Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Barbaro, Nicolo. The Siege of Constantinople (1453), according to Nicolo Barbaro. 1969 <http://ertenu.com/Diary-of-Nicolo-Barbaro.htm>.

This diary was written during the siege of the city. I read what happened day to day from his account. He told of how the Turks kept firing on the walls and damaging them more and more. He also told what happened at sea and that when the Turks on the ships saw that the flag of Mehmed Bey had been raised they ran into the city to get whatever treasure they could find. Hatzopoulos, Dionysios. The Fall of Constantinople, 1453.4 Dec. 2012 <http://greece.org/romiosini/fall.html>. This website told me everything that happened during the siege and that the Emperor fought for his faith, people, and city and that he went into battle and was never seen again. This was put together from eyewitness reports. Nestor, Iskander. Nestor-Iskander on the Fall of Constantinople.5 Jan. 2013 <http://wps.pearsoncustom.com/wps/media/objects/2427/2486120/chap_assets/docu ments/doc9_4.html> This diary was written by Nestor Iskander who was inside the city unlike Nicolo Barbaro who was on one of the ships in the harbor. This diary told me what happened from a different perspective but not day to day. He told me how the Sultan wept because of the death of a military leader he admired and that he was angry. Secondary Sources Crowley, Roger. The Guns of Constantinople. 30 July 2007 < http://www.historynet.com/the-guns-of-constantinople.htm> This source told me that Sultan Mehmed had a Hungarian cannon founder cast the one largest cannons ever built. When the Sultan had it tested it went a mile before burying itself six feet into the ground. He tasked two hundred men and sixty oxen to transport it 140 miles to Constantinople.

Feldman, Ruth Tenzer. The Fall of Constantinople. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2008.

This book told me how Constantinople started as Byzantion in Latin it is Byzantium and it was founded by Byzas and that when Constantine took over that on May 11, 330 A.D the city was renamed Constantinople. Harris, Jonathan. Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. New York: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. This book told me about the cathedral in Constantinople named the Church of Holy Wisdom or in Greek Hagia Sophia and how it was a city of wonders. Harris, Jonathan. The End of Byzantium. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. This book told me about Constantinople being on the verge of destruction and that the city fell into the hands of the Ottomans. Hickman, Kennedy. Byzantine-Ottoman Wars: Fall of Constantinople. 28 Oct. 2012 <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-OttomanWars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm> This source told me about the Ottoman attack on Constantinople in more detail. They set up cannons that bombarded the walls. It told me that the Sultan took control of the strait and cut the city off from the Black Sea and any help they couldve gotten. Knight, Kevin. Constantinople. 2009 <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04301a.htm>. This source told me about the early history of Constantinople and how it was founded by Byzas and the way the city is now. The modern city still stands on the Bosporus. This website also tells me about when the city fell. Koeller, David W. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. 1996 < http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/easteurope/fallconstantin.html >. This source told me how the Ottomans attacked and how the city fell. It also told me what Sultan Mehmed II did to the city after he took it over. Mehmed changed the name to Istanbul and built mosques and palaces. Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. New York: Knopf, 1996. I learned that Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire for 1,123 years and the most inspired Christian empire in the world. Rosen, William. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. New York: Viking, 2007.

This book tells me how Justinian had reunified Rome and about the plague that almost destroyed the city. It was the first recorded pandemic of bubonic plague. Turnbull, Stephan. The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453. Cambridge: Osprey Publishing, 2012. This book gave told me about where the city is and about the natural harbors and the narrow bay called the Golden Horn. Constantinople is located on the Bosporus.