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THE EL, LA , LOS, LAS: No usamos The para deportes, asignaturas, idiomas, medios de transporte , ni para hablar de cosas en general. Usamos the para ros, mares, ocanos, canales, paises formados por estados o islas, instrumentos, nombres de museos, galeras, hoteles, cines, puntos cardinales y objetos nicos. Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo por segunda vez: I saw a man. The man was tall. 2. A / AN: UNA, UNA : A + CONSONANTE: A TABLE / AN + VOCAL : AN APPLE. Para el plural ( unos, unas) usamos SOME. Usamos a/an para hablar de algo por primera vez : I bought a book. The book was expensive. 3. SOME: Algo, algun, alguna,algunos, algunas. Slo en oraciones afirmativas ANY: Algo, algun, alguna,algunos, algunas, nada, ningn, ninguna, ningunos, ningunas. Slo en preguntas y negaciones MANY: Muchos ( contable) MUCH : Mucho ( Incontable) slo en negaciones. A LOT OF ( mucho,muchos. Contable e incontable. Preguntas y afirmaciones LITTLE : Poco ( incontable)- A LITTLE :un poco ( incontable) FEW :pocos ( contable)- A FEW: unos pocos ( contable) 5. PRONOMBRES PERSONALES: I- YOU- HE- SHE IT- WE YOU THEY . Funcin: Sujeto. Van antes del verbo. I have a house PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS: MINE- YOURS- HIS- HERS- ITS- OURS- YOURS- THEIRS ( mo, tuyo, suyo, suyo, suyo, nuestro, vuestro, suyo ). Your house is bigger than mine PRONOMBRES OBJETO: ME- YOU- HIM- HER- IT- US- YOU- THEM . Van detrs del verbo o detrs de una preposicin. Funcin: CD,CI,CC My father bought a house to me ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS: MY- YOUR- HIS- HER- ITS- OUR- YOUR- THEIR. Siempre acompaan a un nombre : My house is big 6. COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO DE LOS ADJETIVOS: Los adjetivos van delante del nombre y no tienen plural Adjetivos cortos ( 1 slaba o dos slabas acabados en CHEAP CHEAPER THAN THE CHEAPEST y, -le, -er, -ow) Adjetivos largos ( 2 o ms slabas) EXPENSIVE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE MOST EXPENSIVE COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO DE ADJETIVOS IRREGULARES GOOD BETTER THE BEST LITTLE/ FEW LESS THE LEAST BAD WORSE THE WORST MUCH/ MANY MORE THE MOST COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD ( tancomo): ASAS 7. PRESENT SIMPLE TO BE: I AM- YOU ARE- HE IS- SHE IS- IT IS WE ARE- YOU ARE- THEY ARE PAST SIMPLE TO BE: I WAS- YOU WERE- HE WAS- SHE WAS- IT WAS- WE WERE- YOU WERE- THEY WERE 8. PRESENT SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + V1 I sing You teach He plays She writes It sleeps We study You go They ask QUESTION DO / DOES + SUJETO + V1? Do I sing? Do you teach? Does he play? Does she write? Does it sleep? Do we study? Do you go? Do they ask? NEGATIVE SUJETO + DO / DOES + NOT + V1 I do not sing You do not teach He does not play She does not write It does not sleep We do not study You do not go They do not ask

9. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + AM / IS / ARE + V-ING I am singing You are teaching He is playing She is writing It is sleeping We are studying You are going They are asking Am I singing? Are you teaching? Is he playing? Is she writing? Is it sleeping? Are we studying? Are you going? Are they asking? QUESTION AM / IS / ARE + SUJETO + V-ING? I am not singing You are not teaching He is not playing She is not writing It is not sleeping We are not studying You are not going They are not asking NEGATIVE SUJETO + AM / IS / ARE + NOT + V-ING

10.PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + HAVE/ HAS + V3 I have sung You have taught He has played She has written It has slept We have studied You have gone They have asked QUESTION HAVE/ HAS + SUJETO + V3? Have I sung? Have you taught? Has he played? Has she written? Has it slept? Have we studied? Have you gone? Have they asked? NEGATIVE SUJETO + HAVE / HAS + NOT + V3 I have not sung You have not taught He has not played She has not written It has not slept We have not studied You have not gone They have not asked

11. PAST SIMPLE


AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + V2 I sang You taught He played She wrote It slept We studied You went They asked Did I sing? Did you teach? Did he play? Did she write? Did it sleep? Did we study? Did you go? Did they ask? QUESTION DID + SUJETO + V1? I did not sing You did not teach He did not play She did not write It did not sleep We did not study You did not go They did not ask NEGATIVE SUJETO + DID NOT + V1

12. PAST CONTINUOUS


AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + WAS/ WERE + V-ING I was singing You were teaching He was playing She was writing It was sleeping We were studying You were going They were asking Was I singing? were you teaching? Was he playing? Was she writing? Was it sleeping? were we studying? were you going? were they asking? QUESTION WAS/WERE + SUJETO + V-ING? I was not singing You were not teaching He was not playing She was not writing It was not sleeping We were not studying You were not going They were not asking NEGATIVE SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + V-ING

13. PAST PERFECT


AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + HAD +V3 QUESTION HAD + SUJETO + V3? NEGATIVE SUJETO + HAD NOT + V3

I had sung You had taught He had played She had written It had slept We had studied You had gone They had asked

Had I sung? Had you taught? Had he played? Had she written? Had it slept? Had we studied? Had you gone? Had they asked?

I had not sung You had not taught He had not played She had not written It had not slept We had not studied You had not gone They had not asked

14. FUTURE: WILL


AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + WILL + V1 I will sing You will teach He will play She will write It will sleep We will study You will go They will ask Will I sing? Will you teach? Will he play? Will she write? Will it sleep? Will we study? Will you go? Will they ask? QUESTION WILL + SUJETO + V1? I will not sing You will not teach He will not play She will not write It will not sleep We will not study You will not go They will not ask NEGATIVE SUJETO + WILL NOT + V1

15. FUTURE:BE GOING TO


AFFIRMATIVE SUJETO + AM/ IS/ ARE GOING TO + V1 I am going to sing You are going to teach He is going to play She is going to write It is going to sleep We are going to study You are going to go They are going to ask QUESTION AM/ IS / ARE + SUJETO + GOING TO + V1? Am I going to sing? Are you going to teach? Is he going to play? Is she going to write? Is it going to sleep? Are we going to study? Are you going to go? Are they going to ask? NEGATIVE SUJETO + AM / IS / ARE NOT + GOING TO + V1 I am not going to sing You are not going to teach He is not going to play She is not going to write It is not going to sleep We are not going to study You are not going to go They are not going to ask

16. CONDITIONALS CONDITIONAL 1: IF+ PRESENT, FUTURE IF YOU STUDY , YOU WILL PASS THE TEST ( SI ESTUDIAS , APROBARS) CONDITIONAL 2: IF + PAST SIMPLE, CONDITIONAL IF YOU STUDIED, YOU WOULD PASS THE TEST ( SI ESTUDIASES, APROBARAS)

17. MODAL VERBS: MODIFICAN EL SIGNIFICADO DEL VERBO. VAN SEGUIDOS DE UN VERBO EN INFINITIVO SINTO. NO LLEVAN S EN LA 3 PERSONA DEL SINGULAR. LOS MS IMPORTANTES SON: CAN = COULD = MAY = MIGHT = PODER PODA, PODRA PUEDE QUE PODRA MUST = MUSTNT = SHOULD = OUGHT TO = DEBE NO DEBE ( PROHIBICIN) DEBERA DEBERA HAVE TO = WILL BE ABLE TO = WOULD BE ABLE TO WILL HAVE TO = TENER QUE PODR PODRA TENDR QUE

18. PASIVA PRESENTE: SUJETO + AM/ IS / ARE + PARTICIPIO (V3) PASIVA PASADO: SUJETO + WAS / WERE + PARTICIPIO (V3) 19. RELATIVE / INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS WHO = WHICH = WHAT = Quien Que, el cual Qu WHERE = WHEN = WHY =

THE POSTMAN BRINGS LETTERS LETTERS ARE BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN THE POSTMAN BROUGHT LETTERS LETTERS WERE BROUGHT BY THE POSTMAN

Dnde Cundo Por qu

HOW = HOW MUCH= HOW MANY =

Cmo Cunto cuntos

HOW OFTEN = HOW LONG = HOW ABOUT =

Cada cunto tiempo

Cunto tiempo Qu tal si


ADEMS ADEMS ADEMS ADEMS EN 1 LUGAR EN 2 LUGAR EN RESUMEN FINALMENTE EN REALIDAD ACTUALMENTE CREO QUE CREO QUE

20. CONNECTORS
IN SPITE OF DESPITE ALTHOUGH NEVERTHELESS, HOWEVER, ON THE OTHER HAND, ON THE CONTRARY, BUT OR AND I AGREE WITH A PESAR DE A PESAR DE AUNQUE SIN EMBARGO SIN EMBARGO, POR OTRO LADO, AL CONTRARIO, PERO O Y
ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON

BECAUSE BECAUSE OF DUE TO OWING TO FOR EXAMPLE FOR INSTANCE SUCH AS IN ADDITION TO THEREFORE

PORQUE POR DEBIDO A DEBIDO A POR EJEMPLO POR EJEMPLO COMO POR EJEMPLO ADEMS DE AS, DE ESTA FORMA
NO ESTOY DE ACUERDO CON

FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, BESIDES, IN ADDITION, IN THE FIRST PLACE, IN THE SECOND PLACE, TO SUM UP, FINALLY, ACTUALLY, NOWADAYS, I THINK THAT I BELIEVE THAT

I DISAGREE WITH

21. OTRAS NORMAS DE REDACCIN Y GRAMTICA: 1. PARA + VERBO: TO I AM STUDYING TO PASS THE TEST ( FOR TO NO EXISTE!!!!) 2. PARA + NOMBRE : FOR I BOUGHT A BOOK FOR MY BROTHER 3. TENER QUE: HAVE TO I HAVE TO STUDY FOR THE EXAMS SHE HAS TO ATTEND CLASSES EVERY DAY 4. QUERER + VERBO: WANT TO I WANT TO GO TO LONDON NEXT SUMMER SHE DOESNT WANT TO COME WITH US 5. CUANDO EMPEZAMOS FRASES CON UN VERBO, STE TIENE QUE ACABAR EN GERUNDIO ( -ING) READING IS INTERESTING ( LEER ES INTERESANTE) PLAYING FOOTBALL IS VERY EXCITING ( JUGAR A FTBOL ES EMOCIONANTE) 6. TODAS LAS FRASES TIENEN QUE TENER UN SUJETO , AUNQUE EN ESPAOL NO LO PONGAMOS: FUMOS AL CINE AYER: WE WENT TO THE CINEMA YESTERDAY 7. CUANDO NO SABEMOS CUL ES EL SUJETO, PONDREMOS IT : EST LLOVIENDO : IT IS RAINING, ES INTERESANTE : IT IS INTERESTING 8. VERBO HABER: THERE IS THERE ARE 9. HAY (SINGULAR) HAY ( PLURAL) THERE WAS THERE WERE HABA HABAN THERE WILL BE THERE WOULD BE THERE HAVE BEEN
IN THE MORNING IN THE EVENING IN THE AFTERNOON MY BIRTHDAY

HABR(N) HABRA(N) HA(N) HABIDO


( 10) MINUTES

PREPOSICIONES AT IN ON + TIEMPO
APRIL (MESES) 1998 ( AOS) SUMMER (ESTACION) WINTER SPRING, AUTUMN CHRISTMAS DAY EASTER

IN = EN ON = EL AT

12 APRIL ( FECHAS) NIGHT

MONDAY (DAS) 8 OCLOCK (HORAS)

ALGO DE VOCABULARIO EDUCATION: ASIGNATURA BECA HORARIO DEBERES WORK/ JOB: TO APPLY EMPLOYMENT COVERING LETTER SALARY GREENHOUSE EFFECT OZONE LAYER ENDANGERED SOLICITAR EMPLEO CARTA PRESENT. SUELDO EFECTO INVERNAD. CAPA OZONO EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCION TO HIRE UNEMPLOYMENT RETIREMENT PART TIME POLLUTION DROUGHT TOXIC WASTE CONTRATAR PARO JUBILACIN MEDIA JORNADA CONTAMINACIN SEQUA RESIDUOS TOXICOS FULL TIME DISMISSAL INTERVIEW APPLICANT RECYCLE GLOBAL WARMING COMPOST JORN.COMPLETA DESPIDO ENTREVISTA SOLICITANTE RECICLAR CALENTAM. GLOBAL ABONO ORGNICO SUBJECT GRANT TIMETABLE HOMEWORK INSTITUTO PROFESOR ENSEAR APRENDER HIGH SCHOOL TEACHER TEACH LEARN APROBAR SUSPENDER FALTA DE ORTOG. TRIMESTRE PASS FAIL SPELLING MISTAKE TERM

ENVIRONMENT ( MEDIO AMBIENTE):

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