Carbopol Polymers

Overview

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Typical Properties of Powdered Carbopol Polymers

Chemical Description: linear with Physical Appearance: Particle Size: Bulk Density: pH (1% water dispersion) Moisture Content: Equivalent Weight
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High molecular weight,nonpolyacrylic acid cross-linked polyalkenyl polyether White powder 2 - 7 microns 176 - 208 kg/m3 2.5 - 3.0 < 2% 76 4

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Major Functions of Carbopol and Pemulen Rheology Modifiers

Thickening with a wide range of flow properties Suspension of insoluble ingredients

Stabilization of emulsions (Carbopol polymers)

Emulsification (Pemulen polymers)

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How Carbopol Polymers Thicken

Carbopol Powder

State I: Powder

State II: Hydrated

State III: Neutralized

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State I: Powder

COO H

Before contact with water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid is tightly coiled

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State II (Polymer Dispersion): Hydrated

COOH

When dispersed in water, cross-linked polyacrylic acid begins uncoiling

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State III (Polymer Mucilage): Neutralized

NH4+ NH4+

NH4+ NH4+
u u
8

NH4+

Neutralization with a base creates negative charges along backbone These repulsive forces uncoil polymer into an extended structure
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Neutralization Ratio Chart - pH 7.0

Neutralizer Trade Name NaOH (18%) Ammonia (28%) KOH (18%) L-Arginine AMP-95 Neutrol TE TEA (99%) Tris Amino (40%)* Ethomeen C-25 Diisopropanolamine Triisopropanolamine Neutralizer INCI/CTFA Name Sodium Hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide Arginine Aminomethyl Propanol Tetrahydroxypropyl Ethylenediamine Triethanolamine Tromethamine PEG-15 Cocamine Diisopropanolamine Triisopropanolamine Angus Akzo Dow Dow Ajinomoto Angus BASF Manufacturer Weight Ration Base/Carbopol polymer 2.3/1.0 0.7/1.0 2.7/1.0 4.5/1.0 0.9/1.0 2.3/1.0 1.5/1.0 3.2/1.0 6.2/1.0 1.2/1.0 1.5/1.0

*Note: The 40% solution should be made from Tris Amino crystals from the manufacturer. Do not use the pre-dispersed solution from the manufacturer as it contains many impurities.
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Thickening Hydroalcoholic Gels

Carbopol polymer will precipitate out of solution if neutralizer is not chosen correctly.
Recommended Neutralizers for Hydroalcoholic Systems Up to % Alcohol 20% 30% 60% Neutralizer Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide Triethanolamine

60%
80% 90% 90%

Tris Amino
AMP-95* Neutrol TE Diisopropanolamine

90%
>90%
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Triisopropanolamine
Ethomeen C-25

Suspension of Particles in a Carbopol Polymer Gel

Suspended Particle

Swollen Microgel

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Yield Value
Formulations thickened with Carbopol polymers have very high yield values
Yield value is the initial resistance to flow under applied stress Yield value (rather than viscosity) is the dominant factor in determining suspending ability

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Applications for Yield Value

Suspension Vertical Cling

Foam Stability
Emulsion Stabilization

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Viscosity vs. Yield Value

Polymer (wt%) Broolfield Viscosity (mPas) Brookfield Yield Value (dyn/cm2) Sand Suspension

0.1-Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer

6,800

200

Permanent

0.5-Locust Bean Gum

1.5-Sodium CMC 1.5-Guar Gum

22,800
5,900 8,040

80
36 32

8 Hours
3 Hours 4 Hours

2.5-Sodium Alginate
pH = 6.3 - 7.5

8,360

16

2 Hours

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rev. 4/19/02

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Suspended Sphere Test Method

u Location of several spheres marked

Gels stored at room temperature for 3 days Yield value associated with largest/densest sphere with no appreciable movement

0.5% Carbopol 980 polymer

2.3% CMC

2.1% Guar

6.0% Xanthan

Viscosity = 33,000 mPas

pH = 7.5

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rev. 12/13/01

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Measurement of Brookfield Yield Value

Brookfield Yield Value (dyn/cm2)=

(Brookfield Visc. @ 0.5 rpm Brookfield Visc. @ 1 rpm) 100

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Carbopol Polymers: Application Guide

Acrylates/C10INCI/CTFA Designation 30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

Carbomer

Carbomer Ultrez 10

Carbomer

Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

Ultrez 21
2984/5984 934 PROPERTIES Flow characteristics Relative viscosity Suspending ability (yield value) Clarity Relative Ion Tolerance Relative Shear Tolerance APPLICATIONS Clear Gels Hydroalcoholic Gels Lotions Creams Personal Cleansers High Electrolyte Systems (aloe gels, etc.) Short High High Very high Medium High Short High High Low Low High

980 940 Short High High High Low High

ETD 2050 981 941 Long Low High High Medium Low

Ultrez 20 ETD 2020 1382 1342

Medium Medium High High High Low

ETD2020 = Carbopol EETD2020 Polymer ETD2050 Carbopol ETD2050 Polymer

Ultrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer
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934 = Carbopol 934 Polymer 1382 = Carbopol 1382 Polymer 940 = Carbopol 940 Polymer 2984 = Carbopol 2984 Polymer 941 = Carbopol 941 Polymer 5984 = Carbopol 5984 Polymer 2984 = Carbopol 2984 Polymer

Compatibility of Carbopol Polymers

PROPERTIES Flow Type Formulation compatibility High electrolytes Surfactants Cationics Ultrez 21 Short Ultrez 10 Short Ultrez 20 Medium

Solvents
*H2O2 High pH

**

Easy to disperse/use
*Best H202 compatible = Carbopol 934 Polymer ** Not tested
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**

Ultez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Utrez 21 Polymer Ultrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer

Ease of Processing Carbopol Polymer Wetting Times at 25C

Carbopol Polymer Ultrez 20 Ultrez 21 Ultrez 10 ETD 2020 980 Wetting Time 0.5 wt % (minutes) 3 2-3 5 20 > 50 Wetting Time 3.0 wt % (minutes) 5 5 6 > 3 hours > 5 hours

Note: The above values are typical, not specifications

Procedure: 0.5%: 2.5 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 500 mL DI water contained in a 800 mL beaker 3.0%: 3.0 g of powder sprinkled onto the surface of 100 mL DI water contained in a 250 mL beaker
Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer

Utrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer

ETD2020 = Carbopol ETD2020 Polymer

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980 = Carbopol 980 Polymer

Concentration Dependence of Dispersion Viscosity

20,000
Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer

Viscosity, (mPa s)

Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer

10,000

Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Carbopol 980 Polymer Carbopol 940 Polymer

0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 pH = 2.5 - 3.5 Polymer Concentration, wt % Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm 4.0 5.0

Measurement taken @ 1 hour @ 25 C

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Dispersion Preparation of Carbopol and Pemulen Polymer

- Add slowly in finely divided particles by sifting polymers through 20 - 30 mesh stainless steel screen into water vortex - Add as early in formulation as possible

- Add small amount of inorganic acid to reduce viscosity and air entrapment
- Neutralize near the end of the formula - Up to 2.0% polymer concentration recommended

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Processing and Formulating Guidelines Carbopol Ultrez Polymers

Sprinkle polymer on surface of water and allow to self-wet (vigorous agitation produces foam) Gently begin agitation Can be pre- or post-neutralized (depending on application) Keep agitation to a minimum (to avoid air entrapment) while adding remaining ingredients to formulation
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Effect of pH on Viscosity
Carbopol Polymer - 0.5 (wt %)
100,000

Carbopol Polymer
10,000

Viscosity, (mPas)

Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer 1,000 Carbopol Ultrez 10 polymer

100

10

Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 3 4 5 NaOH - 18 (wt %) Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm

pH

25

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NaCl Effect on Carbopol Polymer Gel Viscosities

Carbopol Polymer - 1.0 wt% at pH 7.5
90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm

Carbopol Polymer
Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer

Viscosity, (mPa s)

NaCl Concentration (wt %)

Measurements taken immediately

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rev. 4/19/02

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Clarity Vs. Concentration

100 99 98

Carbopol polymers
Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer Carbopol ETD 2020 polymer Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer

Clarity (%T)

97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

pH = 6.0 Brookfield RVT @ 20 rpm

Polymer Concentration (wt %)

Measurements taken @ 1 hour @ 25 C

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Creating the Right Sensory with the Right Choice of Carbopol Polymers

Formulate with Confidence

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Gel: Screening Formulation

Comparable Viscosities (23,000-28,000 mPa.s)
Part
A

Ingredients
Carbopol Ultrez 10 polyme Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer

INCI Carbomer Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer Acrylates C10-C30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer
0.23 0.60

% Weight

0.23

Carbopol 940 polymer

Carbopol 980 polymer

Carbomer
Carbomer

0.20
0.25

Carbopol 934 polymer

Deionized Water

Carbomer
Qs to 100

0.45

TEA(99%)

Triethanolamine

QS to pH = 6.0 6.5

Glydant Plus Liquid

DMDM Hydantoin (&) Iodopropynyl Butylcarbamate

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

0.40

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Gel: Effect of Electrolytes on Viscosity

Comparable Viscosities
w/ 0.01wt% NaCl 20,000 w/ 0.05wt% NaCl

(mPaS) Viscosity (mPa.S)

10,000

0 U10
U10 = Ultrez 10 polymer U20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer U21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer Carbopol

U20

U21

940

980

934

Rheology Modifiers

940 = Carbopol 940 polymer 980 = Carbopol 980 polymer 934 = Carbopol 934 polymer

More electrolyte tolerant Carbopol polymers offer higher viscosity response in the presence of electrolytes.
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Gel: Stress Sweep

1000
1000

Rest plateau

Critical Strain
100.0 100.0

Critical Strain

10.00

10.00

31

G' (Pa.s)

G' (Pa.s)

Rest plateau
1.000

Yield Stress
Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer CarbopolUltrez 20 polymer Carbopol Ultrez 21Polymer Carbopol 940 Polymer Carbopol 980 Polymer Carbopol 934 Polymer

1.000

Yield Stress

0.100

0.100

Carbopol Carbopol Carbopol Carbopol Carbopol Carbopol 0.1000

Ultrez 10 Polymer + NaCl Ultrez 20 Polymer + NaCl Ultrez 21 Polymer + NaCl 940 Polymer + NaCl 980 Polymer + NaCl 934 Polymer + NaCl 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000

0.010 0.1000 1.000 10.00 100.0 1000

0.010

osc. stress (Pa)

osc. stress (Pa)

Lower values for yield stress result in easier-to-break structures. The longer the rest plateau, the higher the stress needed to break the structure.
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Gel: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol Polymers

(Forced Ranking Method)
Cushion

Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer

* Afterfeel Intensity
-9E +2 63

Quickness of Break

Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer Carbopol 940 Polymer

HSD95

Carbopol 980 Polymer

Spreadability
*with significant difference

Wetness

Carbopol 934 Polymer

Each polymer has its own sensory fingerprint.

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Gel: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol Polymers

Light Wet Watery Quick Break Ultrez 10 Ultrez 21 980 Heavy Creamy Long Playtime Ultrez 20

Carbopol Polymers Taken from the forced ranking sensory data of tested Carbopol Polymers
Ultrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer 980 = Carbopol 980 polymer Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer
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Gel: Summary of Sensory Evaluation

Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer offers luxurious feel and longer playtime a melting sensory. Good for rich cushiony and non watery sensory gel formulations. Both Carbopol Ultrez 10 and Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymers provide refreshing sensory in initial rubout. Good for refreshing formulations.

Carbopol 980 polymer provides in-between sensory

characterized by slippery and lighter initial cushiony feel. Good for medium to rich formulations with non-tacky afterfeel.
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Emulsion: Sensory Attributes of Carbopol Polymers

QDA Rating Method
Cushion

Afterfeel Intensity

-9 E + 26

Quickness of Break

*
HSD95
35

Spreadbility

Wetness

Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Carbopol 940 Polymer

Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Carbopol 980 Polymer

Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer Carbopol 934 Polymer

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Emulsion: Range of Aesthetics for Carbopol Polymers

Light Low residual feel Non-lingering afterfeel Heavy High residual feel Lingering afterfeel

Ultrez 10

980

Ultrez 21 Carbopol Polymers

Ultrez 20

Ultrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer 980 = Carbopol 980 polymer Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer

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Emulsion: Summary of Sensory Evaluation

Even with the complexities of emulsion formulations, Carbopol polymers still provide sensory influence in the resulting emulsions.
Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer provides luxurious, melting rubout sensory and highest afterfeel intensity. Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer provides melting, lighter rubout sensory and medium to light afterfeel intensity.

Carbopol Ultrez 10 polymer provides refreshing, short rubout sensory and light afterfeel intensity.
Carbopol 980 polymer provides light, lubricating rubout sensory and velvety afterfeel.

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Carbopol Polymers: Application Guide

Acrylates/C10INCI/CTFA Designation 30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

Carbomer

Carbomer Ultrez 10

Carbomer

Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer

Ultrez 21
2984/5984 934 PROPERTIES Flow characteristics Relative viscosity Suspending ability (yield value) Clarity Relative Ion Tolerance Relative Shear Tolerance APPLICATIONS Clear Gels Hydroalcoholic Gels Lotions Creams Personal Cleansers High Electrolyte Systems (aloe gels, etc.) Short High High Very high Medium High Short High High Low Low High

980 940 Short High High High Low High

ETD 2050 981 941 Long Low High High Medium Low

Ultrez 20 ETD 2020 1382 1342

Medium Medium High High High Low

ETD2020 = Carbopol EETD2020 Polymer ETD2050 Carbopol ETD2050 Polymer

Ultrez 10 = Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer Ultrez 20 = Carbopol Ultrez 20 Polymer Ultrez 21 = Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer
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934 = Carbopol 934 Polymer 1382 = Carbopol 1382 Polymer 940 = Carbopol 940 Polymer 2984 = Carbopol 2984 Polymer 941 = Carbopol 941 Polymer 5984 = Carbopol 5984 Polymer 2984 = Carbopol 2984 Polymer

Trademarks
Carbopol and SilSense are registered trademarks of The Lubrizol Corporation. Fixate, Glucam, Glucamate, Glucate, Glucquat, Hydramol, Merquat, Novemer, Pemulen, Schercemol and Sensomer are trademarks of The Lubrizol Corporation. Hydrolite is registered trademark of Symrise. Euxyl is a registered trademark of Schlke & Mayr GmbH Olympus is a registered trademark of Olympus corporation Fucosorb is a trademark of Sensient Lipopearl and Liposphere are trademarks of Lipo Technologies, Inc.

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Disclaimer
The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for a particular application or the results to be obtained herefrom. Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. ("Lubrizol") cannot guarantee how any products associated with this information will perform in combination with other substances or in your process as the "user". Often, the information is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment. Due to variations in methods, conditions and equipment used commercially in processing materials, the information does not necessarily indicate end product performance or reproducibility. As such, no warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the information or products referenced hereunder for any applications disclosed to Lubrizol. Full scale testing and end product performance are the responsibility of the user. Further, any formulations presented should be used only as a suggested starting point. Lubrizol shall not be liable and the user assumes all risk and responsibility for, any use or handling of any material beyond Lubrizol's direct control. THE SELLER MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Nothing contained herein is to be considered as a permission, recommendation, or as an inducement to practice any patented invention without permission of the patent owner. Copyright, Inc. 2012 Lubrizol Advanced Materials

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Thank you . . .
For more information, samples and/or starting formulations with complete processing instructions and supplier references please contact:

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. 9911 Brecksville Road Cleveland, OH 44141 800-379-5389 216-447-5000
www.lubrizol.com/personalcare www.lubrizol.com/household

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