Applications with Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA)

Marco Antonio Hern andez Zavala Departmento de Ingenier a en Electr onica y Comunicaciones D.I.C.I.S. Universidad de Guanajuato Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca Guanajuato, Mexico ma.hernandezzavala@ugto.mx August 18, 2013
Abstract

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Introduction Image processing

Algorithms and methods based on wavelet analysis have become powerful tools in image/signal processing and analysis. One well know application of MRAbased wavelets is image compression, using the orthonormal or bi-orthogonal MRA-based wavelet bases. In order to be useful applications, tight wavelet frames that have a multiresolution structure are preferred because this guarantees the existence of fast descomposition and reconstruction algorithms. Recently, MRA based tight wavelet frames have been used in image inpainting, image denoising, image deblurring, blind deblurring and image descompositions. More recently, the MRA based tight wavelet frame is used to develop algorithms for image segmentation. In some of applications metioned above, the unitary extension principle is used to design a tight wavelet frame system adapted to real life problems in hand. Frame based algorithms for 3D surface reconstruction from scattered points and medical imaging (e.g. tomography) are currently being explored.

Image compression

The goal here is to convey the same information with least amount of data (bits). There are three kinds of redundancies in an image: Coding redundancy Interpixel redundancy Psychovisual redundancy The image compression is achieved when the redundancies were reduced or eliminated. Image compression can be classied to: Lossless (error-free, without distortion after reconstructed) Lossy

3.1

Coding Redundancy

If there is a set of codeword to represent the original data with less bits, the original data is said to have coding redundancy. We can obtain the probable information from the histogram of the original image.

3.2

Interpixel Redundancy

Interpixel redundancy is resulted from the correlation between neighboring pixels. Because the value of any given pixel can be reasonably predicted from the value of its neighbors, the information carried by individual pixels is relatively small. To reduce interpixel redundancy, the original image will be transformed to a more ecient and nonvisual format. This transformation is called mapping.

Noise reduction

All recording devices, both analogue or digital, have traits which make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random or white noise with no coherence, or coherent noise introduced by the devices mechanism or processing algorithms. Dynamic Noise Limiter (DNL) is an unpatented audio noise reduction system originally introduced by Philips in 1971 for use on cassette decks. Its circuitry is based on a single chip. A second class of algorithms work in the time-frequency domain using some linear or non-linear lters that have local characteristics and are often called time-frequency lters. Noise can therefore be also removed by use of spectral editing tools, which

work in this time-frequency domain, allowing local modications without affecting nearby signal energy. This can be done manually by using the mouse with a pen that has a dened time-frequency shape. This is done much like in a paint program drawing pictures. Another way is to dene a dynamic threshold for ltering noise, that is derived from the local signal, again with respect to a local time-frequency region. Everything below the threshold will be ltered, everything above the threshold, like partials of a voice or wanted noise, will be untouched. The region is typically dened by the location of the signal Instantaneous Frequency, as most of the signal energy to be preserved is concentrated about it. Images taken with both digital cameras and conventional lm cameras will pick up noise from a variety of sources. Many further uses of these images require that the noise will be (partially) removed - for aesthetic purposes as in artistic work or marketing, or for practical purposes such as computer vision.

Articial Vision

Medical image analysis has to support the clinicians ability to identify, manipulate and quantify anatomical structures. On scalar 2-D image data, a human observer is often superior to computer assisted analysis, but the interpretation of vector-valued data or data combined from dierent modalities, especially in 3-D, can benet from computer assistance. The problem of how to convey the complex information to the clinician is often tackled by providing colored multimodality renderings. We propose to go a step beyond by supplying a suitable modelling of anatomical and functional structures encoding important shape features and physical properties. The multiple attributes regarding geometry, topology and function are carried by the symbolic description and can be interactively queried and edited. Integrated 3-D rendering of object surfaces and symbolic representation acts as a visual interface to allow interactive communication between the observer and the complex data, providing new possiblities for quantication and therapy planning. The discussion is guided by the prototypical example of investigating the cerebral vasculature in MRA volume data. Geometric, topological and ow-related information can be assessed by interactive analysis on a computer workstation, providing otherwise hidden qualitative and quantitative information. Several case studies demonstrate the potential usage for structure identication, denition of landmarks, assessment of topology for catheterization, and local simulation of blood ow.

Conclusion

Applications range from tasks such as industrial machine vision systems which, say, inspect bottles speeding by on a production line, to research into articial intelligence and computers or robots that can comprehend the world around them. The computer vision and machine vision elds have signicant overlap. Computer vision covers the core technology of automated image analysis which is used in many elds. Machine vision usually refers to a process of combining automated image analysis with other methods and technologies to provide automated inspection and robot guidance in industrial applications. As a scientic discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind articial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a medical scanner.

References
kely and T. Koller and R. Kikinis and G. Gerig ,Struc[1] G. Sze tural description and combined 3-D display for superior analysis of cerebral vascularity from MRA [2] Akansu, A.N.; Haddad, R.A. (1992),Multiresolution signal decomposition: transforms, subbands, and wavelets