Professional Documents
Culture Documents
N
=1
(6)
4.1 Algorithm of Component Median Filter
Step 1: Select a noisy image.
Step 2: If the noisy image is color, separate each
plane using MATLAB commands.
Step 2(a): Each scalar component is treated in
dependently.
Step 3: Generate zero arrays around an image based
on image mask size using pad array command.
Step 4: select 3 * 3 masks from an image and the
mask should be odd sized
Step 5: Then sort the pixel values within the mask in
ascending order.
Step 6: For each component of each point under the
mask a single median component is determined.
Step 7: These components are then combined to form
a new point which is then used to represent the point
in the signal studied.
Step 8: Restore the output image and calculate the
Mean Square Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
value.
5. ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF
RECONSTRUCTED IMAGES.
5.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
In statistics and signal processing, a Mean
square error (MSE) estimator describes the approach
which minimizes the mean square error (MSE),
which is a common measure of estimator quality.
Let X is an unknown random variable, and
let Y be a known random variable (the measurement).
An estimator is any function of the
measurement Y, and its MSE is given by
HSE =E ](X
`
X)
2
(7)
Where the expectation is taken over both X
and Y.
The MSE estimator is then defined as the
estimator achieving minimal MSE. In many cases, it
is not possible to determine a closed form for the
MMSE estimator. In these cases, one possibility is to
seek the technique minimizing the MSE within a
particular class, such as the class of linear estimators.
The linear MSE estimator is the estimator achieving
minimum MSE among all estimators of the form AY
+b. If the measurement Y is a random vector, A is a
matrix and b is a vector. (Such an estimator would
more correctly be termed an affine MSE estimator,
but the term linear estimator is widely used.
5.2 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
In mathematics, the root mean square (abbreviated
RMS or rms), also known as the quadratic mean, is a
statistical measure of the magnitude of a varying
quantity. It is especially useful when variations are
positive and negative, e.g., sinusoidal. RMS is used
in various fields, including electrical engineering; one
of the more prominent uses of RMS is in the field of
signal amplifiers.
It can be calculated for a series of discrete
values or for a continuously varying function. The
name comes from the fact that it is the square root of
the mean of the squares of the values. It is a special
case of the generalized mean with the exponent p =2.
The RMS value of a set of values (or a
continuous-time waveform) is the square root of the
arithmetic mean (average) of the squares of the
original values (or the square of the function that
defines the continuous waveform).
In the case of a set of n values,
{x
1
,x
2
,,x
n
}the RMS value is given by:
x
ms
=
_
x
1
2
+x
2
2
+ +x
n
2
n
(8)
The corresponding formula for a continuous function
(or waveform) f(t) defined over the interval I
1
t I
2
is
ms
=_
1
1
2
-1
1
[(t)]
2
1
2
1
1
Jt (9)
And the RMS for a function over all time is
ms
= lim
1
_
1
21
[(t)]
2
Jt
1
-1
(10)
The RMS over all time of a periodic function is
equal to the RMS of one period of the function. The
RMS value of a continuous function or signal can be
approximated by taking the RMS of a series of
equally spaced samples.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 1835
5.3 Peak to Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR)
The phrase peak signal-to-noise ratio, often
abbreviated PSNR, is an engineering term for the
ratio between the maximum possible power of a
signal and the (or codec type) and same content.
It is most easily defined via the mean square
error (MSE) which for two mn monochrome images
I and K where one of the images is considered a
noisy approximation of the other is defined as:
HSE =
1
mn
[I(i,]) K(i,])]
2 n-1
]=0
m-1
=0
(11)
The PSNR is defined as:
PSNR =10.log
10
_
HAX
I
2
HSE
_
= 20.log
10
[
MAX
I
2
MSL
(12)
Here, MAXI is the maximum possible pixel
value of the image. When the pixels are represented
using 8 bits per sample, this is 255. More generally,
when samples are represented using linear PCM with
B bits per sample, MAXI is 2B1. For color images
with three RGB values per pixel, the definition of
PSNR is the same except the MSE is the sum over all
squared value differences divided by image size and
by three.
Typical values for the PSNR in lossy image
and video compression are between 30 and 50 dB,
where higher is better. Acceptable values for wireless
transmission quality loss are considered to be about
20 dB to 25 dB. When the two images are identical
the MSE will be equal to zero, resulting in an infinite
PSNR.
6. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The original image is generally is to be corrupted
by adding the noise to it in order to get the noisy
image. Filtering technique is applied to the noisy
image to obtain the noise eliminated image.
6.1 Images
Fig.2: Original image.
Fig.3: Noise corrupted image.
Fig.4: Noise removed image.
6.2 Results
The results are obtained by calculating the Mean
Square Error performance, Peak Signal to Noise
Ratio performance and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio
performance. These values are to be obtained for
Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, Speckle noise.
Gaussian noise corrupted images have better PSNR.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 1836
Fig.5: Mean Square Error performance.
Fig.6: Peak Signal to Noise Ratio performance.
Fig.7: Root Mean Square Error to Noise Ratio
performance
7. Conclusion
We have introduced Component Median
Filter for removing impulse noise from images and
shown how they compare to four well-known
techniques for noise removal. In the comparison of
noise removal filters, it was concluded that
Component Median Filter performed the best overall
noise compositions tested. By using the quantitative
analysis we proved that most of the in noise digital
images is removed with component median filter.
8. References
[1] R.Nathan, Spatial Frequency Filtering, in
Picture Processing and Psychopictrotics,B.S
.Lipkin and A.Roswnfeld,Eds., Academic
Press, New York.
[2] G.A.Mastin , Adaptive Filters for Digital
Image Noise Smoothing : An Evaluation,
Computer Vision, Graphics , and Image
Processing.
[3] T.A.Nodes and N.C.Gallagher , Jr., Median
Filters : Some Manipulations and Their
Properties,IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech,
and Signal Processing.
[4] Digital image processing by Rafael C.
Gonzalez and Richard E.Woods.
[5] Digital image restoration by Andrews and
Hunt.
[6] Digital image processing by B.Chanda
and D.Dutta Majumder.