Introduction to Solar Energy

Fernando O. Paras, Jr Asst. Professor AMD-IAE, CEAT

http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/d/z/dzy105/solar_files/image006.jpg

OUTLINE
Diagnostic Quiz z Energy Sources z Earth-Sun Geometry z Energy from the Sun z Solar Energy Use z Some Problems with Solar Energy Use
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Diagnostic Quiz True or False

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

From the top, the earth rotates in a counter clockwise direction. The Sun can provide all the energy needs of the world. You can produce ice using energy from the sun without using electricity. Typically, the roof of your house when mounted with solar PV could produce enough electricity for your household. The earth revolves around the sun in a clockwise direction.

Sources of Energy
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Conventional Energy Sources

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Fossil Fuel Nuclear Fuel Coal Natural Gas Bio-Fuels / Biomass Hydro Power Geothermal Power Ocean (Tidal, Wave, Thermal) Wind Power Solar Energy

Non-Conventional Energy Sources

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Solar System

Earth Rotation (24 hours)

(467 m/s at Equator)

Solstices and Equinoxes

(24 Hrs Sunlight/Darkness Above/Below 66.5 Degreees Latitude)

Earths Axis
(23.5 Degrees Tilt Anywhere Along Orbit)

Earth Revolution (365.26 Days)

(Solar Radiation Varies Annually by 6%)

Solar Energy Definitions

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Solar constant - this is the amount of solar energy received per unit time on a unit area of surface perpendicular to the radiation and at the outer limit of the atmosphere when the earth is at its mean distance from the sun. The value of the solar constant is 1353 W/m2. Direct radiation - the solar radiation received by the earths surface without having been deflected/intercepted or absorbed by the atmosphere. The maximum beam radiation received at the surface of the earth at sea level on clear days is about 1000 W/m2. Diffuse radiation - the solar energy received by the earths surface that is first intercepted by the atmosphere (i.e. clouds, dust particles, etc.) and re-radiated to the ground. Total solar radiation - the sum of direct or beam radiation and diffuse solar radiation.

Solar Energy Definitions

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Pyranometer - a reliable and convenient measuring device for total (or global) solar radiation. Pyrheliometer - a device for measuring direct solar radiation Solar collector - a device that serves to collect solar radiant energy and transform it to some other useful form of energy. Such collectors may be of flat plate type of focusing type. Photovoltaic cell - a device used to convert solar radiation directly into electricity. The most common type is single crystal silicon solar cell (current efficiency is 16%). A 55 Watt-peak application costs about P30,000.00. This is the present set-back of the technology: high investment cost.

Regional Variation of Solar Energy

From the average monthly insolation values taken from PAGASA stations located at each region in the country, results showed that the northern regions receives the highest insolation at an average of 5.2 kWh/m2d with peaks of 6-7 kWh/m2d during the months of April and May. z Regions VII and VIII, received an average of 4.1 kWh/m2d with peaks of kWh/m2d. z For the rest of the regions, the average is 4.4 kWh/m2d with peaks at 6 kWh/m2d.
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Magnitude of Solar Energy Received by the Earths Surface

Radiation (direct + diffuse) absorbed by the earth in the tropics is about 690 W/m2. This figure is an average value; it varies according to site (latitude), season (time of year), time of day, and climate, particularly cloudiness. It may reach a value of 1100 W/m2 or more at noon on a clear day and may go down to 100 W/m2 or less during heavy overcast.

Magnitude of Solar Energy Received by the Earths Surface

Energy from the Sun

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Total solar energy available to the earth is approximately 3850 zettajoules (ZJ) per year. Oceans absorb approximately 285 ZJ of solar energy per year. Winds can theoretically supply 6 ZJ of energy per year. Biomass captures approximately 1.8 ZJ of solar energy per year. Worldwide energy consumption was 0.471 ZJ in 2004.

Energy from the Sun

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Almost all of our energy comes from the sun Renewable Cleanest energy source No noise No toxic gas emissions Low maintenance cost

Solar Energy Use

z Heating,

Drying z Electricity z Desalination/Purification z Cooling? z?

Solar Energy Use

http://mcwha.org/ishbel/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/Resize%20of%20IMGP5399.JPG

http://www.rossandlaura.net/photogallery/mau%20june%2006%20048.jpg

http://laundrylist.org/art/images/Special/Sarah%20Sterling%20socks%20(original).jpg

Solar Energy Use

http://wohnen.pege.org/2005-afrika/solarkocher.jpg http://www.solarhaven.org/AmmoniaAbsorptionIcemaker.jpg

http://www.sciencebio.com/greenblog/pics/Solar.jpg

Solar Energy Use

WORLDS LARGEST SOLAR POWER PLANT, Gut Erlasee Solar Park, a 12-megawatt facility located amid cropland near the Bavarian town of Arnstein, Germany.

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Solar Energy Use

http://accel96.mettre-put-idata.over-blog.com/0/01/76/26/solar-powered-car.jpg

http://www.treehugger.com/moto-front.jpg

http://www.greencarsite.co.uk/GREENNEWS/NewsPhotos/venturi-electric.jpg

Solar Energy Use

http://www.csupomona.edu/~av/pics/solarsplash03_lg.jpg

http://www.travelizmo.com/archives/Solar-powered-Autonomous-Underwater-Vehicle.jpg

http://giussani.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/sun21boat.jpg

Solar Energy Use

http://www.mel.go.jp/mainlab/1999saikin/p37-6.jpg

http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/solar-panel-pictures/index_clip_image002_0000.jpg

Solar Energy Use

http://www.geocities.com/i_s_s_alpha/PICS/PV.jpg

http://www.weatherquestions.com/space_station.jpg http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/assets/images/story/2004/1/23/MarsRover_Final.jpg

Solar Energy Use

http://www.psa.es/webeng/areas/instalaciones/images/ls3.jpg http://www.kaushalsolar.com/image/solar_heater.jpg

http://www.rerc-vt.org/images/solar%20pool%20heater.jpg

http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-16110/Images/solar5.jpg

Efficiency of PV System Components

15-28%

95-98%

7.3 22%
60-90%

85-90%

Solar Balut Maker: Incubating Socio-Economic Benefits

Solar Water Heater PV Module Incubator

Storage Tank

Control System

Solar Egg Incubator

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Dual Power System

Grid or from Solar PV system

Egg Trays and Racks

4000 eggs max. or depending on trays used.

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Automatic/ Manual Mechanical Turning Fans

2 Main Fan & 2 Auxilliary Ventilators

Dual Heating Systems

Solar Heating System (Thermosiphon or Pump) Nichrome Resistance Wires

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Precision Temperature Control High Temperature Alarm Humidity and Ventilation Control

Some Problems with Solar Energy Use

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Intermittent Affected by weather conditions Requires a large area for upscale use STILL VERY EXPENSIVE! Some Environmental, Health and Safety Problems

Environmental, Health and Safety Hazards of Solar PV Systems

z Mostly

on PV cells/module manufacturing and disposal z Batteries

Some Facts about PV

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If a size-AA or size-C NiCd battery is recharged about 1,000 times, it produces about 310 Wh/g over its life2,500 times less than a CdTe PV module. Thus, the value of using Cd in PV is much greater than its value elsewhere in the marketplace.

Diagnostic Quiz True or False

1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

From the top, the earth rotates in a counter clockwise direction. (True) The Sun can provide all the energy needs of the world. (True) You can produce ice using energy from the sun without using electricity. (True) Typically, the roof of your house when mounted with solar PV could produce enough electricity for your household. (False) The earth revolves around the sun in a clockwise direction. (False)

End, Thank You!

References
Alasdair Cameron. ( 2007). Staying Safe: How the PV Industry is minimizing the hazards of solar cell manufacture. http://www. Earthscan.co.uk Alselma, E.A, AE Baumann, R.Hill, MH Patterson. (1997). Health, Safety and environmental Issues in Thin Film Manufacturing. Newcastle Photovoltaics Appliction Center, UK. Environmental Resources Limited (ERL). (1990). Evaluation of the Sources of Human and Environmental Contamination by Cadmium. Prepared for the Commission of the European Community, Directorate General for Environment, Consumer Protection and Nuclear Safety, London. Fthenakis, VM. 2003. OVERVIEW OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS. Chapter VII-2, Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, General editors T. Markvart and L. Castaner published by Elsevier in 2003. ISBN 1-856-17390-9 Morrow, H. (1998). "The importance on recycling to life cycle analysis of nickel cadmium batteries." Proceedings of the 8th International Nickel Cadmium Battery Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, September 21-22, 1998. Cadmium Market Update Analysis and Outlook. (1995). Roskill Information Services Ltd., London, UK.