Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 6 (2012) 1543-1552

DAVID

PUBLISHING

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes
Mahmoud A Hammad1 and Abed Alrzaq S Alshqirate2
1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan 2. Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Al-Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan Received: November 24, 2011 / Accepted: Feburary 13, 2012 / Published: October 31, 2012. Abstract: In this work, the easy to use, simple and direct equations were formulated and tested. These equations can be used to calculate the mean values of the heat transfer coefficients of inside tube flow during phase change. Analytical and experimental methods were used to correlate these equations. Two different forms were used, one for evaporation case and the other for condensation case. Carbon dioxide, CO2, was used as case study. Correlated values of the mean heat transfer coefficients (hcorr) were compared with the experimental results (hexp) and with other published result, a good agreement was noticed. The resulted correlations can be used to simplify the design and performance studies of both condensers and evaporators. Key words: Heat transfer, two phase flow, change of phase, refrigeration, carbon dioxide, correlations.

Nomenclature
Bo Bon Br C Cp D Eu Fn G Ga H hfg T Ja K Nu n m Pr Re U,v We Wecp Boiling number (q/Ghfg) Bond number (g D2/) Brinkman number (U2 /kT) Constant Specific heat (J/kgK) Tube inner diameter (m) Euler number (P/U2) Function Mass velocity (kg/m2s) Galelio number (g D3/2) Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) Latent heat for evaporation (J/kg) Temperature difference (K) Jacobs number (CpT/hfg) Thermal conductivity (W/mK) Nusselt number (hD/k) Constant Constant Prandtl number (Cp/k) Reynolds number (UD/) Velocity (m/s) Weber number (U2D/) Modified Weber No. (U2D/)

X x r

Mass quality, vapour/liquid Distance in direction of flow Radius (m) Density (kg/m3) Surface tension (N/m) Viscosity (Ns/m2) Liquid, saturated liquid Mean value Vapor, saturated vapor Experimental, correlated values Small change Mean value

Latins

l, f m

Subscripts
v, g
exp, corr

Superscripts
/
_

1. Introduction
Heat transfer and fluid flow inside tubes have many applications such as: heat exchangers, condensers, evaporators and boilers are examples of these applications. Fluid flow can be categorized as: (1) Single phase flow Literature shows many recent studies of heat transfer for single phase flow inside tubes. Equations and

Corresponding author: Mahmoud A Hammad, professor, research fields: energy, solar refrigeration, new & alternative refrigerants, PC heat transfer. E-mail: hammad@ju.edu.jo.

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Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

correlations are formulated and validated by experimental works. Different correlations are now in use to calculate the heat transfer coefficients. These correlations can be found in all books and papers of heat transfer, such as Refs. [1, 2]. (2) Two and multy phase flow Many correlations can be found in literature concerning the case of two phase flow, as shown in Refs. [3, 4]. In the case of constant mass ratio of two phase flow, the correlations used are extracted by modifying the single phase correlation or formulated using experimental results. The case of having two phase flow with phase change inside tubes shows some more complicated processes. These processes can be found in most power cycles and refrigeration cycles in evaporation (boiling) and condensation. The mass ratio between the two phases of the flow changes continuously between 0.0% and 100% for both phases. Describing the process physically is not an easy or simple matter. Calculating heat transfer coefficients for these kinds of flows is also complicated. Many works predicted different correlations in literature, some of which are mentioned as references for this work, such as Refs. [5-10]. Litterature shows different studies of CO2, heat transfer coefficient during phase change inside tubes that covered a domain of saturation temperature range of -6 C up to 20 C with tube inner diameter of 0.8 mm up to 7.53 mm [11-13]. Table 1 shows correlations for evaporation and
Table 1 Coefficient of heat transfer correlations. No. Reference 1 2 3 4 5

condensation during flow inside tubes that are just examples of the published literature in this field, with all variables involved presented. These studies show an acceptable agreement between experimental values of the heat transfer coefficient and those calculated using the shown correlations. In the current research, understanding of the physical processes and mechanisms of the flow of any gas inside tubes was attempted. Change phase process and convection heat transfer took place. Calculations of heat flux and heat transfer coefficients were carried out. This work was carried out and validated against experimental results of CO2 flow inside horizontal tubes.

2. Experiment
2.1 The Apparatus and Results Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the used test set. The experiments are conducted for complete evaporation and condensation for CO2 flowing inside horizontal copper tubes. Condensation occurred inside a chest freezer with lowest possible air temperature of -28 C. Evaporation occurred in room air temperature which ranged from 20 C to 25 C. The DAS (data acquisition system) of model SCX14, made by national instruments, is used. LAB VIEW software for data processing is used. Visual and printed reports are the outputs of this system. Thirty temperature readings

Refrigerant Correlation Nu = 3.37Rel.55 (G2/l2 Cpf T)1.39l(hfg/G2)1.05(l/lG)0.05l Jokar et al., (2006), Nu = 0.603 Rel.5 Pr0.1 x-2 (G2/l2Cpl T)-0.1 (l2hfg /G2)0.5 (l /lG)1.1 (l/(l R-134a [3] v))2 Nu = 0.25 10-16[Ja-0.0046 Ga2.196 Pr1.3 Bon-0.169 (U2/Dg)0.105] Dhaim, (2006), [5] CO2 Nu = 0.33 10-10 [Ja0.0192 Ga1.2379 Pr-1.1357 Bon-0.2715 (U2/Dg)1.3] Nu = 2.56 10-5 [Re1.2755 Ja-1.236 Ga-0.105 Pr4.367(L/D)-0.7196 Eu0.2108] Nu = 34.92 [Re-0.3099 Ja-0.7051 Ga0.1135 Pr-0.3853 Bon-0.7196 Eu0.2109 (L/D)-0.8182 Shqairat, (2007), [6] CO2 We0.8097] h = 55 Pr0.12 (-0.4343lnPr)-0.55 M-0.5 q0.67 Choi et al., (2007), CO2 M = molecular weight [11] h = 0.023(kf/D)[G(1 x)D/ f]-0.8 [Cpf f/kf]0.4 Kandlikar and hcp/hl = D1C0D2 (1 x)0.8 Fn(frin) + D3BoD4(1 x)0.8 Ffl, Fn(frin) = 1 CO2 Steinke, (2003), [12]

Case Condensation Evaporation Condensation Evaporation Condensation Evaporation Boiling Boiling

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes 2 5 Chest freezer Flow direction of CO2 1 CO 5

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Condenser 4

Evaporator 8

10

3 6 7 5

Thermocouples

Printer

Computer

DAS (data acquisition system)

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of the test apparatus.

The main numbering components of the test apparatus are: 1Carbon dioxide gas cylinder; 2Regulating valve; 3Chest freezer; 4Condenser; 5Cut off valve (4 units); 6Pressure gauges (3 units); 7Sight glass (2 units); 8Evaporator; 9DAS (data acquisition system); 10Volume flow meter.

were sensed by K-type thermocouples and fed to the DAS simultaneously. The pressure was read in three points at steady state conditions and they were: before condensation, after condensation and after evaporation. Volumetric rate of flow in m3/s was read at the end outlet of the flow by a gas flow meter calibrated for CO2 at room temperature and local pressure conditions. The mean experimental heat transfer coefficients (h exp) were calculated as follows: The tube outside surface temperatures along the whole test sections (about 25 m) were measured by means of the thermocouples which were fixed on the outer surface at longitudinal locations. These temperatures were tabulated along with the test section length for the different tests changing the following independent variables: the pipe diameter (three different values), the test section inlet pressure (four different values), and the rate of flow (four different values).

Fig. 2 shows the pipe longitudinal distribution of the outer surface temperatures of a typical condensation experiment. The figure shows a gas cooling part, a liquid sub cooling part and in the condensation part. The three lines are with different slopes. This study is concerned only with the middle line which shows the process of condensation. For only the condensation part of the pipe, the calculation of the mean heat transfer coefficient begins by the following equation of heat balance. Latent heat released by the gas as it condenses is equal to heat transferred by convection and conduction radialy through the tube: QCO2 = m CO2 hfg, eff = 2 L ( Tlm)/(Co + C1 Ri) (1) where the logarithmic mean temperature difference equals: (2) Tlm = (Ti To) / ln (Ti / To) where: To = Tsat, out Tsur and Ti = Tsat, in Tsur.
.

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Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

Fig. 2 Experimental test section outside wall surface temperatures in oC versus test section length during condensation process.

And, Tsat,out and Tsat,in are outlet saturation temperature and inlet saturation temperature of the condensation part of the test tube, respectively. And Tsur is the measured tube surface temperature. Co = (ln ro/ri)/K and C1 = 1/ri, where ro and ri are tube outside radius and inside radius, respectively. hfg, eff = hg, Pin hf, Pout (3) where: hg, Pin = saturated vapor specific enthalpy at phase change inlet pressure (kJ/kg); hf, Pout = saturated liquid specific enthalpy at phase change outlet pressure (kJ/kg). This will be used later as experimental mean heat transfer coefficient: hexp = 1/Ri (4) For all experiments, the value of h exp was tabulated and used in the analysis in Figs. 3-7. Experiments were conducted for different pipe diameters, at different pressures and different rates of flow. The experimented domain of work covered the following range: (1) Tube inner diameter ranged from 0.5 mm up to 3.5 mm;

(2) Saturation temperature ranged from -15 oC up to 15 oC; (3) Reynolds number ranged from 200 up to 15,000; (4) Weber number ranged from 0.1 up to 200; (5) Mass rate of flow ranged from 2.5 10-5 kg/s up to 17 10-5 kg/s; (6) Pressure ranged from 30 bars up to 50 bars. 2.2 Uncertainty Analysis for Experimental Work The uncertainty in the experimental calculated results was computed using the known Kline and McClintock following relation: Wr = R R R [( WXj ) 2 ]1/ 2 WX 2 ) 2 . ( WX 1 ) 2 ( (5) X 1 X j X 2 where Wr is the uncertainty in the results, Wj is the uncertainty in each basic measured value. And the partial derivatives R are the sensitivities. X j So the uncertainty of the experimental carbon dioxide average heat transfer coefficient hexp for typical condensation process can be calculated as follows: The measured quantities were: tube out surface temperatures (Tsur), saturation pressure (Pg), room

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

1547

barometric pressure (Pb) and the volume flow rate ( V ). The uncertainty can be expressed as:

The basic number of dimensions contained by the variables is four: mass in kg; length in m; time in s and temperature in K. This implied that the suitable number of non dimensional quantities required to represent Eq. (7) is seven. Each quantity may be called Pi () [14, 15].

(6) Table 2 shows the values of the quantities of different measured values of uncertainties and sensitivities required for Eq. (6), for a typical condensation test. Calculations gave the following value: W hexp = 1.28 W/ m2K. This is less than 1% of the original value. In the same way, the uncertainty in the experimental h exp for the evaporation processes can be calculated.

The

following using

non-dimensional the exponential

Pies method

were for

formulated

dimensional analysis: 1Reynolds number, 1= ReD = m Um D / m; 2Prandtl number, 2 = Pr = Cpm m / km; 33 = U m m / D hfg m; 4Weber number, 4 = We = m U2m D / ; 55 = (l v) / m; 6Jacobs number, 6 = Ja = Cpm Tm / hfg; 77= h Um / m hfg Cpm. The main variable is h , this will give the following relation: 7 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) (8) To simplify this equation: 1 *2 *3 / 6 = U2 / Tm km = Br 5 *4 = (l v) Um2D / m = modified We Thus: 7 = (Br, We) (9) This 7 is a very important non-dimensional number, and it was not mentioned in the literature and not used before, up to the knowledge of the authors. 7 will be given the symbol, , and thus: = ( h Um / m Cpm hfg) (10) The importance of this number emanates from that it contains the main dependent variable which is the mean convection heat transfer coefficient ( h ), and relates the convection heat flux to the stored quantities of heat as sensible heat presented by the mean specific heat (Cpm) and latent heat (hfg). This number can be compared to the diffusivity of the conduction heat flux ( = k/Cp) which relates conduction heat flux (k) to stored heat (Cp). This number may represent the diffusivity of the convection heat flux in the case of phase change flow, and can be put in the form (conv = h Um/ m Cpm hfg). Eq. (9) can be written in the form: = C (Brm) m (Wem) n (11)

3. Analytical Study
The variables affecting the convection heat flux in the processes under consideration were gathered in one equation. The mean values for complete evaporation and complete condensation processes were used. Heat flux in both the sub-cooled and the superheated regions was not considered in this work. The variables totaled 11. The following equation represents the relation between all variables, whether dependent or independent:
( h , m, km, hfg, Cpm, Tm, m, , Um, (l v), D) = 0 (7)
Table 2 Values required for Eq. (6). No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (W . )
V

Variable

Value 1.28

( WT

surf

1.0 C 0.23

( WP )
g

0.5 bar 0.0061

(WP )
b

0.25 mbar 0.0244 0.5 liter/min

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Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

3.1 Physical Thermodynamics Discussion The importance of the new number () can be explained by physical analysis of the thermal processes. Considering a control volume inside the tube through which fluid flows in combination with heat transfer across tube surface. This causes continuous phase change. Fig. 3 represents that control volume. The following analysis will describe the process. The differences in temperature radial wise and longitudinal wise due to heat transfer create differences in density and differences in local pressures. This produces differences in local velocities. All this will be combined with formation of vapor or liquid bubbles or films which will either be super heated or crushed back to liquid in case of evaporation and sub cooled or evaporated back to gas in case of condensation depending on local changes in temperature, density and pressure. Differences in compressibility and density between the liquid phase and vapor phase will create differences in local pressures and differences of velocities in both directions. Also the collapse of bubbles in the forming phase creates collisions of pressure fronts creating local pressure waves that travel locally and contribute
V'r dx

to the mechanisms of pressure differences in the control volume. Due to all of these factors, different processes may take place at the same time in different points of the control volume as follows: In case of evaporation: Processes taking place at different points of the control volume may be: (1) Sensible heating of liquid at temperatures lower than saturation; (2) Sensible heating of vapor at saturation temperature; (3) Latent heat absorbed by evaporating particles; (4) Latent heat re-released from vapor particles collapsing to liquid due to pressure being not high enough to sustain vapor phase; (5) Changes of energy forms and quantities in both directions (positive and negative) between different control volume parts may occur simultaneously with changing in: conduction heat flux, friction and shear energy due to viscosity, kinetic energy, energy created by surface tension, buoyancy effect created by difference in density. Energy balances of the first law of thermodynamics will domain all these processes. In case of condensation:
V'r

dr P P P' D

T T'

P P'

U U'

U U'

(CpT', hfg)

( k, , ) h h'

Fig. 3 Representation of various effects of an arbitrary control volume.

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

1549

Processes taking place at different parts of the control volume may be: (1) Sensible cooling of vapor at temperatures higher than saturation; (2) Sensible cooling of liquid at saturation temperature; (3) Latent heat released from condensing particles; (4) Latent heat re-stored in particles which gained some pressure and evaporated again; (5) Changes of energy forms and quantities in both directions (positive and negative) between different control volume parts may occur simultaneously with changing in: conduction heat flux, friction and shear energy due to viscosity, kinetic energy, energy created by surface tension, buoyancy effect created by difference in density. All above mentioned heat processes either store heat or reject it at different particles in different parts of the control volume (Fig. 3). The temperature differences mentioned will be very minor differences. And it can be presented as (T T/), and pressures can also be presented as (p p/), velocities (U u/) and v/ and density of ( /). Minor changes in the local heat transfer coefficient will result and can be presented as (h h/). Respective changes in the other thermal properties must occur, such as minor changes in viscosity, surface tension and buoyancy. Energy balances of the first law will keep dominating these changes in both cases as mentioned before. Forms of energy involved are: kinetic energy (U2/2), internal heat (CpT), flow work (P/), surface tension effect (), viscosity effect (), latent heat (hfg), buoyancy effect (l v), conduction heat transfer (k and T) and convection heat transfer (h). The heat storing or loosing of the control volume (Q1) will be in two forms: latent heat (hfg), and sensible heat (CpT). The following form can represent that relation: Q1 = (, Cp, T, hfg, r, dx) (12a) While the control surface heat flux that related to the convection heat transfer can be presented by Q2, as follows:

Q2 = (h, U, T, r, dx) (12b) The ratio of Q2/Q1 can be presented by convection heat diffusivity (pcd), which is called in this work : = hU / Cp hfg (13) It is clear that the number relates the heat energy parameters of: convection heat flux with stored heat, sensible and latent. The number resembles convection heat flux diffusivity with the case of phase change. The difference between Q1 and Q2 represents the energy changes occurring due to convection diffusivity of heat. The difference will be balanced by the other forms of energy which were mentioned before to keep the first law of thermodynamics valid. 3.2 The Empirical Correlations The aim of this work is to introduce simple correlations that can help in calculating the mean heat transfer coefficients in the cases of changing phase of inside tubes flow. Eq. (12a) shows a non-dimensional formula that can be used for any of these cases: = C(Brm)m (We m) n It can be written as: h Um/ m Cpm hfg = C [Um2 m/(km Tm)] m [ (l v)Um2 D / ]n (14) This correlation can be used to calculate the mean values of heat transfer coefficients if the constants: C, m, and n are known. The values of these constants depend on the kind of gas underconsideration and can be calculated using three experimental results. The mean value of heat transfer coefficient thus calculated will be called the correlation resulted value (hcorr). The mean heat transfer coefficient (hcorr) calculated using this analytical procedure will be: hcorr = C (m Cpm hfg / Um) [Um2 m/(km Tm)] m [ ( l v)Um2 D/ ]n (15) Constants C, m, and n were evaluated. Results were calculated for both cases: evaporation and condensation. Values are shown in Table 3. This gave the following two equations: = 1.6 10-6 (Br m) 0.78 (We m) 0.09 for evaporation. (16) And:

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Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes

Table 3 Constants of Eq. (14), for CO2. Constant C Evaporation 1.6 10-6 Condensation 1.02 10-2 m 0.78 1.55 n 0.09 -0.55

(We m)-0.55 for condensation. (17) These equations may be used for any other gas, but with less accuracy.

= 1.02 10-2 (Br m)

1.55

4. Analysis
Comparison between mean heat transfer coefficients, experimental, hexp and analytical, hcorr was conducted. Using the correlations shown by Eqs. (15)-(17), h corr was calculated for the same experimental
Evaporation Process

conditions. They are presented in Figs. 4 and 5 for comparison. The range of the comparison covered the domain of application which was mentioned before. In Figs. 4 and 5, a good degree of conformity is shown. They are conformed by the factors, 0.976 and 1.006 for both cases of evaporation and condensation, respectively. The conformity factor used is hcorr/hexp. The uncertainty expected in the correlation values of the coefficients of the heat transfer hcorr will be related to those of hexp by the relations shown in Figs. 4 and 5 as: For evaporation: hcorr = 0.976 hexp and hcorr = 1.006 hexp for condensation.

y = 0.976 x R2 = 0.939

800
h corr (W/m2K)

600 400 200 0 0 200 400

h
exp

(W/m2K)

600

800

1000

Fig. 4 hcorr calculated versus hexp experimentally resulted for CO2 at evaporation process flow inside tubes.
Condensation Process

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 200 400 h exp (W/m2K )

y = 1.0061x R 2 = 0.9199

h corr (W/m2K)

600

800

Fig. 5 hcorr calculated versus hexp experimentally resulted for CO2 at condensation process flow inside tubes.

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes Evaporation Process 900 750 (Others) 600 450 300 150 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 900

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[6] [5] [1]

h corr (this work)

Fig. 6

h corr of this work versus h

350 300 (Others ) 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 50

in other works of literature in evaporation case.

[6] [5] [4] [12] [1]

100 150 corr (this work)

200

250

Fig. 7: Table 4 Case

h corr of this work versus h

Correlation of this work. General correlation

in other works of literature in condensation case.

Specific for CO2 correlation = 1.6 10-6 (Br m)0.78 Evaporation = C (Br)m (We)n (We m) 0.09 -2 1.55 m n = 1.02 10 (Br m) Condensation = C (Br) (We) -0.55 (We m)

For the typical condensation case mentioned before in the uncertainty analysis, hcorr error will be 1.29 W/m2K. This is less than 1.5%. This degree of conformity is considered as a close agreement situation . Comparing the results obtained in this work with other works published in literature was conducted. The

other works used different form correlations as shown in Table 1. The comparison is presented in Figs. 6 and 7. A good degree of agreement is clear in the figures. Limited differences are existing due to the fact that literature correlations are common for use in different gases applications.

5. Conclusions
The main goal of this work was achieved. The authors ended up with a simple equation for mean heat transfer coefficient for flow inside tubes during change of phase. Eq. (11) elucidates the relation resulted from this study. The resulted correlation was validated using

1552

Simplified Correlation Equations of Heat Transfer Coefficient during Phase Change for Flow inside Tubes micropipes when used as refrigerant, Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, 2007. C. Park, S. Pega, Evaporation of CO2 in a horizontal tube, in: Proceedings of the Conference of Commercial Refrigeration/Thermo-Physical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, Vicenza, Italy, Aug. 30-31, 2005. J. Jiang, P.X. Xu, Y.J. Lu, J. Shi, R.F. He, J. Jackson, An experimental investigation of convection heat transfer of CO2 at super-critical pressures in vertical mini-tubes and in porous media, Applied Thermal Engineering 8-9 (24) (2004) 1255-1270. S. Koyama, D. Ito, S. Lee, K. Kuwahara, C. Saeki, H. Ogawa, Experimental investigation for flow boiling of pure CO2 and CO2Oil mixture inside horizontal copper tubes, in: Proceedings of the Conference of Commercial Refrigeration/Thermo-Physical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, Vicenza, Italy, Aug. 30-31, 2005. K. Choi, A. Pametran, O. Jong-Teak, Two-phase flow heat transfer of CO2 vaporization in smooth horizontal mini channels, Int. J. of Refrigeration 30 (5) (2007) 767-777. K. Choi, A. Pametran, O.C. Young, O.J. Teak, Boiling heat transfer of R-22, R-134a, and CO2 in horizontal smooth mini channels, Int. J. of Refrigeration 32 (8) (2007) 1336-1346. S. Kandlikar, M. Steinke, Prediction heat transfer during flow boiling in mini-channels and micro channels, ASHRAE Trans. 109 (1) (2003) 667-675. M. Kim, J. Petterson, K. Bullard, Fundamental process and system design issues in CO2 vapor compression systems, J. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (2004) 119-174. C. Crow, J. Roberson, D. Elger, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., J. Wiley, USA, 2001. M. Hammad, A. AlShqirate, M. Tarawneh, Cooling of superheated refrigerants flowing inside tubes filled with porous media: Study of heat transfer and pressure drop, carbon dioxide case study, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 5 (2011) 802-810.

CO2 evaporation and condensation experimental results. A good degree of conformity was reached in comparison with results of other published works. Table 4 shows resulted correlations of this work. The non dimensional number which was used resembled a form of diffusivity and is used in a simple form equation to replace more complicated forms found in literature as shown in Table 1.

[7]

[8]

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the University of Jordan, deanship of scientific research for the support during this work.
[9]

References
[1] [2] [3] A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, J. Wiley and Sons, NY, 1993, pp. 416-432. F. Incropera, D. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 2002. A. Jokar, M. Hosni, S. Eckels, Dimensional analysis of the evaporation and condensation of refrigerant r-134a in mini channel plate heat exchangers, J. Applied Thermal Engineering 26 (2006) 2287-2300. T. Thome, State of the art of two phase flow and flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2 in macro and micro channels, in: Proceedings of Refrigeration Science and Technology Conference, Vicenza, Italy, Aug. 30-31, 2005. F.A. Dhaim, Modeling, simulation and experimental study of the heat transfer characteristics of sub critical carbon dioxide during condensation and evaporation processes in refrigeration systems, Ph.D. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, 2006. A.A. Shqairat, Characteristics study of carbon dioxide (CO2) during condensation and evaporation inside [10]

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