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Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionism
The Centenary of Independence
French: Le centenaire de l'indpendance

Artist Year Type

Henri Rousseau 1892 Oil on canvas

Dimensions 57cm 110cm (22.4in 43.3in) Location Presently in the Getty Museum in Los Angeles

Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism[1]) is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Fry used the term when he organized the 1910 exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists. Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

Overview
The Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with Pointillism, the systematic use of tiny dots of colour. Paul Czanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting, to "make of Impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums".[2] He achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the saturated colours of Impressionism. The Impressionist Camille Pissarro experimented with Neo-Impressionist ideas between the mid-1880s and the early 1890s. Discontented with what he referred to as romantic Impressionism, he investigated Pointillism which he called scientific Impressionism before returning to a purer Impressionism in the last decade of his life.[3] Vincent van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement. Younger painters during the 1890s and early 20th century worked in geographically disparate regions and in various stylistic categories, such as Fauvism and Cubism.

Post-Impressionism

Defining Post-Impressionism
The term was coined in 1910 by Roger Fry in the title of an exhibition of modern French painters: Manet and the Post-Impressionists, organized by Fry for the Grafton Galleries in London. Most of the artists in the exhibition were younger than the Impressionists. Fry later explained: "For purposes of convenience, it was necessary to give these artists a name, and I chose, as being the vaguest and most non-committal, the name of Post-Impressionism. This merely stated their position in time relatively to the Impressionist movement."[4] John Rewald limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication on Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin (1956): Rewald considered it to continue his History of Impressionism (1946), and pointed out that a "subsequent volume dedicated to the second half of the post-impressionist period"[5] Post-Impressionism: From Gauguin to Matisse was to follow, extending the period covered to other artistic movements derived from Impressionism and confined to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rewald focused on outstanding early Post-Impressionists active in France: on Van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, Redon, and their relations as well as the artistic circles they frequented (or they were in opposition to): Neo-Impressionism: ridiculed by contemporary art critics as well as artists as Pointillism; Seurat and Signac would have preferred other terms: Divisionism for example Cloisonnism: a short-lived term introduced in 1888 by the art critic douard Dujardin, was to promote the work of Louis Anquetin, and was later also applied to contemporary works of his friend mile Bernard

Poster of the 1889 Exhibition of Paintings by the Impressionist and Synthetist Group, at Caf des Arts, known as the The Volpini Exhibition, 1889.

Synthetism: another short-lived term coined in 1889 to distinguish recent works of Gauguin and Bernard from that of more traditional Impressionists exhibiting with them at the Caf Volpini. Pont-Aven School: implying little more than that the artists involved had been working for a while in Pont-Aven or elsewhere in Brittany. Symbolism: a term highly welcomed by vanguard critics in 1891, when Gauguin dropped Synthetism as soon as he was acclaimed to be the leader of Symbolism in painting. Furthermore, in his introduction to Post-Impressionism, Rewald opted for a second volume featuring Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau "le Douanier", Les Nabis and Czanne as well as the Fauves, the young Picasso and Gauguin's last trip to the South-Sea; it was to expand the period covered at least into the first decade of the 20th centuryyet this second volume remained unfinished.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Portrait of mile Bernard, 1886, Tate Gallery London

Post-Impressionism

Reviews and adjustments


Rewald wrote that "the term 'Post-Impressionism' is not a very precise one, though a very convenient one." Convenient, when the term is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886. Rewald's approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to "let the sources speak for themselves."[5] Rival terms like Modernism or Symbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, and they expanded to other countries. Modernism, thus, is now considered to be the central movement within international western civilization with its original roots in France, going back beyond the French Revolution to the Age of Enlightenment.

Camille Pissarro, Haying at Eragny, 1889, Private Collection

Symbolism, however, is considered to be a concept which emerged a century later in France, and implied an individual approach. Local national traditions as well as individual settings therefore could stand side by side, and from the very beginning a broad variety of artists practicing some kind of symbolic imagery, ranged between extreme positions: The Nabis for example united to find synthesis of tradition and brand new form, while others kept to traditional, more or less academic forms, when they were looking for fresh contents: Symbolism is therefore often linked to fanatastic, esoteric, erotic and other non-realist subject matter. To meet the recent discussion, the connotations of the term 'Post-Impressionism' were challenged again: Alan Bowness and his collaborators expanded the period covered to 1914, but limited their approach widely on the 1890s to France. Other European countries are pushed back to standard connotations, and Eastern Europe is completely excluded. So, while a split may be seen between classical 'Impressionism' and 'Post-Impressionism' in 1886, the end and the extent of 'Post-Impressionism' remains under discussion. For Bowness and his contributors as well as for Rewald, 'Cubism' was an absolutely fresh start, and so Cubism has been seen in France since the beginning, and later in Anglosaxonia. Meanwhile Eastern European artists, however, did not care so much for western traditions, and proceeded to manners of painting called abstract and suprematicterms expanding far into the 20th century.

Conclusion
According to the present state of discussion, Post-Impressionism is a term best used within Rewald's definition in a strictly historical manner, concentrating on French art between 1886 and 1914, and re-considering the altered positions of impressionist painters like Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, and othersas well as all new brands at the turn of the century: from Cloisonnism to Cubism. The declarations of war, in July/August 1914, indicate probably far more than the beginning of a World Warthey signal a major break in European cultural history, too.

Post-Impressionism

Gallery of major Post-Impressionist artists

Paul Czanne (18391906)

Odilon Redon (18401916)

Henri Rousseau (1844-1910)

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)

Vincent van Gogh (18531890)

Charles Angrand (18541926)

Georges Lemmen (1865-1916)

Henri-Edmond Cross (18561910)

Georges Seurat (18591891)

Tho van Rysselberghe (18621926)

Paul Signac (18631935)

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (18641901)

Paul Srusier (18641927)

Paul Ranson (18641909)

mile Bernard (1868-1941)

Flix Vallotton (18651925)

Post-Impressionism

douard Vuillard (18681940)

Pierre Bonnard (18671947)

Maximilien Luce, (18581941)

Robert Antoine Pinchon (18861943)

Ren Schtzenberger (1860-1916)

References and sources


References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/ postimpressionism Huyghe, Rene: Impressionism. (1973). Secaucus, N.J.: Chartwell Books Inc., p. 222. Cogniat, Raymond (1975). Pissarro. New York: Crown, pp. 6972. ISBN 0-517-52477-5. Gowing, Lawrence (2005). Facts on File Encyclopedia of Art: 5. New York: Facts on File, p. 804. ISBN 0-8160-5802-4 Rewald, John: Post-Impressionism: From Van Gogh to Gauguin, revised edition: Secker & Warburg, London, 1978, p. 9.

Sources Bowness, Alan, et alt.: Post-Impressionism. Cross-Currents in European Painting, Royal Academy of Arts & Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1979 ISBN 0-297-77713-0

External links
Georges Seurat, 1859-1891 (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ p15324coll10/id/73155), a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Toulouse-Lautrec in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/108845/rec/216), a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors


Post-Impressionism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=567362387 Contributors: 1717, 9jules9, Abelson, Adam.J.W.C., Aidarzver, Aitias, Alansohn, Alex Bakharev, Amandajm, Angela, Anticlockwise321, Avjoska, Avono, Beetstra, Blanchardb, Bman2007, Bobo192, Boccobrock, Bongwarrior, Buddhipriya, Bus stop, CFITZAY, Caltas, Camembert, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, CastAStone, Coldcreation, Colin Brineman, CommonsDelinker, Craigor, Cutler, DVdm, DW, David Gale, Dethme0w, Djcam, Emerson7, Epbr123, Erik Raven, Erlisitz, Etacar11, Ewulp, Favonian, Freedomlinux, Gary King, Glane23, Gurchzilla, Hilopr, Hobartimus, Homonihilis, Hyacinth, Imperialles, J44xm, JNW, Jag123, JamesBWatson, Jesse1616, Jfire, Jmmeemer, Juandev, Jusdafax, Karl-Henner, Khalid Mahmood, Khazar2, Kinaro, KoshVorlon, Krashlandon, Kristof vt, Landon1980, LiDaobing, Liam987, LilyKitty, Lithoderm, Lotje, MJCdetroit, MPerel, Male1979, Mandarax, Marek69, Mato, Mattis, Mattisse, Mike Rosoft, Modernist, Mr Mulliner, NERIC-Security, Ninly, Nolanlt, None-of-your-beezwax, NuclearWinner, Nv8200p, Ocaasi, Olga wade, Philafrenzy, Philip Cross, Planetneutral, Prabash.A, R.P.D., RMW42, Raven in Orbit, Reivaxactor, Res2216firestar, Rjmail, Rjwilmsi, RogoPD, Ronhjones, Rozth, Rrburke, Rtcpenguin, Rumiton, SamwiseIWU, Satsukigal, Seaphoto, SkyMachine, Solipsist, Sparkit, StaticGull, StrawberryCraze, Stumps, Sweetteababy, Szombathely, Tatesic, The manor school, This, that and the other, Tide rolls, Tombomp, TravelinSista, Trevor MacInnis, Tyrenius, Tyw7, Ukexpat, Umair393, VMS Mosaic, Van Gogh Guy, Versus22, Voksen, Widr, WikHead, Wikipelli, WilliamDigiCol, Wst, Yonerfud, Zalgo, Zpobric, Zserghei, , 366 anonymous edits

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File:Henri Rousseau 007.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henri_Rousseau_007.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Boo-Boo Baroo, Emijrp, Judithcomm, Radschlger, Teofilo, Till.niermann, Wmpearl, Wst, 1 anonymous edits File:Affiche Volpini.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Affiche_Volpini.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Imprimerie E. Watelet, 55 Boulevard Edgar Quinet, Paris Image:Lautrecx07.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lautrecx07.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, Darwinius, Deadstar, Felistoria, Ham, Raoli, Sandik Image:Camille Pissarro 016.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Camille_Pissarro_016.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alexandrin, AndreasPraefcke, Ardfern, Lamiot, Olivier2, Wmpearl, Wst Image:Paul Czanne 082.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paul_Czanne_082.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, AndreasPraefcke, Boo-Boo Baroo, Bukk, Diomede, EDUCA33E, Mattes, Olivier2, Sailko, Wmpearl, Wst Image:Redon.cyclops.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Redon.cyclops.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Cactus.man Image:Henri Rousseau - Self-portrait of the Artist with a Lamp.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henri_Rousseau_-_Self-portrait_of_the_Artist_with_a_Lamp.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bukk, Docu, Frank C. 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Mller, Infrogmation, Makakaaaa, Mattes, Olpl, Slomox, TwoWings, Vriullop, Yann, Zolo Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 132.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Boo-Boo Baroo, Bukk, EDUCA33E, Emijrp, EurekaLott, Lna, TomAlt, W., Wmpearl Image:Charles Thophile Angrand 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Charles_Thophile_Angrand_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: EDUCA33E, Emijrp, Gaudio, Oxxo, 1 anonymous edits Image:Lemmen2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lemmen2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Staszek99, Zeisterre Image:Henri Edmond Cross 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henri_Edmond_Cross_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jynto, Moonik, Olivier2, Oxxo, Szilas, Tancrde, Wst Image:Georges Seurat - Un dimanche aprs-midi l'le de la Grande Jatte.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Georges_Seurat_-_Un_dimanche_aprs-midi__l'le_de_la_Grande_Jatte.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amada44, Auntof6, Bukk, Conscious, Korg, Marianika, Mattes, Nonenmac, Paddy, Pierpao, Razr, Rl, Zolo, 6 anonymous edits Image:Portrait-Alice-Sethe-1888.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portrait-Alice-Sethe-1888.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Donarreiskoffer, Karl Stas, Tancrde, Vincent Steenberg Image:Signac.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Signac.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Anna reg, AnonMoos, Bukk, Coldcreation, Fransvannes, Infrogmation, Mu, Trelio, Umherirrender, Wst, 3 anonymous edits Image:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 036.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_036.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Austriacus, Bohme, Bukk, Deadstar, Emijrp, Frank C. Mller, Javierme, Kilom691, Mattes, Paris 16, Rlbberlin, Sandik, Shakko, Warburg, Zolo Image:Serusier - the talisman.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Serusier_-_the_talisman.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Ben, Olivier2, Perhelion, Tony Wills Image:Paesaggio nabi paul ranson.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paesaggio_nabi_paul_ranson.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ben, Dahn, Kilom691, Pimbrils Image:mile Bernard 1888-08 - Breton Women in the Meadow (Le Pardon de Pont-Aven).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:mile_Bernard_1888-08_-_Breton_Women_in_the_Meadow_(Le_Pardon_de_Pont-Aven).jpg License: unknown Contributors: Magog the Ogre Image:Valloton Frau mit Dienstmagd beim Baden.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Valloton_Frau_mit_Dienstmagd_beim_Baden.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, FA2010, Infrogmation, Ixtzib, Kilom691, Obakeneko, Skipjack File:douard Vuillard 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:douard_Vuillard_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, Claus, Dereckson, Kilom691, MGA73, Olivier2, Pruneau, Rsberzerker, Siebrand, Warburg Image:Bonnard-the dining room in the country.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bonnard-the_dining_room_in_the_country.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Mechamind90, Modernist, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Stan Shebs, TakuyaMurata, 3 anonymous edits File:Maximilien Luce - 'Montmartre, de la rue Cortot, vue vers saint-denis', oil on canvas painting, c. 1900.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maximilien_Luce_-_'Montmartre,_de_la_rue_Cortot,_vue_vers_saint-denis',_oil_on_canvas_painting,_c._1900.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Haa900, Kilom691, Paris 16, Tangopaso Image:Robert Antoine Pinchon, Le Pont aux Anglais, soleil couchant, 1909, oil on canvas, 54 x 73 cm, Muse des Beaux-Arts de Rouen.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Antoine_Pinchon,_Le_Pont_aux_Anglais,_soleil_couchant,_1909,_oil_on_canvas,_54_x_73_cm,_Muse_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Rouen.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Coldcreation, Coldcreation2, Diannaa, Ronhjones, Sfan00 IMG, Skier Dude File:Schutzenberger Iles du Rhin.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Schutzenberger_Iles_du_Rhin.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Chassipress, Ixtzib, Kilom691, Tatesic, 2 anonymous edits

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