Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Wildlife Ecology 399 Coordinative Internship/Cooperative Education Advisor Phil Townsend 9/3/13
Yosemite National Park, 1913. Does this year ring a bell? Let me explain myself. Simply protecting rare beauty was the original purpose of national parks, like Yosemite, in the early 1900s (Lewis, 2005). Just outside these parks, logging and other forms of resource extraction were supporting a high expectation for economic growth (Lewis, 2005). Gifford Pinchot took note of this flaw, observing that if our nation kept logging with no regeneration, our economy would fail and the few national parks we established would hold the only beauty left (Lewis, 2005). So, Pinchot pushed to protect these areas outside of national parks (Lewis, 2005). Appointed head of the newly founded Forest Service in 1905, conflicting interests arose on how to use national forest land (Wille, 2003). Two main approaches were publicly debated (Wille, 2003). The preservationist, represented by John Muir, believed the forest was the backbone for natures cycle and if we changed it, we would lose it (Wille, 2003). The conservationist, represented by Gifford Pinchot, believed that the national forests should be used and conserved in a way that provided the greatest good to the greatest number of people(Lewis, 2005). It was in 1913 in Yosemite National Park where Hetch Hetchy damn was decided to be built, agreeing with Pinchot that conserving is the best way to cooperate with nature. This decision in 1913 would guide the Forest Service values to the present.
542 square miles were transferred from Yosemite National Park to Sierra Forest Reserve because the history of these forests were considered too precious for extraction, if the damn were also to be built. (Lewis, 2005) The need was to flood the valley to provide for San Fransisco (Lewis, 2005). The conservative action plan was providing an irrigation system for a surrounding farming community and water to a growing city. (Lewis, 2005). As a trail crew member with the Alaska Conservation Corps within the Chugach State Park, I have used the conservative three step approach that was used when debating over Hetch Hetchy Valley. While preserving what we see on a beautiful trail may be what we want to do immediately, like John Muir, I have learned that understanding the history of a selected parcel of land, creating a plan for public needs, and conservative action is the correct way to sustain nature and an economy in the long run. Thus, our crew first considered the trails history. For an 8-day work stint, we worked on a trail called South Fork. Three years earlier, grant money had been received to make South Fork an easier-use trail for the public. It was late in the season when money was available, so a road constructor was hired for the project. The only tools he had were 8 feet wide or bigger. He began his work, blazing trail. By the end of only a few weeks, the trail was being called the highway by local hikers, sod had been rotting
from inappropriate machinery, and hikers were unhappy with the outcome. With this trail history, we needed to identify the demanded future use of the upset hikers. We had learned from our boss, Ben Corwin, that South Fork is one of the most used trails in the area. Before we left for the trip, we decided that the future use was for the average citizen of Anchorage, Alaska. The next step was to create a plan for the publics need. There are two crucial units to creating a plan. First is identifying what the citizen needs. Second is how to keep the plan sustainable, guided by conservative values (Birkby, 1996). First, step one of creating the plan: deciding what the average Anchorage hiker needed. The average Anchorage hiker needed solid tread (Birkby, 1996). At South Fork, the trail was dug six inches down, filled with gravel and compacted with a plate compactor approximately three miles in. The rest of the trail was simply a footpath through deep mud and over a boulder field. Consequently, we decided to continue the compacted gravel trail as far as we could go for the stint, seen in Figure 1. Also, a comfortable grade was important for solid tread (Birkby, 1996). A comfortable grade is usually a trail with a slight
outslope to avoid water becoming entrenched (Birkby, 1996). To determine the grade, we used a clinometer in which we could measure a percent of grade by placing the crosshair on any feature and reading the clinometers percent scale (Birkby, 1996). Lastly, control points were needed for solid tread (Birkby, 1996). A control point is most definitely where the trail is going to go. Flagging this spot in the beginning is a good practice so you dont lose sight when actually making the trail (Birkby, 1996). Secondly, the average citizen needed an aesthetic goal. If the end goal is out of sight or follows a detour, the trail will most likely be cut, due to a shorter version desired. Therefore, the trail must follow a well-designed path that can exhibit the end aesthetic so the trail can be easily sustained over the long run. After that had been decided, we moved to step two of creating the plan, which is sustainability. If there is any subject to discuss when considering sustainability, it is integrated water controls (Birkby, 1996). One method involves water bars. This is a log or a rock bar that sits above the tread about two inches and leads to an outlet ditch (Birkby, 1996). They are usually placed in switchbacks or steep slopes. As seen in figure 2, a switchback is a zig zag portion of trail where the grade is too
steep for comfort and water runs off (Buckley, 2004). Switchbacks and water bars are tricky because hikers are likely to find a spot to skip over or find a short cut (Birkby, 1996). So, placing these elements where a hiker is discouraged to do so is crucial (Birkby, 1996). Another water control includes turnpikes. A turnpike is when you lift trail tread above wet soil by means of creating some sort of barrier to hold solid tread within (Buckley, 2004). For example, rocks and logs can be placed to hold the new section of trail. These structures are usually combined with other drainage methods like culverts and ditches (Buckley, 2004). Lastly, and the most common water control, are grade reversals, seen in figure 3. A grade reversal is a water control
Figure 3: Traditional Grade Reversal Taken from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov
plan that is constructed for a new trail (Birkby, 1996). They take advantage of natural slopes in the trail by reversing the grade for about fifteen feet and resuming the descent (Birkby, 1996). By creating grade reversals frequently in a trail, water is forced to sheet across the trail rather than down it, and minimum maintenance is required compared to water bars and/or turnpikes.
After devising a plan for the average citizen and preparing for the sustainable trail, it is time to take action! In order to do so, a trail worker, and may I say a forester, must be prepared to handle everything from how to flag a trail to heavy machinery. I was able to do many of these things, and many of the things in between! The three most interesting tools of action were the grip hoist, the chainsaw, and the knowledge of felling a tree. The grip hoist was on one of the first days of training when learning of mechanical advantage. This tool is used to move objects weighing even over 2000 lbs. (Birkby, 1996). On a trail called Middle Fork, we disassembled a bridge made of recycled light
Figure 4: Grip Hoist in Action Diagram by Tori Klotz
poles to be used again, as seen in figure 4. We needed the grip hoist to move the poles uphill to be dragged out with snowmobiles later this year. To use this form of mechanical advantage, you need a stable anchor to tie the anchor rope (Birkby, 1996). Then, all you need is to tie the object with rope and attach the grip hoist line to this rope and reel the object wherever desired (Birkby, 1996).
Secondly, we were also trained to handle a chainsaw, as seen in figure 6. In our week training session, we were taught maintenance, safety, and how to handle a chainsaw. Within maintenance, I am knowledgeable on how to take apart, clean, sharpen rakers, change a chain, check for damage, change oil and gas properly, and put the saw back together. It is also important to know that each chainsaw should have certain safety aspects (Birkby, 1996). For example, each one of our chainsaws had an antivibration system that limited the
Figure 5: Handling a Chainsaw Diagram by Tori Klotz
movement of a chainsaw while in use, a chain break for any backward movement
that could harm me, and a chain catcher if the chain ever broke. Within the handling training, I learned to start at full choke and give one pull on the pull chord. When it made a gurgling sound, I could move the lever to half choke. Here, the chainsaw would run fully and then I would need to change the lever to idle, which means it is ready to properly run. While running the chainsaw, it is important to keep the chain break on whenever moving away from your
work site and to always have a spotter to keep an eye out for dangerous debris (Birkby, 1996). Lastly, and probably most relevant to a Forest Science major, each of us were given the opportunity to fell a tree. It took me an hour to completely fell the tree because you need to process the seriousness and danger of felling a tree. First came the initial survey of a tree. This includes checking for lean of a tree, hollowness, rot, and planning two escape routes 45 degrees behind the trees direction of fall (Pack, 1922). You should also clear the area of potentially interfering brush and limb the lower trunk so you dont run into any distractions while cutting the trunk. The first step that includes using the chainsaw is making the gunner cut or otherwise called the undercut (Pack, 1922). This cut should be approximately 1/3 of the trees width, exactly horizontal to the ground, at a comfortable cutting height for your body, and facing the direction you want the tree to fall (Pack, 1922). Next is making the face cut complete by cutting the top, directional cut, to ultimately make a pie shaped piece (Birkby, 1996). It is very important that the two cuts meet exactly so that you avoid what is called a dutchman (Birkby, 1996). A dutchman is when there is extra space in the angle of cut, allowing the tree to fall in an unexpected direction (Pack, 1922). Lastly, is the felling cut. This cut is in the back of the tree, approximately two inches above the horizontal,
directional cut. (Birkby, 1996) You need to leave about 3cm left in the tree. This is the hinge wood that holds the tree in the direction of fall, as seen in figure 6 (Birkby, 1996). When you follow through with the felling cut, make sure to use your escape routes when there is movement in the tree and move immediately. Tah-dah! You have fell a tree. In conclusion, writing about my summer in one, twelve-page paper is an impossible task. I could go on and on about all the hand tools I have used and learned to take care of. I could have also tried to include silly and slightly scary bear stories, river crossing stories, and stories of long, hot days at work. But what is most important is that in my heart, I know that conservation work is fulfilling and a definite career choice.. Throughout the summer I have lived by conservation values and plan to live like this the rest of my life. Perhaps
Figure 6: Importance of Hinge Wood Diagram by Tori Klotz
Theodore Roosevelt summed up the precise words that I have come to understand. A people without children would face a hopeless future; a country without trees is almost as helpless; forest which are so used that they cannot renew themselves will soon vanish, and with them all their benefits.
When you help to conserve our forests or plant new ones you are acting the part of good citizens.
Bibliography Birkby, Robert. Lightly on the Land: The SCA Trail-building and Maintenance Manual. Seattle, WA: Mountaineers, 1996. Print. Buckley, Ralf. Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub., 2004. Print. Lewis, James G. The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History. Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 2005. Print. Pack, Charles Lathrop. The School Book of Forestry,. Washington, D.C.: American Tree Association, 1922. Print. Wille, Christopher M. Opportunities in Forestry Careers. Chicago: VGM Career, 2004. Print.