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 TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN THE EXPLORER SATELLITES AND PIONEER SPACE PROBES
External Publication No. 647
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA 3, CALIFORNIA
 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract No. NASw
-6
External Publication No. 647 TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN THE EXPLORER SATELLITES AND PIONEER SPACE PROBESE. P. BuwaldaA. R. Hibbs  T. 0. Thostesen
Copy No.
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 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 
 
California Institute of Technology 
 
Pasadena 3, California
May 7, 1959
 
 Jet Propulsion Laborator
External Publication No. 647CONTENTSPageI. Introduction ...................... 2II. Analysis of the Temperature of the Satellite Shell ... 5
A.
 Mathematical Development .............. 5B. Effect of Surface Characteristics ...
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 15III. Average Temperatures of ::he Satellite Shell ...... 17IV. Temperature Predictions .
.
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 . 18V. Temperature for 1958
ALPHA
............... 20VI. The PIONEER Probes
.
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23VII. Conclusions
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 ...... 26Figures
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 ..... 28References
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51FIGURES1. Dimensions and Orientation of Payload
.
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282. The Ratio of
A^/A
 j
 for the Conical Section of thePayload ........
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 283. Geometry of Earth-to-Satellite Radiation Process .... 294. Relationship Between
r
Coordinate Systemand Direction of the Sun
.
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 295. Average Temperature of Conical Section of the Payload Shell vs Angle Around Orbit for Launch 20° Before Noon  Transit, h =1000 miles,
9
=
0
°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°,50°, 60°.........
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