Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Contributions of International Immigrants in KS

    Uploaded by

    mycatholicvoice.com
    67 views61 pages
    This is a study of the economic and fiscal contributions of international immigrants in the state of Kansas. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Kansas economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Kansas would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Kansas.  The international immigration process in Kansas is selective of young males from Mexico and Central America.  Unauthorized immigration has slowed in recent years.  There is a large concentration of immigrants residing in southwestern Kansas. Without this population, the agribusiness of southwestern Kansas would have difficulty recruiting labor. The other geographic concentration of the immigrant population is in large cities.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing (meat packing) industries.  Immigrants are overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations, and they are concentrated at both extremes of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the Kansas economy are such that an immigrant job creates almost one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly more state and local taxes per capita than do non‐immigrants. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 75% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Immigrants more than pay for the state services they use with the state and local taxes they generate directly.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly. Center for Economic Information

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    This is a study of the economic and fiscal contributions of international immigrants in the state of Kansas. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Kansas economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Kansas would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Kansas.  The international immigration process in Kansas is selective of young males from Mexico and Central America.  Unauthorized immigration has slowed in recent years.  There is a large concentration of immigrants residing in southwestern Kansas. Without this population, the agribusiness of southwestern Kansas would have difficulty recruiting labor. The other geographic concentration of the immigrant population is in large cities.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing (meat packing) industries.  Immigrants are overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations, and they are concentrated at both extremes of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the Kansas economy are such that an immigrant job creates almost one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly more state and local taxes per capita than do non‐immigrants. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 75% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Immigrants more than pay for the state services they use with the state and local taxes they generate directly.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly. Center for Economic Information

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    67 views61 pages

    Contributions of International Immigrants in KS

    Uploaded by

    mycatholicvoice.com
    This is a study of the economic and fiscal contributions of international immigrants in the state of Kansas. The study concludes that immigrants are an integral part of the Kansas economy. Substantially reducing the number of foreign born individuals who have jobs in the state of Kansas would have negative consequences for native employment and income as well as causing a significant deterioration of the state’s fiscal situation. Other major findings are:  International immigration is responsible for almost all of the recent population growth of the state of Kansas.  The international immigration process in Kansas is selective of young males from Mexico and Central America.  Unauthorized immigration has slowed in recent years.  There is a large concentration of immigrants residing in southwestern Kansas. Without this population, the agribusiness of southwestern Kansas would have difficulty recruiting labor. The other geographic concentration of the immigrant population is in large cities.  Immigrants are more likely to have jobs than non‐immigrants.  Immigrants are overrepresented in the construction and manufacturing (meat packing) industries.  Immigrants are overrepresented in both the highest skilled occupations and the lowest skilled occupations, and they are concentrated at both extremes of the spectrum of educational attainment.  The linkages of immigrant jobs with the rest of the Kansas economy are such that an immigrant job creates almost one additional job.  Immigrants pay slightly more state and local taxes per capita than do non‐immigrants. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America pay slightly less, and unauthorized immigrants pay about 75% of non‐immigrant per capita state and local taxes.  Each dollar of state and local tax revenue generated by the average immigrant job results in more than an additional dollar of state and local taxes.  The cost of educating native children of immigrants in the K‐12 public school system is much larger than the cost of educating immigrant children.  Immigrants more than pay for the state services they use with the state and local taxes they generate directly.  Unauthorized immigrants pay for the state services they use with the tax revenue their jobs generate directly. Center for Economic Information

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 61

    UMKC

    CENTER FOR ECONOMIC INFORMATION

    Economic and Fiscal


    Contributions of
    International Immigrants
    in the State of Kansas

    Dr.PeterEaton
    1/10/2013

    Acknowledgements
    The Greater Kansas City Hispanic Development Fund, an affiliate of the Greater Kansas City
    Community Foundation, wishes to thank the generous support from the foundation and business
    communities for sponsoring this study for Kansas and Missouri.
    We are especially grateful to our lead researcher Dr. Peter Eaton, Ph.D. from the University of
    Missouri-Kansas City as well as consultants to the research Dr. John Leatherman from Kansas
    State University and Dr. Joshua Rosenbloom from the University of Kansas.

    Brotherhood Bank & Trust


    DeBruce Companies
    Greater Kansas City Community Foundation
    Greater Kansas City Hispanic Development Fund
    H. Tony & Marti Oppenheimer Foundation
    Kansas City Southern Charitable Fund
    Maritz Holdings Inc.
    Sprint Foundation
    W.K. Kellogg Foundation Trustee Donor-Advised Fund

    ExecutiveSummary
    Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalcontributionsofinternationalimmigrantsinthestate
    ofKansas.ThestudyconcludesthatimmigrantsareanintegralpartoftheKansaseconomy.
    Substantiallyreducingthenumberofforeignbornindividualswhohavejobsinthestateof
    Kansaswouldhavenegativeconsequencesfornativeemploymentandincomeaswellas
    causingasignificantdeteriorationofthestatesfiscalsituation.Othermajorfindingsare:

    Internationalimmigrationisresponsibleforalmostalloftherecentpopulationgrowth
    ofthestateofKansas.
    TheinternationalimmigrationprocessinKansasisselectiveofyoungmalesfromMexico
    andCentralAmerica.
    Unauthorizedimmigrationhasslowedinrecentyears.
    ThereisalargeconcentrationofimmigrantsresidinginsouthwesternKansas.Without
    thispopulation,theagribusinessofsouthwesternKansaswouldhavedifficultyrecruiting
    labor.Theothergeographicconcentrationoftheimmigrantpopulationisinlargecities.
    Immigrantsaremorelikelytohavejobsthannonimmigrants.
    Immigrantsareoverrepresentedintheconstructionandmanufacturing(meatpacking)
    industries.
    Immigrantsareoverrepresentedinboththehighestskilledoccupationsandthelowest
    skilledoccupations,andtheyareconcentratedatbothextremesofthespectrumof
    educationalattainment.
    ThelinkagesofimmigrantjobswiththerestoftheKansaseconomyaresuchthatan
    immigrantjobcreatesalmostoneadditionaljob.
    Immigrantspayslightlymorestateandlocaltaxespercapitathandononimmigrants.
    ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericapayslightlyless,andunauthorized
    immigrantspayabout75%ofnonimmigrantpercapitastateandlocaltaxes.
    Eachdollarofstateandlocaltaxrevenuegeneratedbytheaverageimmigrantjob
    resultsinmorethananadditionaldollarofstateandlocaltaxes.
    ThecostofeducatingnativechildrenofimmigrantsintheK12publicschoolsystemis
    muchlargerthanthecostofeducatingimmigrantchildren.
    Immigrantsmorethanpayforthestateservicestheyusewiththestateandlocaltaxes
    theygeneratedirectly.
    Unauthorizedimmigrantspayforthestateservicestheyusewiththetaxrevenuetheir
    jobsgeneratedirectly.

    CenterforEconomicInformation
    KansasCity,January10,2013
    i

    TableofContents
    Introduction 1
    ImmigrantProfile. 2
    TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofKansas. 17
    AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants20
    IndustrySectorImpact..21
    StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects26
    ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices..29

    Education(K12)Services29

    HealthServices..31

    HigherEducationandTransportationServices31

    LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUnauthorizedImmigrantJobs.. 32
    Bibliography..35
    AppendixTables.37

    ii


    Forward
    Earlyin2009,researchersattheUniversityofMissouriKansasCity,KansasStateUniversity,and
    theUniversityofKansaswerecontactedbytheGreaterKansasCityCommunityFoundation,to
    explorethepossibilityofconductingastudyoftheimpactofimmigrantsontheKansasand
    Missourieconomies.Overthenextseveralmonthsresearchersatthethreeuniversities
    developedanoverallanalyticalframeworkforsuchastudyandsubmittedaformaloutlineof
    thisprojecttothecommunityfoundation.Theinitialplancalledforresearchersineachstate
    toconducttheanalysisfortheirrespectivestates.Asplanningprogressed,however,itbecame
    apparentthisapproachwouldresultinconsiderableduplicationofeffort.Italsowas
    recognizedtheopportunityforvaluablecomparisonsacrossthetwostateswouldbe
    diminished.Oncethisbecameapparent,itwasdeterminedthebulkofworkontheproject
    shouldbeundertakenbyresearchersatasingleuniversity,withconsultationandinputfrom
    theotherscholarswhohadbeeninvolvedinformulatingtheoriginalresearchplan.Asaresult,
    Dr.PeterEatonoftheUniversityofMissouriKansasCityassumedresponsibilityforconducting
    theresearchwithDrs.JohnLeatherman(KansasStateUniversity)andJoshuaRosenbloom
    (UniversityofKansas)actingasconsultants.
    ThereportthatfollowsreflectsprimarilytheeffortsofDr.Eaton,butwithadviceand
    suggestionsfromDrs.LeathermanandRosenbloom.Itmaintainsthestructureandframework
    ofanalysisthatwasdevelopedbytheoriginalresearchteam.Inadditiontoconsultationon
    researchdesign,Drs.LeathermanandRosenbloomprovidedextensivereviewcommentsofthe
    preliminaryresearchreportand,now,offerthisassessmentofthefinalreport.Ultimately,Dr.
    Eatonmadeallfinaldecisionsregardingapproach,assumptions,andanalysis.
    Giventheavailabledatasources,certainanalyticassumptionswerenecessary.Theresimplyis
    nowaytoquantitativelyverifyahypothetical.Thus,manyimportantassumptionsare
    necessary.Theassumptionsmadeinvariablyaffectanalysisoutcomes.Therelative
    conservativenessoraggressivenessoftheunderlyingassumptionswillgreatlyaffectthe
    reportedoutcomes.Itisthechallengeandchoiceoftheanalysttoensuretheassumptionsare
    clear,reasonable,anddefensible.
    Indevelopingtheinitialplansfortheresearch,weandDr.Eatonreviewedalargenumberof
    relatedstudieswhichhaveprecededthiseffort.Wefoundawiderangeofoutcomes,someof
    whichlackedtransparencyoftheunderlyingassumptions.Webelievethereportsproducedby
    Dr.Eatonreflectthetransparencynecessarytoallowthereadertounderstandhowthe
    underlyingdatagiverisetothereportsconclusions.Further,webelievetheassumptions
    thereinarewithintheboundsgenerallyacceptablewithintherealmofqualifiedandcareful
    iii

    academicresearch.Webelievethattheresultsprovideareasonableandaccuratereflectionof
    thefactsatthetimeofthestudyandthatthemethodsusedtoinfertheeconomicimpactsof
    KansasandMissouriimmigrantshavebeenappliedinthegenerallyacceptedmanner.

    JohnC.Leatherman
    ProfessorofAgriculturalEconomics
    KansasStateUniversity

    JoshuaL.Rosenbloom
    ProfessorofEconomics
    UniversityofKansas

    10January2013

    iv

    Introduction
    Thisisastudyoftheeconomicandfiscalcontributionsofinternationalimmigrantstothe
    economyofthestateofKansas.ThestudywascommissionedbytheGreaterKansasCity
    CommunityFoundation.Studiesfromresearchinstitutesonboththeright(CatoInstitute)and
    theleft(ImmigrationPolicyCenter)ofthepoliticalspectrumhavedemonstratedthebenefits
    thataccruetoAmericancitizensasaresultofimmigration.Therehavebeenstudiespublished
    forseveralstateswhichattempttoquantifythegeneraleconomicconsequencesandfiscal
    impactofimmigration(Decker2008,Strayhorn,2006).Thisstudyaddressestheseissuesfor
    thestateofKansas.Inparticular,amajorpolicyquestionthatisaddressediswhatwouldbe
    theresult,forthestateofKansas,ofasubstantialreductionintheamountofimmigration?In
    recentyearssomestateshaveenactedpolicieswiththeintentofsubstantiallyreducing
    unauthorizedimmigration.ThisstudyusesamodelofthestateofKansastoquantifythe
    contributionsofallimmigrants,andimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,tothe
    economyofKansas.Fromtheseestimatesthestudyestimatesthecontributionofunauthorized
    immigrantstotheeconomyofKansas.
    ThefirstsectionofthisstudydescribestheimmigrantpopulationinthestateofKansas.The
    dataforthissectioncomesmostlyfromtheAmericanCommunitySurvey.Thedescriptivedata
    inthecharts,tablesandmapsoftheimmigrantprofilesectioninformthesecondsectionofthe
    study,whichanalyzesthegeneraleconomiccontributionsofimmigrationinthestate.Thefinal
    sectionexaminesthecontributionsofimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxesinthestateofKansas,
    comparedtothecostofthemajorcategoriesofstateandlocalgovernmentservicesfor
    immigrants.

    ImmigrantProfile
    Forthepurposeofthisstudy,aninternationalimmigrant(hereafterimmigrant)isdefinedasa
    personwhowasnotbornintheUnitedStates.1Thestudyaddressesfirstgeneration
    immigrantsonlyandthereforedoesnotaddresstheethnicityofallKansasresidents.Itdoes
    addresstheethnicityofKansasresidentswhowerenotbornintheUnitedStates.
    Thefirstsectionofthestudypresentsaprofileofimmigrants.Inmanycasesitmakessenseto
    compareimmigrantswiththenativebornpopulation,andthereforemanyofthedatatables
    alsoincludeinformationregardingthenativebornpopulation.Bynativeborn,wemeanbornin
    theUnitedStates,orbornabroadtoparentsatleastoneofwhomisaUScitizen.Inthisstudy
    wewillrefertothreeimmigrantcategoriesallimmigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica,andunauthorizedimmigrants.Table1andChart1showthenativityof
    immigrantsinthelastthreeyearsforwhichdatawasavailableatthetimeofwriting.
    Immigrantsmadeupalmost6.4%ofthepopulationofthestateofKansasin2010.Overhalfof
    immigrants(54%)arefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.2Theimmigrantpopulationisgrowing
    significantlyfasterthanthenativepopulation.AmoredetailedlistoforiginsofKansas
    ImmigrantsisincludedinDataAppendixTableA.1.

    Table1
    BirthplaceofKansasResidents
    RegionofNativity
    Mexico&CentralAmerica
    Asia
    Europe
    Africa
    SouthAmerica&Caribbean
    MiddleEast
    Canada
    Other
    AllImmigrants
    UnitedStates

    2008
    92523
    41540
    14258
    8462
    6451
    4864
    3617
    562
    172277
    2629857

    2009
    96524
    45099
    16455
    8780
    5883
    2563
    3318
    509
    179131
    2639591

    2010 Growth+
    95762
    3.50%
    46087 10.95%
    14707
    3.15%
    8834
    4.40%
    6826
    5.81%
    2933 39.70%
    3492
    3.46%
    515
    8.36%
    179175
    4.00%
    2630081
    0.01%

    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey,authorscalculations.

    +percentagegrowthfrom2008to2010

    TheonlyexceptiontothisdefinitionisindividualswhoarebornabroadwithoneormoreUScitizensasparents.
    Allsurveydataaresubjecttosamplingerror.Thereadershouldinterpretsurveyresultsasamidpointofan
    interval.Thesizeoftheintervaldependsnumberoffactors.Broadlyspeaking,themoreinformationwehave
    aboutsomething(samplesize)thesmallertheinterval(inpercentageterms).SoinTable1,forexample,wecan
    speakwithmoreprecisionabouttheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmericathanwecanabout
    theimmigrantpopulationfromtheMiddleEast.
    2

    ThePEWHispanicCenterhasdevelopedamethodologyforcountingunauthorizedimmigrants
    (Passel&Cohn,2009,AppendixD)thatmakesPEWwidelyacceptedasthebestavailable
    sourcefordataregardingunauthorizedimmigrants.PEWcitesKansasasoneofthestatesin
    whichunauthorizedimmigrationhasincreasedmostrapidly,inpercentageterms,since2000.
    TheestimatednumberofunauthorizedimmigrantsinKansasisapproximately65,000in2010.

    Chart1:BirthplaceofKansasResidents2010
    2%

    1%

    0%
    0%

    94%

    6%

    0%

    0%
    0%
    3%

    US

    Mexico&CentralAmerica

    Asia

    Europe

    Africa

    SouthAmerica&Caribbean

    MiddleEast

    Canada

    Other

    Percentagesroundedtothenearestpercent.Avalueof0%meanslessthan1/2 ofonepercent

    Thisnumberisunchangedsince2009andisadecreasesince200708,whentheestimated
    numberofunauthorizedimmigrantspeakedat70,000(PasselandCohn,2011,p.23).In2010,
    Kansasranked29thamongstatesintheestimatedcountofunauthorizedimmigrants.
    Nationwide,PEWestimatesthat70%ofunauthorizedimmigrantscomefromMexico(59%)and
    CentralAmerica(11%)(PasselandCohn,2009,p.21).3Ifthisproportionholdstrueforthestate
    ofKansas,thenin2009slightlylessthanhalfoftheimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America(47%)wereunauthorizedimmigrants.
    CombiningthePEWestimateswiththedatainTable1,therecenttrendinthestateofKansas
    appearstobetowardadecreaseinunauthorizedimmigrationasapercentageoftotal
    immigration(from40.7%ofimmigrantsin2008to36.3%in2010).
    DatafromtheAmericanCommunitySurveycanbeusedtomapthelocationofimmigrants.The
    smallestgeographicalunitforwhichthiscanbedoneiscalledaPUMA(PublicUseMicrodata

    ThepercentageofunauthorizedimmigrantsoriginatinginMexicoandCentralAmericahasbeenrelativelystable
    overthelastdecade.

    Area).APUMAisdefinedsuchthatitincludesapopulationofatleast100,000persons.Inrural
    partsofthestate,aPUMAwillcontainseveralcounties.Inurbanpartsofthestate,several
    PUMAsmaybeincludedinonecounty.Map1andMap2showimmigrantpopulationasa
    percentofPUMApopulationin2009andimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentral
    AmericaasapercentoftotalPUMApopulationin2009,respectively.Itisobviousthatthereis
    notarandomdistributionoftheimmigrantpopulation.Immigrantsareconcentratedinthe
    southwesternPUMAandinurbanPUMAs.ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaare
    evenmoreconcentratedinthesouthwesternKansasPUMAandinKansasurbanPUMAs.The
    reasonforthisconcentrationisthattheselocationshavejobsthatuseimmigrantlabor.Wewill
    addressthisinmoredepthinthesectionsoftheprofilethatdealwiththelaborforce
    characteristicsofimmigrants.
    Thedemographicsoftheimmigrantpopulationandthenonimmigrantpopulationare
    dramaticallydifferent.Charts2Aand2Bareagepyramidsforthetwopopulationgroups.The
    differencesareobvious,withtheimmigrantpopulationmuchmoreconcentratedinagesthat
    areeconomicallyactive.

    Chart2A:AgePyramidforKansasImmigrants(2009)

    Age
    75+
    7074
    6064
    5054
    4044

    Female
    3034

    Male

    2024
    1014
    04

    2010010 20 Percent

    Chart2BAgePyramidforKansasNonImmigrants(2009)

    Age
    75+
    7074
    6064
    5054
    4044

    Female

    3034

    Male

    2024
    1014
    04

    201001020 Percent

    Table2showssimilarinformationfortheageandgenderdistributionofthreegroups:all
    immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andUSnatives.Intheimmigrant
    population,therearemoremalesthanfemales,whereastheoppositeistrueinthenative
    population.Intheimmigrantpopulationthereisamuchsmallerpercentageofthepopulation
    intheveryyoungandveryoldagecategories.Thishasimplicationsregardingthedemandfor
    governmentservices,suchaseducationandhealthcare.Over80%oftheimmigrant
    population,andover84%oftheimmigrantpopulationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,are
    betweentheagesof19and65.Thisistrueforbothmalesandfemales.Thiscompareswith
    approximately60%ofnativemalesand58%ofnativefemales.Thisdramaticdifferenceinthe
    workingagepopulationisareflectionofoneofthelongrecognizedLawsofMigration,thathas

    beennotedbysocialscientistssincethe19thCentury(Ravenstein,1885).Namely,that
    immigrationisprimarilycausedbyeconomicforces.

    Table2
    BasicDemographicsofKansasImmigrantsandNatives,2009

    Age

    Male

    Female
    All
    AllImmigrants
    0.70%
    1168
    1.30%
    1844
    1.00%
    9.60%
    10539
    12.10%
    19335
    10.80%
    41.40%
    34687
    39.70%
    72754
    40.60%
    42.80%
    35539
    40.70%
    74883
    41.80%
    5.40%
    5349
    6.10%
    10340
    5.80%
    100.00%
    87282
    100.00%
    179156
    100.00%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    0.50%
    597
    1.40%
    846
    0.90%
    11.20%
    6014
    14.00%
    11986
    12.40%

    05
    618
    1935
    3665
    65+
    Total

    676
    8796
    38067
    39344
    4991
    91874

    05
    618

    249
    5972

    1935

    23748

    44.40%

    3665
    65+
    Total

    21855
    1633
    53457

    40.90%
    3.10%
    100.00%

    05
    618
    1935
    3665
    65+
    Total

    122574
    244405
    306797
    477813
    151668
    1303257

    9.40%
    18.80%
    23.50%
    36.70%
    11.60%
    100.00%

    17434

    40.50%

    41182

    42.70%

    18740
    43.50%
    282
    0.70%
    43067
    100.00%
    Natives
    116347
    8.70%
    240714
    18.00%
    293123
    21.90%
    480978
    36.00%
    205172
    15.40%
    1336334 100.00%

    40595
    1915
    96524

    42.10%
    2.00%
    100.00%

    238921
    485119
    599920
    958791
    356840
    2639591

    9.10%
    18.40%
    22.70%
    36.30%
    13.50%
    100.00%

    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009

    ThereisinsufficientinformationintheAmericanCommunitySurveytoanalyzeseparatelythe
    age/gendercompositionofunauthorizedImmigrantsinthestateofKansas.HoweverifKansas
    followsnationaltrends,thenthesamepatternwouldprevailofahighpercentageofworking
    agemales,andalowpercentageoftheveryyoungandveryold,thatprevailsfortheimmigrant
    populationasawholeinKansas.Wetakethisasevidencethattheunauthorizedimmigrantsof
    Kansasfollowasimilarage/genderbreakdownastheUnitedStatesasawhole.Inthecountry
    asawhole,only1.2%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsare65yearsofageorolder,comparedwith
    12%ofnatives(PasselandCohn,2011,p.6).Similarly35%ofunauthorizedimmigrantsare
    malesbetweentheagesof18and39,comparedwith14%ofthepopulationofnatives.

    Table3
    LaborForceStatusofIndividualsover18yearsofAge(Kansas,2009)
    EmploymentStatus

    Male
    Female
    All
    AllImmigrants
    Employed
    65544 79.50% 44682 57.60% 110226 68.90%
    Unemployed
    4464
    5.40%
    3680
    4.70%
    8144
    5.10%
    Notinlaborforce
    12394 15.00% 29234 37.70%
    41628 26.00%
    Total
    82402 100% 77596 100% 159998 100%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    Employed
    39121 82.80% 19599 53.80%
    58720 70.20%
    Unemployed
    2914
    6.20%
    2069
    5.70%
    4983
    6.00%
    Notinlaborforce
    5201 11.00% 14788 40.60%
    19989 23.90%
    Total
    47236 100% 36456 100%
    83692
    100%
    Natives
    Employed
    653929 69.80% 597413 61.00% 1251342 65.30%
    Unemployed
    46788 5.00% 38092 3.90%
    84880
    4.40%
    Notinlaborforce
    235561 25.20% 343768 35.10% 579329 30.20%
    Total
    936278 100% 979273 100% 1915551 100%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2009

    Theeconomiccausesformigrationarealsoreflectedinthelaborforcestatusofimmigrants,
    especiallymales,whencomparedtothatofnatives.Table3showsthatthemalelaborforce
    participationrate(percentemployedpluspercentunemployed)is85%forimmigrantsversus
    75%fornatives.Thefemalelaborforceparticipationrateishigherfornativesthanfor
    immigrants,duetothefactthatimmigrantfemalesaremorelikelytobeyoung,haveyoung
    children,andstayathometocareforthosechildren(Fortuny,etal.,2009,p.1).Thelaborforce
    participationrateforimmigrantmalesfromMexicoandCentralAmericais89%.Combining
    Tables2and3clearlydemonstratesthattheimmigrationprocessisselectiveofworkingage
    males,andthatthisprocessisaccentuatedforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Theseresultsareconsistentwithnationaltrends.Althoughthereisnodirectestimateofthe
    9

    laborforceparticipationratesofunauthorizedimmigrantsinKansas,nationaldataindicatethat
    thelaborforceparticipationrateishigherforunauthorizedimmigrantsthanforimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmerica(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).
    RecallthattheimmigrantpercentageofthepopulationinKansaswas6.3%in2009.Inthesame
    year,immigrantsmadeup8.8%ofemployment.Immigrantmalesmakeup6.5%oftheKansas
    malepopulation,and10.0%ofemployedmales,whereasimmigrantfemalesmakeup5.5%of
    theKansasfemalepopulationand7.5%ofemployedfemales.
    ThesameinformationinTables2and3areavailablefor2008.TheyareincludedintheData
    AppendixasTablesA.2andA.3.Theyreflectthefactthat2009wasthesecondyearofa
    prolongedrecession.Forallpopulationgroups,theemploymentratewashigherandthe
    unemploymentratewaslowerin2008thanin2009.
    AlsonotableinTable3isthefactthattheunemploymentrateishigherforimmigrantsthanfor
    natives.Thisisconsistentwithnationaldata,andisareversaloftrends(PasselandCohn,2009,
    p.14).Theconcentrationofimmigrantsintheconstructionindustry(seeTable4below),a
    sectorthatwasdisproportionallynegativelyaffectedbytherecessionthatbeganin2008,
    explainsmost,ifnotall,ofthischangeintrend.
    Table4presentsabreakdownofparticipationinthejobsinbroadindustrialsectorsby
    immigrants,immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andnatives.Eachcellinthetable
    showsthepercentageoftotaljobsinthatsectorthatisrepresentedbythespecifiedgender
    andimmigrantstatusindicated.So,forexample,ofalljobsintheconstructionindustryin2009,
    11.6%wereheldbyimmigrantmalesfromMexicoorCentralAmerica.Thesumofjob
    percentagesheldbyallimmigrants(maleandfemale)andallnatives(malesandfemale)is
    100%foreachsector.
    ThepercentofimmigrantjobsheldbyimmigrantswhoarefromMexicoorCentralAmericacan
    beinferredfromTable4.Forexample,wecaninferthat91%ofjobsheldbyimmigrantmalesin
    constructionwereheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoorCentralAmerica(11.6%/12.7%).The
    classificationoftypeofindustryinTable4isbroadsectorsoftheNorthAmericanIndustrial
    ClassificationSystems(NAICS).Withineachofthesebroadcategories,thereistypicallya
    subcategoryinwhichtheindustryusesimmigrantlabordisproportionatelyinthestateof
    Kansas.Forexample,intheAgricultural,Forestry,FishingandHuntingbroadcategory,
    immigrantlaborisdisproportionatelyusedintheanimalproductionsubcategory.Inthe
    Manufacturingbroadcategory,immigrantlaborisdisproportionatelyusedintheanimal
    processingandslaughteringsubcategory.Restaurantsandconstructionaretheothertwo
    industriesthatuseimmigrantlaborthemostinKansas.Amoredetailedversionofthe
    industriesthatemployimmigrantlaborisincludedintheDataAppendixasTableA.4.

    10

    Table4
    ParticipationinKansasJobsinBroadIndustrialSectorsbyImmigrantStatus&Gender
    ImmigrantsOver18from
    AllImmigrants0ver18 Mexico&CentralAmerica NativesOver18

    Male
    Female
    Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing&Hunting
    6.90%
    1.60%
    Mining
    9.70%
    0.00%
    Utilities
    1.10%
    2.80%
    Construction
    12.70%
    0.20%
    Manufacturing
    7.00%
    5.30%
    WholesaleTrade
    7.20%
    1.40%
    RetailTrade
    2.40%
    3.70%
    Transportation&Warehousing
    2.90%
    0.60%
    Information&Communication
    2.60%
    2.50%
    Professional,Scientific,Management*
    5.80%
    4.60%
    Finance,Insurance&RealEstate**
    2.30%
    1.30%
    Educational,Health&SocialServices
    2.10%
    3.70%
    Arts,Entertainment,Recreation***
    4.90%
    5.20%
    OtherServices(ExceptPublicAdministration)
    3.10%
    4.80%
    PublicAdministration
    1.40%
    0.80%
    ActiveDutyMilitary
    0.40%
    2.60%
    4.40%
    3.40%
    AllJobsforIndividualsOver18
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
    *AlsoincludesAdministration&WasteManagementServices
    **AlsoincludesRental&Leasing
    ***AlsoincludesAccommodations,&FoodServices

    Male
    6.90%
    9.70%
    0.00%
    11.60%
    3.80%
    5.80%
    0.80%
    1.90%
    0.50%
    2.80%
    0.90%
    0.30%
    3.70%
    1.90%
    0.40%
    0.00%
    2.60%

    Female
    1.50%
    0.00%
    2.80%
    0.20%
    3.00%
    0.60%
    1.20%
    0.20%
    0.00%
    2.70%
    0.20%
    1.10%
    3.50%
    2.60%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.50%

    Male
    77.90%
    84.20%
    73.10%
    79.70%
    64.00%
    66.40%
    46.20%
    71.50%
    47.30%
    49.50%
    40.90%
    20.50%
    39.40%
    44.10%
    48.80%
    86.50%
    47.60%

    Female
    13.70%
    6.10%
    23.10%
    7.30%
    23.80%
    24.90%
    47.70%
    25.00%
    47.60%
    40.10%
    55.50%
    73.60%
    50.40%
    48.00%
    49.00%
    10.50%
    44.60%

    Twodifferentdimensionsofthejobsofimmigrantsareimportant:1)thetypeofindustryin
    whichimmigrantsholdjobsand2)theoccupationsofimmigrantswithinthoseindustries.
    Occupationsobviouslyalignwithindustries,sotheoccupationsthatshowupmostfrequently
    forimmigrantsareconsistentwiththeindustrieswithinwhichimmigrantswork.Tables5and6
    containoccupationsforwhichthereweremorethanonethousandjobsheldbyimmigrantsof
    eachgenderin2009.Theoccupationcategoriesusedarefromthe1990StandardOccupation
    codes.ThetablesalsocontainthecountofoccupationsheldbyimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica.Bothtablescontainnotonlythecountofjobsforeachgenderspecific
    occupation,butalsothepercentageofeachgenderspecificoccupationcategoryheldbyall
    immigrants.AcompletelistofimmigrantoccupationsiscontainedintheDataAppendixas
    TablesA5andA6.

    11

    Table5
    KansasOccupationswith>1000MaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Constructionlaborers
    Gardeners&groundskeepers
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    Carpenters
    Truck,delivery,&tractordrivers
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Farmworkers
    Butchers&meatcutters
    Janitors
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Roofers&slaters
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Programmersofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Managers&administrators,n.e.c.
    Painters,construction&maintenance
    Computersystemsanalysts&computerscientists
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    All
    ImmigrantsfromMexico&
    Immigrants
    CentralAmerica
    4300(20.5%)
    3962(18.9%)
    3591(29.4%)
    3359(27.5%)
    3367(33.8%)
    0(0%)
    3025(15.8%
    2967(15.5%)
    3009(7.8%)
    2806(7.3%)
    2862(14.5)
    1856(9.4%)
    2612(27%
    2612(27%)
    2329(62.9%)
    2103(56.8%)
    2103(11.3%)
    1678(9.1%
    1856(7.4%)
    1078(4.3%
    1803(55.6%
    1670(51.5%
    1711(23.5%)
    0(0%)
    1659(13.7%)
    1166(9.6%)
    1525(51.1%)
    361(12.1%)
    1489(33.0%)
    996(22.1%)
    1367(3.0%)
    91(0.2%)
    1241(18.0%)
    1241(18.0%)
    1032(2.6%)
    0(0%)

    Tables46paintapictureofthetypicalimmigrantoccupationandindustry.Thejobstendto
    belowskilledespeciallyamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thereareafew
    occupations(teachers,electricalequipmentassemblers,computersystemsanalysts)thathave
    over1000immigrants,butallofthesehavealowincidenceofimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica.
    Forbothmenandwomen,theoccupationthathasthehighestpercentageofimmigrant
    workersisbutchersandmeatcutters.Over70%ofbutchersandmeatcuttersareimmigrants,
    andover75%ofimmigrantbutchersandmeatcuttersareimmigrantsfromMexicoorCentral
    America.ItisobviousthatthemeatpackingindustryinKansasdependsheavilyonimmigrant
    laborfromMexicoorCentralAmerica.Thefindingsofthisstudywithrespecttoindustrialand
    occupationdistributionoftheimmigrantlaborforceinthestateofKansasareconsistentwith
    thefindingsofarecentnationalstudybytheBrookingsInstitution(Singer,2012).

    12

    Table6
    KansasOccupationswith>1000FemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    All
    Immigrants

    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,lodgingquarterscleaners
    Butchersandmeatcutters
    Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
    Janitors
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Hairdressersandcosmetologists
    Childcareworkers
    Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Cashiers
    Waiter'sassistant
    Packersandpackagersbyhand
    Retailsalesclerks
    Teachers,n.e.c.

    4080(38.8%)
    3505(78.5%)
    2588(6.7%)
    2418(27.4%)
    2398(12.8%)
    1839(19.3%)
    1718(32.8%)
    1674(19.9%)
    1590(18.7%)
    1531(9.2%)
    1454(8.0%)
    1408(27.9%)
    1247(5.4%)
    1211(26.4%)
    1122(34.8%)
    1065(5.4%)
    1008(4.7%)

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    Immigrants
    fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    3781(26.6%)
    2319(52.0%)
    317(0.8%)
    1845(20.9%
    2126(11.4%)
    129(1.4%)
    491(9.4%)
    0(0%)
    650(7.6%)
    657(3.9%)
    707(3.9%)
    625(12.4%)
    384(1.7%)
    1038(22.7%)
    760(23.6%)
    215(1.1%)
    193(0.9%)

    ThelowskillcontentofimmigrantoccupationsisreflectedinTable7.TheTableisdividedinto
    twoparts.ThetoppartshowstheeducationalattainmentofschoolagedKansansbyimmigrant
    status,andgender.ThebottompartofthetableshowseducationalattainmentofKansans25
    yearsofageorolder,byimmigrantstatusandgender.Only12%ofworkingage(>24)male
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaand13%ofworkingageoffemaleimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmericahavemorethanahighschooldegree.Thiscompareswith
    over50%forbothnativemalesandfemales.Over70%ofworkingagemaleimmigrantswith
    birthplacesoutsideofMexicoandCentralAmerica,havemorethanahighschooldegree.For
    workingagefemaleimmigrantswithbirthplacesotherthanMexicoandCentralAmerica,50%
    havemorethanahighschooldegree.Ifcanbeinferredthatmostofthehighskilledimmigrant
    occupationsareheldbyimmigrantsfrombirthplacesotherthanMexicoandCentralAmerica.

    13

    Table7
    EducationalAttainmentbyImmigrantstatus,GenderandBroadAgeCategory(Kansas,2009)
    AllImmigrants
    Education
    N/Aornoschooling
    Nurseryschoolgrade4
    Grade5,6,7,or8
    Grade9
    Grade10
    Grade11
    Grade12
    1yearofcollege
    2yearsofcollege
    4yearsofcollege
    5+yearsofcollege

    Males624
    Freq
    %
    62
    0.32
    2696
    14.07
    5455
    28.47
    1060
    5.53
    958
    5
    1903
    9.93
    3381
    17.65
    2604
    13.59
    209
    1.09
    832
    4.34
    0
    0

    Females624
    Freq
    %
    408
    2.53
    3111
    19.31
    3462
    21.49
    197
    1.22
    2144
    13.31
    1170
    7.26
    2827
    17.55
    2001
    12.42
    221
    1.37
    570
    3.54
    0
    0

    AllImmigrants
    Males>24
    Freq
    %
    Education
    N/Aornoschooling
    2094
    2.91
    Nurseryschoolgrade4
    4700
    6.52
    Grade5,6,7,or8
    13446
    18.67
    Grade9
    3518
    4.88
    Grade10
    2552
    3.54
    Grade11
    910
    1.26
    Grade12
    17529
    24.33
    1yearofcollege
    6707
    9.31
    2yearsofcollege
    2400
    3.33
    4yearsofcollege
    8608
    11.95
    5+yearsofcollege
    9574
    13.29
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America
    Males624
    Females624
    Freq
    %
    Freq
    %
    14
    0.12
    44
    0.47
    1895
    16.23
    2206
    23.74
    4025
    34.47
    2501
    26.92
    1034
    8.86
    197
    2.12
    808
    6.92
    1680
    18.08
    1729
    14.81
    1015
    10.92
    1861
    15.94
    1347
    14.5
    311
    2.66
    130
    1.4
    0
    0
    172
    1.85
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    ImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America

    Females>24

    Males>24

    Females>24

    Natives
    Males624
    Freq
    %
    2291
    0.62
    95730
    25.8
    77485
    20.88
    18779
    5.06
    22860
    6.16
    22567
    6.08
    64681
    17.43
    45826
    12.35
    6968
    1.88
    13192
    3.56
    645
    0.17

    Females624
    Freq
    %
    1114
    0.31
    95089
    26.49
    73054
    20.35
    22428
    6.25
    18683
    5.2
    18253
    5.08
    55849
    15.56
    50368
    14.03
    5937
    1.65
    17424
    4.85
    764
    0.21

    Natives
    Males>24

    Females>24

    Freq

    Freq

    Freq

    Freq

    Freq

    2502
    1823
    11112
    3507
    2105
    2085
    24119
    5183
    3425
    8167
    5975

    3.57
    2.6
    15.87
    5.01
    3.01
    2.98
    34.45
    7.4
    4.89
    11.67
    8.54

    1067
    4076
    12896
    3371
    2339
    393
    12373
    2584
    594
    929
    909

    2.57
    9.81
    31.05
    8.12
    5.63
    0.95
    29.79
    6.22
    1.43
    2.24
    2.19

    1318
    1349
    9082
    3043
    2025
    1597
    10344
    1837
    897
    1372
    314

    3.97
    4.07
    27.37
    9.17
    6.1
    4.81
    31.18
    5.54
    2.7
    4.14
    0.95

    3448
    1077
    17020
    7787
    10429
    18490

    0.43
    0.13
    2.1
    0.96
    1.29
    2.28
    38.98
    17.08
    6.17
    20.45
    10.13

    3903
    1360
    15557
    9512
    13585
    15594

    0.45
    0.16
    1.81
    1.1
    1.58
    1.81
    36.94
    17.33
    8.53
    20.24
    10.04

    315584
    138251

    49980
    165548

    82045

    318099
    149202

    73478
    174302

    86432

    Lowskillsaretypicallyassociatedwithlowincome.Thatrelationshipshowsupinthepoverty
    statistics.TheFederalGovernmentestablishes,foreachhouseholdsize,apovertylevelof
    income.Thehouseholdincomeofeachhouseholdisthencomparedtothepovertylevel,and
    canbeexpressedasapercentageofthatpovertylevel.Table8showsthepercentofindividuals
    whoresideinhouseholdsthathavetheindicatedpercentageofthepovertylevel.Thetableis
    alsosubdividedbygenderandimmigrationstatus.ByFederalguidelines,anyindividualwho
    residesinahouseholdthathasanincomelevellessthanorequalto100%ofthepovertylevel
    (i.e.thefirsttworowsoftable8),isconsideredtobepoor.Bythiscriterionalittleover14%of
    nativemalesliveinpovertyandalittleover16%ofnativefemalesliveinpoverty.Bythesame
    criterionamuchhigherpercentageofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericalivein

    14

    Table8
    PovertyStatusofKansansbyGenderandImmigrantBirthplace

    AllImmigrants

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&Central
    America

    Natives

    PercentofPoverty
    Male Female Male Female Male Female
    050%
    8.69% 12.59% 6.16% 15.52% 7.89%
    8.66%
    51100%
    13.16% 13.74% 18.85% 22.88% 6.16%
    7.42%
    101200%
    30.55% 27.41% 39.11% 36.61% 16.25% 18.55%
    201300%
    15.84% 16.78% 18.79% 14.66% 17.68% 17.35%
    301400%
    8.23%
    8.80%
    6.72%
    5.36% 14.59% 13.80%
    401500%
    7.33%
    6.59%
    4.13%
    1.30% 12.20% 10.83%
    501+%
    16.20% 14.09% 6.24%
    3.67% 25.23% 23.39%
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    poverty(approximately38%offemalesand25%ofmales).Therearemanyissuesinvolvedin
    usingFederalPovertyguidelinesasameasureoffamiliesinneedmostresearchwouldsay
    thatusingtheseguidelinestendstounderstatetherealextentofpoverty.4Usingothercriteria
    wouldnotchangethequalitativeresultfromabove.Infact,itwouldreinforcethoseresults.A
    verylargepercentageofimmigrantsandanevenlargerpercentageofimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericafallinthe101%200%ofpovertycategory,suchthatthetotalpercentage
    ofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericathatfallsbelow200%ofthepovertylineis
    over64%ofmalesandover75%offemales.
    Anothercharacteristicoftheimmigrantpopulationthatdifferssignificantlyfromthatofthe
    nativepopulationistheirhousingtype.Althoughamajorityofimmigrantsliveinowner
    occupiedhousing,theincidenceofowneroccupancy(55%)iswellbelowthatofthenative
    population(almost70%),ascanbeseeninTable9.Noticethelowincidenceofgroupquarters
    residentsamongimmigrantsforMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thiswillhaveimplicationsforthe
    demandforcertaintypesofgovernmentservicesamongimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentral
    America,addressedinthefinalpartofthisstudy.
    TheAmericancommunitysurveyalsohasaseriesofquestionsregardingtheamountof
    propertytaxespaid.Table10showsthedistributionofpropertytaxespaidbyhouseholdsby
    immigrantstatus.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatsome,ifnotall,ofpropertytaxespaidby
    landlordsofrentalpropertiesgetspassedontotherenters,sothatrentersindirectlypay
    propertytaxes.

    Onealternativetothepovertylineisalivingwagecalculator,(http://www.livingwage.geog.psu.edu/)developed
    byPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.

    15

    Table9
    HousingTypeofKansansbyImmigrantStatus
    Natives
    HousingType
    Frequency
    %
    Groupquarters*
    78044 2.96
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    1832855 69.44
    Rental
    728692 27.61
    AllImmigrants
    Groupquarters*
    4088 2.28
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    98583 55.03
    Rental
    76485 42.69
    ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
    Groupquarters*
    1038 1.08
    Ownedorbeingbought(loan)
    53171 55.09
    Rental
    42315 43.84

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
    *TheCensusBureaudefinesgroupquarterstoinclude:collegeresidencehalls,
    correctionalfacilities,residentialtreatmentcenters,skillednursingfacilities,
    grouphomes,militarybarracks,workersdormitories,&facilitiesforthehomeless.

    Table10
    PercentDistributionofPropertyTaxAmountsPaidbyImmigrantStatus
    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&Central

    Natives AllImmigrants
    America
    Renters,GroupQuarter,etc.
    29.53%
    44.97%
    44.91%
    3.29%
    $0
    1.54%
    2.27%
    16.71%
    25.44%
    $1$999
    25.14%
    15.16%
    16.90%
    $1,000$1,999
    22.86%
    11.56%
    7.94%
    $2,000$2,999
    11.33%
    5.49%
    0.98%
    $3,000$3,999
    4.90%
    1.30%
    0.06%
    $4,000$4,999
    2.07%
    0.64%
    0
    $5,000$5,999
    1.01%
    0.91%
    0
    $6,000$6,999
    0.61%
    0.52%
    0
    $7,000$7,999
    0.34%
    0.15%
    0
    $8,000$8,999
    0.21%
    0.04%
    0
    $9,000$9,999
    0.14%
    0.26%
    0
    $10,000+
    0.32%
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    16

    TheEconomicContributionofImmigrantsintheStateofKansas

    Toassesstheeconomiccontributionofimmigrantsweuseaneconomicdevelopment
    assessmentsoftwarepackageknownasIMPLAN.Thepackagemodelstheeconomyofa
    region,andhasdataappropriatetotheregionbeinganalyzedbuiltintothesoftware.
    IMPLANiscommonlyusedtoassesstheeconomicimpactofaddingorsubtractingjobsina
    particularindustryorsetofindustries5.ThisisaccomplishedbyusingSocialAccounting
    Matricesthatcontainthedollaramountsofallbusinesstransactionstakingplaceinaregional
    economy(inthiscase,theregionisthestateofKansas),basedonreportseachyearby
    businessesandgovernmentalagencies.TheIMPLANuserspecifiesachangethatoccursina
    regionaleconomy.Forexample,ausermightwanttoanalyzetheeffectofaddingameat
    packingplantinsouthwesternKansasthatwouldhave200jobs.IMPLANthenprovidesthree
    typesofeffectsthatresultfromtheuserspecifiedchange.Thedirecteffectistheuserspecified
    change(200jobswhichwouldimplyanadditiontotheincomestreamandoutputthatis
    specifictothemeatpackingindustry,withassociatedincome,propertyandindirectbusiness
    taxes).Theindirecteffectsaredeterminedbytheamountofthedirecteffectspentwithinthe
    studyregiononsupplies,services,laborandtaxes.Inourexample,themeatpackingplant
    wouldpurchasesupplies,machinery,constructionlabor,etc.Theportionofthatspendingthat
    occursinKansasistheindirecteffectofthechange.Finallytheinducedeffectmeasuresthe
    moneythatisrespentinthestateofKansasasaresultofspendingfromthedirectandindirect
    effect.Thisisalsoknownasthemultipliereffect.Jobholdersspendsomeoftheirincomein
    Kansas,andthisspendinggeneratesmorespendinginthestateofKansas.Eachofthesesteps
    recognizesanimportantleakagefromtheeconomicstudyregionspentonpurchasesoutsideof
    thedefinedarea.Eventuallytheseleakageswillstopthecycleofinducedeffects.
    IMPLANestimatesthedirect,indirect,andinductsimpactsofthespecifiedchangeonthe
    output,income,jobs,andfederal,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedintheregionaleconomy.To
    estimatetheeconomiccontributionofimmigrants,weusetheAmericanCommunitySurvey
    countofjobsforallimmigrantsandforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericabyvery
    detailedindustry(appendixTableA4).6ThosejobsareremovedfromtheKansaseconomy,and
    thedirect,indirectandinducedeffectsarecalculated.Table11showsthattheresultofthat
    subtractionofimmigrantjobshasamajorimpactonanygeneralmeasureofeconomicactivity:
    jobs,valueadded,employeecompensation,proprietorsincome,andotherpropertytype
    income.Notethatthesecategoriesaredifferentmeasuresofeconomicactivityandshouldnot
    besummed.AccordingtotheACS,thenumberofjobsheldbyimmigrantsin2009inthose
    detailedindustrieswas132,776.

    AlistofclientscanbeviewedontheIMPLANwebsite(http://implan.com/v4/index.php).

    ThetotalnumberofjobsintheAmericanCommunitySurveymatchescloselythetotalnumberofjobsusedby
    IMPLANforitsmodeloftheKansasEconomy.Thereweretwominordiscrepancies(involvingaggregationsof
    categories)betweentheNAICScategoriesusedbyIMPLANandtheACS.

    17

    Source:AuthorsCalculations

    Jobs
    ValueAdded
    EmployeeCompensation
    Proprietors'Income
    OtherPropertyTypeIncome

    Jobs
    ValueAdded
    EmployeeCompensation
    Proprietors'Income
    OtherPropertyTypeIncome
    Source:IMPLANcalculations

    Jobs
    ValueAdded
    EmployeeCompensation
    Proprietors'Income
    OtherPropertyTypeIncome

    Direct

    39,546
    2,510,921,694
    1,381,721,960
    219,487,763
    748,964,436

    Direct
    73,573
    4,671,458,719
    2,570,632,574
    408,347,272
    1,393,415,196

    Direct
    132,776
    9,710,120,720
    5,187,810,411
    694,523,498
    3,244,303,500

    Induced
    55,977
    3,593,600,646
    1,801,390,746
    243,143,293
    1,175,422,004

    Total
    242,729
    17,804,121,422
    9,259,062,999
    1,284,107,689
    5,891,242,537

    Induced
    30,560
    1,883,972,472
    944,315,461
    127,486,438
    616,245,709

    17,262
    1,356,795,597
    678,743,802
    112,812,441
    436,878,977

    Indirect

    18

    16,426
    1,012,640,298
    507,572,114
    68,524,305
    331,233,735

    Induced

    73,234
    4,880,357,590
    2,568,037,876
    400,824,509
    1,517,077,148

    Total

    Total
    136,249
    9,079,689,369
    4,777,720,848
    $745,716,265
    2,822,454,912

    UnauthorizedImmigrants

    Indirect
    32,116
    2,524,258,179
    1,262,772,814
    209,882,555
    812,794,007

    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants

    Indirect
    53,975
    4,500,400,055
    2,269,861,842
    346,440,897
    1,471,517,034

    Table11:AggregateKansasImmigrantEconomicImpact(2009)
    AllImmigrants

    Mexcian&Central
    Americanas%of
    ImmigrantTotal
    59.5%
    56.1%
    55.6%
    60.6%
    55.2%

    Direct Direct+Indirect+
    Unauthorizedas%
    as%of
    Inducedas%of
    ofImmigrantTotal
    KSTotal
    KSTotal
    2.20%
    31.98%
    4.09%
    1.94%
    30.15%
    3.76%
    1.94%
    29.89%
    3.66%
    2.20%
    32.57%
    3.98%
    1.83%
    29.67%
    3.71%

    Direct Direct+Indirect+
    as%of
    Inducedas%of
    KSTotal
    KSTotal
    4.1%
    7.6%
    3.6%
    7.0%
    3.6%
    6.8%
    4.1%
    7.4%
    3.4%
    6.9%

    Direct Direct+Indirect+
    as%of
    Inducedas%of
    KSTotal
    KSTotal
    7.3%
    13.5%
    7.4%
    13.6%
    7.3%
    13.1%
    6.9%
    12.8%
    7.9%
    14.4%

    ThepurposeoftheIMPLANsimulationexerciseistodocumentthecontributionof
    immigrantstotheeconomyofKansas.Theresultsareannualresults,,andshouldbe
    interpretedasshortrunresultsfortheentirestateofKansas.Theseresultsdonottakeinto
    accountlongtermconsequencesoftheeliminationofimmigrantjobs.Theresultsreflectthe
    economyofthestateasitiscurrentlyconfigured.Somepossiblelongtermconsequencescould
    mitigatetheeffectsofTable11andsomecouldexacerbatethem.InthefollowingparagraphsI
    addresssomeofthepossibilities.Thediscussioncentersonunauthorizedimmigrants,since
    policiesaimedataffectingimmigrationaregenerallyaimedatunauthorizedimmigration.
    Itmightbearguedthatovertime,nativeswouldtakethejobscurrentlybeingheldby
    immigrants.Thisisunlikelytooccurtoanylargeextent.In2009theunemploymentrateamong
    Kansasnonimmigrantswas4.4%.Ifeveryunemployednonimmigrantweretotakeajob
    currentlyheldbyanimmigrant,therewouldstillbealmost50,000jobsnottaken.Itseems
    morelikelythat,giventheagingofthenativepopulation,thelongtermmayrequirethat
    immigrantsmakeupalargerproportionofthelaborforce(Papademetriouetal.,2009).
    Itmightalsobearguedthatreducingimmigrantlaborwillincreasetheearningsofnon
    immigrants,thusmitigatingtheeffectsshowninTable11.Otherstudieshaveshownthat
    nativelaborandimmigrantlaborarerelativelyweaksubstitutes(Card,2007).Thereissome
    evidencethatthewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsareadverselyaffectedbyimmigration
    (Borjas,2003),butatthesametimethereisevidencethattheaveragewagesofthenon
    immigrantlaborforceareincreasedbyimmigration(Shapiro&Velluci,2010;Card,2007;
    Orrenius&Zavodny,2006).
    Mostofthepopulationgrowththathasoccurredinthestatesince1990isduetoimmigration.
    In1990,2.5%(1990DemographicCensus)ofthepopulationinthestatewasforeignborn.In
    2010,thatpercentagehadgrownto6.5%(2010ACS).Thisstudydoesnottakeintoaccount
    potentialfuturegrowthintheforeignbornpopulation,nordoesittakeintoaccountany
    indirectorinducedeffectsofsuchgrowth.
    Maps1and2demonstratedthattherelativeimportanceofimmigrationisnotevenly
    distributedgeographically.Itwouldbeverydifficulttoarguethatthelivestockandmeat
    packingindustriesofsouthwesternKansaswouldbeabletofindsufficientlabortooperateat
    theircurrentlevelswithoutimmigrantlabor.TheIMPLANmethodassumesthatindustries
    canscaledownoperationsproportionallytothelaborloss.Itisaltogetherpossiblethatwithout
    immigrantlabor,themeatprocessingindustryofsouthwesternKansaswouldceasetoexist,
    therebyincreasingthenegativeeffectsofimmigrantjobloss.
    Onbalance,theliteraturepointstoanegativecorrelationbetweenundocumentedimmigrant
    jobsandtheearningsoftheunskillednonimmigrantpopulation.TheresultsoftheIMPLAN
    simulationseemreasonableasshorttermestimates,andwewillproceedtoanalyzethose
    19

    resultsinmoredetailintheparagraphsthatfollow.Wethenproceedtodiscusslongterm
    adjustmentstotheeliminationofundocumentedimmigrantjobs.
    AggregateEconomicContributionsofImmigrants
    Table11indicatesthatthedirectimpactofeliminatingimmigrantjobsisalossofbetween6.9%
    and7.9%ofthegeneralmeasuresofeconomicactivity.Itisreasonabletoconcludethat
    immigrationisdirectlyresponsiblefor7%to8%oftheKansasEconomy.Whenindirectand
    inducedeffectsaretakenintoaccount,thispercentageincreasestobetween12.8%and14.4%.
    TheaverageKansasjobmultiplierforimmigrantjobsisalmost2(1.828).Foreveryimmigrant
    jobinKansasanadditional.828ofajobiscreatedintheKansaseconomy.Similarlythevalue
    addedmultiplieris1.833.ForeverydollarofvalueaddedbyKansasimmigrants,anadditional
    $0.83ofvalueaddediscreatedintheKansaseconomy.Theseimpactstakeintoaccountthe
    leakagesfromtheKansaseconomyassociatedwithimmigrantjobs.
    FromTable11itcanalsobeseenthatimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmericais
    consistentlyresponsibleforbetween55%and60%ofthetotalcontributionofimmigrationto
    thesegeneralmeasuresofeconomicactivity.Thefactthatthepercentofjobs(59%)ishigher
    thanthepercentofemployeecompensation(55%)indicatesthatimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmericahaverelativelylowearnings.Thejobmultiplierisslightlyhigherforimmigrants
    fromMexicoandCentralAmerica(1.852vs.1.833forallimmigrants),indicatingthat
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareengagedinactivitiesthathavetieswithmore
    laborintensiveand/orconsumecommoditiesfromKansasthataremorelaborintensiveintheir
    production.
    Table11alsopresentstheaggregatecontributionofunauthorizedimmigrationontheKansas
    Economy.Toestimatetheeffectsofunauthorizedimmigration,weusethefollowing
    assumptions:

    Therewere65,000unauthorizedimmigrantsinKansasin2009(basedonPEW
    estimates)
    Unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamedemographicandlaborforcecharacteristicsas
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(thiswouldbeaconservativeestimateof
    theemploymentrate,accordingtoPEWresearch(PasselandCohn,2009,pp.1213).
    sinceunauthorizedimmigrantsaremorelikelytohaveajobthanallimmigrantsfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmerica).ThePEWnationalestimateisthat70%ofunauthorized
    immigrantsarefromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Eachunauthorizedimmigrantwhoisworkinghasonejob.

    Undertheseassumptions,39,546jobswereheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantsinthestateof
    Kansasin2009.Thetypesofjobsheldare,byassumption,distributedthesameasthejobsheld

    20

    byimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Thegeneraleconomicimpactofunauthorized
    immigrantsontheKansasEconomycanbeseeninthebottompanelofTable11.

    IndustrialSectorImpact
    IMPLANallowstheanalysttoviewtheimpactsofthepositedchangeonallindustries.7The
    nextsetoftablespresenttheindustriesthataremostsensitivetoimmigration,andthosethat
    aremostsensitivetoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.Eachofthefivegeneral
    measuresofeconomicactivityhasaseparatetableforimmigrationandimmigrationfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Table12:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobsAttributedtoImmigration(KS2009)

    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    2
    Construction
    3
    Administrativesupportservices
    4
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    5
    Educationalservices
    6
    Foodproducts
    7
    Wholesaletrade
    8
    Government&nonNAICs
    9
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    10 Livestock
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct
    12,197
    15,455
    8,313
    7,059
    11,272
    9,969
    4,112
    2,227
    3,545
    2,950

    Indirect
    2,063
    412
    5,802
    6,859
    82
    971
    5,382
    3,591
    117
    4,293

    Induced
    6,250
    140
    1,735
    1,656
    1,062
    175
    1,459
    2,573
    4,265
    95

    Total
    20,510
    16,007
    15,850
    15,574
    12,416
    11,115
    10,953
    8,391
    7,927
    7,338

    Webeginwiththeimpactofimmigrationonjobs.Tables12and13presentthetenmostsensitive
    industriestoimmigrationandtoimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,respectively.8The
    tablesarerankedbythetotalnumberofjobsattributabletoimmigration(thatis,includingindirect
    andinducedjobs).EducationalServicesranksinthetoptenforallimmigrants.Itsplaceistakenby
    hospitalsinthetoptenforimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.
    Noticethelargedifferencesbetweenindirecteffects(employmentinothersectorsoftheKansas
    economythatsupplythesectorinquestion)andinducedeffects(traditionalmultipliereffectsof
    spendinginasectorthatgetsrespentintheKansaseconomy).ConsidertheKansaslivestock
    industry.BecauseitpurchasesmuchofitsinputsfromKansassuppliers,jobsintheKansaslivestock

    ForadetailedexplanationoftheNorthAmericanIndustrialClassificationSystem(NAICS)industries,seethe
    BureauofLaborStatisticswebsite(http://www.bls.gov/iag/).
    8
    ByourassumptionstheimpactofunauthorizedimmigrantsisproportionaltothatofimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmerica,sotherankingsforunauthorizedimmigrationarethesameasthosefromMexicoandCentral
    America,forallfivegeneralmeasureofeconomicactivity.

    21

    Table13:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalJobs(KS2009)Attributedto
    ImmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Ran
    IndustryDescription
    k
    1 Construction
    2 Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    3 Administrativesupportservices
    4 Foodproducts
    5 Wholesaletrade
    6 Livestock
    7 Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    8 Government&nonNAICs
    9 Ambulatoryhealthcare
    10 Hospitals
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Direct

    Indirect

    Induced

    Total

    14,156
    9,128
    7,428
    7,601
    2,964
    2,950
    871
    428
    873
    1,977

    239
    1,112
    3,060
    751
    3,426
    3,392
    3,806
    2,022
    52
    2

    76
    3,411
    947
    96
    795
    52
    904
    1,402
    2,326
    1,270

    14,471
    13,651
    11,435
    8,448
    7,185
    6,394
    5,580
    3,852
    3,251
    3,249

    industryhavestrongindirecteffectssomuchsothatindirectjobcreationisgreaterthan
    directjobcreation(4293jobsversus2950jobsinTable12).Theambulatoryhealthcare
    industrydoesnotpurchasemuchintermsofinputsfromtheKansaseconomy,soitsindirect
    effectsaretiny.However,theimmigrantjobsinthatsectorgeneratealotofincome,someof
    whichisspentinKansas,resultinginlargeinducedeffects.
    TherankingsinTables14and15arebasedonvalueaddedbyimmigrationsensitiveindustries.
    Thisrankingcontainssixdifferentindustriesthantherankingforjobs.Mostimportantly,real
    estateranksprominentlybythiscriterionforbothallimmigrationandimmigrationfrom
    MexicoandCentralAmerica.Noticetheverylargeindirectandinducedeffectsofthereal
    estateindustry.Transportationequipment,telecommunications,andlessorofnonfinance
    intangibleassets(franchises)areaddedtotherankingsforallimmigration,butnotfor
    immigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,whereaspetroleum&coalproductionand
    utilitiesareaddedtotherankingsforimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,butnot
    forallimmigration.

    22

    Table14:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(KS$2009)
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Realestate
    2
    WholesaleTrade
    3
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    4
    Foodproducts
    5
    Transportationequipment
    6
    Construction
    7
    Telecommunications
    8
    Lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets
    9
    Administrativesupportservices
    10 Foodservices&drinkingplaces

    Direct
    314,535,391
    513,727,720
    472,699,554
    833,946,267
    847,659,374
    823,051,502
    356,125,875
    587,401,898
    318,873,978
    350,849,872

    Indirect
    412,873,862
    672,357,804
    459,317,985
    81,188,660
    72,461,635
    21,964,574
    227,918,049
    41,876,936
    222,569,025
    59,352,235

    Induced
    737,922,165
    182,266,842
    110,909,388
    14,685,396
    9,144,677
    7,429,575
    95,650,518
    4,985,282
    66,534,161
    179,768,816

    Total
    1,465,331,418
    1,368,352,366
    1,042,926,927
    929,820,323
    929,265,686
    852,445,651
    679,694,442
    634,264,116
    607,977,164
    589,970,923

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Table15:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalValueAdded(KS$2009)Attributed
    toImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    IndustryDescription
    WholesaleTrade
    Construction
    Foodproducts
    Realestate
    Adminsupportservices
    Petroleum&coalprod
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Utilities
    Livestock

    Direct
    355,701,127
    724,145,285
    610,779,260
    66,616,610
    273,690,884
    342,179,926
    252,215,087
    56,025,702
    151,179,371
    127,019,404

    Indirect
    411,105,296
    12,229,385
    60,358,357
    202,961,323
    112,748,958
    33,352,194
    30,725,343
    244,786,063
    123,251,104
    146,041,980

    Induced
    95,415,636
    3,894,903
    7,687,201
    386,970,072
    34,886,698
    4,967,852
    94,239,130
    58,126,203
    44,033,275
    2,229,980

    Total
    862,222,059
    740,269,573
    678,824,818
    656,548,006
    421,326,540
    380,499,972
    377,179,561
    358,937,969
    318,463,750
    275,291,364

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    TherankingsinTables16and17arebasedonTotalEmployeeCompensationinimmigration
    sensitiveindustries.Notsurprisingly,theindustriesintheserankingsareverysimilartothejob
    rankings.Theonlyindustrytoappearontheserankingsthatdontintherankingsforjobsor
    valuesaddedistheindustrycalledmanagementofcompanies,whichentersintotherankings
    forimmigrationfromMexicoandCentralAmerica.

    23

    Table16:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(KS$2009)
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    IndustryDescription
    Wholesaletrade
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Transportationequipment
    Construction
    Foodproducts
    Government&nonNAICs
    Administrativesupportservices
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Hospitals

    Direct
    268,978,592
    321,667,072
    552,224,512
    563,524,672
    509,751,264
    128,832,088
    246,451,040
    200,725,024
    203,025,552
    191,201,408

    Indirect
    352,034,464
    312,561,054
    47,206,571
    15,038,645
    49,626,723
    207,721,982
    172,018,952
    6,630,471
    34,345,233
    167,090

    Induced
    95,431,643
    75,472,671
    5,957,482
    5,086,861
    8,976,476
    148,837,395
    51,422,864
    241,482,488
    104,026,442
    137,165,038

    Total
    716,444,699
    709,700,797
    605,388,564
    583,650,178
    568,354,464
    485,391,465
    469,892,857
    448,837,984
    341,397,227
    328,533,536

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Table17:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalEmployeeCompensation(KS$2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    IndustryDescription
    Construction
    Wholesaletrade
    Foodproducts
    Adminsupportservices
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    Government&nonNAICs
    Hospitals
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    Managementofcompanies

    Direct
    495,805,824
    186,238,715
    373,339,995
    211,529,970
    38,124,901
    145,948,774
    23,783,443
    111,825,947
    47,481,745
    23,398,927

    Indirect
    8,373,182
    215,247,345
    36,894,161
    87,141,315
    166,574,340
    17,779,770
    112,346,519
    89,590
    2,805,780
    108,835,644

    Induced
    2,666,751
    49,957,912
    4,698,816
    26,963,201
    39,554,270
    54,533,159
    77,931,501
    71,843,090
    126,530,698
    8,660,128

    Total
    506,845,758
    451,443,973
    414,932,973
    325,634,486
    244,253,510
    218,261,703
    214,061,462
    183,758,627
    176,818,224
    140,894,700

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Table18:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(KS$2009)
    Rank
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10

    IndustryDescription
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    Construction
    Personal&laundryservices
    Wholesaletrade
    Repair&maintenance
    Ambulatoryhealthcare
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    CropFarming
    Petroleum&coalproduction
    Trucktransportation

    Direct
    81,931,304
    137,888,336
    57,196,224
    29,036,760
    36,928,276
    33,719,088
    40,682,076
    22,524,548
    47,669,660
    8,808,418

    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    24

    Indirect
    79,611,926
    3,679,792
    3,808,849
    38,002,799
    26,745,224
    1,113,830
    6,882,066
    33,125,333
    6,151,011
    35,347,828

    Induced
    19,223,523
    1,244,700
    23,666,140
    10,302,030
    13,179,770
    40,565,793
    20,844,724
    2,433,402
    1,269,494
    4,995,769

    Total
    180,766,753
    142,812,828
    84,671,213
    77,341,589
    76,853,270
    75,398,711
    68,408,866
    58,083,283
    55,090,165
    49,152,015

    Table19:Top10ImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyTotalProprietor'sIncome(KS$2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank IndustryDescription
    Direct
    1
    Construction
    121,318,279
    2
    Professional,scientific&technicalservices
    9,710,732
    3
    Petroleum&coalproduction
    45,789,848
    4
    Repair&maintenance
    26,238,289
    5
    Wholesaletrade
    20,104,829
    6
    Cropfarming
    20,398,810
    7
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    29,245,082
    8
    Trucktransportation
    6,466,289
    9
    Administrativesupportservices
    20,204,160
    10 Ambulatoryhealthcare
    7,976,291
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Indirect
    2,048,826
    42,427,884
    4,463,125
    15,862,422
    23,236,366
    25,642,280
    3,562,694
    24,126,308
    8,323,251
    471,333

    Induced
    652,525
    10,074,805
    664,788
    6,912,481
    5,393,053
    1,275,183
    10,927,305
    2,620,909
    2,575,374
    21,255,446

    Total
    124,019,631
    62,213,421
    50,917,762
    49,013,192
    48,734,248
    47,316,273
    43,735,080
    33,213,505
    31,102,785
    29,703,071

    TherankingsinTables18and19arebasedonTotalProprietorsIncomeinimmigration
    sensitiveindustries.Intheserankings,severalnewindustriesappear,(personalandlaundry
    services,repairandmaintenance,cropfarming,andtrucktransportation)becauseherethe
    rankingsarebasicallyreflectiveofsmallenterprises(nailsalons,autorepairshops)forwhich
    proprietorsincomeisrelativelyimportant.AlthoughIMPLANdoesnottelltheuserwhether
    theactualproprietorsarenativesorimmigrants,thereisahighprobabilitythatthesesmall
    firmsareatleastpartlyimmigrantowned.

    Table20:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(KS$2009)
    Direct
    Rank IndustryDescription
    1
    Realestate
    246,533,072.0
    2
    Lessorofnonfinanceintangibleassets 560,722,176.0
    3
    Telecommunications
    198,030,144.0
    4
    Foodproducts
    305,827,936.0
    5
    Petroleum&coalproduction
    277,536,352.0
    6
    Transportationequipment
    280,320,160.0
    7
    Utilities
    120,326,208.0
    8
    Wholesaletrade
    104,963,456.0
    9
    Livestock
    67,926,120.0
    10 Insurancecarriers&related
    20,871,674.0
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    25

    Indirect
    323,610,835.4
    39,974,890.4
    126,737,896.4
    29,773,814.6
    35,811,647.9
    23,962,993.1
    114,880,000.0
    137,374,318.9
    98,841,212.6
    58,624,454.9

    Induced
    Total
    578,383,933.2 1,148,527,840.6
    4,758,850.8
    605,455,917.1
    53,188,176.3
    377,956,216.7
    5,385,484.3
    340,987,234.8
    7,391,088.2
    320,739,088.1
    3,024,136.0
    307,307,289.1
    46,405,648.8
    281,611,856.9
    37,240,265.8
    279,578,040.7
    2,187,219.9
    168,954,552.5
    83,330,724.6
    162,826,853.5

    Table21:TopTenImmigrationSensitiveIndustriesRankedbyOtherPropertyTypeIncome(KS$2009)
    AttributedtoImmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    Rank IndustryDescription
    Direct
    1
    Realestate
    52,214,148
    2
    Petroleum&coalproduction
    266,591,950
    3
    Foodproducts
    223,987,290
    4
    Wholesaletrade
    72,675,888
    5
    Utilities
    83,415,775
    6
    Livestock
    65,247,512
    7
    Construction
    97,129,270
    8
    Telecommunications
    12,211,717
    9
    Foodservices&drinkingplaces
    49,068,004
    10 Insurancecarriers&related
    3,472,989
    Source:IMPLANcalculations(errorsduetorounding)

    Indirect
    159,081,234
    25,984,652
    22,134,847
    83,995,917
    68,005,881
    75,019,056
    1,640,322
    52,340,673
    5,977,562
    25,236,871

    Induced
    303,307,426
    3,870,447
    2,819,080
    19,495,063
    24,296,104
    1,145,499
    522,421
    27,856,287
    18,334,058
    43,729,287

    Total
    514,602,808
    296,447,050
    248,941,216
    176,166,868
    175,717,759
    141,412,067
    99,292,013
    92,408,677
    73,379,623
    72,439,148

    TherankingsinTables20and21arebasedonOtherPropertyIncomeinimmigrationsensitive
    industries.TheonlyindustrythatisintheserankingsthatisnotinrankingsofotherTablesis
    theInsuranceCarriers&RelatedIndustrycategory.
    Takenasawhole,Tables1221demonstratethediversityofindustrialcategoriesthatare
    sensitivetoimmigration.Thereare23ofthe88industrialcategoriesrepresentedinatleastone
    ofthesetables.Wholesaletradeappearsinalltentables.Constructionandfoodservices&
    drinkingplacesareinnine.Thefactthatprofessionalservicesshowsupineightofthesetables
    isimportant.Therearemanyimmigrantprofessionals(doctors,dentists,professors,etc.)inthe
    stateofKansas.Notonlythat,butimmigrantsmakeuseoftheservicesofprofessionals,
    whethertheprofessionalsareimmigrantsornot.Thehealthcareindustriesasawholearevery
    sensitivetoimmigration.Theimportanceofimmigrantstotheagribusinessofthestateof
    Kansasisalsoapparentinthesetables.Thefoodproductindustry(meatpacking),livestock,and
    cropfarmingindustriesareallsensitivetoimmigration.
    StateandLocalTaxRevenueEffects
    IMPLANproducesestimatesofthetaxrevenuegeneratedbythepositedchangeinaregional
    economy.Becausetheseestimatesarebasedontheactualtaxcollectionsthatoccurredinthe
    state,theyarenotsubjecttoerrorsofunderreportingoroverreporting.Theyarealsonot
    subjecttoerrorsassociatedwiththeinformaleconomy,sincetaxesareonlycollectedfor
    formaltransactions.AlthoughIMPLANgeneratesareportonfederaltaxgeneration,wedo
    notincludethatreportsinceitisbeyondthescopeofthisstudy.Wedoreporttheestimated
    stateandlocaltaxrevenuesfortheentirestateofKansas.FromMaps1and2ofthisstudy,itis
    obviousthatthesetaximpactsarenotdistributedevenlyacrossthestate.Onceagain,itis
    beyondthescopeofthisstudytobreakdownrevenuecollectionsregionallywithinthestate.
    26

    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoallimmigrantsaccounted
    foranestimated6.46%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Thehighesttaxincidencewas
    forstateandlocalsalestaxes,andthelowestwasforcorporateprofitstaxes.Percapitastate
    andlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyimmigrantsin2009isestimatedat$4,180,whichisslightlymore
    thantheestimatedpercapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybynatives($4,124).Whenthe
    indirectandinducedcontributionsofimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuearetakeninto
    account,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.Theeconomicactivitiesthat
    immigrantjobsareindirectlyassociatedwitharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocal
    taxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisisparticularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehicle
    propertytaxes.9
    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletoimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericaaccountedforanestimated3.19%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenue
    collections.Thehighesttaxincidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasfor
    corporateprofitstaxes.PercapitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyimmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmericain2009isestimatedat$3,831.Whentheindirectandinduced
    contributionsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltaxrevenue
    aretakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.Theeconomic
    activitiesthatjobsofimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareindirectlyassociated
    witharethereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisis
    particularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.
    Stateandlocaltaxcollectionsin2009thataredirectlyattributabletounauthorizedimmigrants
    accountedforanestimated1.71%ofstateandlocaltaxrevenuecollections.Thehighesttax
    incidencewasforstateandlocalsalestaxesandthelowestwasforcorporateprofitstaxes.Per
    capitastateandlocaltaxespaiddirectlybyunauthorizedimmigrants2009isestimatedat
    $3,057.Whentheindirectandinducedcontributionsofunauthorizedimmigrantstostateand
    localtaxrevenuearetakenintoaccount,stateandlocaltaxesgeneratedmorethandoubles.
    Theeconomicactivitiesthatjobsofunauthorizedimmigrantsareindirectlyassociatedwithare
    thereforemoreimportanttostateandlocaltaxrevenuethatthedirecteffects.Thisis
    particularlytrueforsalestaxesandnonvehiclepropertytaxes.

    Theforecastspreparedforthisstudyuseactualdataontaxcollectionsandusethetaxstructureandratesthat
    appliedwhenthetaxrevenuewasgenerated.Changesinthestructureoftaxeswillchangetherevenuescollected.
    ThisstudydoesnotmakeanyassumptionsregardingchangesinKansasfiscalpolicysince2010.Changesthatmake
    thesystemmoreregressivewouldtendtoincreasethecontributionsofimmigrantsrelativetonarives.

    27

    Table22
    EstimatedContributionofImmigrantstoStateandLocalRevenue(KS$2009)
    Direct
    RevenueSource Contributionby
    Immigrants**

    Direct+Indirect+
    InducedContributionby
    Immigrants**

    TotalState& Directas
    Local %ofKS
    Revenue***
    Total

    D+I+I
    as%of
    KStotal

    AllImmigrants
    SalesTax

    $224,530,276

    $527,077,534

    3,027,196,714

    7.42%

    17.41%

    NonVehiclePropertyTax

    $237,628,372

    $557,824,911

    3,792,900,000

    6.27%

    14.71%

    PersonalIncomeTax

    $190,913,348

    $345,708,202

    3,206,597,676

    5.95%

    10.78%

    CorporateProfitsTax

    $15,632,172

    $28,386,036

    344,696,544

    4.54%

    8.24%

    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*

    $80,167,341

    $164,885,050

    $1,222,967,655

    6.56%

    13.48%

    $748,871,509

    $1,623,881,733

    $11,594,358,589

    6.46%

    14.01%

    Total

    ImmigrantsfromMexico&CentralAmerica
    SalesTax

    $115,082,720

    $282,372,640

    $3,027,196,714

    3.80%

    9.33%

    NonVehiclePropertyTax

    $121,796,136

    $298,844,992

    $3,792,900,000

    3.21%

    7.88%

    PersonalIncomeTax

    $85,347,010

    $169,139,292

    $3,206,597,676

    2.66%

    5.27%

    CorporateProfitsTax

    $6,713,955

    $13,599,560

    $344,696,544

    1.95%

    3.95%

    $40,843,041

    $87,456,053

    $1,222,967,655

    3.34%

    7.15%

    $369,782,862

    $851,412,537

    $11,594,358,589

    3.19%

    7.34%

    $3,027,196,714

    2.04%
    1.73%
    1.43%
    1.05%
    1.80%
    1.71%

    5.01%
    4.24%
    2.83%
    2.12%
    3.84%
    3.95%

    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
    Total

    UnauthorizedImmigrants
    SalesTax
    NonVehiclePropertyTax
    PersonalIncomeTax
    CorporateProfitsTax
    OtherTaxes,Fees&Fines*
    Total

    $61,857,764
    $65,466,272
    $45,874,612
    $3,608,798
    $17,472,519
    $198,760,864

    $151,777,261
    $160,631,265
    $90,913,548
    $7,309,858
    $36,013,681
    $457,640,169

    $3,792,900,000
    $3,206,597,676
    $344,696,544
    $1,222,967,655
    $11,594,358,589

    *Othertaxesandfeesinclude:motorfueltax,motorvehiclelicense;motorcarrierpropertytax;stateportionofsocial
    insurancetax;bingo;drycleaning;transientguest;cigarette;tobacco;controlledsubstances;estate;oil,gas,oilassessment
    conservationfeeandgasassessmentconservationfee,gasoilandsandroyalties;carline;bonds;licenses;andfees.
    **IMPLANcalculations
    ***KansasDepartmentofRevenueAnnualStatisticalReport,June,2009(http://www.ksrevenue.org/pdf/09arcomplete.pdf)

    28

    ImmigrantUseofStateandLocalGovernmentServices
    Thepurposeofthissectionistodocumentthecosttothestateofimmigrantuseofstateand
    localgovernmentservices.WewilldiscussK12educationandhealthservices,transportation
    servicesandhighereducationservicesindividually.Otherstateandlocalserviceswillbetreated
    asaresidual.

    Education(K12)Services

    ThesinglemostimportantuseofstateandlocalgovernmentservicesbyimmigrantsisK12
    publiceducation.AchildwhoisbornintheUnitedStateswithimmigrantparentsisnotan
    immigrant.Butalegitimateargumentcanbemadethatnativechildrenoftheimmigrant
    populationshouldbeattributedtoimmigrants.Thisstudywillthereforeconsiderseparatelythe
    costofK12educationofimmigrantsandthecostofK12educationofnativechildrenof
    immigrants.WeuseTable2abovetoallocateschoolagedchildrenbetweenimmigrants,
    childrenofimmigrants,andchildrenofnatives.AccordingtotheKansasStateDepartmentof
    Education,therewere447,615K12publicschoolstudentsin2009(KansasStateDepartment
    ofEducationSchoolFinanceDataWarehouse,2010).Weassumethatallimmigrantchildrengo
    topublicschools.Bymakingthisassumption,weassurethatourcostestimatesforthethree
    immigrantcategoriesareoverestimates.WeusetheKansasDepartmentofEducationSchool
    FinanceDataWarehousetofindtheperpupilcostofK12publiceducation($11,736in2009).
    ThefundingformulaforK12educationiscomplex.Differentschooldistrictsreceivedifferent
    stateandlocalfundingbasedonanumberoffactors.Mostschooldistrictsincountieswithhigh
    immigrantpopulationreceivelessthanthestateaverageperpupil(seeAppendixTableA.7),so
    thereourcostestimatesareprobablyonthehighside10.Table23showsourcostestimates.
    ThecountofunauthorizedimmigrantK12agedchildrenisestimatedbyassumingthatthis
    groupisthesameproportionofthetotalunauthorizedimmigrantpopulationasK12aged
    immigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentralAmericaareofthetotalimmigrantpopulation
    fromMexicoandCentralAmerica.11
    Tocalculateanestimateforthenativechildrenofimmigrantsforeachofthethreeimmigrant
    groups,weuseastudybytheUrbanInstitutethatestimatedthetotalpercentageofchildrenof
    foreignbornat12%ofKansaschildren(Fortuny,etal.2009,p.16).Weadjustthatpercentage
    to10%toaccountfortherelativelyhighpercentageofveryyoung(notschoolaged)children
    amongimmigrants.Wecalculatethenumberofnativechildrenofimmigrantsas10%ofthe
    publicschoolpopulationminusthenumberofimmigrantchildren(whowereassumedtobein
    publicschools).Table23includesresultsforimmigrantchildren,nativebornchildrenof

    10

    Thereareeducationalservicesthatarespecificallyusedmorebyimmigrants,suchasEnglishasaSecond
    Language.Butthereisinadequatedatatobeabletoanalyzewithindistrictdifferencesinspending.
    11
    Recallourestimateforthetotalunauthorizedimmigrantpopulationis65,000in2009.

    29

    immigrants,andimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenforeachofthethreeimmigrant
    categories.Theestimatedcostiscalculatedbymultiplyingthecountofstudentsbytheper
    studentcostofpublicK12educationinKansas.

    Table23
    EstimatedCostofEducatingImmigrantChildrenandNativeChildrenof
    ImmigrantsinKansas(2009)
    ImmigrationType
    AllImmigrants

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    andCentralAmerica

    Foreignbornornativeborn

    Count

    EstimatedCost

    Immigrantchildren

    19,335

    $226,915,560

    Nativechildren

    25,427

    $298,411,272

    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    44,762

    $525,326,832

    Immigrantchildren

    11,986

    $140,667,696

    Nativechildren

    15,763

    $184,988,751

    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    27,749

    $325,656,447

    Immigrantchildren
    UnauthorizedImmigrants Nativechildren
    Immigrantchildren+nativechildren

    8,071

    $94,721,256

    10,614

    $124,565,904

    18685

    $219,287,160

    Source:2009AmericanCommunitySurvey,KansasStateDepartmentofEducation,andauthorscalculations

    TotalspendingonpublicK12schoolsinKansas(excludingFederalaid)wasequalto45.3%of
    stateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.Wecomparethispercentagewiththecostofeducating
    immigrantsasapercentageoftheestimatedstateandlocaltaxrevenuetheycontribute.The
    costofK12educationofimmigrantchildreninpublicschoolsisequalto30.3%ofthedirect
    contributionbyimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationof
    immigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenofimmigrantsisequalto32.4%ofthedirect+indirect+
    inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenue.ThecostofK12education
    ofimmigrantchildrenfromMexicoandCentralAmericainpublicschoolsisequalto38.0%of
    thedirectcontributionbyimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltax
    revenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenof
    immigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericaisequalto38.2%ofthedirect+indirect+
    inducedcontributionsbyimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmericatostateandlocaltax
    revenue.ThecostofK12educationofunauthorizedimmigrantchildreninpublicschoolsis
    equalto47.7%ofthedirectcontributionbyunauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltax
    revenuein2009.ThecostofK12educationofimmigrantchildrenplusnativechildrenof
    unauthorizedimmigrantsisequalto47.9%ofthedirect+indirect+inducedcontributionsby
    unauthorizedimmigrantstostateandlocaltaxrevenue.

    30

    Undertheseassumptions,immigrants,andimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica
    subsidizedK12publiceducationfortherestoftheKansaspopulationin2009.Unauthorized
    immigrantspaidtheirownway.12
    HealthServices
    FundingfromstatetaxrevenueinKansasforhealthservicestotaled$898,782,807in2009
    (KHPA2009,p.9).Becauseofalackofdataregardingusersofthehealthservices,wemust
    makeassumptions.WeallocatetheusersofKansasMedicalAssistancebyusingthedatain
    Table8andTable2.Theassumptionisthatusersoftheseprogramswillbeproportionaltothe
    populationinpoverty(becauseonlythosethatmeeteligibilityrequirementsthataredrivenby
    thelevelofpovertyofthehouseholdarequalifiedtoreceiveservicesfromtheseprograms).A
    complicatingfactoristhatunauthorizedimmigrantsarenoteligibleforallprograms.13Sothe
    firststepistocalculatethecostofeligibleprogramsthatisduetounauthorizedimmigrants.
    Wethentaketheunauthorizedimmigrantsoutofsubsequentcalculations.Weassumethat
    unauthorizedimmigrantshavethesamepovertyincidenceasdoimmigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmerica,resultinginanestimateof20,140unauthorizedimmigrantslivingbelowthe
    povertylevel.Thisis4.57%oftheKansaspopulationthatlivesinpoverty.Wethencalculate
    4.57%oftheexpendituresofeligibleprogramsforatotalof$8,184,597fromstatefunds.14On
    apercapitabasis,thisamountsto$406perunauthorizedimmigrant.
    Byourdemographicassumptions,immigrantsthatarenotunauthorizedmakeup5.76%ofthe
    Kansaspopulationinpoverty.Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfor
    theseimmigrantsis$35,683,713.Bythesameassumptions,immigrantsfromMexicoand
    CentralAmericawhoarenotunauthorizedmakeup3.76%oftheKansaspopulationinpoverty.
    Theestimatedcostofhealthservicesfromstatefundingfortheseimmigrantsis
    $23,277,431.Forbothofthesecategoriesofofimmigrants,percapitaspendingisslightlyover
    $1,400.

    TransportationandHigherEducationServices

    Wetreatthesetwoservicestogetherbecausewemakesimilarassumptionswithregardto
    theirusebyimmigrants.Wecalculatetheuseofstatefundedservicesinthesecategoriesby

    12

    Ifoneeliminatesthecontributionsandchildrenofallbutunauthorizedimmigrants,thepercentoftaxrevenue
    necessarytopayforK12publiceducationwouldbeslightlyabove48%.
    13
    In2009weassumethatunauthorizedimmigrantsareeligibleforthetemporaryaidtofamilies(TAF)program;
    themedicallyneedyprogram;thepovertyleveleligibleprogramsforchildren,pregnantwomenandinfants;and
    theEmergencyMedicalServicesforNonCitizens(SOBRA)program.
    14
    Formanystatehealthservices,thereisarequirementofatleastfiveyearsofresidenceforimmigrants.By
    assumingthatauthorizedimmigrantsusetheseservicesproportionallytotheirincidenceinthepopulation,the
    studyoverstatesspendingonhealthservicesbyauthorizedimmigrants.

    31

    multiplyingthetotalstatetaxfinancedspendinginthatcategorybysomefunctionofthe
    incidenceofimmigrantsinthegeneralpopulation.
    InKansas,afterelementaryeducationandhealth,thenextlargestcategoryofstateandlocal
    servicesfinancedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueishighereducationservices.Theincidenceof
    immigrantsinhighereducationnationallyiswellbelowthatofnonimmigrants.Theincidence
    ofunauthorizedimmigrantsislowerstill.AccordingtotheKansasBoardofRegents,the
    numberofunauthorizedimmigrantsreceivingpubliclyfundedhighereducationservicesinthe
    stateofKansaswas316in2009.15Weassumethatauthorizedimmigrantshavethesame
    probabilityofusingstatefundedhighereducationservicesasthegeneralpopulation,andthat
    unauthorizedimmigrantshaveisasreportedbytheKansasBoardofRegents.These
    assumptionsoverstatethetrueuseofstatefundedhighereducationservicesbyimmigrants.
    Thenextlargeststateandlocalservicesupportedbystateandlocaltaxrevenueis
    transportationservices.Thesearemostly(over90%)paidforbystateexcisetaxesongasoline
    ($0.24/gallon).Allpopulationgroupswhousegasolinepaythesetaxes.WeassumethatKansas
    immigrantsinallcategoriesusestatefundedtransportationservicesproportionallytotheir
    incidenceinthepopulation.
    StatefundedK12educationservices,healthservices,transportationservices,andhigher
    educationservicesmakeupover80%ofthetotalspendingofstateandlocaltaxes.Table24
    demonstratesthatforallimmigrants,forimmigrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica,andfor
    unauthorizedimmigrants,estimatedspendingissignificantlybelow80%ofthestateandlocal
    taxdollarsgenerated,indicatingthatimmigrantsinallcategoriesaremorethanpullingtheir
    ownweightintermsofmakingapositivenetcontributiontotheKansasstatepublicfinance.
    Theseresultsareconsistentwithresearchthatfindsthatimmigrantsmigrateinsearchofjobs,
    notinsearchofstateprovidedpublicservices(Berk,etal.,p.52).

    15

    KansasBoardofRegentsStudentHeadCountEnrolledunderProvisionsofK.S.A.76731a,Fall20052012
    (Basedonfall20thdayenrollments)

    32


    Table24
    TaxRevenueandExpenditureSummary2009

    StateandLocalExpendituresforImmigrants

    StateandLocal
    Taxes
    Generated
    Directly

    Stateand
    LocalFunded
    K12Public
    Education
    Services

    Stateand
    LocalFunded
    HealthCare
    Services

    Stateand
    LocalFunded
    Higher
    Education
    Services

    Stateand
    LocalFunded
    Transportatio
    nServices

    Spendingas
    %ofTax
    Revenue
    Generated

    AllImmigrants

    $748,871,509

    $226,915,560

    $35,683,248

    $94,289,248

    $70,168,846

    57.03%

    ImmigrantsfromMexico
    &CentralAmerica

    $369,782,862

    $140,667,696

    $23,277,431

    $51,687,849

    $37,804,917

    68.54%

    Unauthorized
    Immigrants

    $198,760,864

    $94,721,256

    $8,184,597

    $7,900,000

    $27,416,437

    69.54%

    Source:PriorTablesandAuthorscalculations

    LongTermAdjustmentstotheLossofUnauthorizedImmigrantJobs

    Thereissomeevidencethatnonimmigrantunskilledlaborersareadverselyaffectedbythe
    presenceofunauthorizedimmigrants.Ifthisistrue,thenremovingunauthorizedimmigrant
    jobscoulddecreaseunemploymentandincreasethewagesoflowskillednonimmigrantsover
    time,asemployersadjusttoshortagescausedbyalackofunauthorizedimmigrantlabor.The
    extenttowhichthisoccursiscontroversial.Somearguethattheeffectsareminimal.Atone
    endofthespectrumarestudiesbyCard(2007)andPapademetriouetal.(2009)thatpointto
    smalladjustmentsofthistype(under10%).Thatis,asaneteffect,approximately10%ofthe
    jobsthatarecurrentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants.On
    theotherhand,Borjas(2003)hasanexpectationoflargeeffects(30%50%ofthejobsthatare
    currentlyheldbyunauthorizedimmigrantswouldbetakenbynonimmigrants).
    AstudybythePerryman(2010)usesinputoutputanalysistocalculatetheeconomicimpactof
    undocumentedimmigrantsonthelabormarketofeachstatein2008.Theycalculateaninitial
    staticeffectsimilartotheshorttermimpactsestimatedinthisstudy.Thestudythenlists
    possiblelongtermadjustments(Perryman,2010,p.60).Amongthelisteditemsthatwould
    tendtoreducetheimpactoflosingunauthorizedimmigrantsonjobsare:

    firmsrespondtothelossofworkersbytryingtoattractdomesticworkers,raisingwages,
    andotheractionsdesignedtominimizetheeffectsoflosingtheundocumentedworkforce
    asuccessfulguestworkerprogram(inotherwordsturnunauthorizedworkersinto
    authorizedworkers)
    increasedparticipationinthelaborforcebynonimmigrantswhoarecurrentlynotinthe
    laborforce

    33

    Thestudyalsoarguesthattherearelimitationstohowmuchadjustmentcanoccur.The
    particularindustrieswhichhavehighimmigrantinvolvement(forexample,theconstruction
    industry)tendtobekeygrowthindustriesbottlenecksinthoseindustrieslimittheeconomic
    developmentthatwouldbenecessarytogeneratejobs.Inadditionthereisanhistoriclowto
    theunemploymentratethatshouldactasalimitingfactor.
    Ignoringthelimitingfactors,Perrymanestimatesthatafterlongtermadjustments,asmuchas
    65%ofjobscurrentlyheldmyunauthorizedimmigrantscouldbeheldbynonimmigrantsand
    authorizedimmigrants.Thedistributionofthesejobsbetweennonimmigrantsandassumed
    guestworkersisnotmadeavailableinthestudy(Perryman,2010,AppendixTable3,p.68).
    Evenundertheseheroicassumptionsregardingtheabilityofthelabormarkettomakeupfor
    thelossofunauthorizedimmigrantsjobs,fully35%ofthepermanentjobsheldbyunauthorized
    immigrantswouldneverberecovered.
    InTable24,weestimatethatthestatespendsabout70%ofthestateandlocaltaxdollars
    generatedbyunauthorizedimmigrantsonK12education,health,transportationandhigher
    educationservicesforunauthorizedimmigrants.Sincethestatespendsover80%ofstateand
    localtaxdollarsontheseservices,thereisanetslightsubsidyfromunauthorizedimmigrantsto
    thegeneralpopulationofthestate.Thisfindingisbasedonconservativeassumptions,and
    wouldberobusttoareasonablesetofassumptionswithregardtolongtermadjustments.

    34

    Bibliography
    BerkM.L.,Schur,C.L,Chavez,l.R.,andFrankel,M.2000.HealthCareUseamong
    UndocumentedLatinoImmigrants,HealthAffairs,19,no.4:5164.
    Borjas,George.2003.TheLaborDemandCurveIsDownwardSloping:ReexaminingtheImpact
    ofImmigrationontheLaborMarket.QuarterlyJournalofEconomics118:133574.
    Card,David.2007.HowImmigrationAffectsU.S.Cities.CReAMDiscussionPaperNo11/07.
    June.(http://www.creammigration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_11_07.pdf).
    Decker,ChristopherwithJerryDeichertandLourdesGouveia.2008.NebraskasImmigrant
    Population.EconomicandFiscalImpacts.OLLASSpecialReportNo.5.Omaha,NE:Officeof
    Latino/LatinAmericanStudies(OLLAS)UniversityofNebraskaatOmaha.
    Dixon,PeterB.andMaureenT.Rimmer.2009.RestrictionorLegalization?Measuringthe
    EconomicBenefitsofImmigrationReform.TheCatoInstituteTradePolicyAnalysisSeries.
    October.(http://www.cato.org/publications/tradepolicyanalysis/restrictionorlegalization
    measuringeconomicbenefitsimmigrationreform).
    Fortuny,Karina,RandyCapps,MargaretSimmsandAjayChaudry.2009.ChildrenofImmigrants:
    NationalandStateCharacteristics.TheUrbanInstitute,Brief9.August.
    ImmigrationPolicyCenter.2012.BadforBusiness:HowAntiImmigrationLegislationDrains
    BudgetsandDamagesStates.March.(http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/justfacts/bad
    businesshowantiimmigrationlegislationdrainsbudgetsanddamagesstates%E2%80%99
    economie).
    KansasHealthPolicyAuthority(FHPA).2009.KansasMedicalAssistanceReport.
    KansasStateDepartmentofEducationSchoolFinanceDataWarehouse.2010.June.
    http://cpfs.ksde.org/cpfs/.
    Livingston,Gretchen,SusanMinushkinandDVeraCohn.2008.HispanicsandHealthCareinthe
    UnitedStates:Access,InformationBandKnowledge.Washington,DC:PewHispanicCenter.
    August.
    OfficeofLocalGovernment,DepartmentofAgriculturalEconomics,KansasStateUniversity.
    2010.KansasStateandLocalGovernmentRevenues,AComparisonwithOtherStates,Fiscal
    Year2007.(http://www.ksuolg.info/assets/docs/RevenueInterstateReport.pdf).
    Orrenius,PiaM.andMadelineZavodny.2006.DoesImmigrationAffectWages?ALookat
    OccupationLevelEvidence.InstituteforLaborStudies(IZA)DiscussionPaper2481.December.
    (http://ftp.iza.org/dp2481.pdf).
    Papademetriou,DemetriosG.,DorisMeissner,MarcRosenblum,andMadelineSumption.
    2009.HarnessingtheAdvantagesofImmigrationfora21stCenturyEconomy:AStanding
    35

    CommissiononLaborMarkets,EconomicCompetitiveness,andImmigration.Washington,DC:
    MigrationPolicyInstitute.
    Passel,Jeffrey,S.andDVeraCohn.2009.APortraitofUnauthorizedImmigrantsintheUnited
    States.Washington,DC:PewHispanicCenter.April.
    Passel,Jeffrey,S.andDVeraCohn.2011.UnauthorizedImmigrantPopulation:Nationaland
    StateTrends,2010.Washington,DC:PewHispanicCenter.February.
    PerrymanGroup.2008.AnEssentialResource:AnanalysisoftheEconomicImpactof
    UndocumentedWorkersonBusinessActivityintheUSwithEstimatedEffectsbyStateandby
    Industry.April.
    Ravenstein,E.G.1885.TheLawsofMigration.JournaloftheStatisticalSocietyVol.48,partII:
    167235.BlackwellPublishingfortheRoyalStatisticalSociety.
    ShapiroRobertJ.andJiwonVelluci.2010.TheImpactofImmigrationandImmigrationReform
    ontheWagesofAmericanWorkers.NewPolicyInstitute.May.
    (http://www.newpolicyinstitute.org/2010/05/)
    SingerAubrey.2012.ImmigrantWorkersintheU.S.LaborForce.BrookingsInstitution,March.
    (http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2012/0315_immigrant_workers_singer.aspx].
    Strayhorn,CaroleKeeton.2006.UNDOCUMENTEDIMMIGRANTSINTEXAS:AFinancialAnalysis
    oftheImpacttotheStateBudgetandEconomy.December.
    (http://www.window.state.tx.us/specialrpt/undocumented/).
    USBureauofLaborStatistics.LocalAreaUnemploymentStatistics.
    (http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST29000003).

    36

    AppendixTables
    TableA.1
    BirthplaceofKansasResidents
    RegionofNativity
    AmericanSamoa
    Canada
    AtlanticIslands
    Mexico
    CentralAmerica
    Cuba
    WestIndies
    Americas,n.s.
    SOUTHAMERICA
    Sweden
    Denmark
    Finland
    Norway
    England
    Scotland
    UnitedKingdom,ns
    Ireland
    Belgium
    France
    Netherlands
    Swizterland
    Albania
    Greece
    Italy
    Portugal
    Spain
    Austria
    Bulgaria
    Czechoslovakia
    Germany
    Hungary
    Poland
    Romania
    Yugoslavia
    Latvia
    Lithuania

    2008 2009 2010


    0
    102
    297
    3617 3318 7312
    100
    0
    0
    78961 87809 43511
    13562 8715 12640
    730
    1270 3052
    1750 1491 5560
    407
    0
    118
    3564 3122 7274
    83
    234
    470
    91
    0
    253
    0
    0
    379
    0
    0
    490
    1443 3167 2892
    621
    484
    251
    427
    1684 2085
    896
    228
    655
    248
    452
    152
    635
    0
    571
    458
    216
    605
    114
    20
    349
    0
    0
    2817
    193
    244
    790
    459
    971
    1159
    0
    108
    0
    197
    97
    631
    270
    0
    529
    104
    0
    1487
    124
    336
    268
    4051 2994 8422
    87
    226
    684
    665
    381
    1664
    253
    585
    1047
    487
    797 13509
    0
    76
    213
    0
    168
    169
    37

    Growth*
    191.18%
    102.16%
    100.00%
    44.90%
    6.80%
    318.08%
    217.71%
    71.01%
    104.10%
    466.27%
    178.02%
    na
    na
    100.42%
    59.58%
    388.29%
    26.90%
    38.71%
    10.08%
    32.10%
    206.14%
    na
    309.33%
    152.51%
    na
    220.30%
    95.93%
    1329.81%
    116.13%
    107.90%
    686.21%
    150.23%
    313.83%
    2673.92%
    na
    na

    TableA.1
    BirthplaceofKansasResidents
    RegionofNativity(cont.)
    2008 2009 2010 Growth*
    OtherUSSR/Russia
    2211 2987 12831 480.33%
    Europe,ns
    141
    0
    497
    252.48%
    China
    5061 7991 15648 209.19%
    Japan
    449
    1213 1378 206.90%
    Korea
    2524 3110 6683 164.78%
    Cambodia(Kampuchea)
    560
    271
    601
    7.32%
    Indonesia
    188
    516
    0
    100.00%
    Laos
    2753 3293 1518 44.86%
    Malaysia
    353
    0
    173
    50.99%
    Philippines
    3524 4231 8329 136.35%
    Singapore
    0
    0
    193
    na
    Thailand
    2257 1167
    932
    58.71%
    Vietnam
    8336 10786 12067
    44.76%
    Afghanistan
    0
    213
    1014
    na
    India
    14208 11512 18735
    31.86%
    Iran
    1477
    570
    1389
    5.96%
    Nepal
    1082
    127
    2120
    95.93%
    Iraq
    0
    353
    1031
    na
    Israel/Palestine
    409
    0
    337
    17.60%
    Jordan
    0
    477
    432
    na
    Kuwait
    139
    264
    86
    38.13%
    Lebanon
    84
    98
    158
    88.10%
    SaudiArabia
    120
    588
    1235 929.17%
    Syria
    1914
    0
    166
    91.33%
    Turkey
    721
    0
    854
    18.45%
    YemenArabRepublic(North)
    0
    0
    85
    na
    Asia,nec/ns
    245
    882
    516
    110.61%
    AFRICA
    8462 8780 16986 100.73%
    AustraliaandNewZealand
    130
    509
    3328 2460.00%
    PacificIslands
    230
    0
    648
    181.74%
    Other,nec
    0
    25
    962
    na
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey.

    *Growthfrom2008to2010

    38

    TableA.2
    BasicDemographicsofKansasImmigrantsandNatives,2008

    Age

    Male

    Female
    All
    AllImmigrants
    05
    1289
    1.44%
    1605
    1.93%
    2894
    1.68%
    618
    6776
    7.59%
    6355
    7.67%
    13131
    7.62%
    1935
    37732 42.24%
    28816
    34.74%
    66548
    38.63%
    3665
    38256 42.82%
    37107
    44.73%
    75363
    43.75%
    65+
    5278
    5.91%
    9063
    10.93%
    14341
    8.32%
    Total
    89331 100.00%
    82946 100.00%
    172277 100.00%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    05
    410
    0.76%
    211
    0.54%
    621
    0.67%
    618
    4621
    8.61%
    4003
    10.31%
    8624
    9.32%
    1935
    25999 48.42%
    16082
    41.42%
    42081
    45.48%
    3665
    20462 38.11%
    16690
    42.98%
    37152
    40.15%
    65+
    2202
    4.10%
    1843
    4.75%
    4045
    4.37%
    Total
    53694 100.00%
    38829 100.00%
    92523 100.00%
    Natives
    05
    119617
    9.20%
    114919
    8.64%
    234536
    8.92%
    618
    247015 19.00%
    237393
    17.85%
    484408
    18.42%
    1935
    301600 23.20%
    286277
    21.53%
    587877
    22.35%
    3665
    480108 36.93%
    485926
    36.54%
    966034
    36.73%
    65+
    151669 11.67%
    205333
    15.44%
    357002
    13.57%
    Total 1300009 100.00% 1329848 100.00% 2629857 100.00%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008

    39


    TableA.3
    LaborForceStatusofIndividualsover18yearsofAge(Kansas,2008)
    EmploymentStatus

    Male
    Female
    All
    AllImmigrants
    Employed
    66920 82.35% 45230 60.32% 112150 71.78%
    Unemployed
    3241
    3.99%
    2000
    2.67%
    5241
    3.35%
    Notinlaborforce
    11105 13.67% 27756 37.01%
    38861 24.87%
    Total
    81266 100% 74986 100%
    156252
    100%
    Mexican&CentralAmericanImmigrants
    Employed
    40955 84.16% 19484 56.29%
    60439 72.57%
    Unemployed
    2412
    4.96%
    821
    2.37%
    3233
    3.88%
    Notinlaborforce
    5296 10.88% 14310 41.34%
    19606 23.54%
    Total
    48663 100% 34615 100%
    83278
    100%
    Natives
    Employed
    693793 74.33% 619761 63.40% 1313554 68.74%
    Unemployed
    26352 2.82% 23392 2.39%
    49744
    2.60%
    Notinlaborforce
    213232 22.85% 334383 34.21% 547615 28.66%
    Total
    933377 100% 977536 100% 1910913 100%
    Source:USCensusBureau,AmericanCommunitySurvey2008

    40

    TableA.4
    ParticipationinKansasJobsbyIndustrialSectors&byImmigrantStatus&Gender
    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    AllImmigrants
    &Central
    0ver18
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female Male Female

    Cropproduction
    Animalproduction
    Logging
    Forestryexceptlogging
    Fishing,hunting,andtrapping
    Supportactivitiesforagricultureandforestry
    Oilandgasextraction
    Nonmetallicmineralminingandquarrying
    Supportactivitiesformining
    Electricpowergeneration,transmissionand
    distribution

    Naturalgasdistribution
    Sewagetreatmentfacilities
    Water,steam,airconditioning,andirrigation
    systems

    Electricandgas,andothercombinations
    Notspecifiedutilities
    Construction
    Sugarandconfectioneryproducts
    Fruitandvegetablepreservingandspecialtyfoods

    Dairyproducts
    Animalslaughteringandprocessing
    Retailbakeries
    Bakeries,exceptretail
    Animalfood,grainandoilseedmilling
    Seafoodandothermiscellaneousfoods,n.e.c.
    Notspecifiedfoodindustries
    Beverage
    Textileandfabricfinishingandcoatingmills
    Fabricmills,exceptknitting
    Carpetandrugmills
    Textileproductmillsexceptcarpetsandrugs
    Cutandsewapparel
    Footwear
    Leathertanningandfinishingandotheralliedproducts
    manufacturing

    Knittingfabricmills,andapparelknittingmills
    Sawmillsandwoodpreservation
    Veneer,plywood,andengineeredwoodproducts

    1.29%
    14.68%
    0.00%
    25.59%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.11%
    8.14%
    13.03%

    0.80%
    2.86%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    1.29%
    14.68%
    0.00%
    25.59%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.11%
    8.14%
    13.03%

    0.66%
    2.86%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    85.83%
    69.11%
    100.00%
    54.63%
    100.00%
    68.43%
    90.99%
    77.28%
    83.73%

    12.07%
    13.36%
    0.00%
    19.78%
    0.00%
    31.57%
    6.90%
    14.59%
    3.25%

    1.79%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    4.63%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    4.63%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    65.12%
    92.57%
    100.00%

    28.46%
    7.43%
    0.00%
    21.27%
    30.72%
    27.66%
    7.31%
    62.83%
    11.45%
    8.21%
    13.35%
    76.26%
    46.46%
    23.38%
    32.14%
    0.00%
    15.75%
    0.00%
    29.52%
    0.00%
    29.86%
    45.97%
    27.22%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    12.74%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    19.85%
    6.20%
    0.00%
    6.44%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    100.00%
    0.00%
    4.15%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.24% 11.58%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    17.20% 0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    31.18% 18.54%
    0.00%
    6.20%
    3.32%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.08%
    15.40% 0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    70.48% 0.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    28.40% 0.00%
    19.44% 0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00% 78.73%
    0.00% 69.28%
    0.00% 72.34%
    0.20% 79.71%
    0.00% 37.17%
    11.26% 71.35%
    0.00% 91.79%
    20.69% 35.62%
    0.00% 17.54%
    3.32% 50.21%
    0.00% 70.18%
    13.26% 52.46%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 84.25%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    28.40% 41.74%
    14.22% 30.44%
    0.00% 72.78%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    89.87%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    41

    0.00%
    0.00%
    89.87%
    0.00%

    29.61% 70.39%
    0.00% 100.00%
    10.13%
    0.00%
    100.00% 0.00%

    TableA.4(cont)

    Prefabricatedwoodbuildingsandmobilehomes
    Miscellaneouswoodproducts
    Pulp,paper,andpaperboardmills
    Paperboardcontainersandboxes
    Miscellaneouspaperandpulpproducts
    Printingandrelatedsupportactivities
    Petroleumrefining
    Miscellaneouspetroleumandcoalproducts
    Resin,syntheticrubber,andfibersandfilaments
    Agriculturalchemicals
    Pharmaceuticalsandmedicines
    Paint,coating,andadhesives
    Soap,cleaningcompound,andcosmetics
    Industrialandmiscellaneouschemicals
    Plasticsproducts
    Tires
    Rubberproducts,excepttires
    Structuralclayproducts
    Pottery,ceramics,andrelatedproducts
    Glassandglassproducts
    Miscellaneousnonmetallicmineralproducts
    Cement,concrete,lime,andgypsumproducts
    Aluminumproductionandprocessing
    Nonferrousmetal,exceptaluminum,productionandprocessing

    Foundries
    Ironandsteelmillsandsteelproducts
    Metalforgingsandstampings
    Cutleryandhandtools
    Machineshops;turnedproducts;screws,nutsandbolts

    Coating,engraving,heattreatingandallied
    activities
    Ordnance
    Structuralmetals,andtankandshippingcontainers
    Miscellaneousfabricatedmetalproductsmanufacturing

    Agriculturalimplements
    Constructionminingandoilfieldmachinery
    Commercialandserviceindustrymachinery
    Metalworkingmachinery
    Engines,turbines,andpowertransmission
    equipment

    Machinery,n.e.c.

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female
    34.14%
    8.07%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    6.53%
    4.93%
    0.00%
    7.78%
    0.00%
    3.99%
    0.00%
    15.16%
    4.29%
    6.41%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.94%
    30.70%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    12.74%
    17.11%
    0.00%
    1.71%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.68%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    16.16%
    0.00%
    9.57%
    35.51%
    3.73%
    0.00%
    3.73%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    40.21%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    34.14%
    8.07%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.87%
    4.93%
    0.00%
    7.78%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.46%
    3.85%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.94%
    30.70%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    12.74%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00% 30.17% 35.69%


    0.00% 75.14% 16.80%
    0.00% 96.14%
    3.86%
    0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00% 82.78% 17.22%
    0.00% 55.50% 37.30%
    0.00% 76.98% 18.09%
    0.00% 64.19% 35.81%
    7.19% 38.08% 37.98%
    0.00% 73.71% 26.29%
    0.00% 64.39% 22.05%
    0.00% 64.49%
    0.00%
    0.00% 58.57% 22.54%
    0.00% 82.56% 13.14%
    2.21% 51.12% 38.74%
    0.00% 85.34% 14.66%
    0.00% 42.13% 57.87%
    0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 80.64% 11.42%
    0.00% 59.09% 10.21%
    0.00% 93.82%
    6.18%
    0.00% 100.00% 0.00%
    40.21% 59.79%
    0.00%
    0.00% 90.37%
    9.63%
    0.00% 74.60% 12.66%
    0.00% 76.34%
    6.55%
    0.00% 86.77% 13.23%
    0.00% 76.62% 21.67%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    11.19%
    0.00%
    1.50%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    7.01%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.38%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    11.19%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    7.01%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    88.03%
    62.44%
    85.14%
    83.00%
    79.07%
    87.08%
    81.27%
    60.39%

    4.96%
    37.56%
    3.67%
    14.62%
    19.43%
    12.92%
    18.73%
    39.61%

    0.00%
    7.76%

    0.00%
    1.57%

    0.00%
    3.68%

    0.00%
    0.00%

    100.00%
    63.03%

    0.00%
    27.64%

    42

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female

    TableA.4(cont)

    Computerandperipheralequipment
    Navigational,measuring,electromedical,andcontrolinstruments

    Communications,audio,andvideoequipment
    Electroniccomponentsandproducts,n.e.c.
    Householdappliances
    Electricalmachinery,equipment,andsupplies,n.e.c.

    Aircraftandparts
    Aerospaceproductsandparts
    Railroadrollingstock
    Shipandboatbuilding
    Othertransportationequipment
    Motorvehiclesandmotorvehicleequipment
    Furnitureandfixtures
    Medicalequipmentandsupplies
    Toys,amusement,andsportinggoods
    Miscellaneousmanufacturing,n.e.c.
    Notspecifiedmetalindustries
    Notspecifiedindustries
    Motorvehicles,partsandsupplies
    Furnitureandhomefurnishing
    Lumberandotherconstructionmaterials
    Professionalandcommercialequipmentandsupplies

    Metalsandminerals,exceptpetroleum
    Electricalgoods
    Hardware,plumbingandheatingequipment,andsupplies

    Machinery,equipment,andsupplies
    Recyclablematerial
    Miscellaneousdurablegoods
    Paperandpaperproducts
    Apparel,fabrics,andnotions
    Groceriesandrelatedproducts
    Farmproductrawmaterials
    Petroleumandpetroleumproducts
    Alcoholicbeverages
    Farmsupplies
    Miscellaneousnondurablegoods,merchantwholesalers

    Drugs,sundries,andchemicalandallied
    products
    Wholesaleelectronicmarkets,agentsandbrokers

    Notspecifiedtrade
    Automobiledealers

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female
    15.93%
    9.12%
    15.52%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    10.31%
    6.93%
    4.72%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    6.52%
    1.42%
    3.29%
    4.71%
    12.04%
    0.00%
    15.47%
    0.00%
    27.71%
    0.00%
    2.57%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.35%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    49.27%
    18.96%
    3.03%
    13.92%
    0.00%
    12.90%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    1.96%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.99%
    2.39%
    5.06%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    8.07%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    19.80%
    1.78%
    0.00%
    9.42%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.70%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.30%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.97%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.88%

    8.02%
    4.27%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    10.31%
    0.60%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.59%
    0.00%
    15.47%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.35%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    49.27%
    16.23%
    0.00%
    10.14%
    0.00%
    12.90%
    0.00%

    0.00% 43.62%
    0.00% 56.02%
    0.00% 37.55%
    0.00% 64.01%
    0.00% 85.69%
    0.00% 65.40%
    0.38% 68.38%
    0.00% 64.01%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 44.29%
    0.00% 100.00%
    3.73% 58.76%
    0.00% 66.51%
    0.00% 70.51%
    19.80% 53.86%
    1.78% 61.63%
    0.00% 100.00%
    9.42% 51.66%
    0.00% 83.06%
    0.00% 35.08%
    0.00% 75.72%
    0.00% 54.05%
    0.00% 73.44%
    0.00% 61.68%
    0.00% 41.16%
    0.00% 81.98%
    0.00% 83.81%
    0.00% 83.19%
    0.00% 57.40%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.97% 64.73%
    0.00% 75.82%
    0.00% 59.58%
    0.00% 82.86%
    0.00% 72.49%
    0.00% 77.77%

    40.46%
    32.91%
    46.93%
    35.99%
    14.31%
    22.30%
    22.30%
    26.21%
    0.00%
    55.71%
    0.00%
    26.66%
    32.07%
    26.20%
    21.63%
    24.56%
    0.00%
    23.45%
    16.94%
    37.21%
    24.28%
    40.68%
    26.56%
    38.32%
    58.84%
    16.73%
    8.85%
    16.81%
    42.60%
    50.73%
    13.34%
    21.14%
    26.50%
    17.14%
    14.61%
    18.35%

    6.33%
    0.00%
    23.81%
    2.25%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    19.62%
    0.87%

    6.33%
    0.00%
    23.81%
    0.48%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    39.41%
    46.84%
    15.43%
    12.39%

    43

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female

    54.26%
    53.16%
    41.14%
    84.49%

    TableA.4(cont)

    Othermotorvehicledealers
    Autoparts,accessories,andtirestores
    Furnitureandhomefurnishingsstores
    Householdappliancestores
    Radio,tv,andcomputerstores
    Hardwarestores
    Buildingmaterialandsuppliesdealers
    Lawnandgardenequipmentandsuppliesstores
    Grocerystores
    Specialtyfoodstores
    Beer,wine,andliquorstores
    Pharmaciesanddrugstores
    Healthandpersonalcare,exceptdrug,stores
    Gasolinestations
    Clothingstores
    Shoestores
    Jewelry,luggage,andleathergoodsstores
    Sewing,needleworkandpiecegoodsstores
    Bookstoresandnewsdealers
    Musicstores
    Departmentstores
    Miscellaneousgeneralmerchandisestores
    Florists
    Officesuppliesandstationarystores
    Gift,novelty,andsouvenirshops
    Usedmerchandisestores
    Miscellaneousretailstores
    Electronicshopping(2005onward)
    Electronicauctions
    Mailorderhouses
    Vendingmachineoperators
    Fueldealers
    Sportinggoods,camera,andhobbyandtoystores

    Notspecifiedretailtrade
    Otherdirectsellingestablishments
    Airtransportation
    Railtransportation
    Watertransportation
    Trucktransportation
    Taxiandlimousineservice
    Busserviceandurbantransit

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female
    13.07%
    5.56%
    3.14%
    0.00%
    3.20%
    5.67%
    2.72%
    2.30%
    2.34%
    19.16%
    2.23%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.46%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.03%
    2.14%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.79%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    16.50%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    10.62%
    3.95%
    4.45%
    0.00%
    3.11%
    22.05%
    0.00%
    44

    0.00%
    1.90%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.85%
    0.89%
    3.08%
    0.00%
    4.15%
    0.00%
    5.15%
    1.69%
    13.84%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.33%
    0.00%
    6.78%
    12.51%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.41%
    8.93%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    11.15%
    9.76%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.14%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    5.67%
    2.72%
    2.28%
    0.15%
    19.16%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.14%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.72%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    10.62%
    0.00%
    4.45%
    0.00%
    2.38%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    1.90%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.50%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    8.13%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.33%
    0.00%
    2.00%
    5.92%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.55%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    8.48%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    81.48%
    79.02%
    50.93%
    68.72%
    76.27%
    61.29%
    56.93%
    62.87%
    37.69%
    5.34%
    58.86%
    27.59%
    27.00%
    46.05%
    19.46%
    6.32%
    5.98%
    11.68%
    38.28%
    79.61%
    42.08%
    24.20%
    16.47%
    39.17%
    30.30%
    40.64%
    39.35%
    47.42%
    0.00%
    18.29%
    82.10%
    83.76%
    46.59%
    42.09%
    34.21%
    52.61%
    87.72%
    77.05%
    82.56%
    23.59%
    34.94%

    5.45%
    13.52%
    45.94%
    31.28%
    20.54%
    33.04%
    36.50%
    33.94%
    56.89%
    75.50%
    34.76%
    72.41%
    67.85%
    48.81%
    66.69%
    93.68%
    94.02%
    88.32%
    58.39%
    20.39%
    49.12%
    61.16%
    83.53%
    60.83%
    69.70%
    56.95%
    48.93%
    52.58%
    100.00%
    65.21%
    17.90%
    16.24%
    53.41%
    57.91%
    44.01%
    33.68%
    7.83%
    22.95%
    14.33%
    54.36%
    65.06%

    TableA.4(cont)

    Pipelinetransportation
    Scenicandsightseeingtransportation
    Servicesincidentaltotransportation
    Postalservice
    Couriersandmessengers
    Warehousingandstorage
    Newspaperpublishers
    Publishing,exceptnewspapersandsoftware
    Softwarepublishing
    Motionpicturesandvideoindustries
    Broadcasting,exceptInternet
    Wiredtelecommunicationscarriers
    Othertelecommunicationservices
    Dataprocessing,hosting,andrelatedservices
    Librariesandarchives
    Internetpublishingandbroadcastingandwebsearchportals

    Otherinformationservices,
    Savingsinstitutions,includingcreditunions
    Nondepositorycreditandrelatedactivities
    Insurancecarriersandrelatedactivities
    Bankingandrelatedactivities
    Securities,commodities,funds,trusts,andotherfinancialinvestments

    Realestate
    Automotiveequipmentrentalandleasing
    Videotapeanddiskrental
    Otherconsumergoodsrental
    Commercial,industrial,andotherintangibleassetsrentalandleasing

    Legalservices
    Accounting,taxpreparation,bookkeepingandpayrollservices

    Architectural,engineering,andrelatedservices
    Specializeddesignservices
    Computersystemsdesignandrelatedservices
    Management,scientificandtechnicalconsultingservices

    Scientificresearchanddevelopmentservices
    Advertisingandrelatedservices
    Veterinaryservices
    Otherprofessional,scientificandtechnicalservices

    Managementofcompaniesandenterprises
    Employmentservices
    Businesssupportservices
    Travelarrangementsandreservationservices

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female
    5.59%
    0.00%
    2.28%
    1.60%
    0.00%
    3.78%
    0.00%
    2.45%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    9.30%
    1.10%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.53%
    0.84%
    0.82%
    3.83%
    4.64%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    18.25%
    0.00%
    2.28%
    4.38%
    0.00%
    11.01%
    7.21%
    4.74%
    0.00%
    5.01%
    16.16%
    24.23%
    5.13%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    45

    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.55%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    6.62%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.79%
    0.89%
    0.00%
    6.31%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.45%
    0.43%
    2.00%
    0.00%
    2.53%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    4.42%
    1.47%
    2.13%
    2.67%
    4.56%
    4.72%
    10.03%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    17.82%
    0.88%
    0.00%

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female
    5.59%
    31.88%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.78%
    0.00%
    2.45%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.96%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.85%
    1.58%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    18.25%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    5.01%
    0.00%
    24.23%
    5.13%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00% 88.37%
    43.23% 52.84%
    0.00% 85.70%
    0.00% 49.16%
    0.00% 68.33%
    0.00% 48.07%
    0.00% 51.44%
    0.00% 49.03%
    0.00% 18.02%
    0.00% 56.25%
    0.00% 70.71%
    0.00% 50.97%
    0.00% 52.28%
    0.00% 39.20%
    0.00%
    4.71%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 24.22%
    0.00% 42.63%
    0.00% 39.81%
    0.22% 42.31%
    0.42% 29.40%
    0.00% 45.10%
    0.00% 44.44%
    0.00% 62.19%
    0.00% 58.04%
    0.00% 58.92%
    0.00% 64.29%
    1.84% 44.18%
    0.00% 37.48%
    0.00% 72.54%
    0.00% 40.09%
    0.00% 60.69%
    3.93% 42.39%
    0.00% 24.05%
    0.00% 37.73%
    0.00% 22.60%
    0.00% 38.14%
    0.00% 22.79%
    15.90% 47.02%
    0.00% 36.30%
    0.00% 43.44%

    6.05%
    47.16%
    10.48%
    49.23%
    31.67%
    48.15%
    41.94%
    48.52%
    81.98%
    43.75%
    29.29%
    35.94%
    45.72%
    60.80%
    88.98%
    0.00%
    75.78%
    57.37%
    56.21%
    56.42%
    67.78%
    51.07%
    48.39%
    37.81%
    41.96%
    41.08%
    17.46%
    51.40%
    58.77%
    20.95%
    57.24%
    23.74%
    45.69%
    61.18%
    62.27%
    72.39%
    45.70%
    52.98%
    30.03%
    62.82%
    56.56%

    TableA.4(cont)

    Investigationandsecurityservices
    Landscapingservices
    Servicestobuildingsanddwellings
    Otheradministrative,andothersupport
    services
    Wastemanagementandremediationservices
    Elementaryandsecondaryschools
    Colleges,includingjuniorcolleges,anduniversities
    Business,technical,andtradeschoolsandtraining
    Otherschools,instructionandeducationalservices

    Officesofphysicians
    Officesofdentists
    Officeofchiropractors
    Officesofoptometrists
    Officesofotherhealthpractitioners
    Outpatientcarecenters
    Homehealthcareservices
    Otherhealthcareservices
    Hospitals
    Nursingcarefacilities
    Residentialcarefacilities,withoutnursing
    Individualandfamilyservices
    Communityfoodandhousing,andemergency
    services

    Vocationalrehabilitationservices
    Childdaycareservices
    Independentartists,performingarts,spectator
    sports
    Museums,artgalleries,historicalsites,andsimilarinstitutions

    Bowlingcenters
    Otheramusement,gambling,andrecreation
    industries

    Traveleraccommodation
    Recreationalvehicleparksandcamps,androomingandboardinghouses

    Drinkingplaces,alcoholbeverages
    Restaurantsandotherfoodservices
    Carwashes
    Automotiverepairandmaintenance
    Electronicandprecisionequipmentrepairandmaintenance
    Commercialandindustrialmachineryandequipmentrepairand
    maintenance

    Personalandhouseholdgoodsrepairandmaintenance

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female
    0.00%
    26.15%
    6.23%

    1.23%
    0.00%
    16.68%

    0.00%
    24.66%
    4.87%

    1.23%
    0.00%
    14.60%

    71.40%
    65.90%
    38.04%

    27.38%
    7.94%
    39.05%

    0.79%
    3.10%
    0.27%
    8.53%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.65%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    5.94%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.82%
    3.18%
    2.29%
    0.60%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    2.16%
    6.66%
    0.00%
    5.76%
    2.19%
    4.50%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.62%
    7.67%
    4.18%
    2.39%
    7.85%
    0.00%
    3.73%

    0.79%
    0.00%
    0.27%
    0.08%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.62%
    0.00%
    1.16%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.74%
    0.24%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.73%
    1.71%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.62%
    0.00%
    1.58%
    1.47%
    2.00%
    0.00%
    0.86%

    29.88%
    82.98%
    20.96%
    36.10%
    69.16%
    24.45%
    23.24%
    17.91%
    8.46%
    10.36%
    18.55%
    20.65%
    4.96%
    29.92%
    16.27%
    12.02%
    21.85%
    14.64%

    69.32%
    13.92%
    76.61%
    48.71%
    30.84%
    69.79%
    72.91%
    77.59%
    91.54%
    83.71%
    81.45%
    78.73%
    83.55%
    62.73%
    79.06%
    79.54%
    78.15%
    81.63%

    0.00%
    3.54%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    6.58%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    3.60%

    54.23%
    29.27%
    2.81%

    45.77%
    67.19%
    90.61%

    0.00%
    1.25%
    0.00%

    3.64%
    0.00%
    33.99%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    1.29%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    57.73%
    48.33%
    45.73%

    38.63%
    50.42%
    20.28%

    4.73%
    0.93%
    15.14%
    0.00%
    6.00%
    0.00%
    8.15%
    7.42%

    0.66%
    4.04%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.01%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    2.95%
    0.00%
    15.14%
    0.00%
    4.74%
    0.00%
    7.14%
    7.42%

    0.00%
    4.04%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    4.84%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%

    45.02%
    21.51%
    48.68%
    60.85%
    37.23%
    95.00%
    84.75%
    85.73%

    49.58%
    73.52%
    36.17%
    39.15%
    49.77%
    5.00%
    7.10%
    6.84%

    9.99%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    4.84%

    5.44%
    0.00%

    0.00%
    0.00%

    83.13%
    74.99%

    6.88%
    20.16%

    46

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female

    AllImmigrants
    0ver18
    Male Female

    TableA.4(cont)

    Barbershops
    Beautysalons
    Nailsalonsandotherpersonalcareservices
    Funeralhomes,cemeteriesandcrematories
    Drycleaningandlaundryservices
    Otherpersonalservices
    Religiousorganizations
    Laborunions

    ImmigrantsOver
    18fromMexico
    &Central
    America
    NativesOver18
    Male Female Male Female

    Justice,publicorder,andsafetyactivities

    0.00%
    1.91%
    7.14%
    5.06%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.25%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    10.14%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.80%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    7.07%
    0.00%
    1.84%
    0.00%
    0.69%
    1.28%

    0.00%
    12.85%
    14.31%
    0.00%
    4.39%
    4.83%
    1.32%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.14%
    15.66%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.21%
    0.97%
    3.90%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.08%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    1.02%

    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    5.06%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.80%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.96%

    0.00% 98.12%
    6.41%
    5.99%
    0.00%
    3.25%
    0.00% 53.56%
    0.00% 33.29%
    0.00% 28.23%
    1.32% 51.90%
    0.00% 59.65%
    0.00% 35.29%
    0.00% 17.38%
    14.35% 4.24%
    0.00% 33.10%
    0.00% 36.55%
    0.00% 41.48%
    0.97% 27.09%
    0.00% 84.88%
    0.00% 85.52%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 100.00%
    0.00% 92.93%
    0.00% 87.46%
    0.00% 58.56%
    0.00% 59.53%
    0.00% 42.21%
    0.00% 60.50%

    1.88%
    79.25%
    75.30%
    41.38%
    62.32%
    66.94%
    45.53%
    40.35%
    64.71%
    81.48%
    80.10%
    56.76%
    63.45%
    57.31%
    71.14%
    11.21%
    14.48%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    0.00%
    12.54%
    38.53%
    40.47%
    57.11%
    37.19%

    Unemployed,withnoworkexperienceinpast5
    years

    8.14%

    20.42% 0.00%

    11.02% 26.94%

    44.50%

    Business,professional,politicalandsimilarorganizations
    Civic,social,advocacyorganizationsandgrantmakingandgivingservices

    Privatehouseholds
    Publicfinanceactivities
    Othergeneralgovernmentandsupport
    Executiveofficesandlegislativebodies
    Administrationofhumanresourceprograms
    U.S.Army
    U.S.AirForce
    U.S.Navy
    U.S.Marines
    U.S.Armedforces,branchnotspecified
    Militaryreservesornationalguard
    Nationalsecurityandinternationalaffairs
    Administrationofenvironmentalqualityandhousingprograms

    Administrationofeconomicprogramsandspaceresearch

    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    47

    TableA.5
    KansasOccupationsofMaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Constructionlaborers
    Gardeners&groundskeepers
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    Carpenters
    Truck,delivery,&tractordrivers
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Farmworkers
    Butchers&meatcutters
    Janitors
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Roofers&slaters
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Programmersofnumericallycontrolledmachinetools
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Managers&administrators,n.e.c.
    Painters,construction&maintenance
    Computersystemsanalysts&computerscientists
    Plasterers
    Cashiers
    Productionsupervisorsorforemen
    Accountants&auditors
    Waiter/waitress
    Managementanalysts
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Welders&metalcutters
    Industrialmachineryrepairers
    Retailsalesclerks
    Automobilemechanics
    Mechanics&repairers,n.e.c.
    Aerospaceengineer
    Supervisorsofconstructionwork
    Physicians
    Electricians
    Nursingaides,orderlies,&attendants
    Supervisors&proprietorsofsalesjobs
    48

    All
    Immigrants

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica

    4300
    3591
    3367
    3025
    3009
    2862
    2612
    2329
    2103
    1856
    1803
    1711
    1659
    1525
    1489
    1367
    1241
    1032
    977
    974
    891
    875
    836
    816
    745
    741
    731
    707
    686
    630
    615
    606
    603
    586
    580
    578

    3962
    3359
    0
    2967
    2806
    1856
    2612
    2103
    1678
    1078
    1670
    0
    1166
    361
    996
    91
    1241
    0
    977
    818
    448
    371
    836
    0
    339
    461
    640
    84
    540
    502
    0
    387
    0
    318
    226
    206

    TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
    SOC(cont)
    Masons,tilers,&carpetinstallers
    Sheetmetalductinstallers
    Otherfinancialspecialists
    Interviewers,enumerators,&surveyors
    Bookbinders
    Engineeringtechnicians,n.e.c.
    Managersofproperties&realestate
    Customerservicereps,investigators&adjusters,exceptinsurance

    Designers
    Registerednurses
    Teachers,n.e.c.
    Dentallaboratory&medicalappliancetechnicians
    Civilengineers
    Taxicabdrivers&chauffeurs
    Drywallinstallers
    Salesdemonstrators/promoters/models
    Bus,truck,&stationaryenginemechanics
    Notelsewhereclassifiedengineers
    Shipping&receivingclerks
    Police,detectives,&privateinvestigators
    Kitchenworkers
    Laundryworkers
    Aircraftmechanics
    Helpers,surveyors
    Hairdressers&cosmetologists
    Woodlathe,routing,&planingmachineoperators
    Graders&sortersinmanufacturing
    Paintingmachineoperators
    Humanresources&laborrelationsmanagers
    Insuranceadjusters,examiners,&investigators
    Managersoffoodserving&lodgingestablishments
    Grinding,abrading,buffing,&polishingworkers
    Chiefexecutives&publicadministrators
    Nail&tackingmachineoperators(woodworking)
    Managersofmedicine&healthoccupations
    Stock&inventoryclerks
    Typesetters&compositors
    Banktellers
    Crane,derrick,winch,&hoistoperators
    49

    All
    Immigrants
    570
    565
    559
    510
    508
    485
    482
    479
    445
    442
    441
    417
    403
    402
    398
    386
    385
    382
    375
    352
    350
    329
    313
    310
    288
    282
    277
    260
    257
    252
    243
    239
    238
    238
    220
    219
    218
    211
    198

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    570
    193
    215
    0
    0
    361
    0
    365
    369
    0
    162
    190
    0
    273
    398
    386
    385
    78
    375
    259
    0
    329
    114
    310
    0
    199
    0
    166
    80
    0
    243
    239
    168
    238
    0
    91
    121
    0
    198

    TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
    SOC(cont)
    Bookkeepers&accounting&auditingclerks
    Supervisorsofpersonalservicejobs,n.e.c.
    Pharmacists
    Athletes,sportsinstructors,&officials
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,&lodgingquarterscleaners

    Financialmanagers
    Paving,surfacing,&tampingequipmentoperators
    Buyers,wholesale&retailtrade
    Machinists
    Otherminingoccupations
    Slicing&cuttingmachineoperators
    Autobodyrepairers
    Repairersofindustrialelectricalequipment
    Metallurgical&materialsengineers,variouslyphrased
    Supervisorsofmechanics&repairers
    Officesupervisors
    Operatingengineersofconstructionequipment
    Packers,fillers,&wrappers
    Architects
    Veterinarians
    Industrialengineers
    Packers&packagersbyhand
    Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
    Salespersons,n.e.c.
    Electricalengineer
    Generalofficeclerks
    Childcareworkers
    Plumbers,pipefitters,&steamfitters
    Vehiclewashers&equipmentcleaners
    Timber,logging,&forestryworkers
    Concrete&cementworkers
    Farmmanagers,exceptforhorticulturalfarms
    Molders,&castingmachineoperators
    Managersineducation&relatedfields
    Electricpowerinstallers&repairers
    Recreationfacilityattendants
    Constructiontrades,n.e.c.
    Military
    Drillersofoilwells
    50

    All
    Immigrants
    196
    194
    193
    183
    176
    174
    165
    164
    164
    159
    158
    156
    154
    150
    147
    142
    140
    137
    136
    136
    135
    130
    123
    123
    120
    115
    105
    105
    105
    104
    104
    102
    93
    90
    86
    85
    85
    85
    84

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    196
    0
    0
    0
    176
    0
    165
    0
    0
    159
    158
    156
    103
    0
    0
    142
    140
    137
    0
    0
    0
    130
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    105
    16
    104
    104
    102
    0
    0
    86
    0
    85
    0
    84

    TableA.5MaleImmigrantOccupationCategory1990
    SOC(cont)
    Clergy&religiousworkers
    Mailcarriersforpostalservice
    Photographers
    Biologicaltechnicians
    Purchasingmanagers,agents&buyers,n.e.c.
    Chemists
    Eligibilityclerksforgovernmentprograms;socialwelfare

    Postalclerks,excludingmailcarriers
    Bakers
    Handmolders&shapers,exceptjewelers
    Biologicalscientists
    Respiratorytherapists
    Managers&specialistsinmarketing,advertising,&publicrelations
    Materialrecording,scheduling,production,planning,&expeditingclerks
    Otherlawenforcement:sheriffs,bailiffs,correctionalinstitutionofficers

    Graders&sortersofagriculturalproducts
    Rollers,rollh&s,&finishersofmetal
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009

    51

    All
    Immigrants
    78
    75
    74
    70
    68
    68
    66
    65
    59
    55
    44
    42
    41
    36
    23
    23
    20

    Immigrantsfrom
    Mexico&
    CentralAmerica
    0
    0
    0
    70
    0
    0
    66
    0
    59
    0
    0
    0
    0
    36
    23
    23
    0

    TableA.6
    KansasOccupationsofFemaleImmigrantsover18YearsofAge
    OccupationCategory1990SOC
    Housekeepers,maids,butlers,stewards,andlodgingquarterscleaners

    Butchersandmeatcutters
    Nursingaides,orderlies,andattendants
    Janitors
    Cooks,variouslydefined
    Subjectinstructors(HS/college)
    Miscfoodprepworkers
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Hairdressersandcosmetologists
    Childcareworkers
    Supervisorsandproprietorsofsalesjobs
    Machineoperators,n.e.c.
    Cashiers
    Waiter'sassistant
    Packersandpackagersbyhand
    Retailsalesclerks
    Teachers,n.e.c.
    Computersoftwaredevelopers
    Waiter/waitress
    Gradersandsortersinmanufacturing
    Customerservicereps,investigatorsandadjusters,except
    insurance
    Laborersoutsideconstruction
    Secretaries
    Registerednurses
    Textilesewingmachineoperators
    Stockandinventoryclerks
    Generalofficeclerks
    Packers,fillers,andwrappers
    Animalcaretakersexceptonfarms
    Military
    Farmworkers
    Primaryschoolteachers
    Administrativesupportjobs,n.e.c.
    Vehiclewashersandequipmentcleaners

    52

    AllImmigrants

    Immigrants
    fromMexico&
    CentralAmerica

    4080
    3505
    2588
    2418
    2398
    1839
    1718
    1674
    1590
    1531
    1454
    1408
    1247
    1211
    1122
    1065
    1008
    968
    915
    906

    3781
    2319
    317
    1845
    2126
    129
    491
    0
    650
    657
    707
    625
    384
    1038
    760
    215
    193
    0
    254
    403

    881
    826
    808
    701
    675
    665
    622
    617
    576
    507
    481
    466
    451
    440

    419
    826
    331
    156
    298
    545
    321
    463
    0
    0
    481
    0
    451
    366

    TableA.6:FemaleImmigrantOccupation1990SOC(cont)
    Clinicallaboratorytechnologiesandtechnicians
    Personnel,HR,training,andlaborrelationsspecialists
    Officesupervisors
    Kitchenworkers
    Personalserviceoccupations,nec
    Publictransportationattendantsandinspectors
    Gradersandsortersofagriculturalproducts
    Billandaccountcollectors
    Vocationalandeducationalcounselors
    Molders,andcastingmachineoperators
    Managersoffoodservingandlodgingestablishments
    Guards,watchmen,doorkeepers
    Assemblersofelectricalequipment
    Supervisorsofcleaningandbuildingservice
    Bakers
    Managersineducationandrelatedfields
    Accountantsandauditors
    Athletes,sportsinstructors,andofficials
    Healthaides,exceptnursing
    Managersofpropertiesandrealestate
    Bookkeepersandaccountingandauditingclerks
    Bartenders
    Dentallaboratoryandmedicalappliancetechnicians
    Psychologists
    Receptionists
    Carpenters
    Physicalscientists,n.e.c.
    Woodlathe,routing,andplaningmachineoperators
    Art/entertainmentperformersandrelated
    Financialmanagers
    Physicians
    Librarians
    Pressingmachineoperators(clothing)
    Laundryworkers
    Secondaryschoolteachers
    Inspectorsofagriculturalproducts
    Otherfinancialspecialists
    Licensedpracticalnurses
    53

    AllImmigrants

    Immigrants
    fromMexico&
    CentralAmerica

    367
    357
    351
    351
    345
    294
    291
    288
    278
    282
    272
    272
    253
    256
    259
    245
    251
    246
    245
    242
    239
    238
    237
    230
    236
    230
    214
    216
    212
    204
    200
    201
    199
    200
    179
    177
    163
    162

    0
    67
    0
    298
    306
    0
    291
    288
    0
    282
    145
    94
    90
    256
    0
    0
    0
    0
    245
    0
    0
    97
    0
    0
    118
    230
    0
    150
    54
    109
    0
    0
    0
    200
    85
    177
    0
    0

    TableA.6:FemaleImmigrantOccupation1990SOC(cont)
    Salespersons,n.e.c.
    Managementsupportoccupations
    Dentalassistants
    Cementingandgluingmachingoperators
    Dressmakersandseamstresses
    Mixingandblendingmachineoperatives
    Legalassistants,paralegals,legalsupport,etc
    Billingclerksandrelatedfinancialrecordsprocessing
    Supervisorsofpersonalservicejobs,n.e.c.
    Socialworkers
    Chiefexecutivesandpublicadministrators
    Truck,delivery,andtractordrivers
    Healthtechnologistsandtechnicians,n.e.c.
    Mailclerks,outsideofpostoffice
    Managersandadministrators,n.e.c.
    Typists
    Productionsupervisorsorforemen
    Writersandauthors
    Designers
    Shippingandreceivingclerks
    Economists,marketresearchers,andsurveyresearchers
    Lawyers
    Drafters
    Chemists
    Correspondenceandorderclerks
    Managersofmedicineandhealthoccupations
    Pharmacists
    Technicalwriters
    Machinists
    Managersandspecialistsinmarketing,advertising,andpublicrelations

    Photographers
    Aircraftmechanics
    Slicingandcuttingmachineoperators
    Specialeducationteachers
    Kindergartenandearlierschoolteachers
    Otherhealthandtherapy
    Doortodoorsales,streetsales,andnewsvendors
    Source:AmericanCommunitySurvey,2009
    54

    AllImmigrants

    Immigrants
    fromMexico&
    CentralAmerica

    161
    146
    145
    146
    141
    137
    129
    129
    130
    128
    118
    118
    107
    107
    99
    101
    103
    90
    91
    94
    82
    86
    84
    80
    81
    66
    66
    68
    72
    60
    60
    59
    62
    55
    33
    25
    20

    71
    0
    145
    146
    0
    0
    129
    0
    0
    0
    0
    118
    107
    0
    0
    101
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    60
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    20

    TableA.7
    PerPupilStateandLocalFundingofK12EducationinCountieswithHighImmigrantPopulation
    SchoolDistrictName
    CountyName
    PerPupilFunding
    BLUEVALLEY
    JOHNSON
    $13,103
    SPRINGHILL
    JOHNSON
    $10,683
    GARDNEREDGERTONANTIOCH
    JOHNSON
    $12,566
    DESOTO
    JOHNSON
    $11,340
    OLATHE
    JOHNSON
    $11,839
    SHAWNEEMISSIONPUBLICSCHOOLS
    JOHNSON
    $11,635
    TURNERKANSASCITY
    WYANDOTTE
    $11,590
    PIPERKANSASCITY
    WYANDOTTE
    $9,981
    BONNERSPRINGS
    WYANDOTTE
    $11,329
    KANSASCITY
    WYANDOTTE
    $14,487
    WICHITA
    SEDGWICK
    $11,093
    DERBY
    SEDGWICK
    $10,056
    HAYSVILLE
    SEDGWICK
    $10,456
    VALLEYCENTERPUBLICSCHOOLS
    SEDGWICK
    $10,259
    MULVANE
    SEDGWICK
    $9,659
    CLEARWATER
    SEDGWICK
    $10,458
    GODDARD
    SEDGWICK
    $10,647
    MAIZE
    SEDGWICK
    $10,395
    RENWICK
    SEDGWICK
    $10,418
    CHENEY
    SEDGWICK
    $11,167
    SPEARVILLE
    FORD
    $11,068
    DODGECITY
    FORD
    $11,554
    BUCKLIN
    FORD
    $12,667
    GARDENCITY
    FINNEY
    $11,134
    HOLCOMB
    FINNEY
    $13,084
    LIBERAL
    SEWARD
    $9,359
    KISMETPLAINS
    SEWARD
    $11,893
    JUNCTIONCITY
    GEARY
    $7,533
    STATEAVERAGE
    KANSAS
    $11,736
    Source:KansasStateDepartmentofEducationSchoolFinanceDataWarehouse

    55

    You might also like