure out how navy submarines could be made to do the same thing. This research is still in the very early stages.
3 Can you think of anything that
you would like to make invisible? Why would you like to make it invisible?
Good old-fashioned camouflage

Technology can do a lot to help the military hide people and things, but most soldiers still use grease paint on their faces, camouflage clothing, and some leaves when they need to hide. Soldiers are trained to use plants and other natural materials to hide or disguise military equipment, or to create decoys things used to attract an enemys attention away from certain objects.
Disappearing buildings
Architects and town planners often talk about the visual impact of a structure will a new building make the city more beautiful, or will people complain because its ugly? Optical science researchers have discovered that some tiny crystals
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Emails
1 Mark each statement T (true) or
F (false). 1 If you know the recipient well, you Cc: can leave out the opening greeting and complimentary close. 2 Emoticons :-) J can be used in any type of email. 3 To stress a word, write it in CAPITAL LETTERS. 4 You should keep your message short. 5 Its not necessary to answer an email quickly. 6 You should never write something you dont want others to see. 7 You should try to be amusing.
: Cc: : : : : Cc: Cc:
[FACS: email ]
: :
: :
1 Carol Larque :
: Cc: : Cc: Cc:
: : :
Cc: : :
Hartmut Schwandner Earplug 2

:
Cc:
Dear Mr
Schwandner 3
: Cc:
I was interested to read the article in the Engineering and Technology Journal last month about the revolutionary earplug you have developed.4
:
I work for a woodworking company in central Sweden and I would be grateful if you could let us have technical details of this product as well as price and minimum order requirements.5 I look forward to hearing from you.6 Carol Larque Health and Safety Ofcer 7
2 Read the email and find the

1 Who is Carol Larque?
2 Who is Hartmut Schwandner? 3 What does Carol want? 4 Why does she tell Hartmut where she works?
3 Match the parts of the email 17

with the sections ag. a Reason for writing b Senders position c Subject line d Complimentary close e Senders name f Opening greeting g How Carol knows about Hartmut
Writing bank33
: : : : : Cc: Cc: Cc:
:
: : Cc:
:: : Cc: Cc: Cc:
:: :
4 Read the two emails and find the

: : : : Cc: Cc: : : Cc:
[FACS: email ]
: :
1 How does Per begin the main body of the email? 2 How does Per make polite requests? 3 How do Per and Larrie open and close their emails? Which one of them knows the person they are writing to?
Per Lowi Ken Trim

: Cc: :
Cc:
Security cameras
Dear Ken Following our telephone conversation this morning regarding the installation of security cameras at your factory, I would be grateful if you could send me a detailed map of the premises. We need to be able to assess how many cameras we would need to cover your premises and the most suitable places to fix them so that the whole area can be seen. Can you also indicate on the map where you would like the monitors to be placed? For example, you could have them in the reception area or main office where they are constantly on view. Best wishes Per :
: Cc: Cc: : Cc: : : : : Cc: Cc: : : Cc: :
5 1 Write an email to ask for
technical information about the heat pumps advertised in The Energy Journal last week. You also want to know about the cost and details for installing them. You think you could install it yourself. Ask about the length of the guarantee. Write 7090 words.
:
: : Cc: ::
:: :
Cc: Cc: : Cc:
[FACS: email ]
: :
Larrie Dale
: info@barrierdesigns.com : Cc:
Cc:
Catalogue
If you are looking for a safe and environmentally-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, heat pumps are the answer. Heat pumps provide a safe solution to heating the house and reduce costs by up to 70% . For more information, contact Steve Ford. SF@heatpumps.com
2 Write an email to Plastics Incorporated asking for details of their apprenticeship or young graduate schemes. Write 3550 words.
Dear Sir/Madam As a consultant to the oil industry I am very interested in your safety products. Could you please send me your catalogue and latest price list? We are particularly interested in providing our customers with effective gas detection systems. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully Larrie Dale Dale Products Tel: 001 519 1557 323232 24 Alberta Road, Newington, London, Ontario
Writing bank34
Describing graphs
1 Complete the tables with the
words below.
Fig. 1
The temperature
rose slightly.
considerably increased decreased moderately dropped sharp Fig. 2 gradually slowly growth steep increase went up
There was a
2 Look at the graph in Fig. 4.

1 What is the topic of the graph? 2 What does the horizontal (X) axis represent? 3 What are the gures on the vertical (Y) axis? 4 What were the most important sources of energy? Why are 1978 and 1983 signicant? What do you notice about alternative sources of energy? Which source of energy grew signicantly after 1970?
Fig. 3
dramatic rise
in solar energy production.
Rice production
fell significantly.
Fig. 4
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
3 Read the description of the graph

in Fig. 4. 1 What is the purpose of the rst sentence? 2 What is the purpose of the second sentence? 3 Which words have a meaning similar to approximately?
45,00 40,00 MILLION BILLION JOULES 35,00 30,00 25,00 20,00 5,00 0,00 5,000 0 950 960 970 980 990 2000 200
The graph in Fig. 4 shows how much energy from different sources was used between 1950 and 2005. We can see that over this period the amount of energy used increased sharply, and the largest amount of energy came from petroleum. In 1950, just over 13,000 million billion Joules were used, but this gure rose sharply to reach a peak of roughly 40,000 million billion Joules in 1978. There was a dramatic fall to just over 30,000 million billion in the following ve years, before
coal natural gas petroleum nuclear electric power conventional hydroelectric power wood, waste, alcohol geothermal solar wind
year
rising rapidly to reach 42,000 million billion Joules by 2005. The second and third largest sources of energy were natural gas and coal, which each accounted for about 25,000 million billion Joules in 2005. The graph shows that insignicant amounts of energy came from renewable sources
during this time, but there was a growth in the amount of nuclear electric power after 1970, reaching approximately 8,000 million billion Joules in 2005. The fall in energy consumption in the years around 1980 was probably due to the world oil crisis.
Writing bank35
4 Look at the pie charts in Fig. 5.

1 What do they show? Read the description of the pie charts. 2 What does respectively mean? 3 The word while is used to contrast two pieces of information. Find two other words which have the same function.
Fig. 5
PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA
5 Underline the correct answers.

A line graph / pie chart shows a relationship between two variables. The variable on the X axis is often time. We use a line graph / pie chart to show increases and decreases. A line graph / pie chart is divided into sectors which represent a percentage of the whole. We use a line graph / pie chart to compare and contrast data.
58% ROAD 32% RAILWAY 9% SEA AND COASTAL 1% AIR
CARGO TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA
48% ROAD 32% SEA AND COASTAL 11%

RAILWAY
8% PIPELINE 1% INLAND WATER
The pie charts compare the use of different modes of passenger and cargo transportation in Croatia. It can be seen that more than half of all passengers choose to travel by road, accounting for 58%, while just under half of all cargo is carried by road. About a third of all passengers use rail transport but only 11% of Croatias cargo goes by rail. Croatia has a long coastline, and just under a third of Croatias cargo is transported by sea. However, only 9% of passengers use this form of transport. This is probably because sea transport is cheaper for cargo but too slow for passengers. Pipeline and inland water transportation account for 8% and 1% of cargo transportation, respectively.
Writing bank36
6 1 Use expressions from the
Clipboard to write a description of the graph in Fig. 6. In your rst sentence, describe what the graph is about by using the title, X, and Y axes. In the second sentence, give an overview of the trends shown in the graph. Then describe the graph in more detail. Write 80100 words.
Fig. 6
4,000
UK OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
BARRELS PER DAY (1000)
3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 YEAR CONSUMPTION
2 Write a description of the pie chart in Fig. 7. Write 80100 words.
PRODUCTION Clipboard Language for describing graphs The graph shows The graph provides information about The chart compares Between and 6 From to 6 Over this period In 5 During this time Reach a peak Account for Fig. 7
WHY PEOPLE USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
7 Carry out a class survey of the
method of transport used by students to get to class. Display the results in a pie chart and then write a description.
34% TO AND FROM WORK 3% WORK RELATED 13% SHOPPING 11% FAMILY / PERSONAL BUSINESS 13% SCHOOL / CHURCH 5% MEDICAL / DENTAL 2% VACATION 8% VISIT FRIEND 11% SOCIAL RECREATIONAL
Writing bank37
CV (Curriculum Vitae)
1 Read Marcs CV. He is applying for
graduate schemes specializing in Environmental Consultancy and Impact Assessment. Answer the questions.
Marc Foster D.O.B. 03.06.1986 Email: mfoster@worldwide.co.uk Tel: home 01295 670026 Nationality: British
mobile 07884128831
1 Which school did he go to? 2 What subjects did he study at school? 3 Which university did he study at? 4 What subject did he study? 5 What did he do while he was in Germany? 6 Where is the Eden Project? 7 What did he do there? 8 What does he think his strengths are? 9 What does he do in his free time?
Prole I am a highly-motivated and hard-working young graduate with excellent academic qualications and appropriate work experience in the eld of ecology. I work very well in a team, have excellent communication and organizational skills, and enjoy encouraging and motivating others, including children. Education and qualications 2005 2008 University of Leeds BSc (Hons) 2.1 Environmental Biogeoscience My personal research project on collecting biodata in the river Danube oodplain is to be published by the Worldwide Fund for Nature in their quarterly magazine. Modules studied Environmental Risk: Science, Policy, and Management Air quality: Science and Policy Earth System Science: Biochemical Cycles Soils and Environmental Change Sustainable Development: Challenges and Practice 1998 2005 Polam Hall School, Darlington A2 level: Chemistry (B), Mathematics (A), Biology (B) AS level: Business Studies (C), General Studies (B) 9 GCSE grades: 2A*, 4A, 2B, 1C Work Experience July/August 2006, 2007 Worldwide Fund for Nature, Germany Total of 12 weeks spent assisting with species and habitat management, surveying and monitoring activities, and the collection of biodata. This provided valuable experience of ecosystems as well as working in an international team. Summer 2004, 2005 The Eden Project, Cornwall Summer assistant with responsibility for selling tickets, guiding visitors around the centre, and assisting with educational activities for children. This helped me develop my skills in working with children and members of the public, as well as explaining issues related to the environment. Interests I take great pleasure in travelling to experience different cultures, meet new people, and learn from new experiences. I enjoy playing the piano and singing. I have been a member of the university operatic society for the last three years.
2 Write a CV for yourself. In your CV

you have to sell yourself. Unit 2 in the Students Book will give you ideas of different skills. Once you have completed the CV, write a covering letter to go with it.
Writing bank38
Memos
1 Read the memo and find the
answers to these questions. 1 What is the purpose of the memo? 2 How will apprentices be chosen? 3 What should the team leaders in the Maintenance Department do now?
KEY S T O N E E N G I N E E R I N G
122 128 Highland Street Newby Tel: 0044 547 222234 email: enquiries@keystone.co.uk
Memo Clipboard A memo is an internal company document that is normally impersonal and formal in style. It can be sent to one person or a number of people within the organization and may be put on a noticeboard. It should: state who it is to state who it is from have a title explaining what it is about, and a date state the purpose in the opening paragraph be as brief as possible.
A decision has been made by senior management that apprenticeships for six Maintenance Technicians will be made available to start in September 20. Advertisements inviting applicants will be placed in national newspapers in June. Interviews will be arranged for the week beginning 3 July. The apprenticeships will be for three years and will consist of on-the-job training under supervision in the Maintenance Department and day release one day a week to the local college. Would team leaders please attend a meeting in Room D on Thursday 17 May at 9 a.m. to discuss possible skilled supervisors for the apprentices and the apprentices work rotation.
To From Subject
Maintenance Department Training Manager Six apprenticeship places starting September 20 14 May 20
Date
Writing bank39
2 Complete the memo by putting
the information af in the correct place.
Kirby Components
Kirby North Industrial Estate Kirby
a all transport vehicles will be tted with GPS navigation system equipment b Short brieng courses c Would all drivers please sign up d Memo e to improve the efciency of our delivery service f Transport Department
To From Subject Date General Manager
3 1 Write a memo to all staff
GPS vehicle navigation system for all delivery vehicles 24 November 20
working in the Food Department at Briteways Supermarket. Use the notes in A below. Provide a company address, date, etc. Write 80100 words.
As part of the company efciency programme, over the next few weeks. This equipment will allow drivers to nd their way to delivery addresses more quickly and
2 Start Engineering have recently signed a contract with a German company, Poch AG, to supply them with components for the next three years. A group of Senior Managers from the company are coming to visit Start Engineering. Write a memo to all staff using the notes in B below. Write 7090 words. A
4.
5 on how to operate the equipment will be run
on Monday 4, Tuesday 5 and Thursday 7 December at 8.30 a.m.

6 for one of these dates with their group
manager.
Change in fruit and vegetable packaging will stop using plastic trays New trays compostable, starting next month Less attractive so staff need to reassure customers Company advertising campaign to promote them as environmentally-friendly next month Everyone to attend short training session Friday 1p.m., Room D Those unable to attend, speak to line manager
visit 10 13 April be prepared to answer technical questions be helpful be prepared to explain production procedures be informative arrange lunch and rest breaks so there is always someone available to answer any technical questions
Writing bank40
Instructions
1 Match the hand signals with the
instructions to the driver. Lower Move forward Move backwards Raise Stop C
2 What instructions do these

signs give? example A Do not smoke. When we give instructions, we use the innitive of the verb. To give a warning or prohibit an action we use do not.
3 Have you ever used a re
extinguisher? Would you use the same extinguisher for an electrical re as for a paper re? Why? / Why not? Find the nearest re extinguisher to your room and read the type of re it is suitable for. Use the words below to complete the instructions for using a re extinguisher. Aim Point Be Pull out Call Release Choose Squeeze Fight Sweep Hold
Do not a) considerable heat
1 a re if there is
b) signicant smoke or fumes c) a possibility you will be trapped.

2 the re emergency services 3 the correct extinguisher
4 the pin 5 the nozzle away from you 6 the locking mechanism 7 low
8 the extinguisher upright
and aim at the base of the re

9 the trigger 10 prepared for the force and
noise of the extinguishing agent

11 the nozzle from side to side
Writing bank41
4 Look at the sketches that show
how to make a solar oven. Write a set of instructions on how to build a solar oven to accompany the illustrations. Include all the parts and materials from this list: main structure plywood or other board material interior black painted metal lid glass reective panels aluminium foil corrugated cardboard Write 5070 words.
Clipboard Useful verbs Place Attach Connect Cut Paint Measure Cover Use Estimate Fix Calculate Try to 4
Writing bank42
Health and safety

1 Look at part of a completed
accident report form. 1 Who was injured? 2 How old is he? 3 What were his injuries? 4 Why do you think the driver didnt see the boy?
Name of injured person
Abdul Azizi
Address Flat 267, Block 65, New City, Birmingham Phone number Age Female/Male Job title Who was the injured person? Employee On training scheme On work experience Employed by someone else Self-employed Member of the public Kind of accident Contact with moving machinery Hit by moving object Hit by moving vehicle Hit something xed Injured while handling, lifting, carrying Slipped, tripped, fell Trapped Drowned
0121 121212 9 Male Not applicable
Clipboard Language of injuries He cut his hand and needed stitches. She broke her leg / had a broken leg. He was knocked unconscious. He burnt his arm. She has a bruised face. He was knocked down by a car. He slipped on / tripped over ... He suffered a major injury / a broken neck.
When we write an incident report we use past tenses. Jolan Balog saw .. . Past Simple Abdul was hit ... Past Simple (Passive) Abdul had entered . . . Past Perfect
Exposed to harmful substances Exposed to re Exposed to electricity Injured by animal Physically assaulted by a person
Description of what happened
Abdul was hit by a moving dumper truck which was carrying earth on the construction site in Main Road. The truck driver did not see Abdul, who had entered the site. Jolan Balog, Site Foreman, saw the accident and called an ambulance. Jolan and two other workers stayed with Abdul until the ambulance arrived. At hospital, Abdul was X-rayed and found to have a broken leg and bruised arms.
Writing bank43
2 Dan Skrebowski, 22, has been
involved in an accident at work during his training in electrical installation. Look at the pictures below, and then ll in the report form. Use imaginary personal details for Dan. Use the expressions in Clipboard on p.42 and the Past Simple to describe his injuries. Write 6080 words.
About you, the person lling in the report Name Address Occupation Signature About the accident When did it happen? Date Where did it happen? How did it happen and why?
About the person who had the accident Name Address Occupation
Report number
Date
Health and safety report

3 An Accident Investigation
Inspector has produced a Health and safety report following Abduls accident. Match the paragraphs AD with the correct parts of the report 6.17.2.
Vehicle access points to the site should be manned during construction work to prevent persons accessing the site when gates are open.
Time
Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given _____________________________________________________________ Give any recommendations to avoid similar accidents occurring _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________
Vehicle access points to the site were constantly open and unmanned.
Site should be securely fenced off to prevent unauthorized access by members of the public. Any breaks should be xed immediately.
6.0 Findings 6.1 6.2
D Site had not been securely

fenced off. Temporary fencing had fallen over in two places and had not been put back up.
7.0 Recommendations
4 Write the ndings and
7.1 7.2
recommendations sections of a report following Dans accident. Write 6080 words.
Writing bank44
Reports
1 Complete the short description of
what reports are for with the words below.
1 The treadle pump uses simple technology to raise water from

underground sources. Fuel is not ... On the other hand, the diesel pump has the advantage of being able to pump larger quantities of water (see Appendix 1.1). It ... there is only limited nance available, it is essential to nd an irrigation system that is cost-effective. The aim of this report was to nd the most suitable method of raising ground water, with the main criteria being cost, low maintenance, and ease of use. This report presents two irrigation systems: the treadle pump and the diesel pump. A description and an analysis of operational efciency for each pump are followed by a comparison of the two designs. Finally the most effective pump is recommended.
issue purpose describes written possible A report

1 a study,
2 Because rain only falls during certain months of the year and
investigation, or project. Its

2 is to provide
recommendations, updates, and sometimes to sell an idea. It is

3 by a single
person or group of people who have investigated the

4 and it is read by
3 Appendix 1.1 table showing comparative gures 4 2.0 Treadle pump 2.1 Operation The treadle pump is operated by a person using his/her body weight and leg muscles in a walking movement to pump the water. ... The pump consists of two pistons positioned inside two cylinders. ... 5 Summary
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Treadle pump 2.1 Operation 2.2 Costs 3.0 Diesel pump 3.1 Operation 3.2 Costs 4.0 Comparison 5.0 Recommendation and conclusions 6.0 References Appendices: Appendix 1.1
people who require the information. It should be as long as necessary and as short as
5!
2 Read the extracts from a report.
Match the items ag with the extracts 17. Two have been done for you.
a Title b Table of contents c Introduction d Body of the report e Comparison f Summary and Conclusion g References 3 6
6 In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: a

low-cost treadle pump and a diesel-generated pump. Each is low in basic cost and easy to ..., however, the treadle pump is recommended as it presents lower maintenance costs and ...
7 A comparison of two irrigation systems for small farmers in

rural Africa
By Frank Burton and Ailsa MacLeod 24 July 20__
Writing bank45
3 The summary / abstract

The summary is often called an executive summary or abstract. A descriptive abstract tells the reader: a b c d what the report is about the purpose methods used the scope. An informative abstract also includes: e the results f conclusions g recommendations. Look at the informative abstract in A. Match the points ag above with phrases in the abstract. example A the most effective way to reduce the costs of heating an average home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions
This report compares fourteen different practical measures that can be taken in order to nd the most effective way to reduce the costs of heating an average home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions. To achieve this, the research compares the cost of installation, the number of years required to pay back the investment cost, and the amount of carbon saved each year. The study shows that the cost of insulating loft and walls is recovered within three years but saves only a small amount of carbon. Although it takes approximately thirteen years to pay back the cost of installing a ground source heat pump, it saves the maximum amount of carbon and is, therefore, the best long-term solution. Based on the research, we recommend that, where possible, new homes are tted with ground source heat pumps.
Two possible bridge designs Steel beam bridge and composite girder bridge
Dual carriageway total 4 lanes to cross River Dee, north Scotland Span 132 metres between man-made compacted ll embankments Soil conditions uncertain 16 metres above water level Gradient 0.07m/m Criteria: Method of construction Costs of construction and maintenance Aesthetics Durability Include: Sketches of elevations and cross-sections Costing calculations Time scale Comparison: Both bridges need piers on piled foundations due to soil Design 2 made of steel so longer spans but we recommend design 1 Recommend: Design 1 minimal framework in construction Easy to erect Cheaper More durable
Background:
4 Use the notes in B to write part of a

report on two possible bridge designs. Write the title, list of contents, introduction, summary, and conclusion for the report. Use expressions from Clipboard.
Clipboard Language for reports

Introduction The aim of this report is to . . . The purpose of this report is to . . . This report presents . . . In this report we review . . . Recommendations and conclusions In conclusion, ... A is recommended as it . . . We recommend ... Based on the research, we recommend that . . . The main recommendations are . . .

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1 Cash 2 Cheque 3 Credit or debit card 4 Electronic bank transfer

2 Read the text. Mark each

statement T (true) or F (false).

3 Answer the questions.

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2 Read the answers to the questions

3 Now match the questions ah to

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2 Compare your answers with the

3 Now read the text again and

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Graphene a miracle material

2 Read the text and find the

answers to these questions.

3 When it was first invented, glass

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What can you do with a degree in Mathematics?

biomathematician business analyst cryptographer geologist meteorologist

Atmospheric science and meteorology

4 Would you like to do any of the

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6 Technology and society

2 Read the text. Underline the

Clever waste management

3 Is your city like the smart city of

Intelligent traffic management

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Tech Education and Jobs Fair

2 Read the text. Mark each

statement T (true) or F (false).

Universities and colleges

The future of technology

3 Answer the questions.

uuuDont miss it!

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Designing for performance:

A high-altitude safety suit

2 Read the text and find the

answers to these questions.

3 Would you like to do a high-

altitude jump? Why? / Why not?

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2 Scan the text quickly to nd out

3 Now read the text again and nd

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2 List some of the components of

2 layers armour plate toothed wheel hydraulic hose

3 Read the description of how

the device works and nd the answers to these questions.

125 cc petrol engine

Item 5-metre metal or bamboo poles

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11  Crime-ghting and security

2 Share your answers with others in

3 Now read the other two texts

and see if you can nd any extra information.

Eyes dont lie

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GPS helps track offenders

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2 Read the text and nd the

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6 Technology and society

11 Crime-ghting and security

13 High living: skyscrapers

17 The future of technology