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Full text of "Grammar of the Gothic language, and the Gospel of St. Mark; selections from the other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Timothy, with notes and glossary"
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GRAMMAR OF THE GOTHIC LANGUAGE
THE GOSPEL OF ST. MARK SELECTIONS FROM THE OTHER GOSPELS AND THE SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY WITH NOTES AND GLOSSARY
JOSEPH WRIGHT
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1910 , lAll tig^&ls mtrvid]
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HENRY FROWDE, M.A. rUBLISHBK TO THK UNIVUtSlTV OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, NBW YORK l-ORONTO AND HSLBOURNS
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PREFACE It was or^nally intended that this Grammar should form one of the volumes of the Students' Series of Comparative and Historical Grammars, but some time ago I was informed by the Delegates of the Clarendon Press that a third edition of my Gothic Primer was required. It then became a question whether it would be better to issue the Primer in a revised form, or to set to work at once to write the present Grammar. 1 laid the two alternatives before the Delegates, and they preferred to accept the latter. As a knowledge of Gothic is indispensable to students of the oldest periods of the other Germanic languages, this book will, I trust, be found useful at any rate to students whose interests are mainly philological and linguistic. I have adopted as far as possible the same method of tnating the subject as in my Old English and Historical Gennan Grammars. Considerable care and trouble have been taken in the selection of the material contained in the chapters relating to the phonology and accidence, and I venture to say that the student, who thoroughly masters the book, will not only have gained a comprehensive knowledge of Gothic, but will also have acquired a considerable knowledge of Comparative Germanic Grammar. In selecting examples to illustrate the sound-laws I have tried as far as possible to give words which also occur in the other Germanic languages, especially in Old English and Old High German. The Old English and Old High Gennan cc^nates have been added in the Glossary. n,gN..(jNGoogle 208203
iv Preface In order to give the student some idea of the skill ot Ulfilas as a translator 1 have added the Greek text to St. Matthew Ch. VI, St. Mark Chapters I-V, and St. Luke Ch. XV. This will also be useful as showing the influence which the Greek syntax had upon the Gothic. The Glossary not only contains all the words occurring in the Gothic Text (pp. 300-91), but also all the words contained in the Phonology and Accidence, each referred to its respective parE^raph. A short list of the most important works relating to Gothic will be found on pp. 197-9. From my long experience as teacher of the subject,
I should strongly recommend the beginner not to work through the Phonolc^ and the philological part of the Accidence at the outset, but to read Chapter I on Gothic pronunciation, and then to learn the paradigms, and at the same time to read some of the easier portions of the Gospels. This is undoubtedly the best plan in the end, and will lead to the most satisfactory results. In fact, it is in my opinion a sheer waste of time for a student to attempt to study in detail the phonology of any language before he has acquired a good working knowledge of its vocabulary and inflexions. In conclusion 1 wish to express in some measure the heartfelt thanks I owe to my wife for her valuable help in compiling the Glossary. JOSEPH WRIGHT. Oxford, January, 191a
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CONTENTS PAGES INTRODUCTION 1-3 Classification of the Indo-Germanic languages, and a few characteristics of the Germanic languages { i). CHAPTER I Alphabet AND Pronunciation 4-16 The Gothic alphabet ( a). Representation of the Gothic vowel-system (3), Pronunciation of the Gothic vowelsr-a, i ( 4); e ( 5); i, ei ( 6) ; o(7); u. ii ( 8) ; in ( 9) ; a. &i, ai ( 10) ; ad, Au, au ( 11). The Gothic vowel-system (5 12). Representation of the Gothic consonant-system ( 13). Pronunciation of the Gothic consonants :-b ( 14) ; d { 15) ; f ( ,6) ; g ( 17) ; h ( 18) ; hr ( 19) ; j ( 20) ; k ( ai) ; 1, m, n ( aa) ; p{a3);q(24); r(25); a { 26) ; t ( 37) ; (.( a8) ; w ( ag) ; z { 30). Phonetic survey of the Gothic . sound-system ( 31). Stress ( 32-4). CHAPTER 11 The Prim. Germanic Equivalents of the IndoGermanic Vowel-sounds t6--ai The Indo-Germanic vowel-system ( 35). a (5 36) ; e ( 37); 1 ( 38); o (S 39) ; u { 40) ; a ( 41) ; 5 ( 42) ; i ( 43) ; i ( 44) ; 5 ( 45) ; 5 ( 46) ; ai( 47) ; ei( 48) ; oi ( 49) ; au ( 50) ; eu ( 51) ; on ( 52). The Indg.
vocalic nasals and liquids: m( 53); n(54); r (55); Ms6). CHAPTER HI The Prim. Germanic Vowel-system .... 22-35 ^ Table of the Prim. Germanic vowel-system ( 57). The change ofa toa (59); the change of e to i, and of
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vi Contents i to I ( 60) ; the change of i to e ( 61 ) ; the change of uto o, and of u to u ( 6a) ; the change of eu to iu ($63). The vowel-system at the close of the Prim. Germanic period, and table showing the normal development of the vowels in the various Germanic languages ( 64). CHAPTER IV The Gothic Development of the General Germanic Vowels of Accented Syllables .... 36-33 Short vowels ( 70-1); n m 75-6) ; M5 Diphthongs ; : a ( 65) ; e ( 66-7) ; i ( 68-9} ; o (5 73-3). Long vowels; a ( 74); 77) ; I { 78) ; o ( 79-81) ; 5 (j 83). ai ( 83) ; ati { 84) ; in ( 85) ; co ( 86).
CHAPTER V The Gothic Development of the Prim. Germanic Vowels of Unaccented Syllables .... 33-39 Indg. final consonants in the Germanic languages ( 87). Final short vowels ( 88). Final-long vowels ( 89). Final diphthongs ( 90). CHAPTER VI The Prim. Germanic Equivalents of the Gothic Vowel-sounds . 39-45 A. The vowels of accented syllables, (i) Short vowels : a ( 91) ; al ( 92) ; 1 { 93) ; aA ( 94) ; a ( 95). (3) Long vowels : I ( 96) ; e ( 97) ; ai (5 98) ; ei ( 99) ; 5 (5 100) ; au ( loi) ; ii ( 102). (3) Diphthongs : lU ( 103) ; 4u ( 104) ; I" ( 105)B. The vowels of medial syllables, (i) Short vowels : a (5 106) ; I ( 107) ; u ( 108). (a) Long vowels: e (j 109); el (5 no); 5 (5 in). (3) Diphthongs : ai ( 113) i An ( 113). C. Final vowels, (i) Short voweb ; a ( 114); i ($ lis); u ( 116). (a) Long vowels: i ( 117); el ($ 118); o ( 119). (3) Diphthongs: iA (\ lao); Au
(S !)
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Contents vii PAOBS CHAPTER VII Ablaut ( laa-s) 45-49 CHAPTER Vlll The First Souni>>shiftind, Vxrher's Law, ard othir CoHSOKANT Changes which took place in the Prih. Germanic LAnouAGi 5(^ Table of the Indo-Germanic consonant-system ( 136). The normal equivalents of the Indg. explosives in Latin, Greek, and the Germanic languages ( 137). The first sound-shifting : the tenues ( 19S) ; the mediae ( 129) ; the tenues aspiratae (| 130) ; the mediae aspiratae ($$ 131-3). The twofold development of the Indg. velars in the Germanic languages ($ 134)- "^^^ chronological order of the first soundshifting (5 135). Vemer's law ( 136-7). Other consonant changes ( 138-47), Table of Prim. Germanic consonants ( 148). CHAPTER IX The Gothic Dbvelopubnt of the General Gerhanic Consonant-sySteu 70-63 Semivowels : w (5 149-51) ; j (5 5a-7)- Consonantal liquids and nasals ( 158) ; vocalic liquids and nasals ( 159). Labials: p, f ( 160) ; b, fe ( 161). Gutturals :-k.( i6a) ; kw ( 163) I *>. X (5 "64) J Xw (165); g,g(5i66-9). Dentals:-! (170); (.(171); d, a (5 i7a-3). Sibilants :- ( 174); * ( i75)CHAPTER X Declension of Nouns S4-103 A. The strong declension : Masculine a-stems ( 179-80) ; neuter a-stems ( 181-3) ; masculine ja-stems ($ 184-5) ; neuter ja-stems ( t86-^) ; masculine wa-stems ( 188) ; neuter wa-stems ( 189). The feminine o-, jo-, and wo-stems ( 190-4). MascuUne i-stems (5 196-7) ; feminine i-stems { i9&-aoo).
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viii Contents PAGES Masculine and Teminine n-stems ( 202-4) ; neuter u-stems ( 305). B. The weak declension : Masculine n-stems C5 207-9) j feminine n-stems ( 210-12) ; neuter n-stems {5 213-14). C. Minor declensions : Stems in -r ( 215-16) ; stems in nd( 317-18); masculines ( 219) ; feminines ( 220-1) ; neuters (5 222). CHAPTER XI Adjectives . ' 103-118 General remarks on the declension of adjectives ( 233-4)- A, The strong declension : a-stems ( 226-7) ; ja-stems { 228-31) ; wa-stems ( 23a) , i-stems { 233-4) ; n-stems (5 235-6). B. The weak declension ( 237-8). C. The declension of participles ( 239-42). D. The comparison of adjectives ( 243^). Numerals ( 247-58). CHAPTER XII Pronouns 1 18-133 Genera] remarks on the pronouns ( 359). Personal pronouns { 260-1), Reflejcive pronouns { 262). Possessive pronouns ( 263-4), Demonstrative pronouns ( 265-9). Relative pronouns ( 270-3). Interrogative pronouns ( 373-4), Indefinite pronouns ( 375-9)CHAPTER XIII Verbs 132-166 The classification of verbs f5 280-4). The full conjugation of the model strong verbs niman and hAttan (5 386). The endings of strong verbs ( 287-97), The classification of strong verbs : Class I ( 299-300) ; Class II ( 301-3); Class III l 303-4); Class IV ( 35-6) ; Class V (5 307-8) ; Class VI ( 309-" ; Class Vn ( 311-14), The classification of weak verbs : Class I ( 316-33) ; Class 11 ( 323-5) ;
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Class 111 ( 3a6-8) j Class IV (j 339-31). Minor groups : Preterite -presents ( 333-40) ; verbs in -mi (341-3)CHAPTER XIV Adverbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions . 1^6-169 Adverbs (| 344-9)1 Prepositions ( 350), Conjunctions (5 351). CHAPTER XV WoRi>- Formation 170-183 Simple and derivative nouns ( 353-4) ; noun and adjectivM prefixes ( 355-78) ; noun suffixes ( 37988) ; compound nouns ( 389). Simple and derivative adjectives ( 390-1) ; adjectival suffixes ( 390-6) ; compound adjectives ( 397-8), Simple and compound verbs ( 399-401) ; verbal prefixes ( 403-33); verbal suffixes ( 434-5). CHAPTER XVI Syktax 183-194 Cases : Accusative ( 436) ; genitive ( 437) ; dative (f 4^8). Adjectives ($ 439-30). Pronouns ( 431). Verbs : Tenses ( 43a) ; Voices { 433) ; Subjunctive ( 434) ! Infinitive ( 435) ; Participles ( 436). TEXT: Introduction 195-199 St. Matthew 200-009 St Mark 810-064 St. Luke 265-377 St. John 278-286 The Second Epistle to Timothy .... 287-291 NOTES 392-301 GLOSSARY 303-358 PROPER NAMES 359-362 GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES . 363-366
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ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.
abl. = ablative mid. = middle Alt. -Attic NE. - New English Dor. = Doric NHG. = New High German Engl. = English OE. - Old English Germ. = Germanic O.Fris. = Old Frisian
Gr. = Greek OHG. = Old High German Horn. = Homer O.Icel - Old Icelandic Indg. = Indo-Germanic O.Ir. - Old Irish instr. = instrumental OS. - Old Saxon Ion. = Ionic orig. = original(ly) LaL
= Latin Prim. = Primitive Lith. -> Lithuanian rt = root loc. -locative Skr. -Sanskrit MHG -Middle High Gerav. - strong verb
man wv. weak verb
The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as Goth, dags, day, from Prim. Germanic *dagaz.
The colon (:) used on pp. 46-9 and elsewhere means stands in ablaut relation to. On the letters )>, d, 5, D, x see ia6 note 5.
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INTRODUCTION 1. Gothic forms one member of the Germanic (Teutonic) branch of the Indo-Germanic family of languages. This great family of languages is usually divided into eight branches : I. Aryan, consisting of : (i) The Indian group, including the language of the Vedas, classical Sanskrit, and the Prakrit dialects; (2) The Iranian group, including (a) West Iranian (Old Persian, the language of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, dating from about 520-350 b.c.); (b) East Iranian (Avesta sometimes called Zend-Avesta, Zend, and Old Bactnanthe language of the Avesta, the sacred books of the Zoroastrians). II. Armenian, the oldest monuments of which beloi^ to the fifth century a. d. III. Greek, with its numerous dialects. IV. Albanian, the language of ancient Illjrria. The oldest monuments belong to the seventeenth century, V. ItaliCi consisting of Latin and the Umbrian-Samnitic dialects. From the popular form of Latin are descended the Romance languages : Portuguese, Spanish, Catalanian, Provencal, French, Italian, Raetoromanic, Roumanian or Wallachian. VI. Keltic, consisting of: (i) Gaulish (known to us by Keltic names and words quoted by Latin and Greek authors, and inscriptions on coins) ; (a) Britannic, including Cymric or Welsh, Cornish, and Bas-Breton or Armorican (the oldest records of Cymric and, Bas-Breton date back to the eighth or ninth century) ; (3) Gaelic, including Irish-Gaelic, Scotch-Gaelic, and Manx. The oldest monuments are the 1187 B ^^ n,gN..(jNGoogle
2 Introduction [ i old Gaelic ogam inscriptions, which probably date as far back as about 500 a. d.
VII. Baltic-Slavonic, consisting of: (i) The Baltic division, embracii^ (a) Old Prussian, which became extinct in the seventeenth century, (6) Lithuanian, (c) Lettic (the oldest records of Lithuanian and Lettic belong to the sixteenth century) ; {2) the Slavonic division, embracing : (a) the South-Eastern group, including Russian (Great Russian, White Russian, and Little Russian], Bulgarian, and Illyrian (Servian, Croatian, Slovenian); {b) the Western group, including Czech (Bohemian), Sorabian (Wendish), Polish and Polabian. Vin. Germanic, consisting of : (i) Gothic Almost the only source of our knowledge of the Gothic language is the fragments of the biblical translation made in the fourth century by Ulfilas, the Bishop of the West Goths. See pp. 195-7. (2) Scandinavian or North Germanic called Old Norse until about the middle of the eleventh century which is sub-divided into two groups : {a) East Scandinavian, including Swedish, Gutnish, and Danish ; (Jb) West Scandinavian, including Norwegian, and Icelandic. The oldest records of this branch are the runic inscriptions, some of which date as far back as the third or fourth century. (3) West Germanic, which is composed of: (). High German, the oldest monuments of which belong to about the middle of the eighth century. (A) Low Franconian, called Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch until about 1200. {c) Low Geiman, with records dating back to the ninth century. Up to about 1200 it is generally called Old Saxon, ((d Frisian, the oldest records of which belong to the fourteenth century.
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i] Introduction 3 (e) English, the oldest records of which belong to about the end of the seventh century. Note. A few of the chief characteristics of the Germanic languages as compared with the other branches of the IndoGermanic languages are : the first sound -shifting or Grimm's law {127-82); Vemer's law (180-7); the development of the so-called weak declension of adjectives ( 339) ; the development of the preterite of weak verbs ( 816) ; the use of the old perfect as a preterite ( 282).
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PHONOLOGY
ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION. 2. The Gothic monuments, as handed down to us, are written in a peculiar alphabet which, according to the Greek ecclesiastical historians Philostoiôs and Sokrates, was invented by Ulfilas. But Wimmer' and others have clearly shown that Ulfilas simply took the Greek uncial alphabet as the basis for his, and that in cases where this was insuiEcient for his purpose he had recourse to the Latin and runic alphabets. The alphabetic sequence of the letters can be determined with certainty from the numerical values, which agree as nearly as possible with those of the Greek. Below are given the Gothic characters in the first line, in the second line their numerical values, and in the third line their transliteration in Roman characters.
' Wimmer, ' Die Runenschrifl,' Berlin, 1887 ; pp. 259-74. n,gN..(jNGoogle
& 6 u 2 I1 t 4 5 6 7
8 9 d e q z h ), 1 N Q n n q
SO 60 7 80 go
n j u
P Y f X
3 400 500 600 700 800 w f X hr
5 3] Alphabet and Pronunciation 5 Note, i. Two of the above arj Gothic characters were used as numerals only, viz. tl >> 90 and ^ 900. The letter X occurs only in Xristus {Christ) and one or two other words, where X had probably the sound-value k. The Gothic character I was used at the beginning of a word and medially after a vowel not belonging to the same syllable, thus TUiCf^ iddja (/ went) ; |;rjiIti4), fra-lti}i [ht devours). 3. When the letters were used as numerals a point was placed before and after them, or a line above them, thus
AA, 1-1 = 30. 3. In words borrowed from Greek containing v in the function of a vowel, it is transcribed by y, thus avvaytiyii, synagoge, synagogue, y may be pronounced like the 1 in English bit. See p. 360. In our transcription the letter )> is borrowed from the OE. or O.Norse alphabet. In some books q, )u, w are represented by kw (kv), hw (hv), V respectively. A, The Vowels. 3. The Gothic vowel-system is represented by the five elementary letters a, e, i, o, a, and the digraphs ei, in, al, and au. Vowel-length was entirely omitted in writing. The sign ~, placed over vowels, is here used to mark long vowels. The vowels e, o (uniformly written S, 6 in this grammar) were always long, a, u had both a short and a long quantity, i was a short vowel, the corresponding long vowel of which was expressed by the digraph ei after the analogy of the Greek pronunciation of ei in the fourth century, lu was a falling diphthong. Each of the digraphs ai, au was used without distinction in writing to express three different sounds which are here written ^1, ai, ai and 4u, aHi, au. A brief description of the sound-values of the above n,gN..(jNGoogle
6 Phonology (5 4-5 vowel-system will be given in the following paragraphs. Our chief sources for ascertaining the approximate quality and quantity of the Gothic simple vowels and diphthongs are : {i) The pronunciation of the Greek and Latin alphabets as they obtained in the fourth century; the former of which was taken by Ulfilas as the basis for representing his own native sound-system. (2) A comparison of the Gothic spelling of Greek loan-words and proper names occurring in Ulfilas with the original Greek words, (3) The spelling of Gothic proper names found in Greek and Latin records of the fourth to the eighth century. {4) The occasional fluctuating orthography of one and the same word in the biblical translation, (5) Special sound-laws within the Gothic language itself. (6) The comparison of Gothic with the other Old Germanic languages. 4. a had' the same sound as the a in NHG. mann, as aht&u, eight; akrs, field; dags, day; namo, name; giba.^j'; waiirda, words.
ft had native (see }i&hd,
the same sound as the a in English father. In Gothic words it occurs only in the combination &h 59), as f&han, to catch, seize; brfthta, / brought; clay.
S. S was a long close e-sound, strongly tinctured with the vowel sound heard in NHG, sie, she. Hence we sometimes find el (that is i), and occasionally i, written where we should etymologically expect e, and vice versa. These fluctuations occur more frequently in Luke than elsewhere ; examples are: qeins = qens, Luke ii. 5; faheid =fahS)>, Luke ii. 10. spewands = spelwands, Mark vii. 33 ; ml})])aiie = nii)>])anei, Luke ii, 43; izS = izd, Mark ix. t. biruEtjds = bSruôs, Luke ii. 41 ; duatsniwua = duat. anSwun, Mark vi. 53. usdrgbi = usdribi, Mark v. 10. Examples are: iiT,year; slSpan, to deep; oemum, we took ; swe, as ; hidrS, hither.
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K s-io] Alphabet and Pronunciation 7 8. 1 was probably a short open vowel like the 1 in English bit, as lk> /; Itan, h eat; fisk.,Jish; blndan, to bind; arbi, heritage; bandl, a band. i (written el) was the vowel sound heard in NHG. sle* she. Cp. the beginning of 5 5. Examples are : sweln, swine, pig; beitan, to bite; gasteis, guests; managel, mtdtitude ; idpei, mother. 7. 5 was a long close vowel, strongly tinctured with the vowel sound heard in NHG. gut, good. Hence we occasionally find u written where we should etymologically expect d,and vice versa, as sapuda=sup&da, Mark ix. 50; nhtedun = dhtedun, Mark xi. 32. faSbb = fafhu, Mark X. 23. Examples are: ogan, to /ear; dgjan, to terrify; brd)>ar, brother ; sol^jan, to seek ; safsd, / sowed ; hairtO, heart, 8. u had the same sound as the vowel in English put, as ubils, evil; ufta, q/ten; fugls,/oa>/, bird; sunus, son; bundans, bound; faihu, catHe; suna (ace. sing.), son. VI had the same sound as the u in NHG. gut, as fit, uta, out ; uhtwo, early mom ; bru)>s, bride ; bus, house ; }>fisuiidi, thousand. 9. iu was a falling diphthong (i. e. with the stress on the i), and pronounced like the ew in North. Engl, dial, pronunciation of new. It only occurs in stemsyllables (except in iihtiligs, seasonable), as iupa, above; IpiudSL, peof^ ; driuaa.a,to/all; Mu, tree; ii-tdu, knee. 10. As has already been pointed out in 3, the digraph ai was used by Ulhlas without distinction m writing
to represent three different sounds which were of threefold origin. Our means for determining the nature of these sounds are derived partly from a comparison of the Gothic forms in which they occur with the corresponding formsof the other Indo-Germanic languages, and partly from the Gothic spelling of Greek loan-words. The above remarks also hold good for the digraph au, 11.
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8 Phonology [ n-ia ai was a short open e-sound like the in OHG. aSman, and almost like Uie a in English hat. It only occurs before r, h, Iv (except in the case of a{)>))4u, or, and possibly walla, vaeU, and in the reduplicated syllable of the pret. of strong verbs belonging to Class VII). See 67, 69, 811. Examples are: alr)ia, ear&t; bafran, wairpaD, io throw ; fafhu, calile ; talhim, ten ; i see; af&tik, / increased; laflot, / kt; hafhilt, / named. But see p. 362. &1 was a diphthong and had the same sound as the ei in NHG. mein, my, and nearly the same sound as the 1 in English mine, as ^])s, oalh ; î!^%te ; hlkiSa, haf; it^ns, stone ; tw&i, two ; nlmî, he may take. ai had probably the same pronunciation as OE. a (i. e. a long open e-sound). It occurs only in very few words before a following vowel ( 76), as saian, to sow ; walan, to blow ; falan, to blame ; and possibly in annal&, mercy, pify. .But see p. 362. 11. ati was a short open o-sound like the o in English not. It only occurs before r and h, as hadrn, Horn; watlird, word; daiUitar, daughter; a^hsa, ox. See 71, 73, and p. 363. &u was a pure diphthong and had approximately the same sound as the oa in English house, as kv%b, eye; iuso, ear ; d&ujws, death ; h4ubl)>, head ; ahtiin, eight ; nimdu, / may take. au It aa to was a long open o-sound like the au in English aught. only occurs in a few words before a following vowel ( 80), staxtat, judgmeni ; tani, tê/; trauan, to trust; bauan, build, inhabit. Cp. 3 and 10. But see p. 362.
5 12. From what has been said in 4-11, we arrive at the following Gothic vowel-system : Short vowels a, af, 1, ati, u Long fi, S, ai, ei, d, au, u Diphthongs ii, 4u, iu
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5 13-16] Alphabet and Pronunciation 9 Note. I. For y, see 2 note 3. The nasals and liquids in the fuDction of vowels will be found under consonants $ 32, S5. 2. a, An, iu were falling diphthongs, that is, the stress fell upon the first of the two elements.
^ B. The Consonants. 18. According to the transcription adopted in g 2 the Gothic consonant-system is represented by the following letters, which are here re-arranged after the order of the English alphabet : b, d, f, g, h, hr, j, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, J>, w, z. 14. b had a twofold pronunciation. Initially, as also medially and finally after consonants, it was a voiced explosive like English b, as bam, ckiid; blinds, blind; bairan, to bear ; salbdn, to anoint ; arbi, heritage ; lamb, lamb ; -swarb, he wiped. Medially after vowels it was a voiced bilabial spirant, and may be pronounced like the v in Ei^lish Uve, which is a voiced labio-dental spirant, as haban, to have ; sibun, seven ; ibns, even. See 161, 16. d had a twofold pronunciation. Initially, as also medially and finally after consonants, it was a voiced explosive like the d in English do, as dags, day; d&u}ms, death; dragan, to draw; kalds, cold; bindan, to bind, band, he bound; hxtxA, ireasure ; also when geminated, as iddja, / went. Medially after vowels it was a voiced interdental spirant nearly like the th in English then, as tBAa.T,/ather; badl, bed; biudan, to offer. See 5 173. 16. f was probably a voiceless bilabial spirant like the f in OHG. siafan, to sleep ; a sound which does not occur in English. It may, however, be pronounced like the f in English Ufe, which is labio-dental, as fadar, father; fiills, full; }itaj,over; wulfs, ojo^; &mt,five; saf, he gave.
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lo Phonology [ 17-18 17. g. The exact pronunciation of this letter cannot be determined with certainty for all the positions in which it is found.
Initial g probably had the same sound as the g in English go, as ^^.good; giban, to give; the same may also have been the pronunciation of g in the -Ambination vowel + g + consonant (other than a guttural), as bugjan, lo buy; taglai hairs; tagra (nom. pi.), tears. Cp. 187-6. Medially between vowels it was a voiced spirant like the widely spread pronunciation of g in NHG. tage, liays, as &ugd, eye ; steigan, to ascend. Cp. 168. Final postvocalic g and g in the final combination gs was probably a voiceless spirant like the ch in NHG. or in Scotch loch, as dag (ace. sing.), day ; mag, he can ; dags, day. Cp. 160. Before another guttural it was used to express a guttural nasal (rj) like the y in Greek Ayy*^<^> <"tgel; Stx'. near; and the ng in English thing, or Uie n in think, as aggilus, attgel; hTiêaa, to britig ; &ser^,^ttger ; Ariskaxi,lo drink;
Note. Occasionally, especially in St. Luke, the guttural nasal is expressed by n as in Latin and English, as )>aiikei)> = )>agkBl)>, Luke xiv. 31 ; bringi{i = briggift, Luke xv. 22. The combination gg;w was in some words equal to g + gWfand in others equal to gg (a long voiced explosive) + 'w. When it was the one, and when the other, can only be determined upon etymological grounds. Examples of the former are siggwan, to sing ; ag^wus, narrow ; and of the latter bUggwan, to beat, strike ; triggws, true, faithful. Cp. 5 161, 18. h, initially before vowels and probably also medially between vowels, was a strong aspirate, as haban, to have ; hafrto, heart ; fofliu, caltie ; gatdhan, to announce. Cp. 164, In other positions it was a voiceless spirant : ... : : n,gN..(jNGoogle
19-23] Alphabet and Pronunciation ii like the NHG. ch in oacht, ntghi, as hl&ife> loaf; nafats. night; falb, I hid; jah, and. 18. lu was either a labialized h or else a voiceless w. It may be pronounced like the wh in the Scotch pronunciation of when, as hrella, time; tuopan, to boast; ahra, river; safhran, to see; satv, he saw; nShr (av,), mar. Cp. notes to 2. 20. j (that is i in the function of a consonant) had nearly the same sound-value as English y in yet. It only occurs initially and medially, as îr,year; iasz^, youtig ; juk, yoke; lagjan, to lay; nitîs, new; fljands, fiend, enemy.
21. k had the same sound as English k, except that it must be pronounced initially before consonants (1, n, r). It occurs initially, medially, and finally, as kadm, corn ; kniu, knee; Bikra, field; brikan, to break; ik, /; juk, yoke. 22. 1, m, n had the same sound-values as in English. They all occur initially, medially, and finally, in the function of consonants. 1. la^s, long; l&lsjan, to teach; h&Us, hak, whole; haldan, to hold; skal, /shall; mel, time. m, mSna, moon; mizdo, meed, reward; namo, name; niman, to take ; nam, he took ; nimam, we take. D. nahts, night; niun, nine; mena, moon; linnan, to run ; Ikon, reward ; kann, / know. In the function of vowels they do not occur in stemsyllables, as fugls, /owl, bird; tagl, hair; sigljd, seal; in&i}nns, gt/t ; bagms, tree, beam ; ibns, even ; t&lkns, token. See 169. 23. p had the same sound as English p in put. It occurs initially (in loan-words only), medially, and finally, as pund, pound ; pdlda, coat ; plinân, to dance ; slepan, to sleep ; diups, deep ; hilpan, to kelp ; saf slep, he slept ; skip, ship. n,gN..(jNGoogle
12 Phonology [ 24-3 34. q was a labialized k, and may be pronounced like the qu in English queen, as qlman, A> come ; qSns, wife ; slgqan, to sink ; riqis, darkness ; sagq, he sank ; blstugq, a stumbiing. See 2 note 3, 103. as. r was a trilled lingual r, and was also so pronounced before consonants, and finally, like the r in Lowland Scotch, It occurs as a consonant initially, medially, and finally, as raihts, right, straight; redan, to counsel; bafran, &> bear; bam, child; &dw5r, /our; da6r, door. In the function of a vowel it does not occur in stemsyllables, as akrs, /ield ; tagr, tear ; huggijan, to hunger. Cp. 168. 26. s was a voiceless spirant in all positions like the s in English sin, as sama, same ; sibun, seven ; wisan, to be ; )>usundi, thousand ; hus, house ; gras, grass. g 27. t had the same sound-value as English t in ten, as talhun, ten ; tun)>us, tooth ; h^tan, to name ; mahts, might, power; hafrto, heart ; w^t, / know ; at, to, at,
28, p was a voiceless spirant like the th in English thin, as )>agân, to think ; }>reis, three ; broâr, brother ; brQ})S, bride ; ml}>, with ; Ein}>, he found. 28. w (i. e. u in the function of a consonant) had mostly the same sound-value as the w in English wit. After diphthongs and long vowels, as also after consonants not followed by a vowel, it was probably a kind of reduced u-sound, the exact quality of which cannot be determined. Examples of the former pronunciation are : wens, hope ; witan, to know ; wrikan, to persecute ; swistar, sister ; tafhswo, right hand. And of the latter : sn^ws, snow ; watirstw, work ; skadwjan, to overshadow. 30. z was a voiced spirant like the z in English freeze, and only occurs medially in regular native Gothic forms, as huzd, hoard, treasure ; haajao, to praise ; m&iza. greater. But see 176. n,gN..(jNGoogle
5 31-2] Alphabet and Pronunciation 13 81. Phonetic Survey of the Gothic Sound-system. A. Vowels (Sonants). _ , (Short a. ad u Gtfra/|Log fi, 6, au, fi , , , (Short af, i Palatal \. , , , (Long e. al, el To these must also be added the nasals m, n, and the liquids 1> r in the function of vowels. See g 169. B. Consonants. Labial. }^J^^' Dental. Guttural. DENTAL. , . (Voiceless p t, tt k, kk: q Explosives {y^j^^j ^ ^^^^ g^gg Spimnts jVoicelessf J.,),), s. ss h,(g?):!u (Voiced b d z g Nasals m, mm n, nn % (gg) Liquids 1, 11 ; r, rr
Semi-vowels w, j (palatal) To these must be added the aspirate h. See 2 note i for X. In Gothic as in the oldest period of the other Germanic languages, intervocalic double consonants were really long, and were pronounced long as in Modern Italian and Swedish, thus atta = at-ta, /aJ'^^r ; manna = man.na, man. Stress (Accent). 32. All the Indo-Germanic languages have partly pitch (musital) and partly stress accent, but one or other of the two systems of accentuation always predominates in each language, thus in Sanskrit and Old Greek the accent was predominantly pitch, whereas in the oldest periods of the Italic dialects, and the Keltic and Germanic languages,
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14 Phonology' [ 32 the accent was predominantly stress. This difference in the system of accentuation is clearly seen in Old Greek and the old Germanic languages by the preservation of the vowels of unaccented syllables in the former and the weakening or loss of them in the latter. In the early period of the parent Indg. language, the stress accent must have been more predominant than the pitch accent, because it is only upon this assumption that we are able to account for the origin of the vowels i, fi, 3 ( 86, Note i), the liquid and nasal sonants ( S3--6), and the loss of vowel often accompanied by a loss of syllable, as in Greek gen. *a-Tp-is beside ace. tm-Tip-a ; ir^-OfMi beside l-rr-i^rff ; Gothic gen. pi. aiihs-nS beside ace. *a]3bsa-ns. It is now a generally accepted theory that at a later period of the parent language the system of accentuation became predominantly pitch, which was preserved in Sanskrit and Old Greek, but which must have become predominantly stress again in prim. Germanic some time prior to the operation of Verner's law ( 136). The quality of the accent in the parent language was partly ' broken ' (acute) and partly ' slurred ' (circumflex). This distinction in the quality of the accent was preserved in prim, Germanic in final syllables containing a long vowel, as is seen by the difference in the development of the final long vowels in historic times according as they originally had the 'broken ' or 'slurred ' accent (87 (i), 89). In the parent language the chief accent of a word did not always fall upon the same syllable of a word, but was free or movable as in Sanskrit and Greek, cp. e. g. Gr. nom. wxiiif, father, voc, virtf, ace. iraWiM; Skr. eml, I go, pi, im&s, we go. This free accent was still preserved in prim.
Germanic at the time when Verner's law operated, whereby the voiceless spirants became voiced when the vowel immediately preceding them did not bear the chief accent of the word ( 186). At a later period of the prim.
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33l Accentuation 1 5 Germanic language, the chief accent of a word became confined to the first syllable. This confining of the chief accent to the first syllable was the cause of the great weakening and eventual loss which the vowels underwent in unaccented syllables in the prehistoric period of the individual Germanic languages (Ch. V). And the extent to which the weakening of unaccented syllables has been carried in some of the Modem Germanic dialects is well illustrated by such sentences as: as et it 01900, / shall have it in the morning ; ast 9 dunt if Id kud, / should have done it if I had been able {West Yorks,). 3S. The rule for the accentuation of uncompounded words is the same in Gothic as in the oldest period of the other Germanic languages, viz. the chief stress fell upon the first syllable, and always remained there even when suffixes and inflexional endings followed it, as &adagSt blessed; niitiffti, to take ; reiklndo, to rule ; the preterite of reduplicated verbs, as laflot : IStan, to let; hafh&it : hditan, to call; bllodamma (masc. dat. sing.), blind; dagSs, days; gnmane, of men ; nlmanda, they are taken ; bamilo, little child; birxiôa, parents ; brSprahans, brethren; dalajird, /rom beneaA; d&ubi)>a, deafness; maanisks, human; ûdinassus, kingdom ; waldufni, power. The position of the secondary stress in trisyllabic and polysyllabic words fluctuated in Gothic, and with the present state of our knowledge of the subject it is impossible to formulate any hard and fast rules concerning it. In compound words it is necessary to distinguish between compounds whose second element is a noun or an adjective, and those whose second element is a verb. In the former case the first element had the chief accent in the parent Indg. language ; in the latter case the first element had or had not the chief accent according to the position of the verb in the sentence. But already in prim. Germanic the second element of compound verbs nearly always had n,gN..(JNGOOglC
1 6 Phonology [34-5 the chief accent ; a change which was mostly brought about by the compound and simple verb existing side by side. This accounts for the diflFerence in the accentuation of such pairs as ^ndahafts, ansjver'. andh&Qau, to answer;
^ndanems, pleasant : andnf mac, to receive. 84. As has been stated above, compound words, whose second element is a noun or an adjective, had originally the chief stress on the first syllable. This simple rule was preserved in Gothic, as fraktmjm, 0. tra.ea^, despised; gaskafts, OHG. gascaft, creation; nnmahts, infirmity; tifkun]d, knowleê; usfilh, burial; akranal&us, without fruU ; allwaldaads, Qie Almighty ; bru)f a}>s, bridegroom ; gistradagis, to-morrow ; l&ushandus, empty-handed ; twalibwintras, twelve years old; jiiudaiârdi, kingdom. But in compound verbs the second element had the chief stress, as atlagjan, to lay on; duginnan, to begin ; frakuonan, to despise ; gaqlman, to assemble ; usftilljati, to fitlfil. When, however, the first element of a compound verb was separated from the verb by one or more particles, it had the chief stress, as g&-u-tira-atvi, Mark viii. 33 ; dfz-ub}>an-8at, Mark xvi, 8.
CHAPTER II THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE INDO-GERMANIC VOWEL-SOUNDS SB. The parent Indo-Germanic language had the following vowel-system : ' Short vowels a, e, i, o, u, Long S, e, I, o, & Short diphthongs al, ei, oi, au, en, ou Long Ai, &i, 51, ftu, Su, ou Short vocalic 1, m, n, r
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a"*-?! Indo-Germanic Fowel-Sounds 1 7 Note. i. The sbort vowels i, a, , the long vowels i, S, and vocalic 1, m, n, r occurred originally only in syllables which did not bear the principal accent of the word. The short vowels 1, n, and vocalic 1, m, n, r arose from the loss of e in the strong forms ei, en, el, am, en, er, which was caused by the principal accent having been shifted to some other syllable in the word. a, the quality of which cannot be precisely defined, arose from the weakening of an original S, e, or o, caused by the loss of accent. It is generally pronounced like the final vowel in Gennan Gatw.
i and 5 were contractions of weak from the strong forms eU, Si, ei, the loss of accent. The e in ei9, the contraction took place. See
diphthongs which arose 51 ; ena, In, eu, 9n through ens had disappeared before 82.
3. The long diphthongs &i, ei, &c., were of rare occurrence in the parent language, and their history in the prehistoric period of the various branches of the Indo-Germanic languages, except when final, b still somewhat obscure. In 'stem -syllables they were generally either shortened to al, ei, &c., or the second element (i, n) disappeared. In final syllables thqr were generally shortened to ai, ei. Sec. In this book no further account will be taken of the Indg. long diphthongs in stem-syllables. For their treatment in final syllables in Primitive Germanic, see se. 3. Upon theoretical grounds it is generally assumed that the parent language contained long vocalic 1, m, n, r. But their histoiy in the various Indg. languages is still uncertain. In any case they were of very rare occurrence, and are therefore left out of consideration in this book. 86. a (Lat. a, Gr. a) remained, as Lat. ager, Gr. dyp^, Skr. t^r&a, Goth, akrs, O.Icel. akr, OS. akkar, OHG. ackaTi OE. secer, /ie^, acre ; Gr. Sk<t, lot. gen. sails, Goth. O.Icel. OS. salt, OHG. salz, OE. sealt, salt; Lat. aqua, Goth, alva, OS. OHG. aha, OE. Sa from "eaho, older *ahu, water, river; Lat. alius, Gr. SAXos, Goth, aljis, other. S 87. e (Lat. e. Gr. ) remained, as Lat. ferd, Gr. ^pw, ;, 1187 c n,gN..(jNGoogle
1 8 Phonology [ 38-41 I bear, O.Icel. bera, OS. OUG. OE. beran.ô bear; Lat. edd, Gn &o^t, Skr. &dmi, / eo^ O.Icel. eta, OHG. eâo, OS. OE. etan, to eat; Lat peUis, Gr. wAXa, OS. OHG. fel, OE. feU, skin, hide, 86. i (Lat. i, Gr. t) remained, as Gr. Horn. /îSjicr, Skr. vldm(i, Goth, witum, O.Icel. vitum, OS. witun, OHG. wl^ûm, OE. wlton, ai know, cp. Lat. vidSre, to see ; Lat. plscis, Goth, flsks, O.Icel. flskr, OS. flsk, OHG. OE. flsc,,^; Lat. vidua (adj. fern.), bereft of, deprived of, Goth, widuwo, OS. widowa, OHG. wituwa, OE. widewe, wi^m. 38. o (Lat. o, Gr. 0} became a in stem-syllables, as Lat. octo, Gr. AktiA, Goth, abtdu, OS. OHG. ahto, OE. ealita eight; Lat. hostis, stranger, enemy, Goth, gaats, OS. OHG. gast, OE. giest, gmst; Lat. quod, Goth, hra, O.Icel. hvat, OS. hwat, OHG. hwa, OE. hwset, what; Skr. kda, who ? Note. o remained later in unaccented syllables in prim. Germanic than in accented syllables, but became a in Gothic, asbalram Gr. Doric ^pofics, we dtfdf; balrand = Dor. ^jpoin,
th^ bear. 40. u (Lat. u, Gr. u) remained, as Gr. kv*^ (gen. sing.), Goth, hunds, O.Icel. hundr, OHG. hunt, OS. OE. hund, dc^, hound; Gr. "4^," OS. dnri, OHG. turl, OE. duru, door; Skr. bu-budhlmi, we watched, Gr. irJ-mwm, he has inquired, Goth, budum, O.Icel. buKum, OS. budiin, OHG. butum, OE. budon, we announced, offered. 41. 3 became a in all the Indo-Germanic languages, except in the Aryan branch, where it became i, as Lat. pater, Gr. iraT<ip, O.Ir. athir, Goth, fadar, O.Icel. fatSlr, OS. fader, OHG. fater, OE. tK&er, father, Skr. pttir(from *^tT-), father; Lat. status, Gr. iriT6s, Skr, sthltis, standing, Goth, sta^, O.Icel. staSr, OS. stad, OHG. fitat, OE. atede, prim. Germanic 'sta^, ptace. $ 42. EL (Lat. ft, Gr. Doric &, Attic, Ionic i|) became 6^ as n,gN..(jNGoogle
5 '.-0 ft^ 51 43-7I Indo-Germanic VowelSounds 19 Lat. m&ter, Gr. Dor. fti>T|f^ O.Icel. moSlr, OS. modar, OHG. muoter, OE. modor, mother; Or. Dor. ^nip, member of a clan, LaL frater, Skr. bhritar-, Goth. brd}>ar, O.Icel. brdSir, OS.brdthar, OHG.braoder,0. br&)>or, brother; LaL fftgus, beech, Gr. Dor. fayJt, a kmdofoak, Goth, boka, letter of the alphabet, O.Icel. OS. bdk. bo(A, 0. bdc-treow, beech-tree. 48. e (Lat. e, Gr. 1]) remained, but it is generally written (^ {= Goth, e, O.Icel. OS. OHG. a, OE. A) in works on Germanic philology, as Lat. Bdlmus, Skr. fidmi, Goth, etum, O.Icel. atam, OS. atun, OHG. atiin, OE. cton, we ate; Lat. mgnsis, Gr. '^^vi 'month, Goth, mena, O.Icel. mftne, OS. OHG. mftno, OE. mona, mooM ; Goth, gade]>s. O.Icel. <%& OS. dad, OHG. t&t, OE. dfbd, deed, related to Gr. J^^ffi^ shall place. 44. i (Lat. i, Gr. I) remained, as Lat. sulcus (adj.), behmging to a p^, Goth. swSn, O.Icel, svin, OS. OHG. O'E-tntia, swine, pig; cp. Skr. nav-lnas, Mfw ; Lat. ^mus, OS. ^1, OHG. i^m, OE. si-en, we may be; Lat. vefimus = Goth, wileima ( 848). 4S. 6 (Lat. 6, Gr. w) remained, as Gr. vKwrJt, swimming, Goth, flodns, O.Icel. 158, OHG. fluot, OS. OE. fiod, flood, tide, cp. Lat. pldrare, to weep aloud; Gr. Dor. mis, Skr. pAt, Goth. fStos, O.Icel. t5tr, OHG. foo?, OS. OE. fbttfjot; Goth, doms, O.Icel. domr, OHG. tuom, OS. OE, iitm, judgment, sentence, related to Gr. Aufi^, heap; Lat. flos, Goth. OE. bloma, OS. blomo, OHG. bluoma, blossom, flower. 46. u (Lat. u, Gr. u) remained, as Lat. miis, Gr. ^<t,
Skr. mu^-, O.Icel. OHG. OE. mus, mouse; Lat. sus, Gr.vf, OHG. OE. su, sow, pig; Goth. fuls. O.Icel. fiUl, OHG. OE. Wi,foui, related to Lat. puteQ, I smell bad, Gr. vMw, / make to rot. 47. ai (Lat. ae (^, Gr. ai, Goth. iS, O.IceI. ei, OS. , OHG. el (SX OE. a) remained, as IjA. SLtA^s, sanctuary, c 3 n,gN..(jNGoogle
20 Phonology [ 18-51 oii^âWy fire-place, hearth, Skr. ^has, firewood, Gr. atfim, I bum, OHG. elt, OE. ^lA, funeral pile, ignis, nûs; Lat. aes, Goth. &lz, O.Icel. elr, OHG. er, OE. &r, brass, metal, mouey; Lat. caedo, / hew, cut down, Goth, sk&ldan, OS. skSdan, skedan, OHG. sceidan, OE. sc&dan, sctiUlao, to divide, sever. 5 48. ei (Lat. i (older ei), Gr. v) became i, as Gr. <mtx*i, I go, Goth, steigan (ei = i), O.Icel. sKga, OS. OHG. OE. sGgan, to ascend; Gr. Xciw, / leave, Goth, leilvao, OS. OHG. Uhan, OE. Igon from "Uohan, older *libaii, to lend; Lat. dico, / say, tell, Gr. Simcku^l, I show, Goth, ga-teihan, to UU, declare, OS. af-tihan, to deny, OHG. dhan, OE. tSon, to accuse; Skr. bbldati, he splits, Goth. beitaa, OE. OS. bitan, OHG. Ian, to bile. 49. oi (O.Lat. oi (later fi), Gr. ) became ai (cp. 30), as Gr. otSc, Skr. vâ, Goth, wilt, O.Icel. -veit, OS. w6t, OHG. well, OE. wAt, he knows; O.Lat. olnos, later uniis, Goth. &ins, O.Icel. einn, OS. en. OHG. ein, OE. an, one, cp. Gr. <Ayi\, the one on dice ; Gr. irf-woiOf, he trusts, Goth. b&i)>, O.Icel. belS, OS. bed, OHG. belt, OE. tAd, he waited/or; Gr. to = Goth. J>4i ( 268). 50. au (Lat. an, Gr. *, Goth. k% O.Icel. au, OS. 6, OHG. ou (o), OE. ea) remained, as Lat. auriB, Goth. &nso, OS. OHG. ora, OE. Sare, ear; Lat. augeo, Gr. aii^ni, I increase, Goth. &ukan, O.Icel. auka, OS. Skian, OHG. oubhon, OE. eacian, to add, increase; cp. Skr. djaa-, strength. 61. eu (Lat. on (later n), Gr. cu, Goth, iu, O.Icel. jd (jG), OS. OHG. io, OE. eo) remained, as Gr. yt&a, I give a taste of, Goth, klusao, O.Icel. kjosa, OS. OHG. kiosan. OE. cSosan, to test, choose; Gr. irciSeofiai, / inquire, Skr. bddhati, he is awake, learns, Goth, ana-bindan, to order, command, O.Icel. ysSa, OS. biodan, OHG. biotan, OE. beodan, to offer ; Lat. doaco (duco), i lead, Goth, tiahan, OS. tiohan, OHG. ziohan, to lead, draw. See 08.
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52-6] Indo-Germanic Vowe!-Sounds 21 63. on (Lat. ou (later fi), Gr. j) became au (cp. S9), as prim. Indg. 'roudhos, Goth. r&u))S, O.IceL raaSr, OS. r5d, OHG. rot, OE. read, red, cp. Lat. rufiis, red; prim, Indg. *bhe-t)houdhe, Skr. bubidha, has waked, Goth, b&u)), O.Icel. bau8, OS. bod, OHG. bot, OE. bead, has offered. 68. m (Lat. em, Gr. a, ofi) became um, as Gr. Vo> (in d/uMcK, fivm some place or other), Goth, sums, O.Icel. snmr, OS. OHG. OE. sum, some one; Gr. Jxardv, Lat. centum (with n from m by assimilation, and similariy in the Gennanic languages), Goth. OE. OS. hand, OHG. hunt, hundred, all from a prim, form *kmt6m. | 64. n (Lat. en, Gr. o, m) became im, as Lat. com. mentus (pp.), invented, devised, Gr. qM-ûitos, acting of one's own toill, Goth, ga-mimds, OHG. gl-munt, OE. ge-mynd, remembrance, prim, form *innt6s (pp.) from root men-, -Oiittk ; OS. wundar, OHG. wuntar, OE. wundor, wonder, cp. Gr. Mpia from *faAfia, I gaze at, \ 66. r (LaL or, Gr. op, pa) became ur, m, as OHG. gi-turrum, OE. durron, we dare, cp. Gr. OofMnit (Spainif), bold, Oafxrû, / am of good courage; dat. pi, Gr. iraTp<î, Goth, fadnim, OHG. faterum, OE. fsed(e)ram, (o fathers ; Lat. porca, the ridge between two furrows, OHG. furuh, OE. furh, furrow. 66. 1 (Lat. ol, Gr. oX, Xa) became nl, lu, as Goth, fulls, Clcel. fullr, OHG, vol, OS. OE. full, prim, form 'plnds, Atf; Goth, wulfs, O.Icel. ulfr, OHG. wolf, OS. OE. wulf, prim, form *wlqos, wolf. Note, 1. If we summarize the vowel-changes which have been stated in this chapter, it will be seen that the following vo^l-sounds fell together: a, o, and 9; original u and the u which arose from lodg. vocalic 1, m, n, r ; i and ei ; a and ; al and ai; an and oo. 3. As we shall sometimes have occasion to use examples from Sanskrit, it may be well to note that Indg. it, fi remained in this language, but that the following voweUsounds fell together, viz. a, e, o in a i i, in i ; , e, 5 in S ; tautosyllablc ai, ei, al in e; and tautosyllabic au, eu, ou in o. ..i-,CH)Ogle
22 Phonology [ sy-6o CHAPTER III THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM 67. From what has been said in 86-62, we arrive at the following vowel-system for the prim, Germanic language : Short vowels a, e, 1, u Long ie, S, i, 5. ii
Diphthongs ai, aU) eu Note. K was an open e-sound like 0. te. e was a close sound like the e in NHG. reh. The origin of this vowel has not yet been satisfactorily explained. It is important to remember that it is never the equivalent of Indo-Germanic e ( 48) which appears as fi in prim. Germanic. See 76, 77. 68. This system underwent several mcdificatioiis durii^ the prim. Germanic period, i.e. before the parent language became differentiated into the various separate Germanic languages. The most important of these changes were i 69. a + tjx became fix* as Goth. OS. OHG. RLhan, O.Icel. fS, OE. fbn, from *fai|xatian, to catch, seize, cp. Lat. pango, I fasten ; Goth. }>&hta (inf. )iagkjao)y OS. thahU, OHG. ^hta, 0. }>dhte from older *}>ai|xta. '^gxÔ', / thought, cp. O.Lat. tongeo, / know. Every prim. Germanic & in accented syllables was of this origin. Cp. 42. Note. The & in the above and similar examples was still a nasalized vowel in prim. Germanic, as is seen by its development to o in OE. Tlie i ( 60) and u ( 62) were also nasalized vowels in prim. Germanic. 60. e became i under the following circumstances : I. Before a nasal + consonant, as Goth. OS. OE, bindan, O.Icel. blnda, OHG. bintan, to bind, cp. Lat. of-fendimenturn, chin-cloth, of-fendix, knot, band, Gr, Tri<pis, father-in/(Ko; Lat, ventus,Goth.winds, O.Icel. vlndr, OS. OE.wind, n,gN..(jNGoogle
^6ij Primitive Germanic Vowel-System 33 OHG. viat,wind; Gr. Wm, Goth, flmf, O.Icel. fliii(m), OHG. flmf, finf. Jive. This 1 became 1 under the same conditions as those by which a became S. ($ 60), as Goth. t>eihaQ, OS. tluhan, OE. SSon, OHG. ^han, from *)di|xanaii> older 'êgxanan, to thrive. The result of this sound>law was the reason why the verb passed from the third into the first class of strong verbs ( 800), cp. the isolated pp. OS. gi-ttrngan, 0. ge-Sungen, 2. When followed by an 1, !, or j in the next syllable, as Goth. OS. OHG. Ist, OE. is, from 'IsU, older 'esU = Gr. iim, is; OHG. irdin, earthett, beside erda, earA; Goth, mldils, O.IceL mlSr, OS. middl, OE. midd, OHG. mlttl, Lat. medlus, from an original form 'medicos, middle ; OS. birid, OHG. biiit, he bears, from an original form *bh4reti, through the intennediate stages *t)6redi, 'li6ridl, 'Wridi, beside inf. beranj O.Icel. sitja, OS.
slttlan, OHG. sizzen, 0. sittan. ^m an original form 'sedlonom, to sit, 3. In unaccented syllables, except in the combination er when not followed by an 1 in the next syllable, as OE. est, older f&t, from *fotiz, older *f&tes, feet, cp. Lat. pedes, Gr. -wl&Bi. Indg. e remained in unaccented syllables in the combination -er when not followed by an 1 in the next syllable, as ace. OS. fader, OHG. ftiter, OE. fieder, Gr. vmtpa, father ; OE. hwBBl>er, Gr. -airtpos, which of two. 01. 1, followed originally by an t, 6, or e in the next syllable, became e when not protected by a nasal.+ consonant or an intervening i or j, as O.Icel. verr, OS. OHG. OE. wer, Lat. vir, from an original form wires, man ; OHG. OE. nest, Lat. nidus, from an original form 'olzdos. In historic times, however, this law has a great number of exceptions owing to the separate languages having levelled out in various directions, as OE. spec beside spic, bacon; OHG. lebara beside OE. lifer, liver; OHG. ieccon beside OE. Uccian, lo lick ; OHG. lebgn n,gN..(jNGoogle
24 Phonology [s 6a-4 beside 0. Ubban, to live ; OHG. qnec beside OE. cwic, quick, alive. ea, u, followed originally by an &, S, or C in the next syllable, became o when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening 1 or j, as OE. dohtor, OS. dohter, OHG. tohter, Gr. iuyivufi, daughter; O.Icel. ok, OHG. job, Gr. (uYfr, yoke; OE. OS. god, OHG. got, from an original form *ghnt6m, god, beside OHG. gntdn, goddess; pp. OE. geholpen, OS. giholpan, OHG. giholfan, helped, beside pp. OE. gebnnden, OS. glbimdan, OHG. gibuntan, bound; pp. OE. geboden, OS. gtbodao. OHG. glbotan, offered, beside pret. pi. OE. budon, OS. buduQ, OHG. bntuffl, we offered. Every prim. Gennanic o in accented syllables was of this origin. Cp. S8. u became fi under the same conditions as those by which a and t became ft and i, as pret. third pers. singular Goth. Jmbta. OS. thfihta, OHG. dOhta, OE. )>nlite, beside inf Goth. ]>ugkjan, OS. thnnkian. OHG. dunken, OE. )>yncan, to seem; and similarly in Goth. Qhtwo, OS. OHG. uhta, OE. utate, daybreak, dawn. 68. The diphthong eu became in when the next syllable originally contained an 1, i, or j, cp. 60 (a), but remained eu when the next syUable originally contained an &, S, or 6. The lu remained in OS. and OHG., but became ju (y by i-umlaut) in O.Icel., and lo ê by i-umlaut) in OE., as Goth. Uuhtjan, OS. Uohtlaii, OHG. liuhten, OE. Uehtan, to give light, beside OS. OHG. Uoht, OE. ISoht, a light; O.Icel. dypt, OS. diupi, OHG. tiuH. OE. êpe, depth, beside O.Icel. dlupr, OS. diop, OHG. tiof, OE.
dSop, deep; OS. kiu^d, OHG. kiuslt, O.Icel. ky9(s), OE. ties]), he chooses, beside inf. OS. OHG. klosan, O.Jcel. lôsa, OE. ceosan, to choose. 64. From what has been said in SB>6S, it will be seen that the prim. Germanic vowel-system had assumed the following shape before the Germanic parent language
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564] Primitive Germanic Vowel-System 25 became differentiated into the various separate languages : Short vowels a, e, ir o, u Long &, &, S, i, o, u Diphthongs ai, att, eu, lu The following table contains the normal development of the above vowel-system in Goth. O.Icei. OS. OHG. and OE. stem-syllables :
p. Germ. Goth. O.Icel. OS. OHG. OE.
a a a
a >
e 0) e
e e
i 1 i
i I <
_ u u
u u
BW a
i, I
a Gb
la,(le) e
i el
i i
uo
G a u
u u
ai a el e ei a
au Im au o ou ea e/y< eu lu i5
eo,(lo) eo. (lo) So iu in j iu in 10
Mote. Tbe Uble does not Include the sound-chanses which were caused bj umlaut, the influeace of neighbouriog consonants, Sec For details of this kind the student should consult the grammaT^ of the separate languages.
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Phonology [5 65-6
CHAPTER IV THE GOTHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL GERMANIC VOWEL-SYSTEM A The Short Vowels of Accented Syllables.
es. Germanic a remained unchanged in Gothic, as Goth. das, OE. df, OS. dag, OHG. tag, O.Icel. dagr, day ; Goth, gasts, OS. OHG. gast, guest; Goth, fadar, OE. feeder, O.Icel. faBlr, OS. fader, OHG. fater,/o/ACT-; Goth. ahUu, OS. OHG. ahto, eight; Goth. OE. OS. OHG. faran, O.Icel. fara, to go; Goth. OE. OS. band, OHG. \iasA, he bound, Goth. inf.bindan(303); Goth. OS. OHG. O.Icel. oam, he took, Goth. inf. niman ( 305); Goth. OS. O.Icel. gaf, OHG. gab, he giê, Goth. inf. giban ( 307).
66. Germanic e became i, as Goth, wigs, OE. OS. OHG. weg, O.Icel. vegr, way; Goth, bilms, OE. OS. OHG. helm, helm ; Goth, swistair, OS. swestar, OHG. sweater, sister; Goth, hilpan ( 308), OE. OS. helpan, OHG heIfiEUi,to help; Goth, stilan (809), OE. OS. OHG. stelan, O.Icel. stela, to steal; Goth, itan ( 808), OE. OS. tan, OHG. eâa, O.Icel. eta, to eat. Note. The stem-vowel in Goth, walla OHG. wela), well; and in Goth, atp^tm OHG. eddo, edo), or, has not yet been plained, in spite of the explanations scholars. (cp. OE. OS. wel, (cp. OE. e|))>a, o)>])e. satisfactorily exsuggested by various
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6 7-9] Short Vowels of A ccented Syllables 2 7 67. This i became broken to e (written ai) before r, h, and \tt, as Goth, hairtd, OS. herta, OHG. herza, heart; Goth. air|)a, OS. ertha, OHG. erda, earth ; Goth. wafr)>an ( 303), OS. werthan, OHG. werdan, O.Icel. verQa, to become; Goth, bafran ( 806), OE. OS. OHG. beran. O.Icel. bera,/oAe(ir( Goth-raihts, OS. OHG. reht, ri^t; Goth, tafbna, OS. tehan, OHG. zehan, ten ; Goth, safluan g 307), OS. OHG. sehan. to see. NoTK. For nlh, arf not, from older ni-h;i=Lat neqae, we should expect 'nadi, but the word has been influenced by the simple negative oi, not. i 88. Germanic i generally remained in Gothic, as Goth, fisks, OS. OE. flac, OHG. flslt, O.Icel. flskr,/sA; Goth. widuw5, OE. wldewe, OS. wldowa, OHG, wituwa, widow; Goth. OE. OS. witan, OHG. wi^ân, O.Icel. vita, to know ; Goth, ulmlj), OE. nime]), OS. nimld, OHGnimlt, he takes; Goth, bitum, OE. biton, OHG. blûm, O.Icel. bitom, we bit, inf. Goth, beitan ( 299), pp. Goth, bitans, OE. biten, OHG. sibian, O.Icel. bltenn; Goth, bidjan, OE. blddao, O.Icel. biSja, OS. biddian, OHG. bitten, lo pray, beg, entreat. See 60. 89. Germanic 1 became broken to e (written af) before r, h, \o, as Goth, bafrif, OS. birid, OHG. birit, he bears, cp. 60 (2), Goth. inf. bafran ; Goth, maihstus, OHG. mist (from mihst), dunghill, cp. Mod. English dial, mixen; Goth. ga-taOiim, Aey told, OE. tigoa, OHG. zigun, they accused, Goth. inf. ga-teihan ( 388), pp, Goth, tafhans, OE. tigen, OHG. gi-zlgan; Goth. lafhmm, OE. -Ugon, OHG. liwum, we lent, inf. Goth, leitvan ( 289), pp. Goth, laihrans, OE. -Ugen, OHG. giliwan, OS. -Uwan,
Note. On the forms hlri, hiijats, birjif), see note to Mark xii. 7.
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Phonology [ 7o-
% 70. Germanic o became u, as Goth, juk, OHG. joh, OE. geoc, yoke; Goth, guj), OE. OS. god, OHG. got, god; Goth, huzd, OS. hord, OHG. hort, treasure; pp. Goth. bndans,OE. geboden, OS. gibodan, OHG. glbotan. O.Icel. boSenn, inf. Goth, biudan ( SOI), to offer; Goth, pp. hulpans, OE. geholpen, OS. giholpao,OHG. giholfan, Goth. inf. hilpan ( 803^ to help ; pp. Goth, numans, OHG. glnoman, Goth. inf. niman ( SOS), to take. See 62. 71. The 11, which arose from Germanic o ( 70), became broken to o (written ad) before r and h, as Goth, wa^d, OE. OS. word, OHG. wort, word; Goth, daiihtar, OE. dohtor, OS. dohtar, OHG. tohter, daughter; pp. Goth. taiihans, OE. getogen, OS^ 'togan, OHG. gizogaQ, O.Icel. togeoD, Goth. inf. tiuban (801), to lead; Goth. watirhta, OE. worhte, OHG. worhta, he worked, inf. Goth, wallrân, OHG. wurkeo; pp. Goth. waiir]>ans, OE. geworden, OS. giwordan, OHG. wortan, O.Icel. orSenn, Goth. inf. wairj>an ( 303X io become; pp. Goth, badrans, OE. geboren, OS. OHG. giboran, O.Icel. borenn, inf. Goth, bafran ( SOS), to bear; Goth, gadaiJrsta, OE. dorste, OS. gi-dorsta, OHG. gi-torsta, he dared; inf. Goth, ga-datirsan ( 386).
72. Germanic u generally remained in Gothic, as Goth. juggs. OS. OHG. jting, yout^; Goth, hunds, OE. OS. ' hund, O.Icel. hundr, OHG. himt, dog, hound; Goth, sunus, OE. OS. OHG. sunn, son; Goth, hugjan, OS. huggian, OHG. huggen, to think; Goth, budum, OE. budon, OS. budtin, OHG. butum, O.Icel. bu5om, we offered, announced, inf. Goth, biudan ( 301) ; Goth, bimdum, OE. bnndon, OS. bundnn, OHG. buntum, O.Icel. btmdom, we bound, Goth. inf. bindan ( 303), pp. Goth, bundans,
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73-5] Short Vowels of Accented Syllables 29 OE. gebunden, OS. glbtmdan, OHG. glbuntaa, O.Icel. bundenn. See $ 40. 7S. Germaoic u became broken to o (written ad) before
r and h, as Goth. satUits, OS. OHG. saht, Germanic stem snhti-, sickness; Goth, wadrms, OS. OHG. wurm, OE. wyrm, stem wurmi-, serpent, worm ; Goth. watirKJan, OHG. wurken, to work; Goth. wadr}nm, 0. wurdon, OS. wnrdun, OHG. wurtun, O.Icel. ur5o, they became, Goth. inf. wairyaa ( SOS); Goth. taiUiun, OE. tugon, OHG. zugtm, they drew, pulled; Goth. inf. tliihan ( SOI). Note. n was not broken to aii before r which arose from older s by assimilation, as ur-nina, a nmning out; ur-reisan, to arise ( 175 note 3). It is difficult to account for the u in the enclitic particle -nb, and; and in the interrogative particle DUb, /hen. B. The Long Vowels of Accented Syllables.
74. The ft| which arose from a according to $ remained in Gothic, as toian, to hang; fa6rah&h (fodrl^h), curtain, veil, lit. that which hangs gald^jS (av.), in order, connectedly ; brfihta, inf. brlân ; gaf&hs. a catch, haul, related to seise; fram-^Lbts, progress, related to gaggan, ]Ahd, clay; unwahs, blameless.
60, before ; he brought, gaf&han, to to go;
76. Germanic s ( = OE. s, OS. OHG. O.Icel. a) became e in Gothic, as Goth. ga-def>s. OE. died, OS. dad, OHG. tat, deed; Goth. mana-s6^, multitude, world, lit. man-seed, OE. ssd, OS. sad, OHG. sat, seed; Goth, garedan, to reflect upon, OE. rsedan, OS. radan, OHG. rataa, O.Icel. raSa, to advise ; Goth. bSrum, OE. Meron,
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30 Phonology [ 76-8 OS. OHG. bfimm, O.Icel. barom, we bore, Goth. inf. bafran ( S06); Goth, setun, OE. sAton, OS. saton, OHG. .iAim, O.Icel. s&to, they sat, Gdth. inf. sitan (808). 76. The Germanic combination ej became se (written ai, the long vowel corresponding to af) in Gothic before vowels. This a! was a long open e>sound like the s in OE. slsepan or the vowel sound in English their. It occurs in very few words: as Goth, saian, OE. sfiwan. 05. saian, OHG. sften, O.Icel. s&, to stt); Goth, waian, OE. w&wan, OHG. w&eo (wSjen), to blow; Goth, faianda, they are blamed. But in unaccented syllables the combination -leji- became &!, as hab&is, thou hast, hab41]>, he has, from prim. Germanic 'xabejlzl, *x*^^ fijidi.
77. Germanic e, which cannot be traced back phono* logically to Indo-Germanic S ( 49), is of obscure origin. In Gothic the two sounds fell together in S, but in the other Germanic languages they are kept quite apart, cp. 4B, 75. Germanic 5 appears in Gothic as S (OE. OS. O.Icel. e, OHG. , later ea, ia, ie). In Goth, it occurs in a few words only, as Goth. OE. OS. O.Icel. hgr, OHG. her (hear, hiar, hier), here ; Goth. fSra, OHG. Rra (feara, fiara), cotmtry, region, side, part ; Goth, mes, OE . mese (myse), OHG. meas (miaa), table, borrowed from Lat. Cp. 5 5.
78. Germanic 1, written el in Gothic, remained, as Goth, swein, OE. OS, OHG. swin, O.Icel. svin,pig, cp. Lat. su-inu-s, pertaining to a pig ; Goth, hreila, a wh3e, time, season, OE. hwil, a while, OS. hwila (huril), titne, OHG. vrila (hwn.), Unte, hour, O.Icel. hvfl, place of rest; Goth, seios, OE. OS. OHG. ô, his; Goth, steân n,gN..(JNGOOglC
5 79-82] Long Vowels of Accented Syllables 31 { 300), OE. OS. OHG. stigan, O.lcel. sHga, to ascend. Cp. $ 5, e, 44. 48.
70. Germanic o remained in Gothic, as Goth. fStuB, OE. OS. fot, OHG. txo%, O.Icel. fStr, fool, cp. Gr. Doric ir.S; Goth, fiodus. OE. OS. fiod, OHG. fluot, O.lcel. fi6S, flood, stream ; Goth, brofar, O.lcel. br561r, OE, brO)>or, OS. broSer, OHG. bruoder, brother; Goth. OE. OS. O.lcel. Kr, OHG. fuor, I fared, went, Goth. inf. foran ( 809). Cp. 42, 46. 80. The Germanic combination ow became a loi^ open o-sound (written au) before vowels, as Goth, sanll, sun, cp. OE. O.lcel. Lat. sol ; Goth. Btaua, (masc.) judge, (ieca.) judgment, stauida, I fudged iâi. stdjan), cp. Lithua* nian stov^ to stand, O.Bulgarian staviti, to place ; tatii ^n. t5jl8), deed; afdauidal, pp. masc. nom. pi, exhausted, inf. *afddjan. Here probably belong also bauan, lo inhabit, OE. OHG. bfian, to nil, dwell) bnatian, to rub; trauan, OHG. trii6n, OS. trnoo, to trow, trust. 81. The Germanic combination owj became Sj, as st&ja, I judge, from *st6wj6, older *st6wô ; tojis (from *tdîs), gen. sing, of taul, deed.
82. Germanic u remained in Gothic, as Goth, bus (in
gud-h^s, temple), OE. OS. OHG. O.lcel. Ms, house; Goth, riiins, OE. OS. OHG. O.lcel. riim, room, related to Lat. ru'S (gen. ru-ris), open country ; Goth, Jmsundi, OE. ]msend, OS", thusiindig, OHG. dustint, O.lcel. ))iisund, thousand; Goth, fuls, OE. OHG. ful, O.Icel. mi, foul; Goth, ga-liiltan, to shut, close, OE. liican, OHG. liilihao, O.lcel. luka, to lock. On the u in forms like )mhta, it seetned, appeared;
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32 Phonology ( 83-5 hohrus, hunger; iîâ,, younger ; iihtwot early mom, see 62. C. The Diphthongs of Accented Syllables.
88. Germanic ai {OE. a, OS. 6, OHG. ri (8), O.Icel. ei) remained in Gothic, as Goth. &ins, OE. in, OS. Sn, OHG. eln, O.Icel eiim, one; Goth. hîUs, OE. hU, OS. hei. OHG. hell, kale, whole, sound; Goth, stiins, OE. st&n, OS. steB. OHG. slein, O.Icel. atelnn, stone ; Goth. 8t&^, OE. stag, OS. steg, OHG. steig.ê ascended, Goth, inf. steigan { 800) ; Goth, h&itan ( 818), OE. hatan. OS. hetan, OHG. heiân, O.Icel, heita, to name, call. Cp. 47, 4S. au 84. Gftmanic au (OE. ga, OS. 6, OHG. ou (b), O.Icel. au) remained in Gothic, as Goth. &ugd, OE. Sage, OS. 6ga, OHG. ouga, O.Icel. auga, eye; Goth. h6ubi)> (gen. h&ubldia), OE. hgafod, OS. holld, OHG. houblt, O.Icel. haxda^,kead; Goth. d&u})us, OE. deaC, OS. doth,OHG. tod, death; Goth. rdu}>s, O.Icel. rauSr, OE. rSad, OS. r5d, OHG. r5t, red; Goth. g&uiqjaQ, to perceive, observe, OS. gomian, OHG. goumea, to pay attention to ; Goth, hldupan, OE. hleapan, OS. -hlopan, OHG. loufbn, O.Icel. hlaupa, to leap, run ;' pret. i, 3 sing. Goth, k&us, OE. ceas, OS. OHG. kos, O.Icel. kaus, inf. Goth: klusan ($ 803), to choose. Cp. $$ 50, fiS. lu 86. The iu, which arose from older eu (g 68), remained in Gothic, as Goth, niinjis, OS. OHG. nluwi, stem 'nltâ-, older *neiô-, new; Goth. sUurei (in us-stlurel, excess, rioti, cp, OHG. stluri, greatness, magnificence; Goth. klii8l)>, OS. kiusid, OHG. kiuslt,Ae chooses, tests; Goth.
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58fi-7l Diphthongs of Accented Syllables 33 Uabljaii, OS. UuhUan, OHG. Uubten, to light; Goth. sUtixjan, io establish, OHG. stioren, to support, steer.
i 88. eu (OE. 60, OS. OHG. io(eo), O.Icel. jo(jfi)) became la in Gothic, as Goth, diups, OE. dSop, OS. dlop, OHG. tiof, O.Icel. djupr, deep; Goth. UuhaJ), OE. Uoht, OS. OHG. Uoht, a light, cp. Gr. Xuki1s, light, bright ; Goth. Uufs, OE. lof, OS. Uof, OHG. Uob, O.Icel. Ijufr, dear; Goth, tiuhan ( 801), OS. tlohan, OHG. zlohan, to draw, puH; Goth, fra-liusan, OE. for.lSosan, OS. far-Uosao, OHG. flr-liosan, to lose. CHAPTER V THE GOTHIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC VOWELS OF UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. g 87. In order to establish and illustrate the Gothic treatment of the vowels of final syllables by comparison with other non-Germanic languages, Lat., Greek, &c., it will be useful to state here a law, relating to the general Germanic treatment of Indo-Germanic final consonants, which properly belongs to a later chapter : (i) Final -m became -n. This -n remained when protected by a particle, e.g. Goth. Jian-a ( 265), the = Skr. tfim, Lat. is-tum, Gr. liv. But when it was not protected by a particle, it, as also Indo-Germanic final -n, was dropped in prim. Germanic after short vowels ; and the preceding vowel underwent in Gothic just the same treatment as if it bad been originally final, i. e. it was dropped with the exception of u, e.g, ace. sing. Goth, wnlf, a)^=Skr, vf kam, Gr. Miov, Lat. lupum ; nom. ace. sing. Goth, jak, yoke = Skr. yttgdm, Gr. Ivfiv, Lat. jugum; inf. olman from 'nemanan, to take; ace. sing. Goth. ga.qum}>, a coming 11E7 D n,gN..(jNGoogle
34 Phonology [87 logeOier, assembly = Skr. g&tlm, Gr. fUmv, prim, form "Ûm, a going; cp. also the Lat. endings in partlm, sltlm, &c. Ace. sing. Goth, sunu, soh = Skr. sGcdm, cp. the ^nAingsin Gr, ^W, sife(; Lat.fructuni,/r('/; ace. sing. Goth.
fotu, foot, cp. Lat. pedem, Gr. w^Sa ($ 68). But the -im from Indg. vocalic m disappeared in words of more than two syllables, as ace. sing, guman from 'jomanun = Lat. hominem, matt ; br5}iar from *1>rd)>eruo, brother, cp. Lat. fr&trem. In Gothic slbim, seven, and tafhuD, ten, for older 'sibu, 'tafhu, the final -a was re-introduced through the influence of the inflected forms ( 247). Note. The oldest Norse runic inscriptions still retained these final vowels, as ace. sing, atalaa beside Goth. stAin, statu ; ace. sing. neut. boroa beside Goth, ttaiirn, kom ; nom. sing. gaatlR beside Goth, gasts, guest, stranger. On the other hand, final -n merely became reduced after long vowels in prim, Germanic, and only disappeared in the course of the individual Germanic languages; the process being that the long oral vowels became nasalized and then at a later stage became oral again (cp, 59 note). After the disappearance of the nasal element, the long vowel remained in Gothic when it originally had the ' slurred ' (circumflex) accent, but became shortened when it originally had the ' broken ' (acute) accent, as gen. pi, &.a.z^, of days ; gaste, of guests ; hanaiii, of cocks ; ha^rtane, of hearts; bai^rge, of cities; the -e of which corresponds to a prim. Germanic -^n, Indg. -Sm, but this ending only occurs in Gothic and has never been satisfactorily e:iplained ; the ending in the other Germanic and IndoGermanic languages presupposes -Sm which regularly appears as -6 in the Gothic gen, pi, gibo, of gifts ; baa^Jo, of bands; ttxaoao, of totigues ; mansi%eiao, of tnttititudes, cp. Gr. hwf, of gods ; but aec. sing, glba from *5et>5n, Indg. 'im, cp. Gr. x*^*", ^("^ and ace. fern. ^,the = Skr. n,gN..(JNGOOglC
88] Vowels of Unaccented Syllables 35 iitm., ace. fern, tii &ind-hun ( 80 note), no one ; nom. sing, hana from 'x^^î* ot -on, cp. Gr. notft^c, shepherd, 4y*Pî leader; naslda from nazidon, I saved. Note. For full details concerning the Germ, treatment in final syllables of Indg. vowels with the ' slurred ' and ' broken ' accent, see Streitberg's ' Urgermanische Grammatik', ch. ix, {2) The Indg. final explosives disappeared in prim. Germanic, except after a short accented vowel, as pres. eubj. baftî, OE. OS. OHG. bere, from an original form *bh^roit, ^ may bear; pret pi. bSnin, OE. bsron, OS. OHG. barun, they bore, original ending -nt with vocalic n ( 54) ; Goth, mena from an original form *men5t, tnoon ;
Goth.))at.a, OE. )t, OS. that, Indg. 'tod, that, the; OE. hwset, OS. hwat = Lat. quod, what, beside Gothic hra { 278) ; OE. set, OS. at = Lat. ad, at. (3) Indg. final -r remained, as Goth, fadar, O.Icel. fatSir, OE. fteder, OS. fader, OHG. fater = Lat. pater, Gr. warilp, father. Note. So far as the historic period of Gothic is concerned, the law relating to the treatment of Indo-Germanic final consonants may be stated in general terms thus: With the exception of -s and -r all other Indo-Germanic final consonants were dropped in Gothic. In the case of the explosives it cannot be determined whether they had or had not previously undergone the first sound-shifling ( 128-33). Of Indo-Germanic final consonant groups, the only one preserved in Gothic is -ns, before which short vowels are retained, e. g. ace. pi. masc, Goth. Jian9=Gr. Cretan tin (Attic twJs), the \ ace. pi. Goth, wnlfans, wolves, cp. Gr. Cretan nAp^vt^^ AtX. niv fMus, ornaments; ace. pi. Goth. |>rins = Gr. Cretan rpit^, three; ace pL Goth, stmnns, sons, cp. Gr. Cretan ulCvi, sons. Cp. the law stated in 88. a. Short Vowds. g 88. With the exception of u all other prim. Indo-Germanic final short vowels, or short vowels which became final in prim. Germanic ( 87), were dropped in Gothic, as D 2 n,gN..(jNGoogle
36 Phonology [ 88 also were shoft vowels in the final syllables of dissyllabic and polysyllabic words when followed by a single consonant : Goth, w&tt = Gr. olSa, Skr. vida. / know; w^t = Gr. i,VAa,S^T.vÔa,auM knowest; hlaf, / sft>J^ = Gr. k&Xcô. Goth, akrs, >eA/ = Gr. Ayp**; wolfs = Gr. Xos, Sfcr. vfkas, Lat. lapns, wolf, cp. nom. sing. O.Norse runic inscription HoltingaR ; aomanB from *noinaiiaz, taken ; gen. sing, dagto, from 'daêsa, of a day, cp. O.Bulgarian eso = Goth, hiis, whose; af, of, from = Gr. Swo ; nom. sing, balrdeis, shepherd, from "fft^-az. Voc. sing. Goth, wulf = Gr. X^kc, Lat. Inpe, Skr. vfka ; nim, Utke Aou = Gr. fifix ; naseit from 'nasyi, save thou ; baidp, ye bear =Cr. ^pm; wiit, he knows = Gt. oOk; ii&ia, he lent = Gr. XAotvc.Ae has left; Smi, Jive, cp. Gr. Wt^c; mlk (ace), me, cp. Gr. iii^*; nom. pi. Goth, gamans from 'ômaniz, men = Lat. homines,cp. Gr. Skimtcs, anvils ; nom, pi. gasteis from *2astij-(i)z, gvests = Lat. hostSs, from 'hostês, strangers, enemies, cp. Gr. wAit from *vA</(s, a'iies; nom. pi. suqjiis, from 'snniuz, older *simeu*e8i sons = Skr, siiii&vas, cp. Gr. IfitU from 'JjWfas,
sweet. hrdln, from *hrfiini (neut.), clean, pure, cp. Gr. I8p., skilful; dat. sing. gumlD from "somlni ^ Lat. homlnl, to a man, cp. Or. wHy-iyi, to a shepherd; dat. sing, brojir from brojirl = Lat. fratri, io a brother, cp. Gr. 'mjk; baiils = Skr. bhdrasi, thou bearest ; bafrij) = Skr. bh&ratl, he bears ; bafrand=Gr. Dor. ^tpovn, Skr. bh&raotl, they bear; nom. sing. gasts = O.Norse runic inscription gastiR, guest, Lat. hostis; wairs, from wirslz (av.), worse, cp. Lat. magis, more. Nom. ace. neut. Goth, fafhu = Lat. pecu, cattle, cp. Gr, iffTu, city ; fllu, much = Gr, iroXii, many ; nom. sing, suntis = Skr, suntis, son, cp. the endings in Gr. t^nos, corpse, Lat. {TMiiMBtfruii, n,gN..(jNGoogle
Sg] Vowels of Unaccented Syllables 37 Note. The law of final vowels does not affect originally monosyllabic words, cp. e.g. nom. sing. Goth. 1*, Ae Lat. ii, beside gasta ^ Lathostis; Goth, hraitvAd/- Lat, quod, beside jnk, yoke Lat jugum.
b. Loiv Vowels. 80. Prim. Indg. long final vowels, or those which became final in prim. Gennanic ( 87 and note), became shortened in polysyllabic words, when the vowels in question originally had the 'broken* accent, but remained unshortened when they originally had the ' slurred ' accent. Examples of the former are: fern. nom. sing, glba, from *5eb6, gift {cp. s6, 265), cp. Gr. x^lpi, land, Indg. -a ; neuC. nom. ace. pi. juka, from *jukd (cp. neut, nom. ace. pi. |, 266), Skr. (Vedic) yugd, O.Lat. juga, Indg. -1 bafra, Lat. fero, Gr. ^pu, tbear, Indg. -o; mSna, moon, cp. mgno)>B, month ; particle -6 preserved in forms like ace. sing, luan-6-h, each, everyone, but shortened in ace. forms like tvan-a, whom?; })an>a, this; )iat-a, that; blindan-a, blind. Pret. 3 sing, nasida, he saved, Indg. -dh^tt cp. nasidgs ; ^namma, dat. (properly instrumental) sing. masc. neut. of ii-as,one, beside &liiumme-hun, to anyone; tuamma? to whom? beside h/amme-h, io everyone; dat. sing. masc. neut. }>amma, to this, from an Indg. instrumental form *tosm^ (cp. Goth. })e, 266 note) ; dat. sing, daga, to a day, from Indg. *dhogh^ or -6 ; bair^ma, we may bear, Indg, -mi. Jrfwi (gen. ))it;jos), maid-servant, formed from 'Jdus (pi. )>lwos), man-servant, like Skr. devl, goddess, from dv&s,
god; frôndi, from *fiij6ndi {fem.),^crf, cp. Skr. prcs. part. fem. bh&ranti ; will, from "will, he will, cp. wilei-
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38 Phonology [ 90 ma we mil ; nSmii from 'niemi, he might lake, cp. nemels. Cp. 5 164. Examples of the latter are : undaro, utider, cp. Skr. adhar&d, below, Indg. ablative ending -fid ; of the same orîn is the -o in adverbs like }>iubjd, secretly, glaggwo, accurately ; and in adverbs with the suffix -^ro ( 348), as \u&yco,wkence,'^^b, thence. Horn. iat^,tortgue,hairto, heart, Intfe- -5The preservation of the final -e in adverbs with the sufHx drg { 848) is also due to the vowel having had originally the 'slurred ' accent. Note. Long vowels remained in monosyllables, as nom. fern, so, the, /AisGr. Dor. a ; ace. fern, jJoGr. Dor. toi" ; nom. ace. fern. pi. |>os~Skr. tia. They also remained in the final syllables of dissyllabic and polysyllabic words, when protected by a consonant which w?as oripnally final or became final in Gothic, as nom. pI.wulfos=Skr. vikis, wolves; nom. pi. gibosfrom 'îbiz, gifls, cp. Skr. Afvas, mares; gen. sing. git)5s from 'êbdz; dal. pi. gibom from 'gebomiz; salbos from 'salbozi, thou atioinlest; fidwor from 'feOworiz, Indg. 'qetworea, four; nasides from *iiazidz, thou didst save, beside nasida, / saved ; oemeis from ''nemiz, thou mightest take, beside nSmi, he might lake ; Demeif>,^ might take ; managdu], abundance. On final long vowels when originally followed by a nasal, see 87. c. Diphthongs. 90. Originally final -ai became -a in polysyllables, as batrada, he is borne = Gr. mid. ^pcrai ; bairanda, they are bome=Gr. mid. îpovzai ; fa,6i&, be/ore, cp. Gr. irapaC, beside. Originally long diphthongs became shortened in final syllables, as ahtdu, from an original form *okt6u, eight; dat. sing, gibii, from '{eboi, older *ghebhEi, to a gift, cp. Gr. x<i|>f for *x^l>^<- ; 9^?. to a goddess ; dat. sing, sttn&u, to a son, from loc. form "suneu ; dat. sing, anstii, to a favour, n,gN..(JNGOOglC
9'-4] Vowels of Accented Syllables 39
from locative form 'anstel, cp. Gr. -nUhfi ; habdis, from *xats(j)iz(i), Otou hast, hab^]>> from *xatse(j)ld(i), he has. Note. Gen. sing. ansUis, of a favour, from Indg, -eis, -ois; bair&is, Gr. îfovi, Skr. bhdrii, thou mayest bear, Indg. -ola; baimi, Gr. îpot,, Skr. bh4ret, kt may bear, Indg. -olt; gen. sing. BtmliiB, of a son, Indg. -eui, -o m.
CHAPTER VI THE GERMANIC EQUIVALENTS OF THE GOTHIC VOWEL-SOUNDS A. The Vowels or Accented Syllables. I. Short Vowels. 81. Gothic a = Germ, a, as faiar, father ; aki3,fteid; tagr,&ar; gaats, guest; abtAu, e^ht ; band, he bound; nam, he took; gaf, he gave. Cp. 65 92. Goth, af = (i) Germ, e, as tafbun, ten ; fafhn, cattle ; saihran, to see; bafran, to bear. Cp. 5 67. = (2) Germ. i,as ^yaiii^, he bears ; }>afhtiin, toe throve, pp. )>afhans; laih/um, we lent, pp. laftuans. Cp. 60. 88. Goth. 1 = (i) Germ. 1, as fisks,/s^ ; bitum, m bit, pp. bitans ; nlmis, thou takest ; bindan, to bind. Cp. 68. = (2) Germ, e, as swistar, sister; hilpan, to help ; nlman, to take ; glbaa, to give, pp. gibans. Cp. 66. 84. Goth, ad = (i) Germ, o, as wadrd, word; dadhtar, doubter; pp. tadhans, drawn. Cp. 70.
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40 Phonology ( 95-10* = (a) Germ, xl, as waiirms, worm ; wadrk-
jaOi to work ; tai!ihaiii, uw drew. Cp. 78. 95. Goth, a = (i) Germ, n, as juggs, young ; fralusts, , loss; budum, we offered; bimdum, we bound, pp. bundans ; hulpiim, we helped. Cp. 73. = (2) Germ, o, as jnk, yoke ; pp. hulpans* helped ; pp. budans, offered ; pp. numans, taken. Cp. ${ 62, 70. 3. Long Vowels. S 96. Goth. & = Germ. ft. as hahan, to hang ; pahta, he thought; brAhta, he brought. Cp. 60. 74. 97. Goth. S = (i) Germ. S, as Mr, here; fera, country, region. Cp. 77. = (2) Germ.Eeiasqns,aii)%; gad&}>s, </(/; berumiWftore; sStum,i(V5(i:/; slSpan, to sleep. Cp. 76. 88. Goth, al = Germ. Ge(j), as saian, to sow ; waian, to blow. Cp. 76. 99. Goth, ei := Germ. 1, as seins, his; sweln, pig; steigan, to ascend. Cp. 78. 5 100. Goth. 5 = Germ. 6, as fotus,/oo/; brofar, brother; fdr, I fared, went, pi. forum; safso, I sowed; sXîaa, to judge. Cp. 5 79, 81. 101. Goth, au = Germ. d(w), as tXxaa., judge, staulda, / judged; bauan, to inhabit. Cp. 80. 102. Goth, u = Germ, u, as rums, room ; }iusuiidl, thousand; galukan, to lock, shut; jQhiza, younger. Cp. 82.
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103-61 Vowels of Medial Syllables 41 3. Diphthongs.
108. Goth. 6A = Germ, al, as sUUns, stone ; w&it, I know, st&ig, I, he ascended ; h&itan, le name, caff. Cp. 83. 104. Goth. û=(i) Germ. &u, as &ag5, eye; &tiluui, to add, increase ; k&ns, he chose, tested. Cp. 84. = (2) Germ, aw, as soiltt, he hastened, inf. snlwan ; m&i^ds, 0/ a girl, nom. mawi; t&tân, to do, pret. tawlda. Cp. 160. 10S. Goth. lu=(i) Germ, in, as niiîs, new; Uuhtjan, to light ; kiasi)>, he chooses. Cp. 68, 85. = (2) Germ, eu, as diups, de^ ; Uuha)>, light; fraliusan, to lose. Cp. 68, 8S-6. = (3) Germ, ew, iw, as kniu ên. knlwis), knee ; qius ^n. qiwis), quick, alive ; sluns, sight, /ace. Cp. 150. B. The Vowels of Medial Syllables. r. Short Vowels. 106. Goth, a = (t) Germ, a ( 89 and note), as ace. pi. dagans, days, dat. pi. dagam ; nlman, to take ; nlmam, we take ; nimand, êy take; ace sing, hanan, cock, ace. pi. hanans ; masc. ace. sing. bUndana, blind, dat. sing, blindamma; manags, many, (a) Germ, e, as ufar, over ; hrajâr, which of taio; ace. sing, brojâr, brother. Cp. 80, 3.
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42 Phonology [5 loj-n $ 10?. Goth, i = (i) Germ. 1, Indg. 1 (S 88), as ace. pi. gastina, guests, dat. pi. gasUm ; batists, best ; hardlza, harder. = (a) Germ, i, I ndg. e ^ 60, 3), as gen. sing.
dagis, 0/ a day ; hatjis, of an army ; banins, 0/ a cock, dat. sing, hania ; gen. pi. simlwe, 0/ sous ; nlmis, Aou takest, nimi}), he takes. 108. Goth, a = (i) Genn. u ( 72), as susus, son, dat. pi. suntUQ ; ace pi. br5))runs, brothers, dat. pi. brd}>rtun j nSmun, th^ took. (3) Germ, w ( 160), as nom. pi. suivjus, 2. Long Vowels. 108. Goth. = Germ, e ( 76, 89 note), as nasidSs, thou didst save, beside naslda, he saved; dat. sing. tvammSh, to each. 110. Goth, el = (i) Germ, i ( 78, 89 note), as slnelgs, old; ace. sing, manageln, multitude; nSmeis, thou mightest take, beside ngml, he might take. = (2) Germ, y (5 168), as nom. sing. hair Aeis, shepherd ; nom. pi. gasteis. guests. = (3) Germ. i(j)i ( 168), as sokeis, thou seekest; gen. sing, halrdels, of a shepherd. 111. Goth. 6 = Germ. 6 (5 79, 89 note), as witoJ>, law, nom. pi. dagos, days ; nom. ace, p], glbos, gifts, gen. sing, gibos, dat. pi. glbom; fem. nom. ace. pi. bUndoSf blind ; gen. sing, tuggons, of a tongue ; salboQ, to anoint, salbo)), he anoints, salboda, / anointed.
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I1Z-I5] Final Vowels 43 3. Diphthongs. U2. Goth. &i = (i) Germ, ai older ^, ot ( 90), as
nim^s, thou mayest take; gen. sing. anst&is, 0/ a favour. = (2) Germ. &(i)i ({ 80), as hab&is, thou hast ; hab^)>, /i has. US. Goth. &u= Germ, au older ou ( 80 note), as gen. sing, sunûs, o/a son. C. Final Vowels. I. Short Vowels. U4. Goth. a = (i) Germ. d($88),a5nima,/to&; nom. sing, glba,^//; nom. ace. pi. wadrda, words; hafrtona, hearts; ace. luana, whom, cp. hianoh; and similarly in the ace. bllndana, blind; ina, him; }>ana, Ike, )>ata, tke, that. = (2) Germ, x, Indg. e ( 89), as hramma, to whom, beside hrammeh ; and similarly in daga, to a day; imma, to him ; atiÂA, he saved; utaati,/rom without ; nlmiima, we may take ; oemeima, we might take. = (3) Germ, on ( 87) (i)), as ace. sing, giba, gi/l; nasiAa., I saved, = (4) Germ. Sn or on (87(i)), as nom. hana, cock, manna, man. = {5) Genn. ai ( 80), bafrada, he is borne = Gr. mid. ^^ctoi ; bafraza, thou art borne = Gr, mid. ^ptoi from *îptaai. $ IIB. Goth, i = (i) Germ, i ( 89), as bandi, band; ngmi, he might take, beside nSmets, thou
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[i,6-2o = (2) Germ, j ( IBS), as ace. sing, hari, army, hairdi) shepherd; ktmi, generation. = (3} Germ, -ij- { 164), as voc. halrdl, shepherd. U6. Goth, u = (i) Germ, u ( 8S), as filu, much ; ace. sing, sunu, son ; fafhu, caSU.
= (a) Germ, w ( ISO (2)), as skados from *skadwaz, shadow. 2. Long Vowels. 117. Goth, e = (i) Germ. , Indg. 8 (5 89), as hidrS, hfAer; hradre, whither. = (3) Germ. -Ecn, Indg. em{87(i)), as gen. pi. dage, 0/ days ; gastS, 0/ gtiests ; hanane, 0/ cocks. 118. Goth, ei = Germ, ij ( 154), as imperative 2 pers. sing, nasel, save thou ; sokei, seek thou. 110. Goth. 6 = (i) Germ. & ( 89), as tuggo, tongue; hafrto, heart; hra.]>ro, whence ; nfard, Jrom above ; }>iut:(jo, secretly. = (2) Germ. -8n ( 87 (i) ), as gen. pi. gibo, o/gijts; tuggoQO, of tongues. 3. Diphthongs. 120. Goth. &! = (i) Germ, ai, as masc. nom. pi. bllnd&i, blind, cp. }>ii ( 2es). = (2) Germ, al older H ^ 90), as dat. sing. anst&i, to a favour. = (3) Germ, ai, Indg. oi ( 90 note), as nitn&i, he may take. (4) Germ, ai older 51, Indg. a! { 90), as dat. gibii, to a gift; izii, to ker.
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i3t-j] Ablaut {Vowel Gradation) 45 131. Goth.&a=(i) Germ, au, Indg. Su (S 80), as dat. sing, son&u, to a son. (2) Germ, au, Indg. ou ( 80), as ahtia, eight
CHAPTER VII ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION)
122. By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, which was caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of accentuation. See J 82. The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called ablaut-series. In Gothic, to which this chapter will chiefly be limited, there are seven such series, which appear most clearly in the stem-forms of the various classes of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be distinguished in a Gothic strong verb which has vowel gradation as the . characteristic mark of its different stems : (i) the present stem, to which belong all the forms of the present, (a) the stem of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite plural, to which also belongs the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past participle. By arranging the vowels according to these four stems, we arrive at the following system :
I. el ^ l(a() i(af) II. lu ill u(aiS) ii(aii) III. l(aO a u(a<l)
t.(a4) IV. i(al) a e u(atl) V. l(al) a e l(ai) VI. a 6
a VII. e
e Note. On the difference between i and at, see 67. 69; u and Bd, see 71, 73.
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46 Phonology [ "^z But although the series of vowels is seen most clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs, the learner must not assume that ablaut occurs in strong verbs only. Every syllable of every word of whatever part of speech contains some form of ablaut. E.g. the sonantal elements in the following stem -syllable 5 stand in ablaut relation to each other : un-êis, unknowing, ignorant : wltan, to know ; 'lelsan [l&ls ( 333), / know], to know, l^sareis, teacher: lists, cunning, wile. Ilofs, dear : ga-ldulân, to believe : lubo, love ; siuks, sick, ill: saiihts, sickness; ana-biudan, to command: ana> bfisns, command; fra-liusan, to lose: fra-lusts, /oss. bindan, to bind: bandi, band, bond: ga-bundi, bond; rinnao, to run : ranQJan (wv.), to let run : runs, a running, issue ; ])airsan, to be withered : ))a^snati, to become withered : Jiafirsus, withered. bairan, to bear: bam, child: hintsio^, parents : badr, son ; qiman, to came : ga-qum])S, a coming together, assembly; man, / think: muns, thought; ga-tairan, to tear in pieces : ga-ta6ra, a tear, rent ; qino, woman : qens, itn/e.
mitan, to measure : us>mSt, manner of life, common' wealth ; glban, to give : gabel, wealth.
batiza, better: bota, advantage; s&\)S,Jull: ga-s6}ijan, lojill, satisfy; dags, day: ahtiu4ogs (aj.), eight (hys old; frajijan, to understand: frodel, understanding; graban, to dig: groba, ditch, hole. mana-sejjs, mankind, world, lit. man-seed: salan, to sow; ga-de)>s, deed: Abras, judgment, cp. Gr. ri-hyii, / place, put : Oupis, heap ; waian, to blow : w5ds, raging, mad. Examples of ablaut relation in other than stem-syllables are: Nom. pi. SMstei'S, favours : gen. sing. anst4l-s : ace. pi, ansti-ns ; nom. pi. suqiu-s (original form *sunu.e8, 88), sons: gen. sing, sundu-s: ace. pi. sunu-ns; fiilgl-ns (aj.), n,gN..(jNGoogle
45 1^3-4] Ablaut {Vowel Gradation) 47 hidtien : fulha-ns, pp. of fllhan, to hide ; gen. sing. dagi-Si of a day: ace. pi. daga-ns; tiafra-m, zie bear: \>a.iA-y,ye bear = GT. 4<fK)-|i-: ^pc-rc; brd]>a.r, brother: dat. sing. brd]>-r, cp. Gr. war^-p : dat. tut-p-J ; gen. sing. *adhsi-ns, of an ox \ ace. pi. *aiUisa-ns : gen. pi. adhs-ne. 129. In Germanic with one examples 310. the following paragraphs will be given the equivalents of the above seven ablaut series, or two illustrations from Gothic. For further see the various classes of strong verbs, % 209-
Ablaut-series I. 124. Gothic el iX l(aO l(af) Prim. Germ, i ai 1 i stelgan, to ascend sUUg stlgum stlgans }ihan, to thrive >4th ]>a{huiQ })aihana Note. Cp. the parallel Greek series iriiBa: irimtBii : (iridw. n. Goth. lu An u(aia) u(a6) Prim. Germ, eu au u o biugaiv to bend b&ug bugum bagans tluhan, iQ lead t&uh taiUiiuii tadhans Note, I. On iu and eu, see 68, 86-8; on n and o, see 62, 70. 2. Cp. Gr. i\,i{d)To^K (fut.) : itKiôv6a : tfKvdoy. in. Coth. i(af) a u(a(i) u(ad)
Prim.Genn.e, 1 a u o, u bilpan, to help halp hulpum bulpans bindan, to bind band bimdum bundans vtaJxâaiifo become war}> wa6r])um waiir]ians Note. I. On e and i, see 60 (i) ; on o and u, see 62, 70. a. To this class belong all strong verbs having a medial nasal or liquid + consonant, and a few others in which the vowel is followed by two consonants other than nasal or liquid* consonant. 3- Cp. Gk. Sf^KOfiai ; ifbopKa: tipaKOr; Trc/iiru : wtiroiujui.
n,gN..(jNGoogle
48 Phonology [ 124 IV. Goth. i(aQ a i u(ai)) Prim. Germ, e as o niman, to take nam nfimum numans bafran, to bear bar bgroin batâns Note. I. On 1 and e, see 66 ; e and te, see 7S ; u and o, see 70. 3. To this class belong all strong verbs whose stents end in a single liquid or a nasal. 3. Cp. Gr. /mW : fiov!}: lu-junn; iipa: dopd; it-tap-itirot, V. Goth. l(al) a e i(ai) Prim.Genn. e a * e glban, to give gaf gebum gibans sailvan, to see sahr sehmm safhraos NoTB. I. On 1 and e, see 66 ; e and , see 76. a. To this class belong strong verbs whose stems end in a single consonant other than a liquid or a nasal. 3. Cp. Gk, TttTOfiai; TiATfios: ^-jtt-^hijip ; Tp(V: r*-rpo^; t^qtritrffai. VI. Goth. a o a Prim. Germ, a 6 6 a faran, to go for forum farans slahan, to strike slob slohum slahans Note. The steins of verbs belonging to this class end in
a single consonant. VII. Goth. e(al) o e(ai) Prim.Germ. a 6, 6 jfe letan, to let laMot lafJotum IStaos salan, to soar saf-s6 sal.s6um salans Note. I. On e and ai, see 76-6. 2. Cp. Glc. t-)]-fi( : Dor. d^-(-u-Ka; ri-dinii: Sa/ios.
n,gN..(jNGoogle
I 1*5] Ablaut {Vowel Gradation) 49 12B. The ablaut-series as given in 131 have, for practical reasons, been limited to the phases of ablaut as they appear in the various classes of strong verbs. From an Indo-Germanic point of view the series I-V belong to one and the same series which underwent in Germanic various modifications upon clearly defined lines. What is called the sixth ablaut-series in the Germanic languages is really a mixture of several original series, owing to several Indg. vowel-sounds having fallen together in prim. Germanic ; thus the a, which occurs in the present and the past participle, corresponds to three Indg. vowels, viz. a ( 86), o (5 SB), and a ( 41) ; and the 6 in the preterite corresponds to Indg. a (J 42) and Indg. o ({ 46). In a few isolated cases there are also phases of ablaut which do not manifest themselves in the various parts of strong verbs, as e.g. ace. pi. 'adhsa-ns, oxen: gen. pi. atUis-nSt where the vowel disappears altogether, as in Gr. -Hlraî : iin-6^-([v ; slafihts, slaughter : slahan {VI), lo slay ; lats, siothjul i ltan (VI I), to lei ; ra}i>jo, number, account : rSdan {WIY), to counsel; \v3i&n, to lock : pret. sing, l&uk (II), which is an aorist-present like Gr. tii^, rpiPu, another similar aorist-present form is trudan (IV), to tread. For the phases of ablaut which do not occur in the various parts of strong verbs, and for traces of ablaut-series other than those given above, the student should consult Brugmann's Kurze verêkhmde Grammatik der indogertnanischen Sprachen, pp. 138-50,
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50 Phonology [$ 1 3 CHAPTER VIII THE FIRST SOUND-SHIFTING, VERNER'S LAW, AND OTHER CONSONANT CHANGES
WHICH TOOK PLACE IN THE PRIMITIVE GERMANIC LANGUAGE 12S. The first sound-shifting, popularly called Grimm's Law, refers to the changes which the Indo-Germanic explosives underwent in the period of the Germanic primitive community, i.e. before

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GRAMMAR OF THE GOTHIC LANGUAGE

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1910 , lAll tig^&ls mtrvid]

man wv. weak verb

3 400 500 600 700 800 w f X hr

ft had native (see }i&hd,

p. Germ. Goth. O.Icel. OS. OHG. OE.

eo,(lo) eo. (lo) So iu in j iu in 10

60, before ; he brought, gaf&han, to to go;

82. Germanic u remained in Gothic, as Goth, bus (in

9'-4] Vowels of Accented Syllables 39

40 Phonology ( 95-10* = (a) Germ, xl, as waiirms, worm ; wadrk-

103-61 Vowels of Medial Syllables 41 3. Diphthongs.

CHAPTER VII ABLAUT (VOWEL GRADATION)

I. el ^ l(a() i(af) II. lu ill u(aiS) ii(aii) III. l(aO a u(a<l)

t.(a4) IV. i(al) a e u(atl) V. l(al) a e l(ai) VI. a 6

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