African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(6), pp.

580-587, 6 February, 2013

Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.4254
ISSN 1684–5315 ©2013 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effects of dietary supplementation of tomato peel

ultrafine powder on glycemic response in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and blood lipids in
high-fat diet rats
Gang Zheng1,2, Jian Ming1, Daoqi Long1, Hongbin Wu3, Hong Wu3 and Guohua Zhao1,4*
1
College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China.
2
COFCO Meat Investment Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100020, People’s Republic of China.
3
Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation, Shihezi 832000,
People’s Republic of China.
4
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China.
Accepted 30 April, 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of tomato peel ultrafine
powder (TPUP) on glycemic response in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and blood lipids in
high-fat diet rats. STZ-induced diabetic rats and high-fat diet rats were administrated orally with TPUP
for 21 and 49 days and subjected to biochemical analysis of blood glucose and lipids profiles,
respectively. Compared with diabetic control rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with TPUP for 3
weeks had significantly (P<0.05) increased level of body weight and decreased levels of fasting blood
glucose, insulin and C-peptide by 39.9, 51 and 17.1% in high dose (1.0 g kg-1bw) group and 32.8, 38.8
and 22.9% in low dose (0.2 g kg-1bw) group, respectively. Besides a dramatically decrease (P<0.05) in
total cholesterol level up to 32.6% obtained in high dose (1.0 g kg-1bw) group, no significant changes
were observed with triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels with TPUP treated high-fat diet rats, as compared to those index of high-fat diet
control rats. These findings suggest that TPUP might be fabricated as an additive of functional foods
because of its potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats and
high-fat diet rats.

Key words: Tomato pomace, tomato peel ultrafine powder, STZ-induced diabetic rats, hypoglycemic effect,
hypolipidemic effect.

INTRODUCTION

Since there is no medication that can eradicate diabetes
and side effects of drugs, researchers around the world
are devoting efforts to extracting functional ingredients
*Corresponding author. E-mail: zhaogh@swu.edu.cn. Tel/Fax:
0086 23 6825 0374.
from natural plants to bring about antihyperglycemic and
hypolipidemic effect, particularly in some Asian countries
(Chuang et al., 2008). Tomato-processing by-product
called tomato pomace consists of peel and seeds, and
represents around 4% of the fruit weight (Del Valle et al.,
2006). Most tomato pomace are used as animal feed,
example for sheep and poultry. Meanwhile, because it
contains 59.03% fiber, tomato pomace is also a kind of

good source of dietary fiber (Alvarado et al., 2001). Asraw
material, dry tomato peel can be extracted to produce
lycopene (Calvo et al., 2007) and can also be back-
added into tomato paste (Reboul et al., 2005),hamburger
(Luisa Garcia et al., 2009), snack (Altan et al., 2008) and
fermented sausage (Calvo et al., 2008) to increase
nutritional value.
It is reported that regular consumption of tomato
products has been associated with decreased risk of
chronic degenerative diseases (Basu and Imrhan, 2007).
Daily intake of lycopene at a dose of 90 mg kg-1bw could
lower the level of serum free radical in streptozotocin
(STZ) -induced hyperglycemic rats (Ali and Agha, 2009)
and inhibit platelet aggregation in type 2 days prior to the commencing experiment. The guidelines of
diabetes(Lazarus et al., 2004). Consumption of
commercial tomato juice increased plasma lycopene level
and the intrinsic resistance of low density lipoprotein
(LDL) to oxidation, and a risk for myocardial infarction
also decreased in patients with diabetes (Upritchard et
al., 2000). Dietary fiber of tomato residue diminishes
glucose absorption and reduces serum cholesterol levels,
which in turn could be useful in the treatment of non-
insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) and
hypocholesterolemic patients (Alvarado et al., 1999; Rafiq
et al., 2009). A high dietary intake of tomato products has
atheroprotective effects by significantly reducing levels of
liver cholesterol and serum cholesterol (Pourkabir et al.,
2010). Fermented milk supplement containing tomato
might play an important role in blood lipid profiles
improvement in postmenopausal hyperlipidemic model
rats (Chang and Cheong, 2007) and the tomato diets with
steroidal glycoalkaloid tomatine induced lowering of
serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) without
changing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
(Ogbonnia et al., 2008).
Ultrafine grinding technology was found to improve the
function of dietary fiber (Zhu et al., 2010) and due to lack
of reports on tomato peel ultrafine powder (TPUP) in
retrieved literature, the TPUP was selected to be test
sample in this study, and also for the reason that TPUP is
easy to administer orally in rats. The effect of TPUP on
glycemic response in STZ-induced diabetic rats and
blood lipids in high-fat diet rats were investigated in this
experiment, and we hope that the findings would help us
to understand the impact of TPUP on rats with
hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and to seek a better
solution by developing functional products using tomato
peel in the future.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals and animal feed
STZ was bought from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA). The kits for the
measurement of insulin, C-peptide and glycosylated serum protein
(GSP) were purchased from Regobio Tech Inc. (Shanghai, China)
and kit for the measurement of lipids profile (TC, TG, and HDL-C)
were purchased from Jingma Bio-tech Inc. (Wenzhou, China). All
Zheng et al. 581
solvents used in this study were of analytical grade.
The ingredients of standard diet were prepared in accordance
with requirements of GB 14924.3-2001. The high-fat diet was
produced according to the following formula: standard diet, 740 g
kg-1; lard, 100 g kg-1; yolk powder, 100 g kg-1; whole milk powder,
50 g kg-1; cholesterol, 10 g kg-1; sodium cholate, 1 g kg-1.
Experimental animals
Male Sprague Dawley rats (170-210 g) were procured from the
Animal Center of Third Military Medical University (Chongqing,
China). The rats were acclimatized under controlled room
temperature (22±2°C) and humidity (40±60%) with 12 h light and 12
h dark cycle, and given a standard diet and water ad libitum for 7
committee for the purpose of control and supervision of
experiments on animals (CPCSEA), Government of China were
followed and prior permission was sought from the institutional
Animal Ethics Committee for conducting this study.
Induction of diabetes in rats
The animals were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 55
mg kg-1bw STZ dissolved freshly in cold 0.1 M citrate buffer
adjusted to pH 4.5 after 12 h fasting (Park et al., 2001). The fasting
blood glucose was measured 5 days later using a glucometer
(YiCheng Bio-electronic Co., Ltd, Beijing, China) to confirm their
diabetic stage.
The rats with fasting blood glucose (FBG) level higher than 11.1
mmol L-1 were selected as diabetic ones and used for hypoglycemic
experiment.
Preparation of TPUP
The tomato peel was separated by water floatation from tomato
pomace provided by a tomato processing factory (Xinjiang Tianye
Co., Ltd). After being dried in oven at 60°C for 12 h, the peel was
powdered through 100 mesh and then the powder was processed
with an ultrafine grinder (BFM-T6BI, Billion Powder TEC&ENG Co.,
Ltd, Jinan, China) for 15 min at -10°C to obtain the tomato peel
ultrafine powder (TPUP). The proximate composition analysis
indicated TPUP consists of 147.1 g kg-1 protein, 62.5 g kg-1 lipid,
29.4 g kg-1 starch, 40.6 g kg-1 ash and 696.0 g kg-1 dietary fiber. The
particle size (D50, 40.66 μm) of TPUP was measured by Laser
Particle Size Analyzer (OMEC Technology Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, China).
Experimental design
In the whole study, a total of 64 rats (34 normal, 30 STZ-induced
diabetic rats) were used and divided into 8 groups (Groups 1 to 8).
Group 1 was set as normal control group (NC-D) for hypoglycemic
experiment consisting of 10 normal rats. The 30 STZ-induced
diabetic rats were divided into three groups (Groups 2 to 4) of 10
rats in each, namely diabetic control group (DC), high dose TPUP
(1.0 g kg-1bw) treatment diabetic group (D+HT) and low dose TPUP
(0.2 g kg-1bw) treatment diabetic group (D+LT).
The other 24 normal rats were randomly divided into four groups
(Groups 5 to 8) of 6 rats in each, namely normal control group (NC-
HF) for hypolipidemic experiment, high-fat diet control group (HFC),
high dose TPUP (1.0 g kg-1bw) treatment high-fat diet group
(HF+HT) and low dose TPUP (0.2 g kg-1bw) treatment high-fat diet
group (HF+LT).
All rats were given the standard diet and water ad libitum besides
582 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Table 1. Effect of administering tomato peel ultrafine powder on body weight (g) in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Group 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day

NC-D 195 ± 4.2Aa 207.3 ± 5.2Aa 224.2 ± 7.2Ab 237.8 ± 9.2Ab
Aa Ba Ba Ba
DC 174.3 ± 6.8 160.9 ± 8.0 162.5 ± 7.8 162.5 ± 7.2
187.3 ± 6.9Aa 192.5 ± 10.7Aa 216.3 ± 12.2Aa Aa
D+HT 222 ± 16.3
D+LT 174.9 ± 8.1Aa 172.8 ± 8.2Ba 162.5 ± 9.6Ba 151 ± 14.6Ba
Different lowercase letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at P<0.05 within group, and different
capital letters (A-C) indicate significant difference on the same day at P<0.05 between groups. NC-D,
Normal control group; DC, diabetic control group; D+HT, high dose TPUP treatment diabetic group;
D+LT, low dose TPUP treatment diabetic group.

specified high-fat diet groups, and animals were administered orally
once daily according to following recipe. NC-D: 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium
alginate; DC: 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium alginate; D+HT: 0.2 g TPUP
suspended in 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium alginate; D+LT: 0.04 g TPUP
suspended in 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium alginate; NC-HF: 2 ml 2 g L-1
sodium alginate; HFC: 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium alginate and high-fat diet;
HF+HT: 0.2g TPUP suspended in 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium alginate and
high-fat diet; HF+LT: 0.04g TPUP suspended in 2 ml 2 g L-1 sodium
alginate and high-fat diet.
Determination of biochemical metabolic parameters
The hypoglycemic experiment (Groups 1 to 4) lasted for 3 weeks,
FBG and body weight were measured weekly. On day 21, the rats
were fasted overnight and blood sample was collected from the
eyepit of all rats. Then, blood samples were kept at room
temperature for 2.5 h and followed with centrifugation at 3000 r min-
1
for 15 min to obtain the serum for the measurement of insulin, C-
peptide and GSP levels, according to the commercial instructions
for the kits by ELISA analyzer (MK3, Labsystems Co., LTD,
Finland).
The hypolipidemic experiment (Groups 5 to 8) lasted for 7 weeks.
Body weight was measured and blood sample was collected per 12
days. On day 49, blood sample was collected from the eyepit of all
rats. Then, blood samples were kept at room temperature for 2.5 h
and followed with centrifugation at 3000 r min-1 for 15 min to obtain
the serum for the measurement of total cholesterol (TC) ,
triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C for the kits by the automatic
biochemical analyzer (TBA-40FR, Toshiba Co., Ltd, Japan). LDL-C
was calculated using the method of Friedewal: LDL-C=TC-
(TG/2.2+HDL-C).
Histological analysis
On day 21 when the animals in the hypoglycemic experiment were
sacrificed, the pancreas tissues were removed for histological
study, washed with normal saline, and immersion-fixed in 10%
buffered formalin immediately upon removal. They were gradually
dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, cut into 5-μM sections stored in
10% formalin after washing with normal saline, and stained with
hematoxylin eosin for microscopic assessment (E100 Nikon, Tokyo,
Japan).
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey-Kramer Multiple
Comparison post hoc test (P<0.05) using Origin7.5 for Windows.
RESULTS
Body weight and fasting blood glucose
Table 1 shows that there was no significant difference in
body weight between diabetic groups and NC-D group on
day 0. However, on day 21, the body weight of rats in NC-
D group increased significantly from 195±4.2 to
237.8±9.2 g, but those of DC and D+LT groups
decreased remarkably from 174.3±6.8 and 174.9±8.1 g to
162.6±7.2 and 151±14.6 g, respectively. Still, there was
no significantly difference found between D+HT group
and NC-D group.
Moreover, significant difference in serum FBG level was
found between diabetic groups and NC-D group on day 0
(Table 2). After 21 days supplementation with TPUP, FBG
level in D+LT group had no significant change compared
to that of DC group. However, remarkable decrease was
observed (lower 56.7 and 69.8% compared to day 0 and
DC on day 21) in D+HT group and there was no
significant difference compared with NC-D group.
Serum insulin, C-peptide and glycosylated serum
protein
As shown in Figures 1 to 3, after TPUP supplementation
for 3 weeks, serum insulin, C-peptide and GSP levels
decreased by 39.9, 51 and 17.1% in D+HT group and
32.8, 38.8 and 22.9% in D+LT group compared to DC
group. Significant difference in insulin and C-peptide
levels was found between TPUP group and DC group,
and no significant difference in GSP levels was found
between D+HT and DC group.

Statistical analyses Pancreatic islet

Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean
(SEM). The significance of the differences between the means of The effects of TPUP in histopathological examination are
the control and the experimental animals was established by one- shown in Figure 4. Compared with normal control rats
 Zheng et al. 583

Table 2. Effect of administering tomato peel ultrafine powder on fasting blood glucose (mmol L-
1
) levels in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats.

Group 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day

NC-D 7.2 ± 0.2Aa 7.1 ± 0.2Aa 7.2 ± 0.3Aa 6.7 ± 0.2Aa
Bb Bb Bb Cb
DC 19.6 ± 1.1 16.8 ± 2.5 20.3 ± 2.1 24.5 ± 1.9
17.1 ± 1.5Bb ABab
12.9 ± 3.3ABab Aa
D+HT 11.1 ± 2.5 7.4 ± 1.1
D+LT 17.9 ± 1.4Bb 14 ± 2.0ABb 16.4 ± 2.1Bb 16.5 ± 5.8BCb
Different lowercase letters (a, b) indicate significant difference at P<0.05 within group, and different
capital letters (A-C) indicate significant difference on the same day at P<0.05 between groups. NC-D,
Normal control group; DC, diabetic control group; D+HT, high dose TPUP treatment diabetic group;
D+LT, low dose TPUP treatment diabetic group.

Figure 1. Effect of tomato peel ultrafine powder on serum insulin level in streptozotocin -
induced diabetic rats.

(A), degenerative changes and islet cell necrosis in
endocrine pancreas such as decreased number and size
of pancreatic islets, ambiguity of their verges and
invasion of connective tissues was observed in DC rats
(B). Whereas, after treated with TPUP, increased number
of islets and improved islet shape indicated amelioration
in histological signs; pancreatic islets maintained better
morphology (C, D) compared with islet of diabetic control
rat (B). This evidence further proved the point mentioned
earlier that TPUP supplementation might have a repaired
effect on damaged pancreatic islet, although the reason
is still unclear to us. The results also showed that
recovery of pancreatic islet from high dose of TPUP
intake (C) is better than low dose (D), but did not reach to
the normal level (A).
Blood lipids
The effect of TPUP treatment on blood lipid levels of the
tested rat groups is given in Table 3 (a-d). The results
show that consumption of TPUP for 7 weeks did not
significantly alter TG level (Table 3b) in serum, and on
day 49, there was a negative but not significant effect
(P>0.05) on HDL-C (Table 3c) compared to HFC group.
However, the level of TC was significantly lower than
584 Afr. J. Biotechnol.

Figure 2. Effect of tomato peel ultrafine powder on serum C-peptide level in

streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Figure 3. Effect of tomato peel ultrafine powder on serum glycosylated

serum protein level in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats.

high-fat control by 32.6% with high dose of TPUP
treatment for 7 weeks.
DISCUSSION
Type 2 diabetes and its long-term complications are a
major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the
prevalence of the disease continues to rise. And FBG
concentration is a very important target need to be
controlled for Diabetic patients (Balkau et al., 1998). As
shown in Tables 1 and 2, on day 21, remarkable increase
in body weight and decrease in FBG level was found with
high dose of TPUP supplementation in diabetic rats, and
there was significant difference in both of FBG and
bodyweight between D+HT group and DC group.
 Zheng et al. 585

Table 3. Effect of administering tomato peel ultrafine powder on lipids profile levels (mmol L-1) in high-fat diet rats

Group 0 day 12 day 24 day 36 day 49 day

TC
NC-HF 1.92 ± 0.03Aab 2.49 ± 0.18ABb 1.96 ± 0.29Aab 1.63 ± 0.06Aa 1.61 ± 0.10Aa
HFC 1.98 ± 0.06Aa 3.00 ± 0.24ABab 4.47 ± 0.16Bab 3.74 ± 0.41Bab 5.16 ± 0.47Cb
HF+HT 1.80 ± 0.07Aa 2.09 ± 0.26Aab 4.02 ± 0.36Bc 2.90 ± 0.35ABabc 3.48 ± 0.32Bbc
HF+LT 1.79 ± 0.05Aa 3.28 ± 0.03Bab 4.14 ± 0.41Bab 3.29 ± 0.01Bab 4.26 ± 0.43Cb

TG
NC-HF 0.54 ± 0.02Aa 0.60 ± 0.02Aa 0.67 ± 0.03Aa 0.34 ± 0.01Aa 0.56 ± 0.07Aa
HFC 0.55 ± 0.02Aa 0.46 ± 0.13Aa 0.44 ± 0.02Aa 0.46 ± 0.02ABa 0.45 ± 0.05Aa
HF+HT 0.64 ± 0.04Aa 0.49 ± 0.08Aa 0.93 ± 0.34Aa 0.52 ± 0.16ABa 0.56 ± 0.07Aa
HF+LT 0.58 ± 0.04Aa 0.35 ± 0.02Aa 0.54 ± 0.08Aa 0.92 ± 0.12Ba 0.86 ± 0.21Aa

HDL-C
Aa ABa Aa Ba Ba
NC-HF 0.98 ± 0.07 1.25 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.14 1.10 ± 0.06 0.93 ± 0.11
HFC 1.18 ± 0.04Aa 1.24 ± 0.04ABa 1.37 ± 0.10Ba 1.15 ± 0.00Ba 0.71 ± 0.03ABb
HF+HT 1.09 ± 0.02Aab 1.07 ± 0.07Aab 1.15 ± 0.12ABa 0.90 ± 0.04Aab 0.66 ± 0.09ABb
HF+LT 1.02 ± 0.03Aa 1.40 ± 0.05Ba 1.06 ± 0.13ABa 0.97 ± 0.01ABa 0.59 ± 0.08Ab

LDL-C
NC-HF 0.54 ± 0.03Aa 1.13 ± 0.19Ab 1.19 ± 0.16Ab 0.46 ± 0.05Aa 0.57 ± 0.04Aa
HFC 0.56 ± 0.05Aa 1.67 ± 0.18Aa 3.02 ± 0.26Aab 2.50 ± 0.41Bab 4.36 ± 0.44Bb
HF+HT 0.70 ± 0.05Aa 0.92 ± 0.20Aa 2.69 ± 0.51Aab 1.90 ± 0.42ABab 3.36 ± 0.39Bb
HF+LT 0.70 ± 0.07Aa 1.81 ± 0.02Aab 2.97 ± 0.55Aab 2.14 ± 0.03ABab 3.50 ± 0.43Bb
Different lowercase letters (a-c) indicate significant difference at P<0.05 within group, and different capital letters (A-C) indicate significant
difference on the same day at P<0.05 between groups. NC-HF, Normal control group (NC-HF) for hypolipidemic experiment; HFC, high-fat
diet control group; , HF+HT, high dose TPUP treatment high-fat diet group; HF+LT, low dose TPUP, treatment high-fat diet group; TC, total
cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

However, no significant difference was observed between
D+HT group and NC-D group. The findings indicate that
TPUP supplementation could inhibit effectively the rise in
FBG and fall in body weight, and the effect of high dose
TPUP is better than low dose.
Since proinsulin secreted by islet beta-cell could
hydrolyze insulin and C-peptide by the corresponding
enzyme, serum insulin and C-peptide could serve as
indicators of reflecting the capacity of insulin secretion,
and C-peptide could reflect the β-cell function more
accurately because it was not affected by exogenous
insulin. In this experiment, insulin and C-peptide level
was increased significantly in DC group (Figures 1 and
2), which may be caused by insulin resistance (Reaven,
1988). The reason is perhaps related with the timing of
blood sample collected from different period of diabetic
rats. Insulin and C-peptide levels decreased to a level
close to the NC-D group with the TPUP supplementation;
this implied that TPUP might have a therapeutic effect on
repairing damaged beta cell function. In addition, GSP
could reflect the overall blood glucose level in longer-term
(2 to 3 weeks). As shown in Figure 3, there was a
significant difference between NC-D group and DC group,
but no significant difference was found within diabetic rats
group. This result shows that effect of TPUP in blood
glucose level for longer-term less than the effect for
shorter-term, indicating that longer-term TPUP
supplementation may be limited for improving the
condition of diabetic rats.
It is well recognized that high levels of serum TC and
LDL-C are associated with an increased risk of coronary
artery disease (CAD) (Verschuren et al., 1995). After high
dose TPUP supplementation for 49 days, a significant
decrease was observed between HF+HT group and HFC
group (Table 3a), indicating that supplementation of long-
term and high dose TPUP could effectively reduce serum
TC level in high-fat diet rats. This is possibly attributed to
the enhanced fermentability of dietary fiber by size
reduction. The increase of HDL-C and reduction of LDL-C
is the primary goal for treatment of hyperlipidemia, and
LDL-C is presently the primary focus clinically of lipid-
lowering therapy (Chapman et al., 2004). In this study, on
day 49, LDL-C level was decreased in HF+HT and HF+
LT groups, although no significant difference was
observed compare with HFC group (Table 3d). Overall,
for lipid-lowering effect on tomato, the findings of this
586 Afr. J. Biotechnol.
study supported previous results (Silaste et al., 2007;
Alvarado et al., 1999; Chang et al., 2007).
Conclusion
TPUP supplementation could bring about
antihyperglycemic and cholesterol-lowering effects and
the findings obtained herein revealed that long term
TPUP supplementation could inhibit elevation of FBG
level in diabetic rats and TC level in high-fat diet rats.
These findings suggest that TPUP might have some
potential antihyperglycemic and cholesterol-lowering
effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats and hyperlipidemic
rats. However, we were not certain whether the impacts
came from lycopene or dietary fiber or both; hence further
study should be focused on the mechanism of blood
glucose-lowering and lipid-lowering with TPUP
supplementation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by the National High-tech
R&D Program (863 Program) of China (2011AA100805-
2) and PhD Foundation project (2009JC12) from Bureau
of Science and Technology, Xinjiang Production and
Construction Corps. We are grateful to Uchenna Anunne
for improving the English language.
Abbreviations
ANOVA, Analysis of variance; bw, body weight; CAD,
coronary artery disease; DC, diabetic control; DM,
diabetes mellitus; DTP, dry tomato peel; FBG, fasting
blood glucose; GSP, glycosylated serum protein; HDL-C,
high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HFC, high-fat control;
TPUP, tomato peel ultrafine powder; HT, high dose of
TPUP; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LT,
low dose of TPUP; NC-D, normal control for diabetic rats;
NC-HF, normal control for high-fat rats; NIDD, non-
insulin-dependent diabetes; PBG, postprandial blood
glucose; SPF, specific pathogen free; STZ,
streptozotocin; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC, total
cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; VDL-C, very-low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol.
REFERENCES
Ali MM, Agha FG (2009). Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced
diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in rats by tomato
extract lycopene. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Inv., 69(3): 371-379.
Altan A, McCarthy KL, Maskan M (2008). Evaluation of snack foods
from barley-tomato pomace blends by extrusion processing. J. Food
Eng., 84(2): 231-242.
Alvarado A, Pacheco-Delahaye E, Hevia P (2001). Value of a tomato
byproduct as a source of dietary fiber in rats. Plant Food Hum. Nutr.
56(4): 335-348.
Alvarado M, Pacheco-Delahaye E, Schnell M, Hevia P (1999). Dietary
fiber in industrial tomato residue and its effects on glycaemic
response and seric cholesterol in rats. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 49(2):
138-142.
Balkau B, Shipley M, Jarrett R, Pyörälä K, Pyörälä M, Forhan A,
Eschwège E (1998). High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor
for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. 20-year follow-up in the
whitehall study, the paris prospective study, and the helsinki
policemen study. Diabetes Care 21(3): 360-367.
Basu A, Imrhan V (2007). Tomatoes versus lycopene in oxidative stress
and carcinogenesis: conclusions from clinical trials. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.,
61(3): 295-303.
Calvo M, Dado D, Santa-Maria G (2007). Influence of extraction with
ethanol or ethyl acetate on the yield of lycopene, β-carotene,
phytoene and phytofluene from tomato peel powder. Eur. Food. Res.
Technol., 224(5): 567-571.
Calvo MM, Garcia ML, Selgas MD (2008). Dry fermented sausages
enriched with lycopene from tomato peel. Meat Sci. 80(2): 167-172.
Chang KJ, Cheong SH (2007). The effect of fermented milk supplement
with tomato (Lycopersion esculentum) on blood lipid profiles in
ovariectomy-induced hyperlipidemic female rats. FASEB J. 21(6):
1086-1086.
Chapman M, Assmann G, Fruchart J, Shepherd J, Sirtori, C (2004).
Raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with reduction of
cardiovascular risk: the role of nicotinic acid-a position paper
developed by the European Consensus Panel on HDL-C. Curr. Med.
Res. Opin. 20(8): 1253-1268.
Chuang PT, Shen SC, Wu NJ, Wu JSB (2008). Anti-peroxidation effect
of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) leaf soluble solids in vitro and in
streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. J. Sci. Food Agri.
88(12): 2173-2179.
Del Valle M, Camara M, Torija ME (2006). Chemical characterization of
tomato pomace. J. Sci. Food Agri. 86(8): 1232-1236.
Lazarus SA, Bowen K, Garg ML (2004). Tomato juice and platelet
aggregation in type 2 diabetes. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 292(7): 805-806.
Luisa Garcia M, Calvo MM, Dolores Selgas M (2009). Beef hamburgers
enriched in lycopene using dry tomato peel as an ingredient. Meat
Sci. 83(1): 45-49.
Ogbonnia SO, Adekunle A, Olagbende-Dada SO, Anyika EN, Enwuru
VN, Orolepe M (2008). Assessing plasma glucose and lipid levels,
body weight and acute toxicity following oral administration of an
aqueous ethanolic extract of Parinari curatellifolia Planch,
(Chrysobalanaceae) seeds in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Afr. J.
Biotechnol. 7(17): 2998-3003.
Park KS, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kim JM, Kim SK, Choi JY, Chung MH, Han
B, Kim SY, Lee HK. (2001). Effects of insulin and antioxidant on
plasma 8-hydroxyguanine and tissue 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 50(12):2837-2841.
Pourkabir M, Shomali T, Asadi F (2010). Alterations in serum lipid,
lipoprotein and visceral abdominal fat pad parameters of
hypercholestrolemic guinea pigs in response to short term garlic
consumption. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9(46): 7930-7933
Rafiq K, Sherajee SJ. Nishiyama A, Sufiun MA. Mostofa M. (2009).
Effects of indigenous medicinal plants of Bangladesh on blood
glucose level and neuropathic pain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 3(12): 636-642.
Reaven GM (1988). Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in
human disease. Diabetes 37(12): 1595-1607.
Reboul E, Borel P, Mikail C, Abou L, Charbonnier M, Caris-Veyrat C,
Goupy P, Portugal H, Lairon D, Amiot MJ (2005). Enrichment of
tomato paste with 6% tomato peel increases lycopene and beta-
carotene bioavailability in men. J. Nutr. 135(4): 790-794.
Silaste ML, Alfthan G, Aro A, Kesaniemi YA, Horkko S (2007). Tomato
juice decreases LDL cholesterol levels and increases LDL resistance
to oxidation. Brit. J. Nutr. 98(6): 1251-1258.
Upritchard JE, Sutherland WHF, Mann JI (2000). Effect of
supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL
oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care 23(6): 733-738.
Verschuren W, Jacobs D, Bloemberg B, Kromhout D, Menotti A,
Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Dontas A, Fidanza F (1995).
Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease
 Zheng et al. 587

mortality in different cultures: twenty-five--year follow-up of the seven grinding on hydration and antioxidant properties of wheat bran dietary
countries study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 274(2): 131-136. fiber. Food Res. Int. 43(4): 943-948.
Zhu KX, Huang S, Peng W, Qian HF, Zhou HM (2010). Effect of ultrafine