PHYSICS Science of measurement Branch of science on the study of nature

2. 9,763,560 byte Ans. 9.764 gigabyte / 9.764 GB CONVERSION OF UNITS Length 1m = 100cm = 1000 mm = 3.28 ft = 39.37 in 1cm = 10mm 1in = 2.54cm 1ft = 12in 1mi = 5280 ft = 1.61km Time 1min = 60s 1hr = 60min = 360s Mass 1kg = 1000g = 2.205lb 1slug = 14.59kg Volume 1L = 1000mL=1000cc(cm3, cubic centimeter) 1ft3 =28.3L = 7.48 gal 1gal = 3.785L 1m3 = 1000L 1m3 = 35.3147 ft3 Accuracy - how close a measured value is to the true/ accepted value Precision how closely 2 or more measurements agree with another

SYSTEM MEASUREMENT Metric System SI( International) English System British Engineering System SI Meter (m) Kilogram (kg) Second (s) English Foot (f) Slug (sl) Second (s)

Length Mass Time

PREFIXES FOR SI UNITS Symbol Multiplier G 1,000,000,000 = 109 Mega (6) M 1,000,000 = 106 Kilo (3) k 1,000 = 103 Centi (c 0.01 = 10-2 2) Mili (-3) m 0.001 = 10-3 Micro (0.00000 = 10-6 6) Nano (0.00000000 =10-9 9) Prefix Giga (9) SIGNIFICANT FIGURES All non-zero digits are significant Zero may/may not be significant Those used to position the decimal point are not significant To remove ambiguity use scientific notation

2 Errors a. Systematic Error Affect the accuracy One sided error Occur when a measuring device is not properly working/ miscalibrated Difficult to detect but once detected can be reduced by refining the measurement method or technique

*If even nos. 2.25 -> 2.2 *If odd nos. 2.35 ->2.4 *If the numbers are greater than 5 2.45 -> 2.5 Example: 4 Significant Figure; Proper SI form 1. 0.000002584 meter Ans. 2.584 micrometer / 2.584 2.45 -> 2.4 -

b. Random Error Affect precision 2 sided Repeated measurements fluctuate above and below the value

Parallax Error

caused by incorrect position of eye when reading a measurement

We cannot add directly we must condsider the direction/magnitude

Deviation difference between a measured value and its mean or average value

Rules Vectors acting in the same direction Vectors acting in the opposite direction (subtract) Follow the direction that has the largest value

% Error measures accuracy of measurement % error = x 100

MECHANICS % Difference BRANCHES Kinematics Describes motion Focuses on motion and causes motion to change

% difference

Dynamics Causes of motion

SCALAR & VECTOR QUANTITIES Magnitude quantity of something a numerical value with units

Direction Which way is something North, East, West and South Describe in degrees KINEMATICS *Motion is relative *Everything moves Linear Motion o Rectilinear o Motion along a straight line

Curvilinear Motion along a curved path

SCALAR QUANTITIES Only have magnitude No direction A numerical value with units

Distance and Displacement o Distance o Is the length of a path followed by a particle

VECTOR QUANTITIES Magnitude and Direction Force and Velocity

Displacement Is the straight line distance from the starting point to the present location of the particle

Adding Vectors Resultant/Vector Sum A single vector that is equivalent to two or more vectors

Speed and Velocity

Speed (Scalar Quantity) is a measurement of how fast something moves

1. 2. 3.

Velocity (Vector Quantity) is a speed in a given direction

4.
o For Constant Acceleration (Vertical)

1.
Average Speed vs. Instantaneous Speed o Average Speed Average of all instantaneous speeds; found simply by

2. 3. 4.
o Legend

o Instantaneous Speed speed at any given instant time

= initial velocity
(cm/s, m/s, ft/s)

= velocity (cm/s,
m/s, ft/s)

Constant Speed o Object occurs the same distances in each successive unit of time (same speed in whatever direction)

= displacement/distanc e (cm, m, ft)

= acceleration
(cm/s2, m/s2, ft/s2)

Constant Velocity o Constant speed and constant direction

= time (s) = mass = gravity

Acceleration o Tells you how fast (the rate) the velocity changes

o Deceleration o Whenever the object slows down, it is said to be decelerating Opposite direction Negative acceleration:speed

Free Fall Things fall because of gravity, dropped released from the rest, thrown downward, thrown upward Free fall motion is constantly accelerated motion in one dimensional The magnitude of free fall acceleration is:

o o

Equations of Kinematics o Motion at Constant Acceleration (Horizontal) -

g = 9.8m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2

NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION 1. Law of Inertia (first law) Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to remain its current state of motion Amount of an objects inertia is directly related to its mass Mass -> quantitative measure of inertia; quantity matter in an object

Using Linear Motion Equation We always assume that acceleration is constant We use vector quantities not scalar quantities Direction of a vector is indicated by sign. Incorrect use of sign will result in incorrect answers.

2. Law of Motion (second law) A body acted upon by an unbalanced force will receive an acceleration that is proportional to the force and is in the direction in which the force acts

DYNAMICS Force and Motion o Force is the cause of motion is a push or pull Units Newton (N) dyne (dyn) pound (lb) -

3. Law of Interaction (third law) For every action force there is a reaction force, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Forces always come in pairs equal and opposite action reaction force pairs

Net Force the combination of all forces acting on an object NORMAL FORCE The support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object

Gravity Force (Weight) Weight is the force of a gravity on an object

Ex. A 35 kg crate rests on a horizontal floor and a 65 kg person is standing on the crate. Determine the magnitude of the normal force (a) The floor exerts on the crate

Mass is the quantity of gravity on an object For ce SI N dyn e Engli sh lb Ma ss kg g slu g Acceler ation m/s2 cm/s2 ft/s2

(b) The crate exerts on the floor

Torque and Equilibrium

Torque Is the tendency of a force to rotate and object about some axis

FRICTION FORCE The force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across it

= is the Torque = is the lever arm

COEFFICIENT of FRICTION () The coefficient value is dependent primarily upon the nature of the surfaces that are in contact with each other

or moment arm = is the force

Net Torque is the sum of all the torques produced by all the forces Direction Counterclockw ise negative Clockwise positive

FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF FRICTION

1. The normal force

2. The materials from which the two surfaces are made / relative roughness of the surfaces in contact (coefficient of friction ) Note: The frictional force is independent of the speed and the contact area between the objects.

Static Equilibrium Occurs when an object is at rest, neither rotating nor translating Conditions Transitional Equilibrium or Force Law of Equilibrium Rotational Equilibrium or Moment of Law of Equilibrium

CLASSES OF FRICTION FORCES 1. Static frictional force Exists when you start to move an object from rest

2. Kinetic frictional force Exists while the object is moving

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STATICS STATICS is the study of forces acting on an object